ce | 1 BuitpinG MATERIALS INTRODUCTION Stones are used in the construction of buildings since prehistoric times. They are obtained from rocks. They are loosing their universal use for the following reasons: (/)Steel RC.C. are taking the place of stones since they are less bulky, stronger and more durable, (ii) Strength of stones cannot be rationally assessed, (ji) Dressing of stones is time consuming, (ir) They are not conveniently and cheaply available in plains, () Good quality stones are not available at all places. Ceologically rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic racks. Physically they are classified as stratified, and unstratified: chemically they are classified as Agrillaceous, silicious and calcareous. When molten magma of silicates is forced up, it solidifies and the igneous rucks are formed Solidification at the surface of earth gives Basalts and traps. Solidification below the earth gives granite. When the layers of deposited debris, sand and silt are subjected to enormous over burden pressures for millions of years, the sedimentary rocks are formed, examples, sand stones and lime stones, Due to structural changes, the igneous and sedimentary rocks find their way deep into earth where they are subjected to high temperatures and heavy pressures and this causes change in texture and mineral composition resulting in the formation of metamorphic rocks. Examples: (i) granite changes to gneiss, (if) Sand stone changes to quartzite, (iii) Lime stone changes to marble stone, and (i) Shale changes to slate. Ui the rocks can be split vasily along distinct layer they are called stratified (ex. slate, marble, lime stone and all sedimentary rocks). 600frocks show no stratification and cannot be spli (ex. granite, basalt and trap). If the principal constituent is clay, the rocks are called agrillaceous, if it is sand they are called silicious and if it is lime they are called calcareous. Slate and laterite—agrillaceous rocks, Quartzite and granite—silicious rocks. Lime stone and marble stone—calcareous. The art of taking out stones of various sizes from natural rocks is called the quarrying. Quarrying may be done by different methods such as excavating, wedging, heating and blasting. Explosives used in blasting are gun powder, dynamite, gun cotton and cordite. Dynamite and gun cotton are exploded by detonation whereas gun powder and cordite can be ignited by means of a fuse. tcrthin layers, they are called unstratified The process of giving a definite and regular shape with smooth faces te the stones is called dressing. Cast stone or artificial stone is made with cement and natural aggregate to the required shape and size. In masonry, stones should always be kept in position such that the pressure acting on them is. at right angles to their natural bedding plane, if they have. The common building stones of India are granite, gneiss, basalt and trap, limestone, marble, sand stone, laterite, chalk etc. Brick is one of the oldest and most extensively used material of construction. Bricks are made by moulding the tampered clay to suitable size and shape, and drying and burning them later. If burning is not done they are called sun-dried bricks which are very weak and should not be used where they are exposed to rain. Iron oxide present in the raw materials gives the colour to bricks and lime plays the role of binding the particles and reduces shrinkage. Excessive lime melts the bricks and they may loose the shape. Iron pyrites, pebbles of stone and gravel, excessive alkalies are harmful ingredients. Digging —weathering—blending—tempering—moulding—drying—and burning is the sequence of operations in brick manufacturing, Pug mill is sometimes used for tempering the earth. Moulding may be either by hand or machine. In India, as the climate is favourable the bricks are sun-dried whereas in the western countries artificial methods are employed for drying the bricks. Bricks are bunt in clamps or kilns. Bricks burnt in clamps are of poor quality compared to kiln burnt bricks, Bull’s trench kiln and Hoffmans kiln are semi-continuous and continuous kilns respectively. Good quality bricks should be well burnt with uniform red colour, free from cracks, give clear ringing noise when struck against each other, They should not absorb more than 15% of water by weight when kept in water for 24h. They should have a crushing strength not less than 55 kee’, The bricks specially manufactured to withstand high temperatures (used in chimneys and furnances ete.,) are called refractory bricks. The alumina content is increased in these bricks. The standard size of the brick as per Indian standands is 19 cm « 9 cm « 9 cov so that with Tem thick mortar joint the size becomes 20 cm x 10 cm » If) cm. But the size adopted by public works departments of different states are different.To meet the special requirements, perforated bricks, hatlow bricks, coping bricks, King closer bricks, Queen closer bricks and cornice bricks are manufactured. Hollow bricks are light and provide good insulation against heat and sound. Queen closer is half of the regular brick cut longitudinally. ‘Tiles are thin slabs which are made by burning the brick-earth in kilns or by using concrete, The brick earth used for manufacture of tiles is purer than that of the bricks. Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, far floorings ot for making drains ete. ‘Terra cotta is a type of earthenware which finds its use as a substitute for stones on the ornamental parts of the building. Lime has been extensively used forall types of construction purposes, Cementis a substitute for lime. But since lime is cheap and locally available it is still used in constructions of buildings. Lime is classified into Fat lime, poor or lean lime and Hydraulic lime. Fat lime contains high calcium oxide (about 93%) and impurities less than 5%. When the purest calcium carbonate is calcined, carbon dioxide is driven off leaving, quick lime, When water is. added to quick lime, the lumps are broken, heat is generated and it swells in its volume giving fat lime. [tis used for plastering and white-washing and not for mortar because it has poor strength and is slow hardening. The clayey impurities in poor lime exceed 5%, It takes longer time to slake and hardens used for both plastering and mortar. Hydraulic lime sets ever under water (hence its name) unlike fat and poor limes: which can set only by absorbing carbon dioxide from atmesphere. Lime stone which contains silica and alumina can give hydraulic lime, When silica and alumina content in lime is less than 15% it is called feeble hydraulic lime, between 15 and 25% it is called moderately hydraulic lime, and between 25 and 30% it is called eminently hydraulic lime, Complex silicates and aluminates present in hydraulic lime start chemical reaction in the presence of water and this results in setting of lime, Hydraulic lime gives very good strength to mortar and therefore it is used in the construction of thick walls and also structures below ground level, slowly A dry powder obtained after adding just sufficient water to quick lime is called hydrated Quick lime as it comes from the kilns is called lump lime. A thin pourable suspension of slaked lime in water is called milk of lime. Lime is obtained by burning lime stone either in clampser kilns. Kiln may be of intermittent or continuous type. The process of adding water to quick lime to form calcium hydroxide is called slaking. When the slaked lime is required in the form of paste or putty, tank slaking is adopted, otherwise platform slaking is done. Cement is obtained by mixing lime stone and clay and burning them and then grinding to fine powder, Approximate composition of raw materials used in the manufacturing of ordinary portland cement is.Calcium oxide (CaO)}—60 to 65%, Silica (Si1O,)—20 to 25%, Aluminium oxide (Al,O,)—4 to 8%, Ferrous oxide (Fe,O,)—2 to 4% and Magnesium oxide (MgO}—I to 3%. The above compounds undergo some chemical combinations during the manufacturing process. The constituents of the end product are mainly Tri-calcium silicate, Di-calcium silicate and Tri-calcium Aluminate. ‘The constituent responsible for the cementing property in cement is the Tri-calcium silicate and therefore the more it is present in cement the better the cement is. The first to set and harden is the aluminate, next is tri-silicate and the slowest is di-silicate. ‘Therefore initial strength of cement is due to aluminate. All the three give out heat during reaction with water and it is aluminate which gives maximum heat and is responsible for undesirable properties in concrete. Acement with less aluminate will have low initial strength but high ultimate strength. Mixing of raw materials may be done in ball mill and the burning is done in rotary kilns, When one gram of cement is heated for one hour at 900 to MODOC, the loss on ignition should not exceed 4% for good cement and insoluble residue should not exceed 1.5%, ‘The residue retained on No. 9 1S Sieve should not exceed 10" by weight. The physical tests on cement are conducted in the temperature range of 25°29°C, Consistency test, to find the proper amount of water to be added to the cement, is done in Vicat apparatus, The penetration between 33 and 35 mm in the vicat test indicate the normal consistency, Le-chatvlier's apparatus is used to conduct the soundness test. If the concrete undergoes too much change in volume after setting, it results in distortion and cracks and this is known as unsoundness. In the process of hardening, the time at which the cracks that appear in the concrete de not reunite is called initial setting time. ‘The time at which the concrete attains sufficient strength and hardness is called final setting time. Both initial and final setting times of cement can be found out using the Vicat apparatus. Compressive strength of cement is judged by determining the compressive strength of cubes made of cement-sand mortar. Tensile strength of cement is judged by testing the tensile strength of briquettes made of cement-sand mortar. For good cement the compressive strength after 7 days should not fall below 175 kg/cm? and tensile strength should not be less than 25 kg/cm’. The initial setting time of pood ordinary port land cement should not be less than 3) minutes and final setting time should not be more than 10h. Pozzolona portland cement contain 21! to 30% of pozzolona materials. The pozzolona materials are not cementitious by themselves, but they react with calcium hydroxide in presence of water at ordinary temperatures and form compounds possessing cementitious properties.Pozzolona cement is produced either by grinding together the portland cement clinker and pozzolona, or by intimately or uniformly blending portland cement and fine pozzolona. Compared to ordinary portland cement, the pozzolona portland cement gains strength rather slowly and needs the formwork to be kept for longer periods and has higher ultimate strength. It has same initial and final setting times. Forconstructions under water, the quick setting cement is used. It has initial setting time of 5 minutes and final setting time of 30 minutes. ‘The inert materials like gravel, sand, brick bats etc., which are used along with cement, lime or mud in the preparation of mortar and concretes are called the aggregates. The aggregate which passes through 4.75 mm sieve and which is completely retained on 11,15 mm sieve is called fine aggregate The aggregates which do not pass through 4.75 mm sieve are called coarse aggregates IF the size of the aggregate is between 75 mm and 150 mm itis called cyclopean aggregate. Sand, crushed stone, ash or cinder are examples of fine aggregates. Stone ballast, broken bricks and gravel are examples of coarse aggregates, When water is added to sand, a thin film of water is formed around sand particles due to surface tension which keeps them apart and causes increase in volume of sand. This increase in volume is known as bulking of sand, The bulking of sand is maximum when moisture content is around 4%. A paste formed by mixing fine aggregate such as sand and binding material like cement or lime with water in specified proportions is called mortar. Lime mortars are used in masonry joints to bind stones or bricks, for plastering of surfaces, for pointing and in lime concrete, Cement mortar is also used for all the above purposes and it is much stronger. Mortars and concretes may be prepared by hand mixing or machine mixing. The quality of them will be better and more uniform if it is done in mixer machines. ‘The proportions of ingredients in the mortar depend on the purpose for which it is meant. ‘The ratio of cement to sand in commonly used mortars are: For masonry work 1: 6; for internal plastering 1: 5 and for external plastering and plastering of R-C.C. work L= 3. ‘The cement mortar having fluid consistency is called grout. The process of applying mortar on concrete under pressure through the nozzle of a cement gun is called guniting. ‘The joints of masonry work are raked to a depth of about 1.25 cm and then they are filled with mortar. This is known as pointing. Pointing is done to close any crevices left in the mortar joints, (so that the entry of moisture into the wall is prevented) to improve the appearance of the pointed surface, and to give protection to the walls constructed with mud mortar. A composite material made of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and binding material in specified proportions mixed with water may be called the concrete. Freshly prepared concrete is called wet concrete and when it is set and hardened it is called set concrete or simply concrete, Lime concrete is generally used asa levelling course for foundations as base concrete under floors and for roof finish.Cement concrete is much stranger and more versatile. It is used in all reinforced works. Concrete without reinforcement is called plain concrete. ‘The proportion of ingredients in.a concrete mix depend on the purpase for which the concrete is used. For general R.C.C. work the proportion of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in cement concrete are 1: 2:4. When high strength is required the mix may be of 1:1 :2or1:1.5:3. Por mass concrete works the lean mix such as 1:3; 60r1:4;8 may by used. The ingredients in concrete are mixed in specified proportion by weight. But in practice it is usually done by volume. A50 kg cement bag has a volume of 0.0345 m?. But if it is taken out of bag it becomes loose and increases its volume. It will be very convenient if fine and coarse aggregates are measured by a container whose volume is 34.5 litres. To obtain uniform and thorough mixing it is preferable that the mixing be done in mixer machines called concrete mixers. Fora given proportion of ingredients it is water-cement ratio which governs the strength of the concrete. While higher water-cement ratio increases the workability it reduces the strength of the concrete, Slump test is carried out for controlling the water content in concrete. ‘The apparatus of slump test is very simple and consists of a cone with both ends open, the diameter at the base 20 cms, at the top 1? cms and height 30.cms, After filling the cone with wet concrete, itis lifted. The extent by which the concrete drops is called the slump. It is measured from the top of the cone. Workability of concrete is better determined by compaction factor test..A compaction factor of 0.95 indicates good workability ‘The mean size of the aggregate is provided by fineness modulus. It is found by taking the cumulative percentage of aggregates retained on a set of ten IS Sieves and dividing the sum by 100. If fineness modulus of fine aggregate is F,, and coarse aggregate F,, then the ratio of the fine aggregate to coarse aggregate in the mix to obtain a fineness modulus of F for the combined aggregate is given by E-F FoF” All works executed using cement or lime are to be cured. Curing is the process wherein water is made available for concrete te attain its full strength. Curing may be done by spraying water, covering the surface with wet cloth or wet sand. Wood obtained from trees and used for engineering purposes is called timber. Trees which geow inwards in a longitudinal fibrous mass are called endogenous trees. Examples—Coconut, bamboo, palm, cane etc. Trees which grow outward by adding one concentric ring every year are called exogenous trees. Examples—Teak, sal, deodar, shisham etc. ‘The outermost protective covering layer is called bark. The first formed portion of the stem is called pith. The rings arranged in concentric circles around the pith are known as annual rings. These rings help in estimating the age of the tree. Innermost rings surrounding the pith is the heart wood. Thin horizontal veins radiating outward from the pith are called medullary rays.‘The attack of fungus on wood reducing it to a dry powder is called dry rot. The decay of timber due to alternate wetting and drying is called wet rot. ‘The wooden logs are cut into pieces by different methods of sawing which include: flat sawing, quarter sawing, radial sawing and tangential sawing. The most economical of them is the flat sawing. Freshly felled trees contain lot of maisture. If this is nat removed the wood is likely to warp, crack and shrink. The removal of moisture under controlled conditions at a uniform rate is called seasoning of timber, Seasoning makes timber resistant to decay, lighter, stronger and stable and polish seasoned wood, Seasoned timber has got better electrical resistance. Air seasoning {or natural seasoning) of wood is simple and economical but it is a slow process. It requires more stacking space and gives relatively stronger wood. Kiln seasoning (or artificial seasoning) of weod is quite technical and expensive but quick process, It requires less stacking space and it gives relatively weak timber. Timber can be made fire resistant (not completely) by soaking it in ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride and ammonium phosphate or by spraying sodium silicate, potassium silicate and ammonia phosphate. is easier to paint Applying creosote oil under pressure makes the timber resistant to rot and attack from white ant Tarring and pait ing of wood preserves the wood. Thin sheets af wood which are peeled of or sliced or sawn from a log of wood are called veneers. Rose and teak wood are commonly used for making veneers, Veneers used for making plywoods are known as plies. Odd number of plies, arranged such that the grain of one layer is at right angles to the other, are glued together to form plywood. The plywood is identified by its thicknes: Paints and varnishes are used with the purpose of providing protection to metal, timber and plastered surfaces from the corrosive effects of weather, heat moisture or gases etc. and also improving their appearance. Paints are classified as oi] paints, cement paints, water paints and bituminous paints, The special paints include fireproof paints, luminous paints ete, An oily liquid (usually linseed oil) in which the base and the pigments are dissolved to obtain paint is called the vehicle. The material (usually white lead, zinc oxide, or metallic powders of aluminium copper etc.,) which provides body to the paint is called base. The ingredient added to get the desired colour is called the pigment. Depending on the base, the paints may be called lead paints, zinc paints, aluminium paints ete, A thinner (usually turpentine oil] is the liquid added to the paint to obtain desired consistency. ‘The material added to the paint to hasten the drying of vehicle is called a drier. The material used in place of base to reduce the cost of paint (such as silicon, charcoal etc.,) is called inert filler.Improper seasoning of wood, excessive use of drier or too many coats of paint result in cracks extending throughout the thickness of the paint. This results in scaling, It hair cracks developed on a painted surface enclase small areas, itis called crazing, If they enclose large areas it is called crocodiling. Blisters are formed when the suctace te be painted is oily or greasy or when moisture is stilll present in the pores of the wood Cellulose paints (with a trade name Duco) are used for painting automobiles, aircrafts and other costly things. Distemper is a water paint. [tis used for painting masonary walls. Varnish isa solution of resin in turpentine or alcohol. It is applied to the painted surface ta increase the brilliance or tothe unpainted wood surface to brighten the ornamental appearance of the grains of wood. Spirit varnish is also called French polish. Common ferrous metals used in construction of buildings are: cast iron, wrought iran and different forms of steel, Common non-ferrous metals are: aluminium, copper, zinc, lead and tin. ‘The variation in carbon content gives different form of iron. Pig iron is the crudest form. Wrought iron is the purest form. Cast iron is in between. The carbon content in cast iron varies between 2 and 4.5'%. Whereas in wrought irom it is less than 0.25 In mild steel the carbon content is between {1.15% and (1.3%, High carbon steel has a carbon content of 0.55 to 1.5%. In high tension steel it is kept below 0.15%. Steel goes on becoming harder and tougher with the increase in its carbon content. Chromium is added to make the steel corrosion resistent. When the chromium content is more than 16% it is called stainless steel. Other varieties of steel are: Nickel steel, vanadium steel, tungsten steel and manganese steel. Stee! or iron is galvanised to protect it from the rusting and corrosion. Depositing a fine film of zine on steel or iron by dipping them in malten zine is called galvanising. In electroplating a thin film of nickel, chromium, cadmium copper or zinc is deposited on the surface to be protected by the process of electrolysis. Metals can be joined by welding, soldering or brazing, Solder is an alloy of lead and tin in the proportion of 1: 2. Brazing solder is a mixture of tin, zinc and copper in the proportion of 1:3:4 Brass is an alloy of copper (60 to 70%) and zine. Itis used for making pumps certain machine parts and household utensils. Bronze is an alloy of 90% copper and 10% tin. The base metal of the alloys duralumin and Y-alloy is aluminium. Duralumin is used for making cables, aeroplane parts etc. Plastics are synthetic materials that are increasingly used in the constructions. Many electrical and sanitary fittings, insulators, floats etc,, are made of plastics. PVC is a kind of thermoplastic. It stands for Polyvinyl chloride.at Glasses are usually classified into 3 categories. Soda lime glass, lead glass and boro-silicate glass. Soda lime glass is used for glazing purpose and to make ordinary glassware. Lead glass is used for electrical bulbs and optical glasses, It is also called flint glass, Boro-silicate glass withstands high temperatures and is therefore used for making laboratory equipment and cooking utensils. When one face of the glass is made rough by grinding itis called ground glass, It is used for windows of bath rooms and toilets. When glass is reinforced with wire mesh it is called wired glass. Itis used for glazing north light trusses. Tar, bitumen and asphalt are used in damp proofing the buildings, water proofing roofs and constructing metalled roads. Tar is obtained as a by product in the distillation of coal, resinous wood, or bituminous shales. Bitumen is obtained as a by product in the refining of petroleum: Oe a ne eee a ae Asphalt is a natural or artificial mixture of some inert matter and bitumen. Asbestos and portland cement are used in making a variety of asbestos cement (AC.) Products like corrugated sheets, pipes, tiles etc. These products are very popular in building construction. Asbestos is available in nature in the form of a fibrous material. Il, OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS ‘L Which of the following is the reason for the decrease in the use of stones as building material (a) steel and RCC. are less bulky and more durable o (6) strength of stones cannot be rationally analysed o {c) stones are not conveniently available in plains o (i) all the above. oa 2 The solidification of molten magma when it reaches the surface of earth results in the formation of {a} sedimentary rocks DD (b) metamorphic rocks o te) basalts and traps Da granite. o 3. The solidification of molten magma within the earth’s crust results in the formation of la) sedimentary rocks D1 (b) metamorphic racks o (e) basalts and traps Did granite o 4, Identify the process responsible for the formation of sedimentary rocks fa) solidification of molten mass of silicates below or at the surface of earth o {h) changes in texture or mineral composition or both of igneous and sedimentary rocks due to high temperature and heavy pressures: oWw 1. 12 mM 15. 16, 1. Bunce Matera = 609 (c) deposited layers of sand and silt subjected to- enormous overburden prewsuures over geological times o (3) none of the above, o In problem 4, identify the process responsible for the formation of igneous rocks. In problem 4, identify the process responsible for the formation of metamorphic rocks. Under metamorphism, which of the following changes is correct (a) granite changes. into gneiss CD fb} sand stone changes into quartzite o fe} lime stone changes into marble OD Gpall the above o The agrillaceous rocks have their principal constituents as (9) lime O thiclay o (c} sand 0 id) none of the abowe. o In problem 8, what is the principal constituent of calcareous racks, In problem 8, what is the principal constituent of silicious rocks. The process of taking out stones of various sizes from naaral rocks is known as {a} dressing Db) seasoning o fe) quarrying DD (dy none of the above, oO The process of giving definite and regular shape to stones with smooth faces is known as ta) pitching OD thi dressing o {e) seasoning, Dif) nome wf the above. o Instone masonry, the stones are placed in position such that the natural bedding plane is {a] normal to the direction of pressure they carry o (6) parallel to the direction of pressure they canry o {c) ab 45° to the direction nf pressure they carry o (df) at 60" to the direction of pressure they carry. o a Ifthe molten magma forces itself into an already existing rock in the earth’s crust and soli there, such a rock is known as (a) metamorphic rock OD (hextrusive rock o (e) intrusive rock Diy igneous rock o Pegmiatite is an example of (a) sedimentary rock DD (by extrusive igneous rock D {c) intrusive igneous rock Dit) metamorphic rock. o Lime stone comes under the category of (a) aqueous rock thi stratified rock o (c) sedimentary rock OD fd)all the above. o Laterite is an example of {a} agrillaceous rock BD (bi veleanie rack o fe) organic rock BU) silicious rock. o13, 1. BRE ee 29, 3. Slate and marble stone belong to ia} igneous recks DD (8) metamorphic rocks {c) sedimentary rocks OC (d) foliated rocks, In problem 18, 10 which category does the sand stone belong. The physical classification divides the racks into ta} calcareous, agrillacuous and silicious (6) organic, semi-organic and inorganic (c) igneous, sedimentary and metamoephic D (i) stratified, unstratified and foliated. In problem 20, identify the chemical classification of rocks, In problem 20, identify the geological classification of rocks. Mica, mainly, is composed of {a} calcium carbonate Dd) magnesium and calelum silicate (c) silica with oxygen Df) potassium and aluminium silicate, The moisture absorption of a good stone should be less than ta) Ve OD y5% fe) 10% DB tdyi5%. Most of the stones possess the specific gravity im the range of (a) Lto 15 O ih} 1.5te20 (eh M4 to 28 DO id) 3tod. Which of the following hhas highest crushing strength fa) lime stone D (b)granite (c) gneiss, Dd) laterite. Which of the following has the lowest crushing strength {a} basalt Db) granite ic} dicrite te) laterite. Find the one which is not used in quarrying, ja) gun powder DO (6), guncotton {c) marble powder OD fd) dynamite, Quartzite is a (a) sandy rock DD (8) silicious rock ie) organic rock D iif) caleareous rock, Basalt can be classified as (a) sedimentary rock CD (6) metamorphic rock (c) intrusive igneous Dib extrusive igneous. The reason for the popularity of bricks as construction material is that (a) they are cheap and available locally atall places (b) they are durable and possess fairly good strength and lighter than stones le) they have ve Uh all the abo good insulating property against heat and sound oo oooaa7. a. In the composition of good bricks, the total content of silt and clay, by weight, should not he less than ta} 20% Oth) 30% oO fe) 50% OD 75%. o Pug mill is the device used for (a) excavating the soil for preparation af bricks o (d) tempering the earth needed for manufacture uf bricks 5 {c) burning the bricks o (@} none of the above, o The indentation provided in a face of the brick is called a) frog, (ty pallet o fr) strike DD [d) none of the above. o The most widely used kiln in India is (a) Hoffman’s kiln tb) Bull's trench kiln o (e) clamp kiln D (d)nene of the above, o The standard size of brick as per Indian standards is a} 20 10 x hem O ()23%12<8on. o (ec) 19 <9 x Fem Of i8 «9x Gem. Oo Refractory bricks are specially manufactured {a} to withstand high temperature DO (f) to withstand high crushing pressure o (e) to have high insulation against sound =O (il) nang of the abuwe, o When a brick is cut into two halves longitudinally, one part is called (a) king closer OD (bj) comice brick o {ey queen closer Dt) voussoie, o A brick which is given a wedge like shape to be used in the construction of arches is called la) king closer Dib) comice brick o {c) queen closer Dit) voussote o The red colour obtained by the bricks is due to the presence of (a) Linnie Oth silica o fe} manganese OD idyiron oxide. o The soil used for the manufacture of bricks should preferably not contain the following material ta} alkalies (6) pebbles o (yankee fif)all the abowe, o The number of standard bricks required for one cubic metre of brick masonry is (a) 400 DB (e500 o te) 750 OD wt 2s0. 5612 a7. sh. Encmresinc (Onjectver Tree) Formation of whitish deposit on the bricks due to the presence of excess salts is called fa) efflorescence OD (6) disintegration fe) warping Dt) floating. The water absorption of a good brick after 25 h immersion should be less than (a) 25% O 20% fe) 15% OD ity 10%, Hollow bricks are generally used with the purpose of (a) redlucing the cost of consteuction CD (6) providing insulation against heat ie) increasing the bearing area Bid) ornamental look, Tiles are used for (a) covering the ronfs and floorings Ob) making drains fc) both (a) amd (b) 0 fd) none of the above, Terra cotta, in buildings, is used for (a) insulation O (}) omamental work [e) sewage lines OU) sanitary services. o o ‘The lime which has high calcium oxide content and which sets only in the presence of carbon dioxide is called (6) hydraulic lime {d) lean lime. fo] tal) qu {b) hydraulic lime {a) fat Lime B fc) magnesium lime o The lime which has the property of setting in water is known as {a) tat lime: 5 fe) bydeated lime o The quick lime as it comes fram kilns is called fo) anil Lime: D fc) lump lime 5 (if) hydrated lime. o o o o o o Adry powder obtained on treating quick lime with just enough water to satisfy its chemical affinity for water under the condition of its hydration is called (a) hydraulic lime Dit) hydrated lime tc) milk of lime 1D df) nume of the above, The process of adding water to Hme to convert it into a hydrated lime is termed as a) watering, Dh) baking fe) hydration Oo tt shaking. ‘The constituent responsible for setting of hydraulic lime under water is tn) silica Dib) clay tc) calcium oxide Dif) carbon diowide, A thin pourable suspension of slaked [ime in water is known as (a) lime water DB (t) lime paint fe) milk, o ta) li ¢ lotion, o o61. Lime suitable for making mortar of good strength (a) hydraulic line Dib) fat litre o (c) bean Tine: 0 id) none of the above. o The calcination of pure lime result in (ay quick lime Bib) hydraulic time o (cy hydrated lime 6 id) fat lime. o Plaster of Paris can be obtained fram the calcination of {a} limestone Oth gypsum o (c) dolomite DB gp bauxite, o The silicious and aluminous minerals, which do not have cementitious qualities by themselves but which react with lime in the presence of water at normal temperature to form cementitious compounds, are known as (a) glazed materials, OB (b) provelains: o (co) pozzolonic materials: 0 ig} carbonacious materials. oO The process of heating the lime stone te redness in contact with air is termed {a} carbonation Dib) oxidation o (ey hydration, Did) calcination. o The raw materials having more than 10% proportion in the manulacture of cement are (a) calcium oxide and silica Oth) calcium oxide and magnesium oxide o (co) magnesium oxide and ferrous oxide OD td) silica and ferrous oxide. o After the addition of water to it, the cement sets and hardens due to (a) the heat produced by the chemical action o (b) the hyclration and hydrolysis of the constituent compounds of cement o (ch binding action of water o (9) none of the above. o Which constituent of the cement, upon addition of water, sets and hardness first (a) tri-calcium silicate OD (h tri-calcium aluminate o (c) di-calcium silicate Gt) free lime. Go In problem 62, which constituent is the best cementing material ? ‘The quality of cement is good if it has more of (a) di-calcium silicate DB (P tri-calcium aluminate o (c) tri-cabcium silicate Dd) free lime. o The ingredient added in the manufacturing process to control the setting time of cement is (a) magnesium sulphate DD ®) free lime o () gypsum OD ig) calcium sulphate. o In the sieve analysis of fineness test, the residue on No. 9 sieve after L5 minutes of sieving, should not be more than (ay 5% O wr" o (ep 1a Bip 15%, a2 74. iF 76. ‘The temperature range at whi the consistency best is conducted (a) 25°C to 20°C Bib 20°C bo 25°C o (EPC te eC OW) MPC wc. o The consistency test is performed to find (a) the correct waterscement ratio Dbl the fineness of the cement o (c) the compressive strength OI) tensile strength. o For normal consistency, the penetration in Vicat apparatus should be between (a) 20 to 30 nam DO (bh) 33t0 35 mom o (c) 35 t0 38 mm DB (#)> 40mm. o Le-Chatallier’s apparatus is used to-carry out (a) consistency test DD (b) soundness test o (c} compressive strength test D(a) tensile strength. o In briquette test, the seven day tensile strength of good portland cement should not be less than (a) 20 kg fern? OD (P30 kg/cm? o (ch 25 ky fem? DW) 35 kg/em? o The seven day compressive strength of a good portland cement, as obtained from the compressive test on cement-sand mortar cubes, should not be less than (a) 125 kg/cm Ob 150 kg/cm o (c) 175 keycen? 0 id) 200 kgycme, o ‘The initial setting time of ordinary portland cement should not be less than (a} 15 minutes O (6/30 minutes o (e)45 minutes 0 td) one hour. o The final setting time of ordinary portland cement should not be more than @)Sh O (75h o (10h O Wllhh o Quick setting cement is used (a) for the construction of structures under water (#) to-oblain very high strength (c) where resistance to acidic water is required oooa (4) none of the above The initial and final setting times of quick setting cement are (a) 15 minutes and 45 minutes DB (b) 20 minutes and 1 howe (c) 10 minutes and 30 minutes Ota) S minutes and 30 minutes, The pozzolona protland cement gains the strength (a) in the same time as ordinary portland cement (bp i (c) in more time than ordinary portland cement (1) difficult to tell less time than linary portland cement ooaaSL. 87, Compared to the ordinary portland cement, the ultimate strength of the pozzolona portland cement is {a} same Dit more o fe} less Dt) very much less. o In low beat. coment, the proportion of the following compound is kept at law value (a) tricalcium aluminate Dt) tricalcium silicate o tc) buth (a) and (2) DB idly nome of the above. Bo In the chemical composition test for loss on ignition, the cement is heated to a temperature of fa) LOC DO th 200°C o (c) 5008S Did) tO, o Loss on ignition in cement should not exceed Oo ie o (e) D we o The insoluble residues in good cement should be {a} between 4.and 8% 1D (6) Jess than 8% o (ec) between 8 and 10% Dt) bess than 1.5%. o Excessive free lime and excessive magnesia present in the cement make the cement (a) unsound, 1D (b) have very low initial setting time o (e) to have very low compressive strength D1 (il) gain strength faster. o The dry process of manufacturing cement has become obsolete, because, in comparison to wet process (a) it is slow and costly o (b) the quality of cement produced by it is inferior o Ic) itis difficult to maintain the correct proportions of constituents o (a) all the above. o Snow oem is, (a) mixture of lime and piganent DB (bi chalk powder o (c} cobourect cement Bl) nome af the abawe. a The aggregate is called fine aggregate if it is completely retained on (a) 0.15 rim sieve Oh 0.30 mm sieve o (ce) 4.75 mm siewe Did) none of the above, o The aggregate is called coarse aggregate if it is completely retained on [ay 101 men sieve Di) 15 mm sieve o {c) 29 mm sieve DO (4.75 mm sieve. o The bulking of sand is due to (a) the increase in space between the particles caused by the surface tension effect of moisture =O (b} the swelling of air in voids o fe) the viscous effect of moisture o Ud) none of the above. o89, 95, The increase in volume of dry sand when water is added is called fa) honey combing, Dit) bulking o ic) segregation BD idybleeding 5 The sand in mortar a) increases the volume of mortar o [b) reduces the shrinkage and cracking, o {c) helps the pure lime to set by allowing peneteation of aie which provides the needed carbon dioxide o () all the above. o The aggregate is called the cyelopean aggregate if its size is (a) betwees 0.15 mm and 4.5 mm (6) 4.75 mm to 40 mm o fe) 75 mum te 150 mim Did) more than 150 o The cement mortar mix generally used for masonry work is fa) 1:3 O this Oo fee O tte. o The cement mortar mix generally used for internal plastering is fa)s3 O iiss o (Q16 Dts 10, o The cement mortar mix commonly used for external plastering and plastering of reinforced cement concrete works is fa) 1:3 BO ii:s o fe) ts Botts, Pointing is the process whereby {a) the masonry joints are filled up with mortarafter raking aut for small depth o (6) the grooves arc cut om a plastered surface to give a look af masonry {c} small circles looking like points are cut autat random on a plastered surface {d) none of the abowe. The purpose of pointing is {o) to seal off any crevices feft in the mortar jointand there by prevent the entry of moisture into walls oboo00 o (8) to improve the appearance of a wall when it is not plastered o fc) to protect the masonry joints laid in mud mortar o (i) all the above. o The process of applying cement mortar under pressure through a nozzle is called (a) pressursing, Ob) prestressing o {e) guniting, D1 Gt) none of the above. o ‘The volume of one bag of cement weighing 50 kg is (a) 0.05 mn? OD () 0.0385 m> o fe) 0.025 m* Did) 1.0m’, o99, The strength of cement concrete for a given mix depends on fa) water-cement ratio: OD (b) final setting time oO {c) initial setting time 0 fd) none of the above, o 10, The minimum water-cement ratio to obtain workable concrete is fa) 6 O (hess a fens oO oa. o 101. Compaction facter for good workability of concrete is (a) 0.7 Oo (haao o tc) 4.85 O(a) 0.95, o 102, Slump test facilitates (a) controlling of water-cement ratio of concrete during construction o (0) the determination of initial and final setting times of cement o fc) the determination of workability of concrete o (i) none of the aboue. o 103, The concrete mix wsed for general R.C-C. work is fa)li2ia Oo (hyists2 o (cp 1:48 O tdi o 104, Fineness modulus is (a) the diameter of the sieve on which Ms of coarse aggregate is retained o (0) the diameter of the sieve on which 5% of fine aggregate is retained o fc) an index which gives the mean size of the aggregates used in the mix o if} none of the abowe. o 105, The fineness modules of coarse and fine aggregates are F, and F,, Whatis the ratio X of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate in a mix whose desired fineness modulus is F SF o Oo wx 1 F-B —F a (x= Fa a 106. The process of keeping concrete wet fo enable it to attain full strength is known as (a) curing CO (Hh wetting o fc) drenching D(a) quenching. o 107, Curing of concrete can be done by (a) spraying, (hi) purncting o fc) cowering with moist cloth D (dany of the abowe. o 108. Which one of the following does not belong to- endogenous trees. fa) palm. O (i) bamboo o te) teal: B idjcane. o 109, Which one of the following does not belong to exogenous trees fa) coconut OD (b) teak a fe) shisha OD (dj sal. o110, 1. 112, 113. 114, 115. ne. 7, 114. 119, 120, ‘The solution of salts from the soil absorbed by the trees which becomes a viscous solution due to loss of moisture and action of carbon dioxide is known as fa} pith 0 (b)cambium tr) bark Did) sap. ‘The age of the tree can be judged from (a) the height O (b) the diameter (e) annual rings Did) pitts. o o o o The layer between the bark of the tree and the sap wood which is not yet converted into woud is called (a) heart wood OO ()cambium layer (e} soft wood layer Dit) pith. Which of the following is not a hard wood ? (a) deodar Obst (ic) teak Od) oak, Which of the following is nol a soft wood ia) deodar OD (bh) walnut (e) shisham tity bail, When the timber is attacked by fungus and reduced to powder, it is called fa} wet rot Dib) atey cot te) drusiness D td) deatiness. Which of the following wood has the maximum resistance to white ants (a) deodar Oo tsa (e} walnut OO dytesk. Creosote oil is used to preserve the wood from fa) rot and white ant Di) fire hazards (c) cracking, 0 (if) none of the above, ‘Timber can be made reasonably fire resistant (a) by soaking it in ammonium sulphate (bl by applying tar paint {c) by pumping creosote oil into timber under high pressure (2) none of the above. The main purpose of seasoning is a) to make the timber fire resistant (b) to remove the moisture from the timber at unifermn rate (eto make the timber water proof id) none of the above. The seasoning, of timber (a) makes the timber light, strong and stable {b) prevents warping, cracking. and shrinkage in timber o o oo ooo0a ooogo ooq21. 123. 125. az. 128. 19, 130, 131. (e) makes timber resistant to decay by fungi, termites efe., and also resistant to electricity (af) all the above, Which of the following statements is not correct a) kiln seasoned timber is stronger than natural seasoned timber (b) moisture content in the timber can be reduced to any desired level in kiln seasining, {ey kiln seasoning is quicker than natural seasoning, (a) kiln seasoning roquires less stacking space but more expensive than the natural seasoning. In a well-seasoned timber, the moisture content will be in the range of (a) 20-25%, DO tb) 15-20% (c) 10-12% 0 (dys. Most economical of the methods of sawing wood is (a) radial sawing, © (b} tangential sawing (e} quarter sawing Dh flat sawing, Athin sheet of wood sliced from a log of wood is called La} ply wed 0 (bh) lamin board (c) veneer O id) none of the above, oo oboogo oo o o In the manufacture of plywoods the veneers are placed such thal the grains of one layer are (a) at 45° with the gy of the other {b) at right angles with the grains of the other {c) at 6? with grains of the other (i) parallel to the grains of the other. Plywood is identified by la} volume Dib weight (c} thickness OD td) area. The ingredient which gives the desired colour to a paint is called (a) base Oth pigment tc} vehicle Ot) solvent. The most commonly used substance as a vehicle in the oil paints is fa) eine enide (ib) turpentine oil ic) white lead OD id} linseed The oil liquid in which base and pigment are dissolved to form a paint is called (a) thinner (bh filler {c) vehicle 0 id) none of the above. Distemper is a type of (a) oil paint DD (Penamel paint (c) water paint 0 i) varnish, The base in a paint has the following function {a) it forms the body of the paint {h) it eeduces the shrinkage cracks o ogo oo132, 133. Is, 135. 136, 137. 133, 139, 140. 141. {e) ibrein forces the films of the paint after it has dried and prevents the penetration of paint to lower surfaces o (d) all the abe o Turpentine oil is used in paints as {a} thinner D (hbase o te) carries D tadrier, o The paint used for automobiles is (a) distemper D (byemulsion paint o fe) ofl paint 0 td) any of the above. o Duco is the trade name for fa) bituminous paint D (boil paint o (ec) cellulose paint Od) water paint. ao The paint which gives illumination during nights is called (a) fluorescent paint 0 ib) cetlulose paint o Ic) enamel paint Did) none of the above, o The function af a paint is (a) to give a clean, colourful andl pleasing surface o (0) to increase the life of the painted surface o (e) to protect the surface from corrosion and other weather effects a Uf) all the above. o The painting work is generally specified by {a} weight of the paint applied Db} labour used in the painting o {e) area of the painted surface DW) any of the above. o The cracks in the painted surface extending throughout the thickness of the paintare caused due to (a) Improper seasoning of the painted wood o (b} excessive use of drier o {c) too many coats of paint resulting in excessive thickness o Ga} all the above, o The small areas on painted surface enclosed by hair line cracks are called (a) crazing, OD (P)crocodiling a le) chalking (dy blistering, o The paints used in aircrafts are la} dey paints D1 (ib) cellulose paints ao (c} water paints Diy emutsion paints. o The defect in painting caused due to sliding of one layer of paint over another, is known as fa} wrinkling Dh) peeling o fe) alligatoring: Dd) none of the above. o