: | A. SPIVAKOVSKY and V. DYACHKOV ~ CONVEYORS and RELATED EQUIPMENT Translated from the Russian by DON. DANEMANIS PEACE PUBLISHERS « MOSCOWTO THE READER Peaco Publishers would be glad to have your 7 opinion regarding, this. book, its translation, ‘design - _ Bed pntng, a rege ahy suggestions fisn you Please “write to 2, Pervy Rizhsky. Perewlok, Moscow, US.S.R. : Printed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics| CONTENTS Chapter I. Introduction... 0. ee ee ee ee ee AIRS A. Types ‘of. Industrial Transport . . . RE Eee eae gy i B. Classification and Characteristics of Materials |v... 0... ve C. Classification of Conveying Machines esse eee ee WY D. Selection of Conveying Equipment... 00-0 ee eee be BOE Chapter Il. General. Theory of, Conveying Machines. 6. 6 6 0 ee OE ‘A. Capacity ‘of Continuous Conveying Machines. 0.4 4 ee Dh. B. Resistance to Motion Factor ss v0 00 crete oT C. Resistance and Power in Conveying Machines ‘with a Flexible Pull- ing Member... . + as ee p80 1, Resistance on Separate Sections. . eet ea 2, Determination of the Effective Pull-and “Motor Power FRCL tactt 33. D. Dynamic Phenomena in Chain Conveyors... 2. +. - 1, Speed and Acceleration of the Chain 2 Dynamic Loads on the Chain ss 0s + +s 7 3, Equalizing. Drives . 0. 6. Chapter Ill. Component Parts of Conveying Machines ‘A. Enumeration of the Component Parts tae B. Pulling Member». +. + ee Gee eee eee eee te 1 Pulling Chains... ee dee erie tet te 2 Steet Wire Ropes ss eevee ree eee -C. Intermediate Supports EEE EEE D. Tensioning Devices or Take-ps . .. 2 2+ ee + E. Drive Units sec. eee be ee tee Chapter IV, Belt Conveyors... 66+ 6 eee ee are A. General Description and Purpose... 5. + SERS eee tao a 64 B. Conveyors with Textile Belt © 2. 6 ee eee ee ee ee 66 1, Geometry of Belt Conveyors 2. 6 pe ee ee es BEE Hts 2. Parts of Belt Conveyors . - 0 er eee he 68 8. Gaiculation of Bell Conveyors © see reer eee ee es «100"Contents G. Conveyors with Metal Belts. .06. 00. 0... D. Chain-driven «and Rope-driven Belt Conveyors... , , E, Submerged Belt Conveyors... . . beret Put tieet He fee eee “Chapter V. Apron Conveyors . ‘A: General Description and Purpose , Ac B. General Purpose Conveyors... .... 050. ; 1. Parts of Apron Conveyors... ., 0.0... , 2. Calculation of Apron Conveyors... .. . ee C. Special Purpose Conveyors (Casting Machines, Escalators) D. Contour Apron Conveyors... ... 0.004, SHEE Chapter VI. Flight Conveyors... . A. General Description and Purpose B. General-Purpose Conveyors 1. Parts of Flight Conyeyors, .. >. , 2. Calculation of Flight Conveyors | C. Continuous-flow Flight Conveyors, >. | D. Tubular: Continuoys-llow Flight Conveyors Chapter VIL: V-bucket, Pivoted-bucket and Swing-tray Conveyors A, V-bucket Conveyors 2... feet B. Pivoled-bucket’ Conveyors: ; ; .”; ©, Swing-tray Conveyors», 0. Chapter VIII. Overhead Conveyors’. , . A.-General Description arid Purpose aE al Ge et ee B, Parts of Overhead Coiivéyors 2.) pe eiee eee eah © C, Caléulation of Overhead’ Conveyors coe D.'Selective Twin Rail Overhead Conveyors... 2) | Chapter IX. Load-propelling Conveyors... 25... . . , A. General.Description and Purpose... ne B. Conveyors with a, Flexible Pulling Member. 1. Parts of Load-propelling Conveyors 2 Calculation of Load-propelling Conveyors |). | ~C. Load-propelling Rod Conveyors ........ 0.” Chapter. X.: Car cr Platform Conveyors A.Main Types and Purpose... 0... B.-Vertical Runarounds .. . 1. |, 1, General Description Tee eerie Pee cee rece HE 2. Parts of Vertical Runarounds 2... ot 3: Calculation. of Vertical Runarounds ~,. 5";| | ‘Contents C..Horizontal’ Runarounds? 3.0. wee 1. General Description, ve 0.4 se ay 2 Parts of Horizontal Runarounds: ..)% 6.6 6 . 3. Calculation of Horizontal Runarounds . voy 6p nee Chapter XI. Bucket-, Arm- and Swing-trdy. Elevators...) 02. 9.6) 212% A, Bucket Elevators... ec ee Prete eee 1, General Description and Purpose... 0 ee ees D2 2. Charge and Dischaige of the Buckels... . ed 245 3. Paris of Bucket Elevators 4, Calculation of Bucket Elevators B. Arm Elevators... 02 ee eee C. Swing-tray Elevators Chapter: XIl. Screw Conveyors ..... A. General Description and Purpose B. General Purpose Conveyors. |. 1. Parts of Screw Conveyors 2, Calculation of Screw Conveyors. C. Vertical Screw Conveyors ys ce dni eee Chapter. Xill, Roller Conveyors... . A, Main Types... ee ee ee B, Unpowered Roller Conveyors vy pee ee eee 1, foe 2T9. 1, General Description and Purpose’... se ee MDG 2, Parts of Unpowered Roller Conveyors... 6. ee ne 281 3, Calculation of Unpowered Roller Conveyors .. 2... 5 285 : Fowennd Roller Conveyors etae | General Description and’ Purpose 2 Parts, of Poweréd Roller Conveyors 3, Calculation of Powered Roller Conveyors Chapter XIV. Ostillating and Vibrating Conveyors . “A. General Descriptionand Purpose. . 0... : B. Conveyors with a Constant Load Pressure on the Trough C. Conveyors with a Changing Load Pressure on the Trough. 1. Shaking Conveyors... ve ee ee tet cee a ee 2. Vibrating Conveyors... 0. : 303 Chapter XV. Pneumatle Conveyors... 0.0 et ee ee 812 A. Main Types and Purposes... oe pe ee te eee 1312 B. Bulk-handling Pneumatic Conveyors... 0. 0s eee eet ald 1. General Description. 0. ce ee ee SM 2. Parts of Pneumatic Conveyors Sear 2 BIT 3. Calculation of Pneymatic Conveyors 6... 6 ee ee ee ORBContents ES G. Installations for the Conveyance of Aerated Bulk Materials (Airslides) 333 I Hose D. Pneumatic Tube Conveyors for Piece:goods .-... ..., oe : ae ( Chapter XVI, Hydrauitc Conveyors 397, i A. Main Types ‘and Piurpose er ESP, spe B. Feeders for Hydraulic Conveyo: pee cere ee eee » . 840 Hes ©. Caleulation of Hydraulic Conveyors“) + 840 re Chapter XVIL Industrlat Trucks 7...) » 846 Boge A. Main Types and Purpose. 2. 346 | B. Hand Trucks 2... Hee erate reer eee aay fees C. Tractors and Trailers... . 1) SHEE ert ep Hod : D. Self-propelled Trucks erent Pree ted et tt og! bee ~ Ey Calculation of Railless Transport... . eee acetate .. 357 Chapter XVII. Loads 2... ee, 880 A.Main Types and. Purpose » 360 B. Continuous Loaders 361 1, Mobile and Portable Conveyors | 361 2. Conveyor Loaders ,°, 369 | C. Interinittent Loaders See Here reeeee eee 379 | 1. Power Shovels Pe ee ee es BD i 2. Unpowered Lift Trucks. 3... 11] : 380 | 3, Powered Lift Trucks.” 1)! » 386 Chapter XIX. Auxiliary Equipment... , , , soe ee, 390 Z A. Hoppers and Their Mechanical Equipment . |. | |. , EEE eet ag [es 1, Hoppers Re eee eae Wee be ee ee 6 80 i : 2. Hopper Gales»... . | 396 SE cedar Ee eee eet aie Hee Heres et cere eee 399 B.Chutes .e... ee ee Be ee ee 408 1. Feed Chutes and Pipes... , Pe S408 2. Ladders and Spiral Chutes eed ee. 409 3. Transfer Slides. 1.) | | Fe ee ee AIB + A15, Chapter XX. Uses of Conveying Machines eh LE OES “A. Mechanized Materials Handling in a Foundry... oe 42d B. Mechanized Boiler Stoking in Power Stations and Industrial Plants 435 Chapter XXI. Trends in Design . 2... 440 A. Conveying Machines and Industry 440 B. Trends s,.. . 144d tCHAPTERT INTRODUCTION A. TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT Materials handling: plays:an important part in industrial econ: omy. No modern industrial plant, be it a coal mine, power. plant, metallurgical works, machine building: works. or textile. factory’: would be conceivable without efficiently. organized transport.-Tak- ing the concrete example of a. machine building works, it is easily realized that it could: not ‘function’ without regularly receiving. large quantities of metals and semi-finished products, fuel, aux- iliary materials and finished articles; distributing them within’ the works; disposing of production waste, and conveying finished products to loading areas for despatch to consumers. All these needs are-catered for by industrial transport, Industrial transport may be classified as external and internal. 7 External transport serves to convey raw materials, semi-finished © products, fuel, main and auxiliary materials to the. production site and to despatch finished products and production waste from the site. : External transport includes conveyance by rail, ship, truck and lane. 7 2 Piinternal (interplant and interfactory) transport serves to distrjb- ute the loads received.among thesvarious shops and departments © of the works, to take care of in-process movements and to con- vey finished products and prodiiction waste to loading areas: for despatch from the production site. Local railways (wide and‘nar-- row gauge), motor trucks, hoisting and conveying imachines (cranes, conveyors, etc.), various hand trucks, tractors and other ground-level transport facilities are used for the conveyance of loads within the plant. ‘ ~ Depending on where it is utilized, internal. transport is divided. into inter- and intrashop transport, iChel. Introduction in Plant sorting : J yard ‘Building repairs Hi shop store Bi i Goal storage Metal ie for titer room | | sforage tor elgtels ee - eS |S/8] [ok ‘Building Fe Boller: room| Bille? Lal slSlsis|. [88] Gzpngoren] | repairs 7 Storage. ig seis! [83] - Shop 7 i g SEP) S38! caren Ke (Ash Om) - & ar Fos he [Power 8 s te plant. § & Pat Tern Bo Pe = store SS = s a Tapa = founcry shop ss | Shops s & | : [aurat sand bia i Too! room’ ln-process Torg| | [Tn-process bas i ‘ngs siorage ings storage \ noe wvaring and { machining Shap ft Store Machining shop Chips store | - | Mew store Interim Tnished " parts store Fisted ' : . a lprowucts. siore | Comyist bres Assembly department Testing } store f i Intershop ‘transport serves to transfer loads from shop to shop (in the case of a machine buildin g works from the preforming to the forming shop),.shop to store, shop to dump, receiving to tf Boxmarin Pa eninaking | rate Sawn timber store Sidings tor sorting empties Fig, ts Flowsheet of intershop transport facilities ina mechanical engineering . plant loading area, eté.. An example of an internal transport flow dia- gram ofa machine building works is depicted in Fig, 1. i Intrashop. transport serves to transfer loads between departs ments within shops, stores, process. points and working places. It also Serves to carry work in process from one operation to another. ‘A -number ‘of operations (dressing, painting, assembly, etc.) is often carried out en route)erials See, B. Classification, and Chatacteristics of Mat “Ll Intrashop:transport-is one of the most important factors in line production, Conveying machines set the pace in the separate: de- partments and coordinate. it with. that of other departments. and the works in general, thus ensuring a predetermined steady flow. of production. 4 A study of the principal and most extensively applied inter- , -and intrashop conveying machines forms the subject of this book. B, CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS ‘OF MATERIALS eg The type of load handled and its physical and mechanical prop: erties are the main factors which determine the type and design \- features of a conveying: machine and its component parts. : Loads, handled by interplant transport are divided into unit loads and bulk loads. 7 : Unit loads include piece-goods usually counted by the number, of pieces (for example, machine-parts and assemblies, moulding boxes; etc.) and tared goods (boxes, bags, barrels, packaged items, coritainers, etc,), and also other, goods handled en masse compris- ing more or less large-sized items of a definite shape (for in stance, ingots, pigs, building blocks, rolled beams, logs, etc.). 8 Unil loads are characterized by their overall dimensions, shape,” ° piece-weight, convenience of stacking or suspension and by spe- 5 cifle properties, if any. The latter include temperature (for hot moulding boxes or. castings), explosiveness, ‘inflammability, fra- gility, ete , Bulk loads (materials) include various heap-loaded, granular and powderedsmaterials (ore, coal, peat, moulding sand, sawdust, cement, etc.) °° & : Bulk-loads are characterized by ‘their physical and mechanica ‘properties such.as lump-size (distribution of its separate particles according to size), bulk (heaped). and specific weight, moisture: content, mobility of its particles, angle of repose, abrasivity. and specific properties. Let -us consider each one of these properties separately. fs Lump-size. The quantitative distribution of the particles. ofa: bulk load, according to their sizes, is known as the granulometric composition or ‘lump-size of the load. The size of the particles is determined linearly in millimetres. The largest linear dimension, its diagonal a (Fig. 2)' characterizes the-particle and determines a number of parameters of conveyors and auxiliary equipment. To determine the lump-size of materials containing particles larger than 0.1 mm, they are consecutively screened through’ a- number of screens of different mesh size. The granulometric com- sekBose : Ch 1 Introduction position. of bulk materials with particles sinaller than 0.1 mmi is determined by a special method based on the difference in the speed with which particles of different size will settle in water or air. According to the uniformity of the lumps in its composition, a bulk material is classed as sized or unsized. . A material in which the ratio of the size of the largest charac- teristic particle dmax to thal of the smallest characteristic parti- ; cle Gmin is below 2.5 is considered as unsized, a Fig. 2. Dimensions of a bulk load particle In “sized materials, ie, more or less homogeneous ones Gmas? Amin <2.5, Sized; materials are characterized by their average lump-size, ie. a Minax + Gmina, ar a) unsized materials are characterized by the size of their largest characteristic lump a’. If the weight of a group of lumps sized from-0.8 dmas tO Qmax exceeds 10 per cent of the total weight of the sample, the lump’ sized Gay is considered as the largest char- acteristic one, ic., a’ =amex. But if the weight -of this group is less than 10° per cent of the sample, the lump sized 0:8 @max is _ considered as the largest characteristic one, Le, @’=0.8 amay. Table t Distribution of Bulk Loads According to Their Particle Size : ana Lond group | Hof legge! sharactrin aH Large-lumped over 160 Medium-umiped| 60 to 160 Small-tumped 10 to 60 Granular 0.5 to 10 Powdered below 0.5- ing frame 3 secured on rod 2. The ‘into the container through the frame See, B, Classification’ and Characteristics of Maierials 18 According -to the size of their particles, bulk materials: are classed as large-, medium- and small-sized lump, granular. of» powdered (Table i). The lump-size of bulk materials must be taken into considera- tion when the dimensions of the load-carrying members. of con-.” veying machines and sizes of. the outlets of bins, hoppers and chutes are determined. Bulk weight and specific weight..The bulk or heaped weight y is the weight of the material per unit of volume in’ bulk. It is usually measured in tons .per cubic Ao metre (or kg per litre), sometimes 3 in kg per cubic metre, The bulk weight of granular and, powdered materials is usually determined with a special device (Fig. 3) consisting of container J ofa definite given vol- ume (usually 1 to 3 litres); rod 2 attached to the container and revolv- 2 larger the lump-size of the material, the larger should be the volume of the container. To determine the bulk weight of a material, it is poured until the container is full, A tarn of the frame removes excess mate- rial and leaves the. container ‘full to the. rim. The container is now weighed. The bulk weight. is determined as Ce the- net weight of the material in the container:relative to the volume — Fig. 3, Container serving : to it occupies. A distinction is .made determine the bulk weight of between. the bulk weight-of..a.ma-- .... @ free-flowing. material. . terial under aerated y and under 5 packed, conditions: Ypackea. A bulk load will pack when subjected to uniform static or dynamic. compression or shaking: The: ratio: of the weight of a material packed to its weight before packing is known as the packing coefficient whose value varies for differ= ent bulk loads from 1.05 to 1.52, A gradation of bulk materials according to their bulk weights isgiven in Table 2. The bulk weights of the most extensively handled materials. are contained in Table 3, The bulk weight of a material is an important param-.” eter when the capacity of a conveying machine and the pressure on the walls and outlets of hoppers is calculated.Ta, ne Ch. I! Introduction 2 Table 2 Distribution of Bulk Loads According to Their Bulk Weight Bulk weight », Weight group tone pet ee Matertal H Light up to 06 Sawdust, peat, coke Medium from 0.6 to 1.1. | Wheat, -rye, coal, slag Heavy from 11 to 20 | Sand, gravel, ore Very heavy over 2.0 Iron ore, cobble stones The specific weight of a material is the weight.of its particles dried at a temperature of 100 to 105°C to constant weight rela. -tive to the volume of water displaced by them, The Specific weight “of materials must-be taken: into account when pneumatic and hydraulic materials handling equipment: is calculated, “Fig. 4. Natural” slope ‘assumed Fig. 5. Determination of the bya free-flowing material angle of repose with a ‘hollow spilled. on a.horizontal surface cylinder Mobility of the particles and angle of repose: When’ a loose ; material (bulk load) unobstructedly spills on a horizontal ‘plane, “-itvassumes a slope, the angle. of which with -the horizontal. is ‘ts angle of repose @ (Fig. 4). The magnitude of angle @ depends onthe mutual mobility of the particles: the larger. their mobility, the smaller is angle g, The angle of repose of bulk materials may be static @ or dy- namic ayn. Payn is approximately 0.7 9. The static angle of repose can be determined with various sim- ple devices, a hollow cylinder, for example (Fig. 5). The material is. filled into the hollow cylinder and when the latter is carefully. raised, the material pours out. and forms a cone on the horizontal.See. B. Classification’ and Characteristics of Materials supporting surface. The angle of the. generatrix of the cone is the angle of static repose. The angle of repose’is measured .with angle gauges of different type. The dynamic angle. of repose ayn is obtained when the horizontal supporting surface vibrates ver+ tically. The coefficient of friction of a bulk material on steel, wood, concrete, rubberized fabric, ele., must be taken into account when conveying machines and auxiliary equipment are designed, The friction factor determines the angle of inclination of the walls and ribs ‘of hoppers, funnels and transfer chutes and also the. Table 3 Bulk Weight, Angles of Repose, and Friction Factors of Bulk Materials (approximate values) Angle of repose, |. static trtetton fattor 7, Bulk weight y, ine ea i fee {fons per en mm dynamic | static ” ayn | on steel fon wood fon rubber Anthracite, fine, dry *]0.8'to 0.95) 27 45 084 | 0.84 | -— Gypsum, smalf-lumped| 1.2 to 1.4 = 40 0.78 — |} 082 Clay, dry, small » lumped 1.0 to 15 40 50 0.75 on = Qravel 15 to 1.9 30 |. 45 10 a = Ground, dry 12 30 45 1.0 7 = Foundry. sand, shake- out 1,25 to 1.30] 30 45. O71 - 0.61 Ash, dry 0.4 to 0.6 40 50 084 | 1.0 = Limestone, small- lumped L12:to 1.8 30 =~ 0.56 | 07 = Coke 0.36 to 0.53] 35 50 10 1.0 = Wheat flour 0.45. to 0.66} 49 55 0.65 — | 0.85.5 Oat 0.40 to 0.50} 28 35: 0.58 | 0.78 | 0.50 Sawdust 0.16 to 0.32) — 39 08 = 0.65. Sand, dry 140 to 1.65] 30 45 0.80 — | 056 Wheat 0.65 to 0.83) 25 35 0.58 0.58 | 0.50 Iron ore [2.10 to 240} 30 50 12 - = Peat, dry, lumped [0.33 10 O41] 40 45 0.75 | 0.80. | .— Coal, run-of-mine 0.65 to 0.78} 35 50 10°} Lo | 07 Cement, dry 1.0 to 1.30] 35 50 0.65 — | 06 Slag, anthracite 0.60 to 0.90} 35 45 10 — |..0.66 Crushed stone, dry 18 m2) 45 0.63 — | 06 i le reHBL OSE On Satebauclion maximum inclination of certain conveyors. The friction factor is related to the friction angle of bulk material, ie., fo= tan po; (2) f=tanp, (3) Where fo and f = friction factors of the material at-rest and in motion; e, and p =angles of friction at rest and in motion, The angles of repose and friction factors for the most. exten- sively handled bulk materials are given in Table 3, * ~ Abrasivity. The property. of particles of bulk materials to wear away the surface they are in contact with when in motion. is called the abrasivity of a material, The surface of chutes, troughs, . belts, chain joints are subjected to abtadive action by. the. mate-. rial conyeyed. The extent of abrasion depends on the hardness, » surface condition’. ‘shape and. size of the articles composing the matérial: Some bulk materials such as. ashes, bauxite, aluminium: oxide, cement, crushed ore, sand, ‘pumice. and ¢oke are highly abradive. > Specific properties. These include: moisture content, ability to pack, stickiness, fragility, hygroscopy, toxicity, corrosiveness and i explosiveness, etc. All’ these properties should be taken into vaccount when conveying machines and auxiliary equipment are designed and effective measures taken to neutralize their harmful influence on the equipment and ambient medium. C. CLASSIFICATION OF CONVEYING MACHINES Owing to great variety of conveying machines available, differ- ing as regards principle of operation, design features, means and direction of conveyance, a general classification of materials: handling equipment is well-nigh impossible, To break a large study down’ into several more simple components, conveying ma- chines. have’ been’ classified according to their major distinctive ‘machines of intermittent and continuous action. Machines 0} features (Fig. 6). According to their principle of operation we discern conveying in- termittent action include a great variety of ground-level and over- head rail and railless transport machines, manoeuvring and “The values given in the table are not hard and fast but can be used for weugh guidance when concrete data for the given material are not avoitable It should be remembered that the bulk weights, angles of repose and friction _ factors of one and the same material often deviate considerably from average values,‘SaniAap Bimgojag puo)_ Suayanto aypouropny| Ch Fig. 6. 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Bs SS] Hosa ‘Svohaniroa fayong. st 8] Hz tu] __ssofeavos sayang-pun-pying ge =| Hoth suahanuoa shontiquoa SS =| Hoc tul Suofantron jubihy BE H22 Bi S10 7010085 we eB Teo by ‘Siohaaton uoudy SEE8 Loe ty To stofteauaa Hag ines: veying machii | Pig Se Oke 1, Introduction hauling eqitipment with cars and trucks, overhead rail and ca- bleways, tractors, scrapers and some types of transfer equipment. Machines of continuous action include various types of conveyors, pneumatic and hydraulic transport installations and some types. of transfer equipment. A. special group is formed by auxiliary equipment which is not an independent means of conveyance but designed for operation in conjunction with conveying machines. Auxiliary equipment comprises chutes, troughs, hoppers, gates, feeders, Scales, etc. Cyclic operation is characteristic for intermittent action ma- chines: they deliver loads in lots corresponding ‘to the load-lifting capacity (or volume) of the load-carrying members, Generally these machines operate on an alternately reciprocal principle, i.e., they run loaded in one direction and idle it the other. Sometimes heir: path.of motion forms:a closed circuit, one part of which is »-used for delivery of the'load, the other for the return of empties to “the loading. area...The load-carrying. mémber of intermittent con- ~ Neying machines‘ is generally loaded and unloaded during stop- Pages, in exceptional cases discharge is effected while the machine: ‘is -running.-The path of motion of the load-carrying member’ is -sometimes provided with a number of branches (switches, inter- sections and crossings). : The: feature specific to continuous action machines is that their ~load-carrying member conveys the load in a practically uninter- _Tupted stream or in successive but relatively small portions: (in buckets, boxes, etc.): along. a. precisely determined path. Unit loads are also conveyed in a continuous preset consecution. The load-carrying members of these machines are loaded and unloaded while in motion. 7 According to the. type of material handled, the machines are divided into conveying machines for bulk loads, unit loads or both bulk and unit loads, ! Continuous machines may be classified: (a) according to the means by which motive power is transmit- ted to the load. as: (1) mechanical handling equipment; (2) gravity equipment; (3). pneumatic handling equipment; (4) hydraulic handling equipment in which the carrying me+ dium is a jet of water; (b) according to their purpose and principle of action as: (1) stationary conveyors; (2) transfer equipment; (3) pneumatic handling equipment; (4) hydraulic handling equipment.See. €. Classification of Conveying Machines 1 Stationary conveyors are classified according to their design. as machines: (1) with. a flexiblé pulling member, and (2): without a pulling member. ; : : Belt, apron, flight, bucket, flight-and-bucket, tray, car, “load- propelling, overhead conveyors; bucket, platform, tray.and-cage - | elevators and also escalators are machines with a flexible pulling ee: member. i A feature all.machines with a flexible pulling member have in +> common is that the load moves along the carrying run together with the pulling member. Thé flexible pulling member transmits. motion to the mobile load-carrying members (belt, apron, buckets, © carriers, cars, etc.) and to the load carried by them. In certain designs the load glides (rolls) along stationary guideways (for instance, a trough). The load-carrying members move along hori- zontal or inclined ‘sections and are supported by travelling: or. stationary rollers or stationary guideways. Screw, oscillating and roller conveyors and also rotary trans: port tubes are conveyors without.a pulling’ member. In all conveyors. without a pulling. member. the. load moves separately fromthe rotating or- reciprocating: load-carrying mem- bers. x Continuous equipment differs widely as regards. the direction _ of conveyance. Certain types of conveying machines ‘serve to move the load in a given rectilinear direction. (for instance, horizontally or slightly inclined,. vertically or at a slight-angle to the. vertical).: Other, types haye a path of motion which can be almost’ any irregular combination-ol ups.and downs, inclines, bends and -curves. Thus, for instance, roller, car (the path of motion of. which is’ a closed circuit) and.some other conveyor types are always ar- ranged horizontally (or at-a’ slight incline to the horizontal), the load is moved ina single direction or alotig a closed circuit :in' the horizontal plane (Fig. 7a). In the case’ of bucket elevators, the direction. of travel is vertical or at a slight angle to the vertical’ (Fig. 76). ~ hg The path of motion of-belt, apron and flight conveyors is hori: zontal or slightly inclined. The angle of inclination is.limitéd by. the tendency of the material to roll or slide spontaneously down the longitudinal axis of the conveyor. These conveyors’ can have a rectilinear configuration or bends in the vertical and hori- zontal planes (Fig. 7c). A complex path which takes the load successively oyer hori- zontal and vertical or horizontal and inclined section (Fig. 7d) is typical for bucket, flight-and-bucket-and tray conveyors as well as for most conveyors.with submerged flights. : : gt20 : ‘Ch: I. Introduction Jaz “or slightly inclined conveyance may be modified to lift loads ver-; “along a:strictly predetermined path, that they perform stereotyped _ suitable for: automatic operation and: also for the automation of «the loading and. unloading: processes. : “A path with bends both in the \vertical: and horizontal planes is followed by overhead conveyors-and special types of bucket, - tray,.car and some other conveyors (Fig. 7e). An irregular con- tour path can also be followed by pneumatic conveyors. Some conveyors with a direction of travel typical for their type are. modified to allow movement also in’ other directions, Thus, for instance, screw conveyors ordinarily designed for horizontal aso || eee Oe ce) or both planes, others will operate only. on a straight run in one direction, some are adopted to convey loads for a considerable distance; others must be limited as regards their length. ‘ An important requirement. every machine or sét of machines should satisfy is-that the load should be handled with a-minimum of intermediate transfers, as they complicate the system in gener- al, decrease its reliability and ill affect the quality of. certain materials. 4, Storage of the material at the head and tail ends, The meth- od of loading and unloading of the material also has an impor- tant bearing upon the choice of a conveying machine. Some of them are seli-loaders, others require special additional loading devices or are loaded by. hand. Thus, loose materials can be stored in heaps from which they are loaded onto the conveying machine Sec, D, Selection df Conveying’ Equipment i oe» technological conveyors in’ machine, paint and other shops ‘may be ‘cited as example. : enterprise, -its proposed.-period of operation (short or lone term), “expenses in connection. with ‘its’ delivery and erection and also capital outlay is compared, the cost of buildings and constructions 22 Ch. I. Introduction z ‘with buckets, scrapers, special feeders or by any other means, or stored in a bin, from which the load is discharged onto the con- veying. machine by gravity. A self-loading machine taking the material directly from the heap also does not require «auxiliary feeders. Unit loads are stacked on the floor indoors or on the ground in the open or ‘placed on stands, shelves, stillages, etc. They can be loaded on the conveying machine by many different methods and removed at the unloading points by various means, The loading and’ unloading: should; wherever possible, exclude addi- tional labour and auxiliary equipment, 5. Processing steps and the movenient of toads. When: mecha- nizing handling in workshops, the technological flow is an’ impor. tant factor bearing onthe choice of the conveying machine. 2 In ‘most cases "conveying machines are connected with’ the over- all manufacturing ‘cycle, depend on it and serve. to carry.a load processed en route.Assembly line and foundry conveyors as also ‘6. Specific local. conditions, These include the area and shape of the site at disposal, its topography, type and design of the building, mutual layout of handling machines and processing equipment, humidity: and “dustiness ofthe premises, availability | of steam or gas, ambient-temperature, etc. It is also important ‘to, know whether the'conveying machine ‘will be installed in prem- ises_ (heated or unheated): or out-of-doors. In’ the latter event cli. matic conditions must be taken into account. when planning’ the servicing and lubrication of the machine, forestalling freezing’ of machine ‘parts'and of the loadsin’stacks, bunkers; ete; -” The choice of the’conveying machine will also be greally influ- enced by. the unification’ and standardization’ ‘of the ‘equipment “of the enterprise, by the planned development and expansion. of the the type of power available; hygienic considerations, safety ‘regu- lations, convenience of- operation, ete, TMaving on the basis ‘of technical factors chosen the machines that. will best serve the purpose at hand,'a thorough comparison of their:respective’merits is made from a technical and économie standpoint. ‘The economic appraisal of the respective merits of the various types is made by estimating initial investments and running costs. Capital ‘investments include the initial cost of. the equipment, construction work relating to its installation and operation. When