caus saa a. liinaentiscnanc imi 1RC24-2001 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION V STEEL ROAD BRIDGES (Second Revision) THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS 2001STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION V STEEL ROAD BRIDGES (Second Revision) Pubted by THE INDIN ROADS. CONGRESS ‘unnagar Howe, Shakjaban Road ‘ee De s10011 00)124.2001 Fis polite Repeined eines Reprines Reprint Reprinted ‘Aupsy, 1984 corporates ‘Amenient Noe Dever, 1982) (eter 1998 Ap 2001 (titer. 2003 (nororte Ament No, 1 to Send Revton) sa ‘a, so 0s, (Righs of Publication end Tranctaon ae reserved) 0, Printed at Doe Kay Prins, New Des (1000 cops) mc-242001 CONTENTS SECTION: [STEEL ROAD BRIDGES hoe Pesone! of Brides Speciation: wwe ‘nd Standards Commitee Iain 1 soope a References ‘ Defsions and Syebois 4 S041 Define 4 5012. Symbols ‘ Matra td ropes u 051, Ste " 5052, Casings and Fosings B 5053. Fasenets b 5054. Welling Consumables s 5035. Webing s 508. Wie Ropes and Cables v Loads and Suess v 061, Combinations v 062, Permissible Increase in Suess 6 5062, Wot fest 8 S64, Working Sueses » 5065, Persil Sees in Bais Rivets nd Tesion Rods 20, 506.5, Pemsble Srestes in Wels 2z seed 5057. Sess Ati 5068 Sess ‘General Design Consieratans 5072. Bective Deis 5073, Spacing of Gnd S074. Depth of Gide 5075. Defstion of Gin 5076, Camber S077 Minimum Setons OTS. Sectional Asa S079, Skew Badges Design of Beams 8.1. Genera 5083. Fangs 5084 Fete Length of Compson Flings S085, Senders Ratio 508.6, Peon Rending Steses S087. Parmisnble Sear Sess S088 Caine! of Flange Plas 5089 Coonection of anges to Web 9.10, DpasonofLoad Though Flange 19 Web S088 Web tines 508.12, hog Spices 50.1, Spices in Webs a n son sn Design of Compression Members S101 Gove Desig of Tension Members Desig of Trusso Open Web Gin S112. eerectin at Joins 5113. Compessin Memb S114, Tension Members SUS. Spies SUL. Comestions a Inseton S117. Lag Angles S118, Seton a Pin Hols in Tension Members 5119, Pin Pe $1110, Digpragms in Mme: S111, Late Bangs Conesions 5121, Composite Comectons 5122, Welded Comsctans 5123, Connection othe tha welded) Fabvication ad Inspection 5131. Genoa 5132. Lannion in Plas « ®R220 5133. Stange of Mates S134. Sraphning, Being aod Pestng 513.6. Inspection and Testing $14. Handling Tasportion sad Erection S14. Scope 5142, Trsporaon and Handling 5143. Serge 5144, Handling 5145, Brion Shome S146, Proctue of Erion Aopenties A: Limitionss 5: Rae Cmbring Peers 0 ‘Web Girder Spans a (Protection Agsinet Coon 1 Post-Consmction lnspeton and Preveaie Maitenarce eihinee M1 uM ns 136 br eo oe 9 19 12 Rc24.2001 PERSONNEL OF BRIDGES SPECIFICATIONS AND. STANDARDS COMMITTEE (95 0 24101998) 1. PrafilaKuar ——_Diteetor General (Road Development), {Convene Ministry of Road Tranepor & Highways, ‘Transpo Bhawan, New Det 110001 2. The Chie Engineer (B) (Krishan Kan), Ministry of Road Transport SER (Member & Highways, Transport Bhawan, New Seon) eth! 2. SS.Chakebory Managing Distor, Conn Eng. Services (O)L4, 57, Nee Plas, New Deli 10019 4. DeMG-Tanbankar Emeriss SERC, 39, Pocket Mayur Via, Pase-,Deli-ti00 [BG (RD) & Aa Secretary Ret), 6 Nand Aprinea,Vikaspur New Debit 10015 “Tecknial Adviser Metopotian Comm, ‘04 Semel Pot No.2, Arun Kumar Vidya "Nagar, Banta Relation, Mura 400080 5. Ninan Koei 6 AG. borat Meni (Tech) Nats Highways Author, of Inn 1, Ease Avene, Maharani Bagh ‘New Debi 10068 ead, edges Division, Cnt! Road Research 1. NK. Sinha MV. Rae RBOG being wt polo, he wewing vas prsded by Ski Pais Kuma, Diet Gener Ren Develops) Minty of Sures Taner oIre2e-2001 9. CR Alimstandas i 10. De SK. Thathar 1. MK. Bhagagar 2, PD.Wai 1B, SAR 1, Voy Kumar | 15. CV. Ka 16, MLK. Maerce 17 Mates aon 1 De TN. Subba Ran 19, AK Hast i 28 AD.Nanio 21 Vitae { 2 PC Bhan Chairman & Managing Ditecoe, STUP Conca, 145 Re Chamber, 213, "Nariman Pot, Mambei-soa Profesor. Deparment of Earthquake Enge Univesity of Rooke, Roorkee247667 Consting Eis Eng, Contant) Le Mis, Coonaph Pie, New Dele 110001 Member. Maharashira Public. Service Commission, Bank of India Building, ambsio02s Dy. Managing Ditectr, Gammon India Lid, ‘Ganon Howe, rbhadei Mumbar00028 Managing Diet, UP Sat Bridge Cxpertion i Takao 226001 Consultan, 2/136, Mahavir Nagar Bhopal 2016 407182, C3 Pack, New tit 10019 Managing Dietor, Tandon Constants (P) Lids 1, Link Road, Jangpurs Fate New bet 110014 Chsiman, Constues Constancy (PLA, 2nd oor, Pinky Plz, Mars 400052 Exeetve Direc (B45), Research Designs ‘Stands Organisation, Licknow 226011 GRD) & Ad Soy, MOST etd). B-186, Seto 26, NOIDA.201301, bic Enger, Dy. Drectae Geer 8), Hee DORR, Seem Sadak Bhawan, Ring Rodd, Nari New Det I10010 324, MandakiniEnvlave, Alhanands, New Debit 2% n, 2% x0 a 2 PK, Samah The Prin Scere tothe Govt ofan The Chie Engine (ra) ‘The Chief Engineer ot The Enginerin-Chiet ‘The Dire Geral (ees ‘The Chie Engineer Ine242001 ChictEogincer, PD (Reais) Asam, 7.0, Channar Gashat781003, Serer, Maharshi PWD eld), 72, Prat 4. Paar Marg. Opp. Por Hosp, Wor, Sumise0035 (ALP Jamar RAB Depatneat Bek No.1 New Social, 2nd lor, Gandia 389010 (©. Sie Rama Mushy), Nationa! Highways, Ir Manzi yaad 5002 (©. ab), Pubic Works Depart, Wee Bull, Black, Keats O00) (KH. Lal Siaphal) Haryana PWD. ER, Seio198, Chania 109 Catal Pbtie Works Deprnent Nman Bhawan, New Deli 11000 Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Transp Bhawan, New Deli 1100 ‘The Chie ngiccrR) (CC. Bhattacharya), Ministey of Roa ste ‘The Dison, ‘The Director Head “he Chie Engineer ost ‘The Chief Enger i The Chit Engineer an Transport & Highways, Taaport Bhs, ‘New Beit Highways Research Road Chenonias om, 76, Sarr Pate Bureau of tian Stndrds, Marsh Bhan, 9, Bahadur afr Mary, New Del 10002 MP. Pubic Works Depart hop 461004 UPR, Lucio 226001 Panjab PWD, BSR ranch, Pata wyé mc24-2001 fii Members 50, Presiden, Ma} CR Ramet, Seortay tthe Govt of idan Reads Congress Karta WD, Banglore 38, Decor Genera, Fafa Kumst, DG (RD) 8 Aédh.Seoy (Goad Development) Ministy of Road Transport & Highways, “Tanspot Bhawan, New Det 11000 39, Sere SSC Sharan, Chit Hepner, Ministry of Road Indian Roads Congress Trapt High, anspor Bhavan, New Data 001 Conresponding Meters Le NV. Mei Principal Sota (Ret), A-7/138, Adare aga, Work Mombas0005 2. DGP.Saby Chef Egos Hinder Consuton Co. Li, Hincoo House, Lal Bahadur Shas Mars, ‘ahri(W), Amba 4008 2. ShiulaStara Advisor Costa Coneling Egg, Series (Lat 57:Netra Place, New Dells 110019 ww 1-24-2001 INTRODUCTION ‘The Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section V-Stec! Road Bridges, IRC:24-1967 ‘vas published by the Indian Roads Congress in 1967. Since this code was brought out more than three decades ago, its revision and updation, commensurate with the curent data and incorporation of new concepts and materials has been a long felt need. The work of revision ofthis code was accordingly taken up by the Steel Bridges Committes (B-7) during its tequee from 1994, The draft was discussed at length during various meetings and finalised, After detailed discussion, the Committee constituted in 1997, consisting the following personnel considered and approved the draft in is meeting held fn 21.798 for being placed before the Bridges Specifications and Standards Commitee. Viy Kumar Conver RP Inder Monee Secreary Members Achy Goch Wer ‘Vinod Rama KML Loom TA Bane IN Pa BD. Stunna Upal K Ghose iP. dayaleishan Sahel Ghoshal AS. Prada Ra HD. Maange Prot Sushil K-Aguale Dr. Hastavardhan So Rao Ofiio Monbore President, RC D.G. (RD), MORTAH (6, CR Ramesh (AD Nain) (SC. Sharma} bs Bae bis eHini ci T skc.24-2001 Comerponding Mentors het Tandon AK. Bat ‘The draft approved by Steel Bridges Committee vas Aiscussed by the Bridges Specifications and Standacds (BSS) Committe in their meeting on 24.10.98 and approved the same subject 0 certain moslifcaions. The modified copy approved bby Convenor, BSS Committee on 21.699 and later it was approved by the Executive Commitee on 16:7.99, Finally, the «raft was approved by the Council ofthe Indian Roads Congress atthe 156th Couneil Meeting held at Japar on the 6th August, 1999 subject to modifications in light of the comments of Council members. The Convenor, Ste! Bridges Commitee sent the modified document on 2.6.2000 for forwarding the same to Convenor, BSS Commitee for its approval, The Convenor, BSS Commitee approved the document for printing ‘on 31.10.2000, ‘The object of issuing the Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Steel Road Bridges is to establish a common procedure for the design and construction of road bridges in India. ‘This rvised publication is meant to serve a a guide to both the Desig and the Constuction Engineer, but compliance withthe rules therein does not relieve them in any way oftheir responsibility forthe stability and soundness of the structures designed and erected by them. The design and construction of road bridges require extensive and thorough knowledge ofthe science and technique involved and should be entrusted only to specially qualified 2 1C-24.2001 fengincers with adequate practical experience in bridge ‘engineering and capable of ensuring careful exection of work. S01. SCOPE SOIL. This code deals mainly with the design of superstructure of structural steelwork in rod bridges. Wherever the provisions of this code donot cover the design requirements in certain particular cass, special literature may be refered to 501.2. Provisions of this code generally apply to riveted, bolted and welded constructions using hot rolled stel sections only. Cold formed sections are not covered in this code. 5013. IRC:22-1986 (Section VI) may be referred, ‘wherever applicable in ease of concrete work compesite with steel 502, LIMITATIONS, This code generally applies to normal steel bridges. For the following types of bridges for which there are special requirements for desig, the provision ofthe present code will not form adequate bass. This cade applies to such bridges to the extent where the special eode covering these areas refers to the provisions of this present cade. Further reference may be ‘made to Append. (a) curved bridges (©) cablestayed bridges (©) suspension bridges (@)_ temporary bridges (6) pedestrian bridges (0 swing bridges (g) bascute bridgesRc2.2001 (h) box girder bridges (@)_ prestressed soe bridges 503, REFERENCES, “White preparing this code, practices prevailing in this country in the design and construction of stcel bridges have been primarily kept in view. However, recommendations offered in the following publications have also been considered (a) IRS Code of Practice for the design of ste! or ‘wtouahs iron bridges carving rl, road or pedestrian trafic incomporaing latest addendum corrigendum. {(b) BS:5400-Part 3:1982: Code of Practice for Design of Steel Bridges ‘504, DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS S041 Definitions: For the purpose ofthis code, the following definitions shall apply’ 5041.1, Buckling loads The load at which a. member fra structure as a whole collapses in service or buckles in @ oad tet 5041.2, Dead loads: The self weights ofall permanent ‘onsrtion and installation. 504.13. Effective lateral restraint: Restraint which produces sufficient resistance in a plane perpendicular to the Plane of bending 1o restrain the compression flange ofa Toaded Etrut beam or gitder from buckling t ether side atthe point ‘of application of the restrain. 5041.4. Elastic eritieal moment: The eastie moment which wil initiate yielding or cause buckling e24-2001 5041.5. Factor of safety: The factor by which the yield steess ofthe material of a member is divided to arrive at the permissible sress inthe material 5041.6. Gauge: The transverse spacing between parallel adjacent lines of fasteners 4508.17. Imposed (live) load: ‘Te Toad assumed to be provdced by the intended we of eccupancy including distributed, Concentrate, impact, vibration and snow loads but excluding ‘wind and earthquake Loads, '508..8, Load factor: The numerical factor by which the working load is to be multiplied to obtain an appropriate design ulimate load 508,19. Main member: A structural member which is primarily esponsible for carrying and distributing the epplied load, 504.1.10, Pitch: The centteto-centte distance between individual fasteners ina line of fasteners. 5041.41, Secondary member: Secondary member is that whil is provided for stability and or retaining the main ‘members from buckling or similar modes of failure 4508,.12, Welding terms: Unless otherwise defined in this standard the welding terms used shall have the meaning given in 1812-1957. '508,1.13, Vield stress: The minimum yield stress of the material in tension as specified in relevant Indian Standard, 5041.14, Warping stress: Stresses in a box gider due to transverse bending of walls of the box and torsional and istortional warping ed1Rc-26-2001 5042. Symbols Symbols used in this code shall have the following sncanings with respect tothe structure or member or condition, unless otherwise defined elsewhere in this code A = Cross-sectional area (A used with subseripss has been defined at appropriate places) ab Respectively the greater and lesser projection of the plate beyond column B Length of side of cap or base by ‘Width of ste! lange in encased member Cy = Coefficient C= The distance between cente 10 centre of battens © = Distance between vertical stiffeners cep Respectively the lesser and greater distances from the neutral axis of the section to the extreme fibres D (Overall dept of beam a Depts of girder - to be taken as the clear distance between flange angles or where 4 there is no flange angles the clear distance between flanges ignoring filles )) For the web of a beam without horizontal stifeners the clear distance between the anges, neglecting filles or the clear distance between the inner toes of the Mange angles 28 appropriate. ) For the web of a beam with horizontal stiffeners: the clear distance between the horizontal stiffener and the tension Mange, 4, Rc-242001 neglecting filets or the inner tes of the tension flange angles as appropriate ‘Twiee the clear distance from the neutral axis of a beam to the compression flange, neglecting fillets or the inner tes of the ange angles as appropriate The modulus of elasticity for see! Elastic ertical stress in bending Elastic critical stress in compression, also known as Euler eiial stress Yield stress Gauge Outstand of the stiffener Moment of inertia Distance from outer face of flange to web tue of fille of member tobe stiffened Coefficients Flexural stifinesses Spanength of member Effective length of the member Bending moment ‘Maximum moment (plastic) capacity of a Maximum moment (plastic) capacity of a section subjected to bending and axial loads Lateral buckling strength in the absence of axial load Number of parallel planes of battens Coefficient in the Merebant Rankine formal, assumed as 14IRe24.201 P Pac a ate One Axial force, compressive or tensile Calculated maximum load capacity of strut elated maximum load capacity as a tension member Buler load ‘Yield strength of axilly loaded section ‘The transverse force as defined in Clause su3s “The reaction ofthe beam at the suppor Radius of gyration ofthe section “Transverse distance between centroids of rivet ‘groups or welding Staggered piteh ‘Mean thickness of compression flange (T used with subscripts bas been defined at appropriate place) “Thickness of web “Tranaverse shear Longitudinal shear Caleuated maximum shear capacity of a section Total load Pressure or loading on the underside of the base Plastic modules ofthe section Ratio of smaller to larger moment Stifiness ratio Coefficient Slendemess ratio ofthe member, ratio ofthe effective length (J) 0 the appropriate radius of gyration (=) 1RC2-2001 Pike Ratio ofthe rotation at the hinge point tothe relative elastic rotation ofthe fr end ofthe beam segment containing plastic hinge Maximum permissible compressive stress in fan axially loaded strut not subjected 10 bending Maximum permissible tensile stress in an axially loaded tension member not subjected te bending “Maximum permissible compressive stress de to bending in @ member not subjected to force Characteristic slendemess ratio Maximum permissible bearing stress on flat surface “Maximum permissible bending stress in slab base ‘Maximum permissible tensile stress due 10 bending in a member not subjected to axial force ‘Maximum permissible stress in concrete in compression “Maximum permissible equivalent stress Maximum pennissible bearing stress in a member Maximum permissible bearing stess in a fastener Maximum permissible stress in steel in compression% = Maximum permissible stress in axial tension in fastener Grae Caleulated average axial compressive stresses a Calculated average stress in member due t0 an axial tensile force Freed CCaleulated compressive sires in a member «ue to bending about a principal axis ent CCafouate tensile stress in a member due to ‘bending about both principal axes Goes Caleulated equivalent stress T, = Maximum permissible average shear sress ina member Maximum permissible shear stess in a member a ‘Maximum permissible shear stres in fastener Rot —~ —Caleulated shear sess in a member @ = Ratioof moment of inertia ofthe compression ange alone, 10 that of the sum of the moments of inertia of the flanges, each calvlated about is own axis parallel to the y-y axis of the girder, at the point of ‘maximum bending moment = _ Ratio of total area of both the Manges at the point of least bending moment t0 the corresponding area at the point of greatest bending moment Nowe: The subscripts x,y denote the x-x and y-y axis ofthe section respectively. For symmetrical sections, x-x denotes the major principal axis while y-y denotes the ‘minor principal axis, IRe242001 50S. MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES 505.1. Steels 505.1.1. Properties of stel: The following properties shall be assumed forall grades of steel for design purposes: ‘Young's Modulus 11 x 108 MPa (Modulus of Elasticity) Shear Modulus = 77x 108 MPa Poisson's Ratio Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 30 90001 1776/ unit length 505.12. Structural steels: Unless otherwise permitted herein, all stricturalstct shall, before fabrication comply ith the requirements of the following Indian Standards, or their latest revisions as appropriate = 15,808. 1989 Dimensions for hot rolled steel beam, column, channel and angle 1S:1161-1979 Stel tubes for seuetural purposes 18:1239 (Pt. 1}-1990 Mild steel tubes, tubulars and ‘other wrought steel fitings : Part 1 Mild steel tubes 18:1239 (Pt. 2)-1992 Mild steol tubes, tubulas and other wrought ste fitings : Patt 2 Mild stel tubular and other ‘wrought stel fittings 1:1730-1989 Dimensions for steel plates, sheets, strips and fla for general engineering purposesRc242001 Rc 15:1732-1989 Dimension for round and square 505.2. Castings and Forgings & steel bars for structural and ‘general engineering purposes IS:1852-1973 Rolling and cttng tolerances for Steel castings and forgings shall comply. with the requirements ofthe following Indian Standards as appropriate é 1810041989 Cabo ses casings or genea fot ofl e! poc ' ‘engineering purposes SS20czi92 Stel for general sacar 1818751992 Caton seis, Doms ss Papo & bars for forgings ee oe 1820041991 Cun ste! fring for gene wom \ coven pao (medium and high strength ea) Eee emaie ee ies alte) 1867.991 Alloy ste! fins for gna 15;11587-1986, ‘Structural weather resistant steels ee H ‘The use of structural steel not covered by the above ee sud may be pid ih he sie apr oe _ ~=~=—=S—s—seEM i tony fing of lr Ina Sans ape | 5081.3. Other st Ene wh permite with be ISAMK92 tt eas a 40m hy syste roa feat sess fr mand pr nd — a .—Lrt~—<“—~irSCS Comply with loving o evn Inn Sana SS 1982 hele sie bs fr SSumsi9a Caton si ons, 11992 Meagan hod tl cry and i ero) — nur pod pose C Gat rs y 1S:6911-1992 Stainless steel plate, sheet and range MS to M64) : ‘strip : "| Ists61992 Hage head tas, sew and (PL 110 PL3) nuts products grade A & B (size ange M. 1.6 to M64)Rc2-2001 $:1367-1979.94 (Ft Tt PL 18) 18:1929-1982 18:2155-1982 18:3640-1982 18:3757-1985 1s:4000-1992 1s:5369-1975 18:5370-1969 Iss37241975 15374-1975 18:$624-1970 1.6610-1972 15:6623-1985 15:6699-1985 1s:7002-1991 ‘Technical supply conditions for breaded stel fasteners Hot forged steel rivets for hot losing (12 to 36 mm diameter) Cold forged solid steel rivets for hottosing (6 t0 16 mm diameter) Hexagon ft bolts High strength structural bolts High strength bolts in steel structares-code of practice General requirements for plain washers and lock washers Pain washers with outside dia = 3 x inside dia. Taper washers for channels smc) ‘Taper washer for I beams (ISMB) Foundation bolts Heavy washers for stet structures igh stongth structural nuts Hardened and tempered washers for high stength strctual bolts sand nuts Prevailing torque type steel exagon nus Indian 1me24.2001 505.4, Welding Consumables Welding consumables shall comply withthe flowing ‘Standards, as appropriate: * 18814-1991 11395-1982 1836131974 1s:6419-1971 18:6560-1972 18:7280-1974 505.5, Welding Is812-1957 18816-1969 Covered electrodes for manual ‘metal are welding of carbon and carbon manganese stee! Low and medium alloy, steel covered electrodes for manual meta are welding Acceptance tests for wire flux combination for submerged are welding Welding rods and bare electrodes for gas shielded are welding of structural stee! Molybdenum and cheomium molybdenum low alloy steel welding rods and bare electrodes for gas shielded are welding Bare wire electrodes for submerged are welding of structural steel! Glossary of terms relating to Welding and cutting of meta Code of practice for use of metal are welding for general ‘constriction in mild steel Is §c24-2001 183822-1970 s:t028-1979 18:1182-1983 15:4853-1982 19:5334-1981 1s:73070R0. 1) “1974 Is:7310(8t. 1) “1974 I-78 “1974 18:9895-1980 ‘Code of procedure for inspection of welds Code of practice for use of ‘welding in bridges ad steuctres Subject to dynamic Toading Recommended practice for of radiographic examination fusion welded but joints in stel plates Recommended practice for radiographic inspection of fusion ‘elded butt joints in steel pipes ‘Code of practice for magnetic panicle flaw detection of welds Approval teste for welding betes: Par! sion el Srseel Approval testa for weldets Sorking t0 approved welling Jrovedresatel sion Weld of el Approval ests for welders when sling procedre sot ei Part faon welding of sel Recommendations for metal ae fvelling of carbon and carbon manganese stels 505.6. Wire Ropes and Cables ‘These shall conform to the following or relevant Indian Standards except where use of other types is specifically permited by the authority 1S:1785 (Pt. 1) Specification for plain ard-dravn 1983 Stee wire for prestressed concrete Part- Cold drawn stess relieved IS:1785 (Pt 2) Specification for plain hard-drawn 1983 steel wie for prestressed concrete! Pare-2 As-drawn wire 18:2266-1989 Steel wite ropes for general egineeering purposes 18:2315-1978 __Thimbles for wite ropes 18392821979 Wire ropes and strands. for suspension bridges 1506, LOADS AND STRESSES 506.1. Combinations 5061.1. Main effects: For the purpose of computing stresses, the classification (column 1) and combinations (column 2) s given in Table 6.1 below will be followed. For legend of| symbols under combination (column 2) refer to Cause 202.1 of| IRC'6.2000 (Fourth Revision) 506.12. Other effects 506.1.2.1. Secondary Effects (F,) shall include, where applicable, the effects due to creep and shrinkage of conerete for composite deck and warping for box gider sections.iar ] ee: o | TORT | aaa seer] TGR Ewe 5061.22. Erection effects shall include the loads and. forces arising out of constrction equipment and the effects of ‘windlseismic, 5062. Permissible Increase fn Stress 5062.1. Increase: The permissible increase (per cent) Jn tess in the various members covered by this code due 10 combination stated in Clause $06.1 shall be as given under increase (column 3) of Table 6.1 506.22. Limitation: The above permissible inrease in stress, shall, however, be limited to 90 percent of yield stress. 5063, Worst Erfect Subject tothe provision af other clauses, al forces shall, ’be considered a applied and all loaded lengths chosen in such manner thatthe worst adverse effet is caused on the member ‘under consideration, Rc24-2001 S064. Working Stresses 5064.1 Basic permissible stresses: ‘The basic permissible stresses for sel work are given in Table 6.2 [ZA congress | to plates, Hts, tubes and simile sections In gies and lied sets | sevioum verge For yield ses <= 250 MPa For > 250 MPa re on fete ts — However, the permissible stresses in axial or flexural compression shall not exceed those as per relevant clauses considering the effect of buckling, 506.42. Equivalent Stress 506.4,2.1, When a members subjected 10 combination of stresses, the equivalent stress gq due to combination of shear ster. Bering stress J, and bending te35 Oya tensile or oj Compressive is calelated from 5 a CC Seat * WO Cas Orc Nae MPRc2¢-2001 cq Shall not exceed the permissible stresses as indicated in relevant sections under different combination of stresses 506.4.2.2. Inespective of the permissible increase of stres in other classes, the equivalent stress calculated in Clause $064.21 above shall ot exceed 92 per cent of yield 506.5. Permissible Stresses in Bolts, Rivets and Tension Rods 5065.1. Fasteners: All fasteners would be in sccordance with Indian Standards. For boli, the yield stress used for ealelating the permissible stress would be derived from the property class chosen as per relevant Indian Standards. ‘The mut should be of matching propety class. For hot rolled and high tensile rivets, the yield stress would be in accordance with the relevant Indian Standards 506.52, Caleulation of stresses In calculating shear and bearing stresses, the effective diameter of a rivet shall be taken as the hole dantcer and that of bol shall be taken as its nominal diameter. In calculating the axial tensile stress in a rivet, the gross area shall be used and in calculating the axial tensile stress ina bot or screwed tension tod, the net area shall, be used 5065.3. Gross and net area 5065.31, The gross area of a rivet shall be taken a the ‘cross-sectional area ofthe rivet hole, The nominal diameter of| rivet shall be the diameter (cold) before driving. The nominal axea of a rivet shall be based on the nominal diameter, 506.532. The net sectional arca of a bolt ora screwed tension rd shall be taken asthe area of the root ofthe threaded e282001 ‘art or cross-sectional area ofthe unthreaded ‘unthreaded part whichever is 4eser. The nominal diame of a bolt shall be the dameter of the shank ofthe bolt. The nominal area ofa bolt shall be based fn the nominal dismetcr 506.5.4, Basic permissible stresses: The basic Permissible stresses for nvets, bolts, tension rods are Femi 7 ns ae given in 506.55. Combined tensile and shear stresses: Rivets and bolts subject to shear and externally applied tensile forces satl Le so proportioned that the quantity. lel oat sotal tensile mess in the rivet of bolt where, % —~_pemissible tnsite stress in the rivet or bolt as given in Table 63 Fou = actual shear stress inthe rivet oF bolt Fy = permissible shear stres in the sivet or bolt as aiven in Table 63, 5065.6. SFG bolts + High strength fton (HSE) bts tal be ws in conform with I o00 19C2201, Fatt 62 Be Passe Sas Fo RO me Bours avo Texsion Roos ; i= ti« [ec conan! ne ofitcanionnaaneet | | bolts and tension \ or oss ) power ven Geld ve an, | \ Sis over 36m da OS f, Sono to, | 2 pm | pore arn of Soosrer oe | Fee sen gow acs fre ansonintamaet | i oa | |e ain tn ; | ped wos | | Raman ee any | ermine) oh |_ pera snc) _ fh eee | | Sones im, | | on Pr ent wc f | Niraacs way | | ed 8360 ty | bat (si30) i_| |__Blaek bots (8it368) 4506.6. Permissible Stresses in Welds i tresses: The basic 5066.1. Basle permissible permissible stresses in weld shall be a5 er Indian Standards Famely 1$°816-1969 and as modified in 18:1024-1979. 2 50662. Shop welds 506,621. Butt welds: Butt weld shall be treated as parent metal with a thickness equal tothe that thickness and the stress shall not exceed those permitted inthe parent metal 506,6.2.2. FiWet welds: The basic permissible stress in fillet welds shall not exceed the permissible shear stress as follows Steel Conforming Electrode Shear Stress as per ISS15-1974 Designation Mpa 18:2062-1969 18:8500-1991 XXX 108 EXXXSIX 131 Grade Fe $10 W-HT 506.62. Plug welds: The permissible shear stress in plug welds will not exceed those given for fillet welds a5, shove, 506,63. Site welds: The permissible stresses for shear and tension for site welds made during erection of structural ‘members shall be reduced to 80 per cent of those given in Cause 506.62. Site welding shouldbe proposed only if quality ‘welds can be ensured at site including facilites for testing the welds as per codal requirements. The percentage of site welds to be tested should be 100 per cent as given under Clause 5136.12.72 04 506.6, Combined stresses in a weld 506.6.4.1, When a weld is subjected toa combination of stresses, the equivalent stess 0. ue to combination of shear 10S Fy Dearing SESS oy and ending tess. tensile abi e2s-200 OF Obes Compressive is calculated from 8 Gs Ona HE al nana Meoa ca shall not exceed the permissible stresses as indicated in relevant sections under different combination oF strestes. 5066.12, Irespetive of the permissible increase of stress in other clauses, the equivalent stess 0.1 caeulated in Clause $06.64. shall not exceed 92 per cent of yield ste 5067, Stress Analysis 5067.1. General: The global analysis ofthe structure should be done using an elastic method. For stretures in which the load effets are not proportional to the leads andor the secondary effects due to deformation are significant, the method of analysis should be suitable for weatment of non-linear behaviour, 5067.2. Seetional properties: The sectional properties to be used in global analysis should generally be calculated for the gross section assuming the specified sizes. For beams oF trusses on Nexible supports aecount should, however, be taken ‘ofits influence of shear lag on their stitfnesses. The effet of| shear lag should also be taken into account in analysis of| conditions during erection of continuous girders of box construction or with integral decks. 506.73. Longitudinal stresses in beams: The distribution of longitudinal stress between the Hanges and web for webs of a beam may be calculated on the assumption that RC-24-2001 Plane section remains plane, but using effective width but using effective widths of the Manges andthe effective thickness of a deep web in accordance With the provisions of Clause 508, no further account need be laken of deformation ofthe plate out of it plane S064. Shee ste: Tee design vais of shaw ss inns ofl or nal hoe chee ay be levied in acodace vi ite ovine S08 Shear res n ee stn tn coed ae Alex sis cross the Seton, —_—aa 5068. Stresses 506.8.1. Primary stresses: Inthe design of triangulated Structures, axial stesses in members ate usualy calculsted on the assumption that all members ate straight and free to rotate at the Joins; i ete of eet ne ‘of the members “ ~ all loads, including the weight ofthe members, are applied at the joints, ‘These stresses are defined as primary stresses, 506.8.2, Secondary stresses: In practice these assumptions are not realised and consequently members ate subjected not only to axial stress but also to bending and shear stresses. These stresses are defined as secondary stresses and fall into two groups (© Swesses whic are the result of eccenicity of connections and offjoint loading generally (i.e. 2s= ee Toads roling directly on chords, self weight of ‘member and wind loads on member) (il) Stesses which are the result of the clastic ‘deformation of the structure and the rigidity ofthe joins. These are known as deformation stesses 5068.21. Strctues shall be designed, fabricated and rected in such a manner as to minimise as far as possible secondary stresses. 506.822, Secondary stresses which are the result of eccentricity of connections and of offjoint loading (under Clause $06.82 (i), shall be computed and combined with the stresses in accordance with appropriate Clause, but secondary stress due to the self weight and wind on the ‘member shall be ignored in this case. Note: la computing the secondary stress due to loads being cartied direct by a chord, the chord may be assumed tobe a continuous girder supported at the Panel points, the resuking bending momen, both A the centre and atthe supports being taken as ‘equal 10 3/4 of the maximum bending moment in 4 simply supported beam of span equal 19 the panel Fength. Where desired, calculations may be ‘made and the calculated bending moments may'be taken. In computing such bending moments, the impact allowances shall be based on a loaded length equal 0 one panel length. 5068.23, Secondary stresses which are the result ofthe clastic deformation ofthe structure [under Clause 506.82 (i) shall be either computed or assumed in accordance with Clause 5063.3 and combined withthe co-exstent axial stesses 6 506383. Deformation stresses: In order 19 minimise the delormation stresses in girder, the catia ofthe width of the ‘members in the plane of distortion to their length between ‘etre of intersestions shall preferably be not greater than 1/12 of the chord members and 124 of web members In the absence of caleulaions te deformation stesses sal be asumed to be not less than 16% percent ofthe dead load and ive load stresses including impact 5068.31. All open web gicders of effective spans jreater than $0 m may properly be cambered. Recommended Drocedure for cambering such girders is given in Appendi-B. For such girders, deformation stresses (under Clause 806.3) may be ignored, 507. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SOTA. Efective Spans ‘The effective span shall be as given below (4) For main girders - The distance between centes of bearings (©) For ross girders ~The distance between the centres of the main gieders or trusses (©) For rail or road bearers. The distance betweea the centres of erass members Note: Where a eross girder or bearer terminates on an abutment or pir, the centre of bearing thereon shall be taken as one end of the effective span, (4) For pins in bending - The distance between the centres of bearings: but where pins pass trough ‘bearing plates having thickness greater than half she n 3& ac2s200 iameter ofthe pins, cons the elect ofthe distribution of bearing the effective span. 5072, Effective Depths truss gitder should be The effective depth of plate or rssh taken ay the distance between the centres of gravity of the tipper and lower flanges or chords 507.3. Spacing of Girders eration may be given to pressures on reveen ens of he main irs tal eae sverstressing due to be sulficent to resist over turing oF dhe Tecal forees. and Toading conditions. Otherwise special 1risons must be made to prevent this Tis distance shal 0 be less than 1/20 of the span. 507-4, Depth of Girders [Minimum depth preferably shall not be I following: (@) For trusses : V/10 of the effective span (6) For olled ste joists and plate girders the effective span te stel and concrete bridge less than the 125 of {e) For composi (Overall depth | 125 ofthe effective span Gi Stel beam or girder: 1730 of the effective span the effective den of open web girders shall not Be greater than thee times the distance berween the cones ‘main girders. Bs S075. Deflection of ders 5075.1. Rolled steel beams, plate girders or lattice irder, either simple or continuous spans, shall be so designed thatthe tora deflection due to dead load, live load and impact shall not exceed 1/600 of the span. However this restriction shall not apply if minimum in-place pre-camber is provided to ‘compensate for all dead and superimposed dead load deflections. Additionally, the deflection de to live load and impact, shall not exceed of 1/800 ofthe span. 5075.2. The deflection of cantilever ams atthe tp due to dead fod, live lod and impact shall not exceed 1/300 ofthe ‘cantilever atm and deflection due to live load and impact shall not exceed 1/400 of the cantilever arm. 5075.3. Sidewalk live Toad may be neglected in caleulating defleton, 507.54, When cross bracings or diaphragms of sufficient depth and strength are provided between beams to ensure the lateral distribution of loads the deflection may be calelated ‘considering all beams acting together 5075.5. 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