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    Reinforced Linings

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    4 views21 pages

    Reinforced Linings

    Uploaded by

    Luis Ramirez
    Reinforced Linings

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 21
    Chapter 20: Reinforced Linings “The tetm “reinforced tank linings” Is intended to refer Co reins ‘or plastics, with or without a file, used in conjunction with brick or lie of witha fabric reinforcing, These materials generally consist of folventfree Liquid resin with an inert powder filer mixed to a stiff mmorlar consistency and hardened at ordinary temperature by a eeting Agent added with the poteder filer. These special cement mortars anally ate applied by means of plasterer’ or bicklaye's trowel or by means of high pressure spray systems. The information included in this chapter He necosarlly general in nature because there ate fiferences within types of materials and according to different brands. In doubtful areas and for specie information, it is udvisable ‘hat the suppers recommendations be obtained. Furan Resin Cements Liquid furan resin binder may be formed by the polymerization of furfuryl alcohol, by the copolymerization of furfural and forfuryt Alcohol, or by the condensetion of furfuryl alcohol and form Aehyde, These resins are usually supplied for ust os viscous liquids, varying in viscosity from 100 to $00 cps ‘Another type of furan liquid rosin binder is prepared from ~ furfural and acetone. These liquid resins have atelatvely tow viscosity but are handled in the sme way a5 the more viscous binders ‘At the time of use, the quid furan resin is med with an inert powder sich a8 carbon, coke Nout, silica flour, asbestos, or baytes, fontaining an ackd catalyst. This is done to promote further polymerization to hard infusible state, Successful and extensive use ofthe furan resin cement mortars in brick and tie. Unings for protective Unings has been made in practically ll kinds of tanks and process vessels These cements also have been used with glass fabric and othor reinforcing agents to formn tank linings and have Been cast and molded to form smal tanks, pipe, fame duets, and other chemical procesing equipment “The furan resin cements have 2 wide range of chemical resistance ‘and ate suitable fr service in non-oxidizing acids, alkalies, sll, gases, ‘ls, grease, detergents and most solvents at temperatures to 191 C 75 'F). Chemical resistance and heat resistance under varying conditions depend on the type of Fler; sight differences may result {om variations in the basic resins and from the hardening systems. “Typical physical and mechanic] properties of these and other cements ate given in Appendix 1. Their comrsion resistances to varios chemicals are included in Appendix 2 Phenolic Resin Cements “The fist synthetic sesin cements to be used in lasge sale comsion resistant brick linings were based on the liguid phenol formaldehyde resins. They have been used extensively for about 25 years but for the most patt have been replaced in recent yeas byt newer and more generally resistant furan tein cements “The phenolic resin cement mortar is prepated by mixing an A. stage guid resin with an inert powder filer containing an acidic ‘alalyst, The powder filler may consist of eatbon, coke four, silica flour or other inert material. The acidic catalyst promotes the final a (Faced-Brick/Resinous Cements) polymerization of the resin 10 a hard infusible state, These cements Ihave been used in practically the same way as furan resin cerents but Ihave been somewhat more rostricted by their relatively poor resistance to strong allies end by their lower resistaner to many solvents ‘The stably or shelf life of the quid resin isnot as good as Ut of the quid Foren resins. Its generally necessary that the phenolic Lguid resin for the cement be stored at 16 € (60 F) or lowe. In some ates even at 60 Fa shelf fe of no greater than six months can be expected. On tho other hand, the phenolic resin cements hare performed at least as well ax the furan resin cements in. many conditions and may be found to be mparir under exposure to some rnild oxidizing conditions. The phenolic resins cements ate suitable for sevice in & wide variety of acid solutions, very mild atkatne solutions, gases, and many sofents to 177 C (350 F). Polyester Resin Cements ‘The polyester resin cement mortars have been in use for some time and have found ready applicability in brick and tite linings for various bleaching vesols. These cements are based on unsaturated polyester resins formed by the condensation of unsaturated dibasic ‘acids puch aemaelc and phthalic acids with styrene monomer. A wide variety of sitble liquid polyester resins is availabe for compounding With inet files and hardening agents ‘All ofthe proprietary coment mortars now avallabe ae supplied ‘witha sea filer. There is no season why other Inert fers cannot be cused, but Becnise of the specific uses of these cement mortars and ‘because of the Hmitations of the resin, no advantage ordinarily esn be ttined by the uw of o different typeof files. Proprietary cements ars supplied as 8 two part system, (ke, viscous liquid polyester resin ‘containing a anall quantity of a promoter or sctivator, and 1 silica four filer contaling 9 small quantity of w psroxide catalyst.) ‘Although the physical and mechanicel properties and alzo the ‘chemical sedrtance of thit type of coment mortar can be varied ‘realy because of the wide choice of available resin, there are more efinite limitations which restrict the mortar to specific uses, “Therefore, these mortars cannot be recommended for redstance 19 such a wide range of conditions as either the faran resin cements ct the phenolic ren cements ‘The polyester resin cements are limited by lack of resistans> wo strong alkalics and to many solvent The heat reitance isslatvely Tow and they rarely can be conséered for use at tempereture at ve 121-C (250 F). Thelr potential and advantageous use dapends upon ‘hair rodetance (0 mild oxidizing agents such as bleach solytons, and ‘upon the possbilty of superior adhesion or bonding to portland cement or alkaline surfaces, to motalc surfaces, and to dente oF laced surfaces Polyester resin coment have not been used very extensively up to ‘he present time and it Ukely that thelr furure wee willbe more fr specific conditions than for generel use. This typeof mast recelved its impetus for use as a result of the need for such a matesil in ‘chlorine dioxide bleaching, Epoxy Resin Cements ‘The newer epoxy resins have been compounded with fers for use azcement mortars Proprietary cements based on these resins have ben made available but extension of their use has been limited by their relatively high cost, They have found application where specific propeities have been requlied and which could not be sitafled by other cement mortars "The opoxy resins sre prepared by the alkaline condensation of| bisphenol and epichlorhydrin. Vatious grades of these reains are avaliable for use in coment mortars and properties ofthe mortars can be varied accordingly, In general, however, the most advantageous propetties from s service standpoint can be obtained from the more ‘viscous resins which ae the more di cult to handle. ‘AU types of inert fillers may be compounded with these resins and hardened (room temperature by means of amines a8 catalysts. By use of properly chosen and designed filles afd by use of well chosen catalyst and curing systems, the heat resistance and chemical fesdstance 10 hot alkaline solutions can be brought to exceed those tesstances of other resin cements. However, the umssl propestary cement of the epoxy type has been compounded for general use and for convenience in handling and this has resulted in some compromise Of the sevice propertias In general, the epoxy resin cements have exellent resistance to nowoxidlzing acids and to alkalies. The reslatance (0 solvents and to heat 1s not outstanding, but special Formulations which would greatly improve these properties can be propated at the sacrifice of ease of handling. For the propriatary cements the heat existance is consdered to be no greater than to ‘withatand a temperature of 121 C (250 F) ‘Unuaial advantages of the epoxy resin cements in compasizon with other resin cements result from thelr excellent adhesion to portland cement surfaces, metals, and to other polished or glazed surfaces, Excelent physlet) and mechanieat properties ae possible if te material are capably handled and particulary if special formuls- tlonste used ‘Other Corrosion Resistant Cements Almost any synthetic resin in liquid form or which ean be ‘dissolved in a common solvent Is a bass for # corrosion resistant ‘cement mortar. Broad application depends upon several factors sich 2s attanable physical properties, chemical resistance, and adaptability for easy handling so that the number of materials for general use fx simall.Specislty materials can be end have been produced to conform with special equizements involving such considerations a appearence and color, food laws, adhesion to particular surfaces or materials, ‘extreme flexibility or extreme rigidity, and insulation plus chemical ‘esslance. All of the applications and possible spplicatons of synthetic resins in this respect cannot be reviewed in this report ‘beyond mention of the fact that @ wide variety of resins have been ured in reinforced lnings of various types and they inchide the vinyls, coumaroneindene resins, ureeformaldehy des, melamines serylates, polyamides, rubbers, and others. ‘There ure other Important corrosion resistant cements not based ‘upon synthetic reine but which should be mentioned in this report in ‘order to present a complete asvey. These are produced from natural products or from inorganic materials ‘Asphultic and bitveninovs materiels have been used extensively {for low temperature applications They are supplied with and without filers ordinary for service within a limited temperature range. Such ‘ements have been used to a limited extent as caufking between brick fand tile bat usially are used behind brickwork with or without 8 fabric type reinforcing a8 an impervious ayes. ‘The agphaltic and bituminous materials ate resistant to a wide range of acid and alkali conditions. They are low in cost and ‘enerally easy to handle but are everely Limited by low resistance to solvents and to heat. They may be applied elther as mastics which {depend upon evaporation or solvent, or ashot melt compounds, or as sheets which may or may not contain a plasticizer or rubberzing compound, Salfur cements consist of elemental sulfur with inert fers and ‘organle plasticizers. They are applied as hot melt materials; linings involving theit use aze designed for the melting, pouring and solidifying process. Linings for vessels which are to be used for pickling of stainless steel and requiring redistance to nitric and Iiydrofluore acs have been standardized to consist of carbon brick ‘with sfur cement (carbon fled) jointing and backing. Such linings Ihave not been replaced by other types. The fur cements have been ‘sed extenively In plekling tanks of all kinds for wise, 0d, bar stock and mild steel strip and sheet. The sullr cements ae clasified as having good resistance to both oxidizing and nom oxidizing acids ‘They do not offer good reeetance to hest, strong alkalies and organic ‘cobents 8 and tining work for over half a century. Originally they consisted of a solution of alicate of soda which was mixed with a iceous filer and allowed to set or harden by the evaporation of water. The type of cement mortar hes been replaced, for the most past, by a chemical setting (ype of material wherein a mildly acidic agent is included with ‘the powder filer to promote the fotmstion of the sibca gel binder from the solution, More recentiy, proprietary cements based on potassium sete stutions have boen made availabe. ‘The alicate cements have excellent chemical resistance to acids ‘excopt hydrofluoric and related acs. They have good heat resistance and may be used up to # vitification temperature of 815.6 C (1500 FF) or higher. The disadvantageous properties are high porosity and permeability, lack of alkali resistance, and poor resistance fo steam, ‘neutral and weakly acldic solutions. Chas been claimed that cements ‘sted on potassium alicate solutions have improved adhesion propes- Hes and improved resistance to strong sulfuric acid sohstions. a Chapter 21: Rubber CCorinated rubber i the completely saturated product obtained by reaction of natural rubber with chlorine. The seuction yields a product with an average chlorine content of 67%. Chlorinated rubber is available in sevoral viscosity typ Summary of Properties Ghlorinated rubber is one of the most practical of the flm- forming matetials which are resistant to acids, alkalies salt, oxidizing fagens, mineral oll, moisture, and fongus growth, Ass the case with many other fil formers, wefalehlornated rubber coatings are made by compounding with resing (for adhesion and gloss, plasticizers (for Aesibiity and toughnes), pigments and stabilizers. Chlorinated rubter coathgs, properly formulated with any one of a variety of popular petroleum solvents rich in aromatic, can be applied by brush, spray dip, or roller. ‘Although many properties of chlorinated rubber coatings are dependent on modifying agents, certain properties are inherent ithe ‘pase filn-former, Chlorinated rubber is thermoplastic: it therefore has temperature limitations. Iti soluble t0 some degree in all classes of commonly used solvents with the exception of alcohols, aliphatic hhydiocarbons, and Water, Because of its high chlorine content chlorinated rubber is nonflarnable Chlorinated rubber can be formulated into coatings whieh exhibit excellent resistance to most acids, alkalies, salts, mineral lls moisture, and fungus growth, Resistance to oxidizing agents is generally good, but depends on temperature and concentration of the Dxidiving agents. The excellent electrical properties of chlorinated rubber. coupled with its chemical resstance and nonflammabilty, make it a good bas for electrical eable coatings. Chlorinated rubber Comings alo. are useful as stopoff lacquers and for equipment ‘protection in electroplating operations Forms Available Chlorinated rubber coatings designed for comroson-control wo ate avadable and generally in use in the following forms: 1. As coatings up to about 10 mils thick applied by brush or spray” in. multiple coats, These coats dry primarily by solvent cvaporation "2. As trowellapplied or sprayed coatings of heavy consistency nastics of $5 to 85K solids Such mastcs can be applied up to 1/8 inch thickness in one coating, Unlimited thicknesses are obtainable by rmaltipte coats. Coatings applied ftom solvent solution are in general use inthe protection of plant strictures and equipment exposed to corrosive fames and chemical. Such coatings also are widely used on masonry ‘walls and floots because of thelr excellent alka and water resistance. Mastic costings aze nasil under corrosive conditions in exsin were w cushion is mecesiary 10 proteet the substrate from high abrasion and impact, Fie resistant, lightweight mastic coatings are favulable for oe as insiation in automobiles, trucks, allway cars and aucraft. In addition to this they can be wsed in connection with ‘corrosion protection of plant structures and equipment Effect of Compounding [As previoutly stated, chlorinated rubber must be formulated vith resins and. plasticizers Af uvefol coatings are to be obtained, Where ‘maximum redstance 10 aelds, alkalies, and other corrosive media is ered, mstable modifying agents should be employed. Yor main tenance contings subject to corrosive elements, resins sch asthe hard Chlorinated biphenyls are excelent. Inert plasticizer, such at the liquid chlorinated paraffins or chlorinated biphenyls. should be use. ‘The chlorinated rubber coating is best formulated if all of the modifying components ace inert to the corrosive agents to which t costings wil be exposed, Experience indicates that the general range of composition (hile solids) useful insolent appliod, chemicabresstant main- tenance coatings of normal pigment content i as follows: chlorinated rubber 45 to 60% by weight, esin 5 to 20%, and plasticizer 25 10 40%. Unpigmented costings are not recommended for outdoor exponure because ofthe tendency of chlorinated rubber to dicot in the presence of sunlight or ultraviolet light. Although pigmented coatings have good redstance (o ullzeviolet light, they are improved by the use of stabilizers. Proper stabilizers should be incomporated in chlorinated rubber coatings to inhibit the formation of acidic ‘degradation products duting long term agin. Mastic coatings differ from normal solvent-applied coatings in that they contain a relatively high proportion of pigment, especially tlleates, and are applied at heavy consistencies Resistances Water and Motsture Physeal and chemical propertics of chlorinated rubber films are ‘even in Appendix Land 2. Chlorinated rubber film absorbs weter at the rate of about 0.27% in 24 houre at 80% relative humidity. The ‘water vapor tanemssion i about 1.0 grams per 100 square inches per 2A hours per mil of thickness at 35 C (95 F) and 100% relat Ihamidity gradient. Absorption and (ransission values of chlorinated rubber compounded with resins, plasticizer, and. pigments il depend on the apeciio Ingrodients used, but generally they can be fexpected to be slightly greater than the above vals. Chlorinated rubber ie» useful base for deck and fll paints becavse of its edstance to sll spray. The material can be used also in marine ‘coatings of the antifouling type. Its rapid-drying properties seduce drydock time Inorganic Acids ‘Chlorinated rubber coatings are easly formulated to be geitent to most of the common inorganic acids at soom temperatures. At clevated tempertutes (to 40 C or 140 F) chlorinated rubber coatings fare fective barioé to dlute acd even under continuous oxposire conditions Sullabilty of ehlarlnated subber contings for exposare 0 ‘concentrated mineral acids depends on the temperature and type of service (continuous oF interment), A aniimum film thicknest of 4 10 5 mils is recommended for protection of equipment and structures ‘exposed fo aeld splash ar splage or acidic atmosphezes, Oxidizing Conditions Chlorinated rubber coatings have excellent resistance to many onidicing agents at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, such 1s 49 C (120 F), their resistance is lower. Under such conditions concentrated oxidizing acids, such as nulfurle and sitrc, couse (eterioration of the coatings. With other strong oxidizing’ egents ‘inlorinated bber coatings sould be tested under the expocted ‘ove conrltions to verify their suitability. Ongante Acids ‘The lower aliphatic acs such a8 acct acid, esuse degradation ‘of cforintod rubber coatings unless sch acids are at concentrations ‘of 10% of last at, or below, room temperature. Although they are not ‘sistant to fatty asids, chlorinated rubber coatings afford good swotestion agantt food seid (ch as citric wld). In general, it Is best to test the coating by exposio under service conditions Allealies ‘Chlorinated rubber can be formulted into coatings with good resistance to all of the common alkalies with the exception of concentrated ammonium hydroxide or dilute ammonium hydroxide above room temperature. ‘Chlorinated rubber is especially useful in formulating contngs for all typet of masonry (Including concrete floors) becaase of ite tesistince to alkalios and moisture. It also is useful in finishes for dairy and bottlrg plants where many other types of finishes are tscked by spillage of strong washing solutions. Salt Solutions ‘Coatings sith + horinated rubber base have excellent restance to all types of st solutions. Tonizable salts of acids which degrade “norinsied rubber coatings do not cause bad effects because only a ‘voy fow ted concentration is obtained by hydrolysis ofthe salt Solvents Chlorinated rubber is softened or disolved by neatly al classes of the eomaion solvents with the exception of alcohols, aliphatic hydsocarbons, and water. Consequendy, chlorinated rubber coatings teannot be expected to have generally good resistance to solvents. ‘Won solecting a chlorinated rubber coating for protection aginst the tee latter types of solvents, fests should be run to ensure that all the ‘eating components resistant to these solvent. ats and Oils Chlorinated rubber costings have excellent resistance to minesal ‘oils Chlorinated rubber is sensitive to fats and olls of animal or ‘egetable origin, but itis posible to formulate coatings resistant t0 \ogetable ols by modification with amneaehyde resins. Properties of Applied Coatings and Li Temperature Limitations “The temperature limitations of chlorinated rubber costings pend to a large degsee on the sesins,plasticzes, pigments, and Mabilizes used in compounding. the coating. A typical coating Formulated for maximum chemical resistance (contains chlorinated resins and plasticizers as eole modifying objects) shows no tendency to flow at tomperatures to 149 C (300 1). At temperatures ‘approaching 300 I degradstlon occurs rapidly unless appropriate heat ‘atilirers ate incorporated, NNornaily itis tecommendod that chlorinated rubber coatings not ‘be abject to continuous dry heat at temperatures above 107 to 121 € (225 to 250 F), Safe maximum wet temperature is about 60 C (440). There ste numerous commercial installations, however, ‘where chlorinated rubber coatings are giving satisfactory service at temperatures 82 to 93 C (180 to 200 F) in moist atmospheres, For intermittent sevice, the above Lime can be exceeded. It is recommended thot individvs! coating formulations be tested for titablity before subjecting them fo continuous exposure at temper tures above 60 C (140 F). ‘With decreasing temperature, chlorinated rubber coatings increase Jn hardness and britueness. Normal formulation afford good general protection down to -23 C (10 F) and special formulations can be sede which will withstand even lower temperatures Impact and Abrasion Resistance ‘Although chlorinated rubber does not retain the flexibility and stety of natural rubber, coatings based on chlorinated rubber have fale to good impact resstance in comparison to other coatings. ‘Abuasion resistance, under wet or dry conditions, alsa is fas to g00d ‘but depends on the specific formulation. Undes conditions where the coating is likely to be subjected to high impact and abrasion tho use fof chlorinated rubber matics should be investigated. Mastics can teatly be applied to achiove a thick coating (up to 1/8 inch in one application) which will aford a better cushion than the relatively thin ‘ls applied from solution, Hardness Films of unmodified chlorinated rubber have Sward hardness values of about 70 to 80, Formulated coatings, depending on their texsct composition, have Sward hardness values of 20 to 50. Aging Property pigmented chlorinated rubber coatings have consistently ‘exhibited good protection in atmospheric conditions. Some pigments, buch es rod lead, have a stabilizing action on chlorinated robber. Inert pigment, such as iron and titaniim oxides, require added stabilizer to east the effects of acidity which ean form in chlorinated rubber Coatings during long exposures. Epoxyrtype stabliers are expecially veel Clear chlorinated subber coatings ato stable indoors at 100m temperature and in the absonce of ultsiolt light. Addition of an epoxy stabilizer imparts good heat stability, but sunlight or other Ultraviolet light sources can stil cause relatively rapid discoloration. Toxieity and Odor ‘Chlorinated rubber is odorless, tasteless end nontoxic. Depending ‘on the cholce of pigments, vehicle modifier, and stabilzers used, ‘nontoxic coatings afe available for use in eontact with food and potable water. Welght of Applied Coatings ‘Depending upon the exact formulation, weight per squate foot ‘per S-mil thickness varies ftom 0.042 to 0.15 pound. Mastic coatings because of their high pigment volume, will vary considerably in weight depending on the specific grovtis of the pigments used. Representative mastic costings weight approximately 15 pounds per square foot per 1/8 inch thickness. Electrical Properties ‘Clear unplastized chlorinated rubber film has a dislctee strength of 2,300 volts per mil. Specific suface resistance of such fm 42,000 volts per ri. Specific surface reitance of such film Is 2.000 £107! ohms As noted proviousy. the excellent electrical properties ff walorinsted rubber coupled with Its chemical resistance and fonflammabilty make it an excellent base for cable coatings 2nd Sopot lacquers. It ean be used also for equipment protection in electroplating operations. Application Chlorinated rubber coatings axe supplied as solutions in volatile sofvents or as heaty consistency mastics co) Coverage and Shipping Data ‘Cleat and blac chlorinated rubber costings have specific gravities of 0.9 to LS. White and ather pigmented coatings range from 1.08 to 1.9 depending on the concentation and spelle grvity of the ‘igment. Chlorinated rubber mastics aro heavly pigmented and have _apecfic gravites of about 1.5 to 2.0. On x pounds per gallon basis, ‘lear and black coatings should weigh sbout 7.5 to 10 pounds per fallon, White and other pigmented coatings should weigh shout 9 to 16 pounds per gallon. Mastics should welgh about 125 to 17 pounds pe gallon. (Coverage varies considerably depending on the density of resins, plasticizers, and pigments used. Solution coutngs range in specifi _Bvity [rom 09 to 1.9 and verlations in sols azorue, For this reason ‘coverage varies from 300 fo 360 square fest par gallon for 1.O-mit ‘dy coat, Mastes cover about 40:50 square feet per gallon when spplied in 21/32 inch thickness. Flamability and Toxicity Chlorinated rubber coatings, both solution and male coatings, are formulated principally swith aromatic hydrocarbons. Vapors of ‘ch solvents are toxk. Persons applying such coatings In enclosed spaces should wear safety breathing masks, Normal formulations for coatings to be applied by brush contain solent blends whose flash points are above 38 C (100 F). Other ‘hlorinated rubber coatings unvally contain solvents with a fash point ‘of about 29 C (84 F), Special formulations may have a flash point below 27 C (B1 F). These formulations rogue a red label ‘Surface Preparation ‘All substrates should be dry and ftee from grows or oil before a chlorinated rubber coating is applied. New or uncontaminated metal fuufaces require no. special preparation. If mil scale is present, dblating or pickling. will incase durability. Corroded metal reactive at room temperatures and must be kept separate from he catalyst or resin component until Just before use. Stability of the Inocyanate package is unlimited ifthe package is kept closed and fee fom tnoisture contamination. Stability of the catalyst or resin package is practically unlimited, Just before use, the two packages ae mixed, well stinred and allowed to stand for about one-half hou. The coating then is ready for use and should have a pot life of eight hous 24 € (95 F), Urethane coatings ae formulated for easy application by conventional methods, usally spay or brush. ‘The rocyanates used in aieadry urethane coatings are reactive with water; therefore, urethane coatings in the can must be excluded from excessive moisture conditions during application. Containcis ‘houtd be kept closed when notin was, After application of the coating. however, igh humidity conditions asst in proviging good, rapid cure. Humidity conditions and temperature will affect the rate of cure, Satisfactory cute cates Will be attained at relative humidities of 30 to 90% and temperatures above 10 C (50 F). Lower temperatures will retard the rate of cure At froetng, for oxample, a urethane may remain uncured indefinitely Solvents, Thinners, and Cleaning. Solvents Solvent systems which ate used in formulating Type 2b vrethane coatings usvally are blends of soveral solvents, Urethanes ate most readily soluble in exter type solvents although Ketones also can be used, Normally, urethanes are made up in a combination ofa solvent, and @ dient, Blends such as ethyl acetate or butyl acetate, as solvents, and tohiol or xylot as diluents, commonly are used, Urethane grades of these solvents should be used ty avoid contarine tion ofthe components inthe coating ‘Because they contain hydroxyl groups which are reactive with Snocyanates, sleahols should never be used at solvents or thinners for ‘otherwise the isocyanate wil be eonsimed and the in uncured, ply wrethane coatings sould be leaned immediately after use. I isan advantage to some thinner to which aleohol has been added. The skcohot wil consume she isueyanate and prevent the coating from curing. Under no circumstances, however, should this cleaning solvent be used as 4 thinner forthe retiane coating Surface Preparation Metal Surfaces ‘Steel surfaces should be sandblasted to NACE No, 1. according to {nformation‘gven in the chapter on surface preparation in this book, Conerete Surfaces New conerete is propared by a light sandblasting ox ac etching CComaticial mutate ald (HEY redueed with one of w9 volumes oF water ir sulable for etching. Some commetcal etching powders ae less. objectionable to handle and give satisfactory teslls. For ‘optimum reals the etching should be reposted until the surface after ringing has 9 uniform profile like fine sandpaper. However. even a single etching of smooth concrete will greatly improve the service life ‘ompared fo an unetched sutace (Old concrete mast be thoroughly cleaned of dirt, grease and oft before application of the urethane coating. Commercial alkaline cleaners should be used to semove oll and grease. The skal cleaing should be followed with a maria acid etch as above uni eon sufaceisuniformly roughened, (Old paint on concrete surfaces should be removed by sdb cor hemes stripping. Primers Adhesion of airy urethane coatings 10 clean, day metal in oma atwospheric exposures is very good. However in iomersion: type service the use of primers (s mandatory. Conventional wash primers are good for exposures to marine conditions, Several excellent primers have been developed for use with urethanes Some primers are fonepackage (pest others are packaged at two comporents, The fanufacturer shouM be consulted on proper primers, For most fxpuste conditions, commercial prlnets ste really avaiable for use With urethanes. When the one package Type le bake urethanes are considered, itis not usually necossary to Use any primer for most ‘posites Here the manufacture sould be conslted Recoating over Urethanes Before secoating surfaces on which urethanes have been previously appied, condition of the old coating must be considered before applying fusther coats. if the previous coating has been noticeably etched by chemieal attack, then the surface may require ‘only a sinple wipe-down before recoating I the surface has not been ‘etched and i inact ight sanding of the old surface is rocommended before rocoating Film Thickness The urethane finish coats are applied at 1 1/2 to $ mils por coat for Type 2 and at about 1 mil per coat for Type Te. Useful fim thickness for continuous immersion scwvice is S mils for Type le (oakey and 5 to 12 ins for Type 2b (tworpaekaye) fn ll cases hhowevcr, manufacturer's specific recommendations should be Tolowed. ‘Coverage and Shipping Data “The coverage of vrethane costings will depend on th formulation Which is used, method of application, and condition of the base sace. Coverage will vary with the above conditions fiom 300 to 750 square foot/ millon. UUecause urethane coatings. axe prepared in fummublesype solvents, they must be shipped to confirm to ICC regulations governing the handling and shipping of ammable materials. Properties of Applied Coatings “The weathering and general durability charactoristcs of urethane coatings Have been described above, Besides the chalking of the plemented types, urethanes coatings alco tend to yellow somewhat o exposure to sunlight. The clear type coatings are more afexted than the pisimonted coatings, Yellowing does not affect the durability propertiss of the urethanes Toxicity Urethane paints poset the odor ofthe solvents with which they ae prepared, After complete cute, however, a arethane possesses 0 odor. ‘Monomeric diisocyanates are respiratory ixtants which should be Inandled with caution, especialy in poorly ventilated areas. However. iaocyanate adducts used in Type 20 ate available which ave ‘extemely fow isocyanete vapor presse and contain only tae of monomeric disocyanste, This type adduct is free of any unitating properties and is completely safe for use under all normal conditions In fact, precautions are limited only to the soWents used in the coating, sytem, Several years of continious use of this adduct has showa i to be safe for all normal applications. n Chapter 24: Vinylidene Chloride Vinvlidene chloride resins, a5 they apply to the protective coatings industry, may be defined a8 “the copolymers of vinylidene Chloride with aerytonitle ot vinyl chloride, in which vinylidene ilorte is the major component.” Although polyvinylidene chloride and vopalyrnets of vinylidene chloride with a wide variety of resctive ‘monomers are known, the acrylonitie and vinyl chlotide copolymers so the only vinylidene chloride sesns used commercially in corzoso ‘ontol at this tine, ‘Summary of Properties and Uses Properties, uses, and chemical composition of vinylidene chloride resins ate quite similar fo the vinyl resins. Applied from solvent systems, vinylidene chlorides are used extensively for industrial Corrosion resistant maintenance costings. Factory lined pipe and pipe fittings and. sheet lined tanks and process equipment are also in extensive use where high resistance to lls, solvents, and oxidizing conditions i require, Vinylidene ehlorie resins, because of thelr high chlorine content, ‘moduce nonflammable, dense films that have excellent bamicr properties. They are basically resistant to most common inorganic Lids weak alkalies, hydrocarbon sobents, and oils, They are Mvecsely affected by strong alkalies and some organic solvents, ngecally the ketones and esters, They have high reshtance 10 oxidizing agents when compared to other oxganic coatings bat are auversely affected by continued contact with song oxidizing agonts Forms Available Vinylidene chloride resins are availble and in coxrosion contro! ein the following general forms: 1, Four to ten mil coatings deposited from solutions. 2. Uncuted talondeted and molded clastometie sheet applied Hinngs (ot covered inthis euapte) 5. Factory Hed pipe and pipe ftings whieh ean be readily eat snd assembled inte field (not covered in this chapter). The tlvent deposited coatings sxe applied normally in dry film thicknesses of four to ten ails by multiple aplicatons They are desgned primatly for tank and. vevel tnings and maintenance ‘coatings where protection from and resistance to corrosive chemicals, hydrocarbon solvents, morgine acids te, ar roquiee, Uffect of Compounding The compounding equirements of vinylidene chlorite copolymer ‘vatings vary greatly dopending on the nse aplication. Vor tank and ves ining applications where burer au resistance properties ace of rime importance, unvuodified coatings are ordinarily used and give the best protection and performance. The U. 8, Navy’s Bureau of Ships Paint Formula No, 113/49 isan example ofthis type of coating in which the only modification isa small amount of orange and whit pigment used af a virial aid in multiple coating. In other more ‘conventional applications, vinylidene chloride rein coating formula tions, lke the vinyl systems, contain. pigments, plasticizers, and stabilizers of various types: These materials become inept parts of the protective film and have an effest on the final performance and barrier propertie of the coating. Since formulations vary among, various manfaetorers snd may even vary between batches from the Sane source, tie recommended that performance always be tested nR under actual service conditions. The data presonted here pertains to representative frmlations in extenshe use for corrosion control. Resistance ‘Tho two commercially avaliable forms, the vinyl chloride and aezylonitile copolymers, vary only slighty In tesitance properties. ‘The physical propertks (see Appendix 1) and chemical resistance properties (s28 Appendix 2) discussed in this chapter were bastd on data obtained from vinylidonechloride/acrylonitie coating resis Water and Moisture ‘Vinylidene chloride dopolymer coatings have extcomely good water and moistute resistance. Water absorption of typical vinylidene chloride coating rosin is 0.15% after two weeks immersion at 25 C Water vapor ttantmission rate of this resin is 0.15 gm/100 sq in/24 afl mil thickness at 38C (100 F) and 95% relative humidity. Sele water resistance is also excellent. These coatings ate being sod and ‘can be recommended for marine and other applications where tong, sevoro water exposure is encountered. Inorganic Acids Vinylidene chloride resin coatings ate resistant to all the common inorganis acids, and these coating can be teoommended goncrally for applications requiring continuous acid immersion. The stongly oxldbing golds (nits, chromic, and concentrated sulfuric) tend 10 tause embrittlement of vinylidene chloride resin coatings. However. in many cases these coatings age sillsactory under conditions less wevere than continuous immersion, but service tests under sctual exposure conditions are recommended before using Oxidising Agents Vinylidene chloride copolymer coatings have been successfully aod to protect against many mild oxidizing agents sich as bleaching solution and dilate hydrogen peroxie, However, strarg oxidizing conditions adversely affect thes coatings. and itis recommended that tests be sun to verify suitability in service against these agents. Organic Acids Experience with resistance of the vinylidene chloride resin to organic acids has been generally good. Sufficient variations have been reported, however, especialy among the suonger acids sch as vets, teichloroacetle, chlorosulfonic, etc. to soggest verification under serve conditions before using, Alkalis ‘Strong sala cause degradation of vinylidene chloride copolymer ‘osins ond iersion in caustic solutions stronger than 20% cannot be recommended, The les teactve alkalis such 28 calivm hydroxide are ‘ot fzinfl. Ieumersion it slaked time shires has shown no effect on ‘the coating. Resistance to ainines and ammonisea solutions is fait fo poor. Vinylidene chloride resins should be given a thorough testing before ure aginst these agents Salt Sotutions Resistance of vinylidene chloride resins to salt solutions i excellent. The only exceptions reported are the oxidizing calls as the ferric and phosphoric ells and potassium permanganate. Sore failures have been noted with these ~ Solvents VVinyidene chloride copolymers ate disolved or softened by ketones, esters, and ethers Resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons may be considered fair to good although service tests ie recommended tefore using. Redstance to the commonly en buntered aliphatic hydrocarbons sich as gasoline, Kerosene, mineral firs, ete, is very good. The U. S, Novy use vinylidene chloride ‘Tesns to line tanks used to store and transport aviation gasoline, jet fuel diesel oil and lubricating ol, Resistance of these resins to leohols ad glycols is excelent. its vimul, vegatable, and mineral ells do not have any effect on vinylidene chloride resin coatings Gases Rate of pasage of the common gases though vinylidene chloride copolymer barlers is extremely low. Oxygen transmission ofa typical ‘Copolymer for example i067 c/100 19 in/24 hours at a pressure ferential of one atmosphere at 25 C (77F). Properties of Applied Coatings and Linings Temperature Limitations Vinylidene chloride copolymer coatings are thermally stabie at moderate temperatures and to brief exposures at elevated tempers ces such a those oncountored during high temperature drying. ‘Applications coquiting continuous exposure to. temporatures needing 65 © (150 F) should be avoided because prolonged xposites at these temperatures may affect the barrier properties oF the coatings, The Aexibilty of unplastcled vinylidene chloride copolymers below -18 C (0 F) is poor. Where flexibility Delow this, temperatuce required, plasticizers must be added Impact and Abrasion Resistances "Thoroughly dried unpasticized Alms of high vinylidene chloride copolymers ae tough and alihtly extensive. They are not subject to Shattering under impact above -18 C (OF). The abrasion reistance of ‘Sear ot lightly pigmented formulations isin the range of 0.50 to 1.0 mil/1600 revohitions as measured on the Tabor Abrasor with CS-10 wheel under a 1000 gum Tou Hardness "A typieal vinylidene chloride copolymer used for industrial costings has a Swatd Rocker Haidness'of 31. This propesty was rmeasited on a LS 02 mil film at 23 € (3). Aging Properly pigmented and stébiized formulations have good aging and weathering. propertis. Yellowing, occurs on weathering of ‘unstabilized clear coatings. Toxicity and Odor The vinylidene chloride coating resins are odorless, tasteless, and nomtoxi. They are widely used in the packaging of food products as Coatings on paper, Cellophane and polyethylene. Toxic gases are vole on pyrolysis of vinylidene

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