8 caf Yy pep taale Sendl AS Rial abl a Steel Connections (Steel II) 013 A5t0 3 pul -8.10.4 Axially loaded slab base: example A column consisting of a 305 x 305 UC 198 carries an axial dead load of 1600 KN and an imposed load of 800kN. Adopting a square slab, determine the size and thickness required. The cube strength of the concrete grout is 25 N /mm?. Use Grade 43 steel. The area required for the base is calculated first: Design load = (1.4 x 1600) + (1.6 x 800) = 3520 kN Area = 3520 x 107/(0.4 x 25) =35.2x 10*mm? Make the base 600 mm square Pressure w= 3520 x 10°/6007 =9.78 N/mm? The arrangement of the column on the base plate is shown in Figure 8.41. From this: a—greater projection of base = 142.95mm b—lesser projection of base = 130.05 mm Assume that the thickness of plate is less than 40mm. Design strength Pryp = 265 N/mm? (Table 6). The thickness of the base plate is given by: - 23 x9.78 ee — (142.95? — 0.3 x 130.05? 265 ( x ») =37.6mm 130.05 39-9 130.05 Figure 8.41 Axial loaded base: example The column flange thickness is 31.4mm, Make the base plate 40mm thick. Use 6 mm fillet weld all round to hold the base plate in place. The surfaces are to be machined for direct bearing. The holding-down bolts are nominal but 4 No. 24mm diameter bolts would be provided. Pace elah: KANmm v LW AN mes thinkExample 22 Base plate without bending moment Design a column base in Grade 43 steel as shown in Fig. 22.1, subject to axial compression only. 305 x 305 x 198 UC . Axial compressive force due to factored loads, EF = 3600 kN Concrete foundation Grade 20 Dc = 339.9 mm Bc = 314.1 mm D, Nominal welds say 8mm F/W. Fig. 22.1 Reference should be made to ‘Joints in Simple Construction, Volume 1: Design Methods’, SCI/BCSA, 1991. Section properties 305 x 305 x 198 Uc Depth of section De = 339.9 mm [32] Width of section B, = 314.1 mm Flange thickness To = 31.4 mm Code _nequirements Colum bases should be of sufficient size, stiffness and strength to transmit 4.13 the axial load, bending moments and shear forces in colums to their 4.13.1 foundations. The nominal bearing pressure between the baseplate and the support may be determined on the basis of a linear distribution of pressure. For concrete foundations the bearing strength may be taken as 0.4 f cy where fon is the characteristic concrete cube strength at 28 days. Provided the contact areas on the baseplate and the end of the colum are in tight bearing contact, compression may be transmitted to the baseplate in direct bearing. 4.13.3 Welds or fasteners should be provided to transmit any shear or tension developed at the connection due to all realistic combinations of factored loads. 22/1Empirical Method Concrete Grade 20. Concrete cube strength at 28 days £4, = 20 N/mm Bearing strength of concrete 0.4 fou = 0.4 x 20 = 8 N/nm Plan area of baseplate required EF 3 = — co _ ~ 3600 x10 _ 2 A, = 74 z A, 9 450000 mm Provide baseplate 700 mm x 700 mm A, = 700 x 700 = 490000 mm Pressure on the underside of the plate F 3 m aS = 3600 x 10 ? w= A w 490000 7.35 N/mm Minimum thickness of baseplate t min t..= | 28 wi -o.a8) lian 4.13.2.2 min Pyp c B.-8B Dy 7 Pe 700 - 339.9 b=-~P,-< b= 5 = 180 mm Design strength of the Table 6 . _ 2 baseplate p vp" assuming t,., > 40 mn Pyp = 255 N/mm t= | 2:5%.235 x (gs - 0.3 x 180%) | min ~ 255 * 7% tin = 44.5 mm tain 7 To 44.5 > 31.4 tin 7 40 nm as assumed 44.5 > 40 Provide baseplate 700 x 700 x 50 Grade 43 steel Bolding down bolts 6.7 Holding down bolts should provide resistance to tension due to uplift forces and bending moments and shear where appropriate. In this example naninal holding down bolts are required, since there is no uplift, moment or shear force. 22/28.10.7 Slab base—compression over the whole base: example A column base is subjected to a factored moment of $5kNm and a factored axial load of 780KN. The column section is 203 203 UC 86. The cube strength of concrete in the foundation ., is 25 N/mm? Design a slab base and the weld between the column and the plate, assuming that both are machined for tight contact. Use Grade 43 steel (2) Size of base Eccentricity of load = 55% 10/780=70.5mm Ifthe baseis made 6¢ in length there will be pressure over the whole ofthe base: 6e=423.1 mm ‘The breadth required to limit the pressure on the concrete to 0.4fou™ 10 N/mm: x 780% 10? =i 387mm AA base 430mm square could be used. However, a rectangular base $O0mm ong by 360 mm wide will be checked. The arrangement ofthe base is shown in Figure 8.43(a): ‘Area d _ =500% 360 Modulus Z = 360 x 500°/ = 180% 10? mm? 5x 10°mm? Maximum pressure: 780% 10° , 55x 10° Poa T8 x 105 * 15x 10" =4.33+3.67 =8.0N/mm* Minimum pressure: Prin =4.33~ 3.67 =0.66N/mm? the pressure distribution is shown in the elevation of the base in Figure 8.42a).Column bases 249 223, mas 06 N/m? ts 1s 9) ase Mate _oeagn tor Thais Figure 8.43 Slab bse: example (2) Thickness of base plate Consider a 1 mm wide strip as shown in Figure 8.43(b). This acts as a can- tilever from the face of the column with the loading caused by pressure on the base. This method gives a conservative design for the thickness of base plate. Plate action due to bending in two directions at right angles is not taken into account, Base pressure at Section XX: =0.66 + [(500~ 138,85)/500}8 —0.66)= 5.96 N/mm? The trapezoidal pressure diagram loading the cantilever strip is divided into two triangles, as shown in the figure. The moment at Xx is calculated as follows: My= (5.96 x 138.85 x 46.28)/2+ (8.0 138.85 92.57)/2 = 70.56 x 10° N/mm250 Compression members The section of plate is | mm wide x ¢ mm thick: Z =7/6 Assume that the thickness is not greater than 40 mm: py =265N/mm? 1 =(6X 70.56 x 103/1.2 x 265)°5 = 36.5mm Aslab 40 mm thick is required. (3) Weld column to base plate The base slab has been designed on the basis of a linear distribution of press- ure. For consistency, the weld will be designed on the same basis: column 203 * 203 UC 86: A=110.1em?; Z,=851.5cm? Axial stress f,=780 x 10/110.1 = 70.84N/mm? Bending stress fy. = 55 10°/851.5 = 64.6 N/mm? On the basis of elastic stress distribution there is compressive stress over the whole of the base. The slab and column are machined for tight contact so the weld is required to hold the base slab in position. Use 6mm fillet weld with continuous weld to give a full seal around the column profile.Example 23 Base plate with bending moment Design a column base in Grade 43 steel as shown in Fig. 23.1, subject toa combination of axial load, bending moment and shear. 305 x 305 x 198 UC Grade 43 Steel Axial compressive / force Fo = 2300 kN due to F. M t Overturning moment factored ee — M = 100 kNm | loads 4 Shear FL = 40 kn Concrete Grade 20 £, = 20 N/m 0.4 £,, = 0.4 x 20 = 8.0 N/tom 8 mm fillet weld Fig. 23.1 Section properties 305 x 305 x 198 WC Depth of section D, OF 339.9 mm Width of section BLO 314.1 om Flange thickness Ty = 31.4 mm Depth between fillets qd. = 246.6 mm Code _requirements Kcoentric forces and non—-rectangular plates If the bearing pressure beneath a baseplate is not wnifomn, or if the baseplate is not rectangular, calculations should be carried out to determine the bending moments in the baseplate. The maximm moment should not exceed 1.2 po % (py, $ 270 N/mm) where Z is the elastic modulus of the baseplate. Connection of baseplates Welds or fasteners should be provided to transmit any shear or tension developed at the connection due to all realistic combinations of factored loads. 23/1 [32] 4.13.2.3 4.13.3Check for presence of tension under the baseplate Eccentricity of the resultant thrust on the base 3 _ M _ 100 x10 _ D 700 Assuming a 700 mm x 700 mm baseplate e =-— = 117 mm D Since e < e 43.5 < 117 no tension is developed and the whole base is subject to campressive stresses. Maximim compressive stress under the baseplate f = Fe , 6M £ _ 2300 x 10° , 6 x 100 x 10° max 2 max 700 x 700 2 BD B.D 700 700 PP PP 00 x 70 = 4,69 + 1.75 ” foe = 6-44 N/mm frax ~ 94 fy, 6.44 < 8.0 Minimm compressive stress under the baseplate F _ c __6M = _ fain = — 5 a = fain ~ 4-69 ~ 1.75 Pp Pp P P , f. = 2.94 N/mm mn The stress distribution under the baseplate is shown in Fig. 23.2. Stress at face of colum = 6.44 - (6.44 - 2.94) x 180/700 = 5.54 N/mm D, = 700 _ 520 180 \ 1 rs aa ~ Cantilever strip f = 5.54 6.44 Némm? 1 Fig. 23.2 Fig. 23.3 2df2B.S @) (b) fe) 1 ' JET clause 4.13.1 Fig. 8.3 50 ll y 520 EXAMPLE 15. DESIGN OF SLAB BASE Dimensions 305 x 305 x 137 UC column Loading All loads include appropriate values of yy Case (i) Maximum vertical load 1400kN Case (ii) Largest moment under maximum toad conditions: moment 60 {Nm and 850kN Case (iii) Largest moment under nunimum load conditions: moment 85 kNm and 450 kN Bearing pressure (See Fig. 8.6.) Assume base 520 x 520 plate and four bolts (grade 4.6) 20 mm diameter. Tension bolt area A, =2 x 245 =490 mm? d =520—50=470mm CASE (i) LOADING Assuming 9 concrete cube strength f, =30N/mm? Permissible pressure =0.4 x 30 © = 12.0 N/mm? Pressure = 1400 x 10°4(520 x 520)=5.2 N/mm? CASE fii) LOADING M/F = 60/850=71 mm LG =520/6 =87mm MIF < LI6 Base area. = A=520 x 520mm? =2700em? Base modulus Z==520 x 5207/6 mm?=23 400cm* Pressure = F/A +.M/Z=6.11 Nimm? CASE (iii) LOADING ‘MIF =85/450= 189 mm .5(470 50) +85 x 107450 = 339 mm % 399 x 15 x 490/520=33.8 x 10? mm? The distance y (Fig, 8.7) 1s the solution of: Vd - dyer +Ayy—Ayd=0 yy? —3(470 —399) y* 433.8 x 10°» —33.8 x 10° x 470=0 hence y=288mm Pressure f; =6d,F /[By(Gd—y)] 6 x 339 x 450 x 10°/[520 x 288(3 x 470-288) 6.41 Nim?(d) Bolt capacity Bolt stress f, = m/-(d/y—1) = 15 x 6.41 (470/288 —1)=61 Nimm* Force/bolt 61 x 245 x 1073 =14.9kN clause 6.3.6.1 Bolt capacity P, =p, A, = 195 x 245 x 107? =47.8KN Boits are satisfactory. (e) Plate thickness (Sce Fig. 8.8.) : it Fig. 8.8 6.41 N mm? 25 Maximum bearing pressure from case {ii) loading = 6.41 Nimm? Maximum BM (assummg constant pressure) =6.41 x 520 x 10072=16.7kNm Some reduction of BM may be found by using the trapezium pressure distribution. Try 25 mm thick plate: Table i.2 Pyp =265N/mm? . Plate modulus Z =520 x 25°/6=54.2 x 10° mm? clause 413.23 Moment eapacity = 1.2p,, Z 2% 265 x $4.2 x 1073 =17.2kNm Plate 1s satisfactory. For larger loads and/or moments, a gusseted base may be required, particularly if the thickness of a slab base would otherwise exceed 50mm. The design 1s the same as given above, but im Section 8.5(e) the plate modulus Z is based on the combined effect of plate and gussets. At thicknesses greater than 25 mm, steel grades other than 43A may be needed to avoid the possibility of brittle fracture (BS table 4). () Column/base plate weld py The weld is, commonly designed to carry the maximum moment, ignonng the effect of vertical load. All compression is taken in direct bearing (Fig, 8.9). 2634 283 kN Maximum tenston in flange =MU(D-T) =85 x 10/300=283 KN at For one flange weld length 2 « 308=616 mm e 89 Weld shear = 283/616 0.459 kN/mm clause 6.6.5 Use 6 mm fillet weld, capacity = 0.903 kN/mm Weld 1s satisfactory.Example 19 Column bearing splice Check the colum splice shown in Figure 19.1 for the given loading. All Grade 43 steel. The colums are prepared for full contact in bearing. Fiange cover plates (2)255 x 10 x 510 Packs 254 x 254 x 73 UC (2) 255 x 11 x 255 leb cover plates (2) 140 x8 x 140 Packs (2)70 x 3 x 140 ® - 2 Ends of main members faced for bearing 254 x 254 x 132 UC All bolts are M20 grade8.8 bolts , Wide spacing for Fig. 19.1 joint rigidity Reference should be made to ‘Joints in Simple Construction, Volume 1: Design Methods’, SCI/BCSA, 1991. Due to factored loads Axial campressive force, Fo PLT Fgt Fy = 500 kN + 600 kN Bending moment, M M = 60 kNm coincident Shear force, Fy EF vo 45 kN Fa is the axial campressive force due to factored dead load only. Fy is the axial compressive force due to factored imposed load only. Assumption The column splice is just above floor level (about 500 mm above) hence moment due to strut action is considered insignificant. Code requirements (1) Splice should hold the connected members in place. (2) Centroidal axis of the splice should coincide with the centroidal axis of the members. (3) Splice should provide continuity of stiffness about both axes and resist any tension where bending is present. 19/1 6.1.7 6.1.7.1 6.1.7.1 6.1.7.2Sizing of the splice Rules commonly adopted for such a splice are: (i) Projection of the flange cover plate beyond the ends of the members to be greater than or equal to the upper flange width or 225 mm whichever is the greater. (ii) Thickness of the flange cover plates to be greater than or equal to half the upper colum flange thickness or 10 mm whichever is the greater. (iii) Width of the flange cover plates to be greater than or equal to the upper flange width provided that the flange cover plates are placed on the outside of the colum flanges. (iv) Nominal web cover plates to be used when the sections above and below the splice are of the same serial size. (v)} Web cover plate width to be greater than or equal to half the upper column depth. (vi) Web cleats and a division plate to give a load dispersion of 45° to be used when the sections are of different serial sizes, (vii) Thickness of the division plate, if required, to be greater than or Db, - D, equal to ——y7-—_ + T, - T, where D and T are the depth and flange thickness of the section respectively. (viii) Untorgued bolts in clearance holes are nommally used. It is now cammon practice to standardise on Grade 8.8 bolts. For the web cover plates use at least 4 no. M20, Grade 8.8 bolts. When net tensile stress is developed use torqued HSFG bolts and check the flange cover plates and their fastenings for the bending moment. (ix) Fastener spacing and edge distances should comply with the requirements of Clause 6.2 of the Code. (x) It is necessary to provide a wide spacing between the flange cover bolts in a direction at right angles to the direction of stress for joint rigidity. {2c1.) Packs to be arranged as necessary. Check for the presence of tension in the splice due to axial load and bending moment Basic requirement FLD If M< then tension does not occur and splice details as arranged for the transmission of axial compression by direct bearing are satisfactory. D = conservatively, overall depth of the smaller section D= Dd, . D = 254 mm [ 32 | FaP _ 500 x 254 x10 2 2 = 63.5 kNm FyD Since M < —~s- 60 < 63.5 no tension force is developed in the splice and the splice details arranged for the transmission of axial compression by direct bearing are satisfactory. Check for shear The shear force of 45 kN is small campared with the campressive forces acting on the splice and will be resisted by friction. 19/2Example 20 Column splice with bending moment Check the columm splice shown in Figure 20.1 for the given loading. All Grade 43 steel. The colums are prepared for full contact in bearing. Flange cover plates. (2) 305 x 10 x 640 Packs (2) 305 x 27 x 305 y . 8 Ends of main members oF taced tor bearing and the 30 mm division plate to be flat 305 500 to floor level 356 x 368 x 153 UC { All bolts are M24 General Grade H.S.F.G. Bolts 362.0 over flanges Fig. 20.1 Reference should be made to ‘Joints in Simple Construction, Volume 1: Design Methods’, SCI/BCSA, 1991. Due to factored loads Axial compressive force, Fo FLT FQ tPF, = 400 kN + 500 kN Bending moment, M M = 140 kNm coincident Shear force, FE, Fy = 90 kN Fa and F, are the axial campressive forces due to factored dead load and factored imposed load respectively. code of the As given in Example 19. thickness of the division plate t., The splice is arranged for the transfer of compression by direct bearing. Assuming a load dispersion of 45° from one column to the other, then 4.5.1.3 D7 362.0 - 307.8 tao 2 ZT +7, - T, tay 2D + 15.4 - 20.7 = 21.8 mm where D, and T, are the depth and flange thickness of the top colum [32] respectively. Adopt ty, = 30 mn 20/1Check for the of tension in the dGue to axial load and i moment Basic requirement Fu D M<—> as given in Example 19 D = conservatively, overall D = 307.8 mm [32] depth of upper colum F,D - GH = OO OTE xe 0” = 61.6 kn Fa D Since M > —4— 140 > 61.6 tension force is developed in the splice and hence the following checks are necessary: (1) Tensile capacity of flange cover plate. (2) Shear capacity of bolt group connecting flange cover plate to colum flange. (3) Bearing capacity of flange cover plate connected to colum flange. To see if the connection is long joint, 6.4.2.3 Ls < 500 Fig, 12 “. no reduction in capacity due to long joint is necessary. (1) Tensile capacity of flange cover plate Basic requirement Fy s P. where FE. is the tensile force in the flange cover plate M F 3 ~- -_9 «| ' - i140 x10 | 400 _ Fy =D 5 (conservatively) F. 307.8 2 209 KN P= Tension capacity of the cover plate P = A 6 t Py fp ; 4 . 6.1 Py = 275 N/mm (t= 10 mm < 16 mm) Aen = effective area of flange cover plate = Ke, Annet * Apgross 3.3.3 For Gr.43 steel ~ K, = 1.2 , 3.3.3 Gross area Aogross = 305 x 10 = 3050 mm D, = 26 mm Table 35 Net area, Annet = Angross -2 dD, top = 3050 - 2 x 26 x 10 = 2530 mm 2 . K, Aenet = 1.2 x 2530 = 3036 mm Since K, Aanet < Across 3036 < 3050 , P= 275 x 3036 x 10 = 835 kN Since F, < P 255 < 835 t t tensile capacity of flange cover plate is O.K. ADOPT FLANGE COVER PLATES 305 x 10 x 640 GRADE 43 STEEL 20/2