تاريخ الفلسفة الاسلامية - قراءة ثانية PDF

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188
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189
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.(e١ÈÇÃ ،) ،١ ، C C ،,S :9 ,^ e^T -Èß
.:& wT ،)< -
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.
&T ،X'& -
،Ç‫ 'ـ ـ‬،(e١ÈÆÝ ،‫ــ‬m) ،Å‫ 'ـ ـ‬، ‫ــ‬C ‫ــ‬C ،B1‫ــ‬% e1‫ــ‬C Y D‫ــ‬C e^‫ــ‬T -١٠٠
.(e١ÈÝÝ ،m) ،Ç ،BC C
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202
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‫ ـ‬D%] :9[ -١٠Å
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.(j.= ،e.=) ،Ç
.& ،j:M -
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.QF ،X -
.(e١ÈßÆ ،w&) ، T :] 9w ،XC :9[

£ -١٠Ý
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.(e١ÈÝß ،
) ،9C ; w ،X1:=
C Y Dw= -١٠Ä
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203
.(e١Èß٠ ،w&) ،&b 9w ،@m¦ w Bl Y X#C C -١٠ß
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.(e١ÈßÆ ،j%) ،Ç ،XC & 9w ،mC w^% IC Y XC C -١٠È
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F] -١١٠
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.(e١ÈÈß ،BT)
.b &W ،X-C -
‫ ــ‬¤ ‫ ــ‬C ، ‫ ــ‬C w^‫ ــ‬Y &‫ ــ‬1 Z:&‫ ــ‬B1-‫ ــ‬l ~%‫ ــ‬% X^‫ =( ــ‬8‫ــ‬l -١١Ç
.(e١ÈÝÆ ،e.=) ،XC B
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.(j.= ،w&) ، ] 0 ،B.l [ 91 [ -١١Å
204
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.(e١Èß٠ ،j%) ،l 9w ،:C[% :9[ -.l j,l -١١Æ
.;&T (# ،(# -
(e١ÈÈ٠ ،0:1) ،

D%] 3 -١١Ý
B( Ø J ،_l -
‫ ـ ـ ــ‬C ،Ç‫ ' ـ ـ ـ ـ‬،(e١ÈÇÅ ،

‫ ) ـ ـ ــ‬، ‫ ـ ـ ــ ـ ـ ــ‬C ،١‫ ' ـ ـ ـ ـ‬،)‫ ـ ـ ــ‬J1 :9‫ [ ـ ـ ــ‬-١١Ä
.(e١ÈÇß ،j%) ، 1
.T ،Xl -
.(e١ÈÝÈ ،m) ،Å ، :9&] C ،Dl=% Z -١١ß
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.(e١ÈÆÄ ،w) ،X#q C ،}s mC -١١È
.XT &W ،@wF -
.(e١ÈÇÝ ،w) ،X#q C ،e r < -١Ç٠
205
.} ،_-s -
،;3‫ ــ‬l) ، ‫ ــ‬T ‫ ــ‬C F‫ ــ‬،Iw‫ ــ‬J &‫ ــ‬3 ;‫ ( ــ‬،w1‫ ــ‬W :&‫ ــ‬91‫ـ ـ‬- -١Ç١
.(e١ÈÆÈ
.w91 }5 # ،X -
.(j.= ،w&) ،S (è9 ،SF1 ،o=% ،S < w& -١ÇÇ
.Fb ،
-
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،j%) ،١§ ،}:^ C 9w ،B1<9s% XC :9 -١ÇÅ
،e.=) ،١ ، ‫ ـ ــ‬T )(^‫ ـ ــ‬9w ،X-‫ ـ ــ‬C

‫ ـ ــ‬C Y e^‫ =( ـ ــ‬Y B&‫ ـ ــ‬-١ÇÃ
.(e١Èßß
B%<. % 3 ،
-
. ( ١ÈßÈ ، Q1 ( ) ، ;1T& 9w r(1 mC – ١ÇÆ
.kb< ،@&C -
-١١ÝÈ/‫ ـ ــ‬3ÆÝÄ-ÅÆÈ) }x‫ ـ ــ

ـ ــ‬T Q^‫ < ـ ــ‬e‫ ـ ــ‬w^‫ ـ ــ‬Y (‫ ] ـ ــ; ـ ــ‬-١ÇÝ
.(e١ÈÄÝ ،w&) ،١ ، T :] 9w ،(e١١Ä١
.(e١Èß١ ،)J1) ،)J1 C' C ،Ö

%M% XC x1 -١ÇÄ
206
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9%|S‫ـ‬b% ;‫ـ‬:M¤% e%‫ ـ‬w^‫ ـ‬Y ‫ـ‬mT= B& a }1 ,C %T -١Çß
.(e١ÈÄß ،w&) ، T :] 9w ،Bm9p%
.:& ¬^J ،&m
.(e١ÈÝ٠ ،j%) ،XC q (s ،U¤% :9 e^T -١ÇÈ
‫ــ‬C ،@‫ــ‬m¦ ‫ــ‬bC B‫ــ‬l ‫ــ‬:\ a d‫ ــ‬B‫ــ‬l ‫ ــ‬B1l‫ &ــ‬B1‫<ــ‬9s -١Å٠
.(e١ÈÆÝ ،;3l) ، :
Fb
.(1: &W ،(1 -
.(e١ÈÆÝ ،w&) ،Ç ،XC 9w k ،X^(= 8l -١Å١
XT ،@w91 -
(e١ÈÝÈ/e.=) ،d:&] IC :9[ j -١ÅÇ
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.(eÇ٠٠Ã ،;3l) ،١ ،m( B &ST Y #1m %& -١ÅÅ
207
: :9x=% C¤ ) ( -‫'ـ‬
.9& XT ³( ،@&(= -
‫ــ =ــ‬w D‫ــ‬F Q^‫ ــ <ــ‬w1‫ــ‬W :&‫ ــ‬91‫ــ‬- &‫ــ‬ST Y ‫ــ‬w Y ‫ــ‬C ;‫ ]ــ‬-١ÅÃ
،;
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.(eÇ٠٠Æ
.&C( S ،_'' -
k‫ ـ‬B‫ـ‬l ‫ـ‬:\ a _‫ ـ‬B‫ـ‬l ‫) ـ‬J1 Y C (Ú XC 9%& -١ÅÆ
،)‫ـ‬J1 ‫ـ‬C') ،Dw= ‫ـ‬F a ‫&ـ‬l ،;91‫(ـ 'ـ ـ ـ‬9 ،@m¦
.(eÇ٠٠١
.(' _:& } ،X¤ -
‫ ـ ــ‬%x ،(e١١ÅÃ/‫ ـ ـ ـ‬3ÆÇÈ -e١١١ß /‫ ـ ـ ـ‬3Æ١Ç) ‫& ـ ــ‬bq‫ ـ ــ

ـ ــ ـ ــ‬T -١ÅÝ
.(e١ÈÈÈ ،)J1 C') ،Dw= F a &l ،;91 91Fw
. &T õ ،< -
،;91‫ ــ ــ‬91‫ــ‬Fw ‫ ــ‬%x ،}1‫ــ‬:= &‫ــ‬ST Y e‫ ــ‬w^‫ ــ‬Y ‫ــ‬C ;‫ ]ــ‬-١ÅÄ
.(e١ÈÈÆ ،)J1 C') ،Dw= F a &l
208
.Î' B ( ،B (
-١٠ÈÝ/‫ ـ ـ‬3ÝÈ٠-ÃÈ٠)

‫ ــ‬D%‫ ] ــ‬B‫ ــ} ــ‬,‫ ــ‬C X(‫ ــ‬9%&‫ ــ‬-١Åß
‫ ـ ــ‬C') ،Dw= ‫ ـ ــ‬F a ‫& ـ ــ‬l ،;91‫ ـ ــ ـ ــ‬91‫ ـ ــ‬Fw ‫ ـ ــ‬%x ،(e١ÇÈ١
.(e١ÈÈÈ ،)J1
.:& MT , ،Ô

-
‫ ــ‬%x ،@‫ ــ‬m¦ k‫ ــ‬B‫ ــ‬l ‫ ــ‬I‫ ــ‬% D‫ ــ ــ} ــ‬C j^‫ ــ‬-١ÅÈ
\ .(e١ÈÈÝ ،)J1 C') ،Dw= F a &l ،;91 91Fw
._'' (1: ،X-1 - -
،;91‫ ـ ـ‬91‫ـ‬Fw ‫ـ‬%x ،

‫ـ‬% e‫ ـ‬w^‫ ـ‬Y :9n‫} ]ـ‬#‫ـ‬C w1S' -١Ã٠
.(e١ÈÈ٠ ،w& C') ،Dw= F a &l
: j:9%& -w
.Bn9 ،& -
209
‫‪) -١Ã١‬ــ‪= &m‬ــ‪& @1‬ــ ــ} ]‪ll‬ــ =(ــ ‪F ;91‬ــ 'ــ‪[ Y ,‬ــ‪w :9‬ــ =ــ‬
‫‪² ،(FT‬ـ‪ d‬ـ‪- Y 91‬ـ&‪(V ;%‬ـ =ـ‪ Q‬ـ>‪ ;F‬ـ‪[ 9%‬ـ‪T C‬ـ‪T e‬ـ‬
‫‪.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w) ،e^ C ،FT ;w=%‬‬
‫‪.& 9¤ &T ،& -‬‬
‫‪ ) -١ÃÇ‬ــ‪ ,‬ــ‪ 39%w% @9%|S‬ــ ــ(‪ l% X‬ــ‪ C% X n‬ــ‪ l Y X‬ــ‪ B‬ــ‪w‬‬
‫¦‪ m‬ــ@‪ /‬ــ‪ T X-‬ــ ــ^‪ ،(@w‬ــ ‪ U Dw‬ــ&‪ C ،:‬ــ&‪ F ،١ßw‬ــ =‪،Dw‬‬
‫'‪.(e١Èßß ،)J1) ،)J1 C‬‬
‫‪.8 ،9 -‬‬
‫‪ C) -١ÃÅ‬ـ ــ ‪ w Y‬ـ ــ ‪ l Y‬ـ ــ‪ B‬ـ ــ‪ m¦ w‬ـ ــ@(‪ ² ،‬ـ ــ‪ d‬ـ ــ‪ Y 91‬ـ ــ ‪Dw‬‬
‫‪.(e١ÈÄÈ ،)J1) ،)J1 C' ،Dw= F ،١١w&C ،:&U‬‬
‫‪.&:U ،?' -‬‬
‫‪ F) -١ÃÃ‬ــ‪ D‬ــ ‪T‬ـ ــ‪ % F‬ــ ‪ b‬ــ&‪T w‬ـ ــ ‪ w‬ــ(‪ ² ،‬ــ‪ d‬ـ ــ‪ - Y 91‬ــ&‪(V ;%‬ـ ــ ‬
‫=ــ‪ Q‬ــ>‪ zF‬ــ‪[ 9%‬ــ‪T C‬ــ‪T e‬ــ ‪ ;w=%‬ــ ‪T‬ــ‪C ،F‬ــ ــ^‪،e‬‬
‫)‪.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w‬‬
‫‪210‬‬
.Z &T &W ،} -
Y 91‫ ــ‬d‫ــ‬² ،(d:&‫]ــ‬% :&‫ــ‬l Y }‫ــ‬% }<9s‫ ــ‬:&‫ــ‬l[ Y F‫ــ‬T ‫ )ــ‬-١ÃÆ
‫ـ‬C ،FT ;w=% T eT C[ 9% zF> Q= (V ;%&-
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w) ،e^
.I%9U &W ،@1] -
C‫ [ــ‬9%‫ ــ‬zF>‫ ــ‬Q‫(ــ =ــ‬V ;%&‫ــ‬- Y 91‫ ــ‬،(‫ــ‬w ‫ــ‬:& ‫ــ‬F) -١ÃÝ
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w) ،e^ C ،FT ;w=% T eT
.C &T 8- ،w%w -
)‫ـ‬J1 ;%&‫ـ‬- Y 91‫ ـ‬d‫ـ‬² ،()‫ـ‬95 Y ‫ـ‬: ‫ـ‬F] ‫ـ‬T )J1 ,T ) -١ÃÄ
.(e١ÈÈ٠ ،)J1) ،³C C C ،XC q Y
.- ،&b9 -
Dw ‫ ـ‬Y 91‫ ـ‬d‫ـ‬² ،(e‫ ـ‬Y ‫ـ‬1:=% ‫ـ‬-M }%& ) Y C ) -١Ãß
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،)J1) ،)J1 C' ،Dw= F ،١٠w&C ،:&U
211
T1‫(ــ‬1 Y 91‫ ــ‬d‫ــ‬² ،(}:‫ــ‬m¦ k‫ــ‬% w‫} ــ‬-‫ــ‬l Y ‫ــ‬w= ;‫ )]ــ‬-١ÃÈ
،)‫ ــ‬J1 ‫ ــ‬C' ،‫ ــ‬% ‫ ــ‬T ‫ ــ‬9w ،Å§‫ ــ‬،١ ، :9n‫ ــ) ] ــ‬J1
.(e١ÈÈÇ ،)J1)
.9wl &T ،@%º9 -
‫( ــ‬V ;%&‫ ــ‬- Y 91‫ ــ‬d‫ ــ‬² ،(F‫ ــ‬T ‫ ــ‬¥9s‫ ــ& ــ‬T ‫ ــ‬w ‫ ــ‬:& r‫ )< ــ‬-١Æ٠
،e^‫ــ ــ‬C ،F‫ــ‬T ‫; ــ‬w=% ‫ــ‬T e‫ــ‬T C‫ [ــ‬9%‫ ــ‬zF>‫ ــ‬Q‫=ــ‬
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w)
.(: &JF ،@&:M -
‫ ـ‬9w ،Å§ ،١ ، :9n] )J1 T1(1 Y 91 d² ،(8l e1T) -١Æ١
.(e١ÈÈÇ ،)J1) ،)J1 C' ،% T
. U ،1
-
9%‫ ــ‬zF>‫ ــ‬Q‫( ــ = ــ‬V ;%&‫ ــ‬- Y 91‫ ــ‬d‫ ــ‬² ،(ً‫<ـ ـ‬9s F‫ ــ‬T ‫ ) ــ‬-١ÆÇ
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w) ،e^ C ،FT ;w=% T eT C[
.~% ،Xx -
212
zF>‫ ــ‬Q‫( ــ = ــ‬V ;%&‫ ــ‬- Y 91‫ ــ‬d‫ ــ‬² ،(‫ ــ‬ :9‫ ــ‬ :9‫ ) ــ [ ــ‬-١ÆÅ
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w) ،e^ C ،FT ;w=% T eT C[ 9%
.] 9& &( ،@&C -
Q‫(ـ =ـ‬V ;%&‫ـ‬- Y 91‫ ـ‬d‫ـ‬² ،( ‫ـ‬3 ‫( ] ـ‬l 1 U]) -١ÆÃ
،‫ــ‬w) ،e^‫ــ ــ‬C ،F‫ــ‬T ‫; ــ‬w=% ‫ــ‬T e‫ــ‬T C‫ [ــ‬9%‫ ــ‬zF>‫ــ‬
.(e١ÈÄÈ
.¬ &T &C( ،91bT -
Y 91‫ ـ‬d‫ـ‬² ،(

‫ـ‬T Y Xl‫ &ـ‬k‫¡ـ‬% F‫ـ‬T T ;&:&' ,1 «C) -١ÆÆ
‫ـ‬C ،FT ;w=% T eT C[ 9% zF> Q= (V ;%&-
.w1T ،_F91F -
9%‫ ــ‬zF>‫ ــ‬Q‫( ــ = ــ‬V ;%&‫ ــ‬- Y 91‫ ــ‬d‫ ــ‬² ،(F‫ ــ‬T ‫ ــ‬j‫ ــ‬s) -١ÆÝ
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w) e^ C ،FT ;w=% T eT C[
.Fb ،
-
213
;%&‫ـ‬- Y 91‫ ـ‬d‫ـ‬² ،(&‫ـ‬C ‫ـ‬% F‫ـ‬T ‫ـ) ـ‬# ‫© ـ‬9 e (9&) -١ÆÄ
‫ ــ‬C ،F‫ــ‬T ‫; ــ‬w=% ‫ــ‬T e‫ــ‬T C‫ [ ــ‬9%‫ ــ‬zF>‫ ــ‬Q‫(ــ =ــ‬V
.&< ،pC -
9%‫ ـ‬zF>‫ ـ‬Q= (V ;%&- Y 91 d² ،(FT e: Y w) -١Æß
.w1T 9 ،%C -
zF>‫ ـ‬Q‫( =ـ‬V ;%&- Y 91 d² ،(, T% >< w& Y FT ) -١ÆÈ
.(e١ÈÄÈ ،w) ،e^ C ،FT ;w=% T eT C[ 9%
.8:|1 _:1 ،XT1 -
9%‫ ــ‬zF>‫ ــ‬Q‫(ــ =ــ‬V ;%&‫ــ‬- Y 91‫ ــ‬d‫ــ‬² ،(F‫ــ‬T ‫ ــ‬j3
‫ )ــ‬-١Ý٠
: '= 9w
-‫ـ‬3
214
161 - Lewis and the others, the Encyclopaedia of Islam,
(London, 1971), Volume : III
215

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‫ْ ﱠ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬

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