mm peries the slices an Cuzco, a small set plans during thet Caco youths. As inallofTshuantin soures describe F fom his head ané the shes of the hy Two other go racocha Pachayacl anoter major ter square of Cuzco, _Grigbal de Mi Inca religions ssc the temple. The st symbol of authori "The Incas ded ter 60 miles) soe Casha during sole the god Viricacha = the Moon and the = anid eadtions (ee ‘Vracocha ako Hoar, some 50 F ‘The chroniclers Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro de Cieza de Leén, Cris. ‘bal de Molina, and Bernabé Cobo all write of a dance performed with a rope that took place at publi festivities thoughout the year, Molina describes it as having occurted during the Camay Quills celebration in December in wach mien and women took op posite ends ofa black, whit, red and tan ope and danced in homage to varios Inacts and deceased Inca kings The dancers encircled Cuacos main plaza with the rope and by joining both ends made various movements that coiled the rope into the form of 3 sail ‘or sake. When the rope was finally dropped tothe ground, it resembled 2 coiled snake, hence the dance was named mor aro, Sarmiento ako describes the dance, although he called it mory wre, noting that + many-colore, 275-meter-long 000-foot-long) rope ‘made by the Ine king Pachacuti Inca Yupangui was taken out four fests through fut the yearThe magnificently drewed dancers sng and competcly encircled Cuzco ‘main square, the Aucaypata, with the rope, Cobo describes another version ofthis dance performed on che day af che euler Husyma Capac birt, when 200 people danced with 1 thick, Jong golden chain. He explains tht the Inca prince Haaser recsived his name in memory of this chain ine). ‘Many dances were performed to the rhythm of a single, luge or stall individually held fuenear deur (hollow log drut covered with lama skin). Dancers wore ankle shak~ ers made of lange, colored beans (2agpa);sitver and copper, cup-shaped bells (han) and seashells (dn). Cobo note that there gave way to European bel, whose ound Andean peoples preferred. The native chronicier Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala depict ankle shakers worn by 2 dhnchu dancer from Antisuyu, the topical, forested quater of the empire. Guaman Poma’ drawing shows ane ofthe few dances that has maiatained con ‘iowitychrough time and is sil danced voday during patron sint festival Further Reading Giese Lei, Peo de. The I fo de Ceca de Lain Tamed by Hart de Oni. ie by ‘Victor Wella vor Hagen, Nort University of Oklaor Pes 1989 (1553-1554 Mokins, CrinSald, Act ofthe oe ad Rie of he les Trad a etd by rn §. Bas ‘ais Si-O, an Gail. Canta Attn Univers of as Pres, 201 [1575 DEITIES ‘The Incas worshipped two kinds of deities: a few high gods of the sky and the sea, be~ longing to the sate religious pantheon and decidedly political in nature, and anjiad sacred entities of che terrestrial landscape, known as hace and closely connected tothe ‘everyday and social hfe of individuals and group, At the height ofthe Inca pantheon there was the tiad formed by Int (the Sun), Viticocha (4 mythological figure ranging bberween a Creator and a ehilizng ber), and lapa (he god of Thunder and Lightning) Inti was the ttelary god of the Empire. He was belived to be the ancestor of che In dynasty, an for this reason the Incas called themselves Tap churn (children of the Sun) He was also linked tothe growth and maturing of cops paticubly maize a major saple fod of Andean people The leading festivals inthe Ina ritual eslendst were held during‘ra de Lea, Cris APvidh a ope that shaving ocearsed {women took op- se to ations hnccar "th the rope and by the foem ofa sail bled a coiled snake, dines thought he’ 60-fooe-long) rope fester chrough- 2 encircled Cuneo’ srson of this dance svople danced with reccived his name soll individly| wore ankle hake el homer} and hose sound Anan ‘Ayala depicts ankle sted quarter of the 2 mnttined con. ial ic de Oni Edd by 11859-1554) ety Boia 8. Boer, ost [1595 ky and the sea, be= nature, and enyriad by connected to the the ea pantheon tical figine ranging ser and Lightning). ancestor ofthe Ines biden ofthe Si). sizes major ape 1 were held ding peries 13 the softies and marked the growth cycle of maize. Ta che Coricancha, [nts shrine in (Cac, 1 small sacred field was devoted to maize and adorned with ife-sze,golden maize plans during the fecal marking sowing, harvest, and the anal inition rites of noble Cuzco youths. A statue of Punchso (day young Sun, the mos sacred image ofthe Sun {all of Tahasnsinsuya, occupied the zc sexton of the Coricancha, Many historical Sources describe Punchoo a golden image ofa seated boy, with solar rays emanating fiom his head and shoulders and whose hollow core contained a paste of gold dst and the ashes ofthe hearts of deceased kings. “Two other golden images accompanied Punchao in the Coricancha: those of Vic racocha Pachayachachi (The Master of the World) and Mapa. Pucamares Quissarcancha, nother major temple complex locted midway between the Sun shrine and the main uate of Cunco, was expres dedieated to these to deities (see Cuzco). The chronicler {Ceistsbal de. Molina claims tis shrine was buile during a major reformation of the Inca religious system by the ruler Pachacus, who placed a golden statue of Viracocha in the temple The satve was the size ofa ten year-old boy, with his right am mised 283 symbol of authori. "The Tneas dedicated another msjor shrine to Viracocha in Cacha, some 100 kilome= ters (60 miles) southeast of Cuca, in the heare of Canas territory. The Inca rule visited ‘Cacha during solem pileintager held duving the June ole. According to na lore, the god Viracocha stopped hereafter emerging fom Lake Titicaca and cresting the Sun, the Moon and the stars well the ancestors ofall peoples, along with thet languages tind tations Gee Myths, Origin) VVirscocns also patsed at moustain bearing his mame near the towns of Urcos and ‘Hua, ome 50 klometers (30 males) southeast of Cuzco, where the chronicler Juan ‘de Betanzos claims a shrine contained an image of Vircocha seated on a lange golden throne. Afler_valking across the Andes from the southeast to the northwest teaching ‘people how © cultivate their crops and live i a civilized way Viracocha finally reached the Pueie Ocean, (Accounts of where Vieicocha disappeared into the sea range from Pachacamae on Peru central coast «0 Manta in Eeundor) ‘Given tha Viracocha emerged fon lake and ended his earthly mison in che ocean, and ince his name ielfinclodes the term cxks ae, sea), Viracocha ses to be closely connected with the sea, which the Inca pictared as a huge expanse of water that st: ounded and supported the earth, and which sueiced through springs and lakes, lap, wha ws ao known at Coq Hla (Golden Light or Int laps (Fhunder of the Sun), was 2 veritable “ord of stmospherie phenomena” whom the nea called upon to plead for tain and ward off oss andl other adverse meteorological phenomen. The {Fit priest Berabé Cobo noted that Ilapa vas believed to be a man formed by the stars in che sky holding a sling in his ight hand and a war lin his left one. His shin= ing garments dicharged lightning when be prepared to ust is sling, and the cracking, of hl eveated claps of thunder, Rain was believed to be the water he drew ffom the heavenly river oF Milly Way. Cobo ako sys tha Inca Pachacuti was devoted to Tat apa and had a shrine bil in his honor in the Cuzco precinet of Totocachi There he placed s golden satue of the god atop a litter also made out of gold, an he always caried ‘vith him daring military campaigns 2s his protetive deity: The Inca Requentiy made4 peimes Ihuman series to this image, so thatthe god would keep the king strong and ensure the power ofthe empire Sintenth- and sevententh-century sources give varying accounts of Inca orl ta lions, in which the same mythical deed is indisincly ascribed to either the Sun or Viracochs. Such i the case of the famed vision that prince Inca Yopan, the fate ruler Pachacut, had at the sping of Sassrpoqio, price tothe decisive victory ver the CChancas, which marked che bepinning of Ines iasperial expansion (eee Chronology, nea; Conquest). In the accounts of Pedro Sarmiento. de Gasnboa and Cristdbal ‘de Molina, the god that appeared before Pachacut isthe Sun, whereas Juan de Betan- ‘20s notes it wat Viacoch Hetanzos himself pointed out thi (apparent) contradiction, remarking thatthe Inca indisiney seribed the natare of Creator sometimes to the Sun ad sometimes to Viracocha, ‘One posible explanation i found inthe 1608 Quechua dictionary ofthe Jest priest [Diego Gonrilez Holguin tnt defines Viniche, ae an epithet ofthe Sun god sages ing that Ini and Vircocha wee a single deity This, alongwith the fit thatthe Thunder god was offen clled In Mapa (i.e, Thunder ofthe Sau), lead the conchasion that the Inca infact conceived of ln Vitacocha, and Mapa nota three diffrent entities, but 3 ferent aspects of ing sole dit tae dough is various manifestations ented the exinence af humanity. Indeed, many peer in the state religion began procly with 3 Join invocation to the Sun-Viracocha-Thunder ead which the Fh adresse with 2 pecific ritual veneation noe wed with any other deine ‘Ths, the evidence suggest thatthe great religious reformation begun by Pachacut and continaed by his son Tops Inca Ypangui consisted of che etalishment of highly intitutionaized and theologically complex religion that foctsed on a muticetd Su god To enhance che Suns glory, prestige, and acccptance by conguered peoples, [ni a sumed the powers and atebutes ofa series of ancient segional Andean deities ua Tunupa, Libiag, and Catequil—reheed to agriclere, water, and meteorological phe- nomena, Therefore, by subuiming all of the jor powers of natu, ft and sto ler ‘gs, Vircochs and Hapa, embodied and expresed the power of Tahusstinsayu and provided the ideological sippore recited by the divine monarchy. Other celestial dete inthe state religions pantheon with significant pobtial con tations were Mama Quila (other Moon) and Chascaquyllor(Shagey Sa). Mama Quis he sster-wite of Ine and patoness ofthe Cay the main wife ofthe Lnca king, presided over the female universe‘The Ines had a pecal egatd for Mana Quill because Cuzco ceremonial calendar was esentally based on lanae months, Indeed, both the CCoricancha and a Moon temple on the Ind of Coat, part ofthe get Tiiaca oracle (Gee Oracles), boasted two large gold and silver anthropomorphic images of die Moon (Chaseaguylo,the plane Venus i es manifetion as Morning Sar, which Fes a a wien the Sun rises, was sociated with the amas or een lode, Acconding roa mj rebted to che shrine of Titicaca, when the Sun rote forthe fit time fom the sired tock of Tala it defeated and eversiadowed the Morning Str, whore light hud wat then lit dhe world. Tes aoe hard to eee i tis account a metaphor ofthe supremacy the Inca, the 1m of te Sun, had ovee the ethic lords and 3 eulogy ofthe cviining masion ‘of Tahantinsuyu. The Fas aso worshipped the Petes, which were known at Calls (oreo) and Lye constellation howd Gee Astror Bat beyond tion the daly sv Facused om the ues, Eveey fr leged eatin avin. A ua taitop, oF a cave be infoed with a itself dough the Tn fact in oer ¢ snateriszed exer bubbling water, © langage that ont tox rash ito Essetialy,AN sce of strongly voices” mites aswell the fle ties, and chiro Inca shrines, oes the sounds af nan provided intese fee of acoustic ‘omon ands the have some # amplify the sume Tet orc cent the largest imperi ‘ofancient Ande Further Reae Capa Pecos ‘ge ain tines Ponce eta Ju de Dense, Arthor A Mondera er Car Pc ie Anne MacCoraack, bit rine Uniesng trong and ensure vont of ned orl er (a either the Sun oF orange, the fore ‘sive vitory over the on (se Chronology, ‘boa and Cestdbal veasJuan de Betsn- patent) contrition, sometimes to the Su sy ofthe Jue priest the Sua god gas fact tha the Thusder se conduson tt the Arent entities, bat 3¢ festations ensued the zan precisely with a hl added with * begun by Packacut Blshmene of a ily va muliiceted Sun ‘ed peoples Int as- dean deter Hiei, meteorological phe Io and his eo aor PTahuansinsay and ‘fcane political con- (Shagay Sta). Mama sie of the Tees king, fama Quila because th Indeed, both the ret Tiricaca orale ages oF ehe Mon, hich Fides a wr Acconding toa my ie fom the scted hose lghe ad wn the supremacy the he ciizing mision ‘e known as Cls peimies ns (eorehouse) and believed to be protectors ofthe crops, 38 well a a group of stars nthe Tym convelation called Unwchiley, envisaged asa mulicolored Hama and muster ofthe hen ee Astronomy) Bat beyond the oficial cult of the major celal and marine godt ofthe state rel son, the daily social and religious life of Incas and other contemporary Andean peoples Facued om the worship of scted ence related to terrestrial landsape features, called Iucs, Every fail socal group, commanity and ethnic proup hada direct and pri leged relationship with speci hac, which was considered their eatsary and ancestal livin A inact could be a specific landscape Fearre, such 2a rock spring, 8 mown= faint, ora cae, or an object such aan upright stone, satue, or mummy, believed co bye infined witha hfe force known as comaquot The posesion ofthis force manifested itll dough the capaci there supernataral ene ad to commanicste with humans Infact, in order to be a huey, thete entities had to have the power of speech,” which ‘materialized essentially in the Sounds made by animals, musi, or natare, such thunder, bubbling water, or the cracking of ice. Thee sounds were conceived a6 2 supernatural language that only certsin speciality, in alecred states of consciousness, could understand an trate ico a vera mtesge that wo ntllgible tthe thf -Esenily Andean religion in Tnes times was 2sjstem of representations and prac ies of strony ural nature, dha i, one which focused on sensing and incerpreting the “voices” ented by the univers tit marounds humanity The Fuss, the manifestation a ell atthe fer ofthis religion, were conceived as esentaly sonorous sacred en- ‘ies and eheir shrines ae spaces where one went to heat thet “wwices ee Oracles) Inca shrines, located at ssategic tes carefully prepared to heighten the perception of the sounds of atare as well those produced by diferent devies and instramens, thus provided iteme auditory experiences cresting, pera, the met perf: and generalized "se of acoustic paces and structures made by 20 ancient society Indeed, one of the most common and striking characteris ofthese sacred sts isch they are located in places that have some natual source of sound, oF comprie structures meant to produce or mph the sound of flowing water oF wang wind. In ths sense splendid monumental Inc oracula centers ofa pun-Andean nator sch aTitiaca or Pachacarie wer imp ‘he anges imperial manifeeaions ofa isicon—the fuace—that ay a che very heart oF ancien Andean religion, Further Reading ‘Canc Pech Mas “La ws de as Ace dele ater orc tfc a de eg sac” Inn ected by sn Cras Pcs J Seems Linn: Ponce Unvsiad Caic Pe, 2013 ‘Bete um de Nee of fs, ried ned by Rolin Handhon n Dan Bachan, ‘Nuon Unity tT Pre 1996 (581-1557, Dente, Arthar A Via. The Nae Anti of he Aeon Hg Gok Peed Mescum "Monogapbs 6Cabridge, MA: Harerd Unies 81 eg, Ct Vio Ost, Nae ames de died Ic Li: estate Fans de Ter Anos at roo de Racor Perens, 2013, “MacConnac, bin. Rel An: iad lagna in Ely Cao Pe rncto, NJ Princeton Unrverty Fre, 199,16 DISEASES, FOREIGN Salle, John B, and Brian Sous Liha she Andes and Mean Pe-Colabin, Cao, nd Comnpny Prgcines, Nes Yr Onto Univer Pr 2013 Ste, Paul Rand Cathrine Alle, Handboofe Mhalig,SanisDcbrs CA:ABC-CL1O, 200, ow, rice SL go dees Wn Lae br lr macnn iia dts de a einer XYXVE. Quito: sins Abya-Yl, 1997, DISEASES, FOREIGN ‘The impact ofthe so-called Columbian Exchange transformed the nea Empire Tt was 2 bioogical exchange fist and foremost, but ako an economic and social one that changed traditional ways of doing things in profound ways, The exchange was twa sided, as Old and New Worlds collided, shook, and ultimately transformed the globe. The exchange involved the movement across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans of long-separsted peoples, ‘aking with them their plnts and animals and ther pathogens (Of the three principal elements of the Columbian Exchange, diease caused by pathogens, essing in scknese and untimely death had the greatest and most ime~ ae impact on the peoples of the Amevias. Pathogens are any foreign agents entering the body that can cause disease, Broadly the pathogens are viruses, bacteria, parasites, protozoa, and fungi. Jas to lise their names would consume several pages. With the coming of the agriculeual revolution and esing populations, the peoples of linked ‘Eurasia and Aftiea experienced the heavy impact of pathogens. It appeats these was & ‘greater diversity of pathogens in the Old Wold than in the Americas, and there wes substantial regional specificity "The New World was not dreae-fice environment. I to0 went through the agrieul- ‘ural revolution andthe ris of cites, and faced the impuct of pathogens. large number ‘of autochthonous Andean diseases aso debilitated o* billed victins outright (ee Heath and Illness). Syphilis uberculesi and lehnaiarh were endemic and there were varios Ihemorthagic fevers. Parasites were ubiquitous, But the introduction of Old World disease as pat ofthe Columbian Exchange caused exceptional morality The principal ealy culpriss wore smallpox and measles—acute, easly commani- cable viruses that could spread rapidly, especialy in ateas of high population density. ‘Both require 2 chain of infection, otherwise an epidemic wall btn self out. In densely populated ares ofthe Old World both disease tended to be endemic, affecting mouty children. Measles, especially complicitions reuling from it, rook 10-15 percent of vi tims, whereas smallpox wiped out 25 percent or mene with each flare-up. Smallpox and meas survivors developed lifelong, immunity Some experienced subclinical infections (oild eases with no visible symproms) tha provided some imnnity in fature outbreaks, too. Infected individuals can carry che virus several dys before the onslaught of sickness, therefore the infection can be czried in advance of any knowledge oft ‘Smallpox and measles wete relatively eay for Spanish physicans of the period to identify by their sympeoms, and the differences were known and described at eatly at the tenth century in a medical vex by the Persisn physician Rehsaes, The arial of the vectored diseases, such as typhus, plague, malaria, and yellow fever, was delayed given the need for an American vector species cable of eatryng itor until the Old World ‘vectors tanepore by the body lou especialy since ie Buope, The bube fas (Nenopsyla cd Malaria, cased b smarily tansporte ieee physics after exploration eeping in the A ings imporiee the events of che vent the fair ‘Smullpex may fleet as eaty 21 pandemic that be slowly but inexor the Aztec state a0 oF from sites of in southward deeper and measles were arrival in Perv. B susceptible. Both smotality rates ve When smalipe to the penetration casts as mente lies information, Vaca de Cauoin virweas” (disease Spaniands secured dle Betanzor ra bised om account down with an il snd whit appeare dro de Cieza and on the orl ‘of Petu, He wot ofthe north, was amore than 200,0¢ nea Hluayna Cap Although it Inter historians & great on the Inc