• Compare and contrast two classes of Helminth, Nematodes with Cestodes in terms of physical

composition and method of identification.

Nematodes Cestodes
- Symmetricle/ tapered
- Has a body cavity with digestive system
- Reproduction
o dioecious: dimorphic males and
females
o hermaphroditic: single worm is
both male and female
o parthenogenetic: reproduction
without fertilization
o Most are oviparous [external egg
layers], some are ovoviviparous [
eggs are hatched within the body
of the parent]
- Has a body Wall, encloses pseudocoel:
o Cuticle (a lining on the exterior of
the nematode
o Hypodermis (lining within the
cuticle that actually secretes and
forms the cuticle
o Musculature
 Noncontractile portion
 Contractile
portion(myoconton)
 Circomyarian:
circular
sarcoplasm
 Coelomyarian:
Spindle shaped
with contractile
portions of a U,
surrounding the
sarcoplasm
 • Recognize the eggs of the nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Toxocara,
and Trichuris trichiura.

Name of worm Egg

Ascaris Lumbricoides

Mammillated brown/yellow coat or covering on

outer shell. Coat is sometimes lost and
decorticated eggs have a colorless shell with gray
or black internal material.

Enterobius Vermicularis

Smooth, thin eggshell with one flattened side

Toxocara

Found in cat or dog, not human

Trichuris Tichiura

Elongated, yellow to brown, barrel-shaped with a

colorless polar plug at the end
 • Describe the epidemiology, physiology, structure, life-cycle, and clinical syndrome ( Ascariasis)
of the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides.

Epidemiology: - Human to human transmission(fecal oral), when human feces is used to fertilize soil.
Primarily poor hygiene regions in the tropical/subtropics, most common infection

Long (35 millimeters)

Life Cycle: Ingestion of the eggs  intestinal Hatching  migration from blood to trachea  maturation
in the alveoli  coughed up and swallowed  back to GI tract for egg laying
•

• Describe the epidemiology, physiology, structure, life-cycle, and clinical syndrome ( Trichinosis)
of the nematode Trichinella spiralis.

• Compare and contrast the epidemiology, physiology , life cycles, identification and or clinical
presentation of Ascaris Lumbricoides and Trichnella spiralis.

• Describe the epidemiology, physiology, life cycle and structure of the cestode Taenia solium.

• Describe cysticercosis and taeniasis and how these diseases develop in humans.

• Recognize and differentiate between the strobilia of Taenia solium and Echinococcus granulosis.

• Describe the epidemiology, physiology, life cycle and structure of the cestode Echinococcus
granulosis

• Compare the mechanism of action and use of the antihelmintic agent drugs Benzimidazole
(albendazole), Pyrazinoisoquinoline (praziquantel) and niclosamide.