Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pertinent Laws:
“All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and
other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber,
wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the state.
With the exception of agricultural lands, all natural resources shall not be
alienated. The exploration, development and utilization of natural
resources shall be under the FULL CONTROL and SUPERVISION of the
State. The State may DIRECTLY undertake such activities, OR may enter into
co-production, joint venture, or production sharing agreements with Filipino
citizens or corporations, associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital
is owned by such citizens. Such agreement may be for a period NOT
EXCEEDING TWENTY FIVE years, renewable for NOT MORE THAN TWENTY
FIVE years, and such terms and conditions as may be provided by law. In
cases of water rights for irrigation, water supply, fisheries, or industrial uses
other than the development of water power, beneficial use may be the measure
and limit of the grant.”
The State shall protect the nation’s marine wealth in its archipelagic
waters, territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone, and reserve its use
and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The Congress may, by law allow small-scale utilization of natural
resources by Filipino citizens, as well as cooperative fish farming, with
priority to subsistence fishermen and fishworkers in rivers, lakes, bays
and lagoons.
The President may enter into agreement with foreign owned
corporations involving either technical or financial assistance for
LARGE-SCALE exploration, development, or utilization of minerals,
petroleum, and other mineral oils according to the general terms
and conditions provided by law, based on real contributions to the
economic growth and general welfare of the country.
In such agreement the State shall promote the development and use of
local scientific and technical resources.
The President shall notify the Congress of every contract entered into in
accordance with this provision, within thirty days from its execution.
IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
In the Philippines we look upon our natural resources as our exclusive
heritage and we are called upon to preserve them for ourselves and our
posterity.
Preamble: establishment of a government that shall conserve and
develop our patrimony
Alien ownership of land and other natural resources would tend to result
in international complications: gradual extension of foreign influence into
our politics would increase the possibility of foreign control, posing
danger to our internal security and independence
Delegate Enrique J.C. Montilla during the 1935 Constitutional
convention expressed his view on such question of national import, to
wit:
“Lands and natural resourcesare immovable and as such can be
compared to the vital organs of a person’s body, the lack of possession of
which may cause instant death or the shortening of life. If we do not
nationalize these two of our most important belongings, I am afraid that
the time will come when we shall be sorry for the time we were born.
Our independence willjust be a mockery, for what kind of independence
are we going to have if a part of our country is not in our hands but in
those of foreigners?”.(Aruego, The Framing of the Philippine Constitution,
Vol.2,p.592)
Public Forests
Forest –large tract of land covered with natural growth of trees andunder bush:
a large wood.
It does NOT embrace land only partly woodland
It is an organic whole in which all parts, although apparently
heterogeneous, jumbled together by accident as it were and apparently
unrelated, bear a close relation to each other and are interdependent as
any other beings and conditions in nature (Ramosvs. Dir. of Lands, 39
Phil.175)
Where the area in question is aforest or timber land : certification made
by Bureau of Forest Development, approved by the President
Prescription will not lie against the State. The right of reversion or
reconveyance to the State is not barred by prescription under
Commonwealth Act No. 141.
Mineral lands
Any land contains mineral for that matter. But it is necessary to show
that it is more valuable for mining purposes than for anything else.
as such quantities as to justify expenditures in the effort to extract them
and which are more valuable for the minerals they contain than for
agricultural orother uses.
Note: The decision on the construction of the Public Land Act are entitled a
great respect by the courts. The decisions of the Director of Lands as to
question of facts are conclusive when approved by the Secretary (Doctrine of
Primary Jurisdiction)
d. He represent the state in a reversion proceedings and may file an
action for the cancellation of patent and title acquired through fraud
e. Regulate the occupation or provisional use of public lands
Note: For administration purposes, land districts have been established
throughout the Philippines, each district is headed by a local land officer
embracing one province
Modes of Disposition
1. For homestead settlement
2. Sale
3. Lease
4. Confirmation of imperfect or incomplete title
5. Judicial legalization
6. Administrative legalization ( free patent)
Note: an appeal from a decision of the Secretary of DENR to the President, NOT
a condition sine qua non for the exhaustion of administrative remedies before
resorting to judicial review