March 2017 | 35.00 PVC 2017 Rapid Corey ater-y elated a) Hyperbola Trigonometry Freee Vector 3-D Probability Tro RW aoS TMNT TEST RiDER FOR JEE TEST DRIVE FOR BOARD GOLDEN OLDIES RAINBOW FUN ARCADE More bares More Features More Practice...JEE MAINs ADVANCEDhttps://vk.com/readinglecture MAZHEMATICS | potter sctameguste coment ectrum always poe new challenge and the stne ie appiableo March 2017, The dl levee abit higher for pprnt this ea due to election, The deceased gp between [EE Mains and Board exams may ismande your planning and afet your result, Publisher PARUL JAIN ‘Examinations ae ant ony mean tte our knowledge and study eile. Rte or personality aa hairman YOTAES individalisals eed though them, Daring an examintien ot bility ode work to del wath boil ead Publhing Manager Projet Head ‘oontinator Production Manager elton Advertisement Gener Manager Cover e-bay Design Page Designer Diagram Dpeseing iy Editor Prof Readers ead fice Phone Fac Email Website Giuation Regd Ofce © Publisher Pred and Published by Arihant Media Promoters dC ‘ci Printed at rihantPablations (Eda) Tad Rapid Concept Revision @ TRNagaz, Meerut (UB) ica sitstions,towistand ental pests and our hiking under etree ace as tested, The dy SANTAY SHARMA of examination isnot tala favourite fr many ameng us, but nabody can ao it You may fe Tater these ae the stepping stones to succes Slave al our neal feeling be lied and take it aay Keep flowing postin mind t perform beter in Board: + Cafu reading of question paper is very important In Boards, proper ime (eg half an hourin AMITVERMA nervous ease scared ancious oral on this particular day But remember! “Exams arent hu ERA SIODIQUE (CBSE) isalleted for thistas. 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This will lp in beter veel of problems, + Answer yourbest question is. tw hghlight the important parts of yor answer These willbe ANT BANSAL Bet caching the examines terion he ime checkig of your respons hel, BRAILAMaAL SINGtL + Trytobeasneat and cleanas posse Start every new question rom afresh page, [MAYANK.SANDEER VIPINARJUN + ‘Wyouare short fine, avoid alton andi thee is sore ime et check your answers again + Once your examination over and you ae otf the hall avoid cus he examination paper ce qustion with other candies, This nay create unnecessary tenon Sma «Teton ANBANT MEDI “Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm” smn eee ‘wwwahantbooks corn ge ARIHANT MEDIA PROMOTERS 45715, AGARWAL ROAD, DDARYA GAN}, NEW DELKI-2 it 01-47630600, Jain for 1 tty postive and never let negative thoughts induenc you sal” Class XI (02) Test Rider JEE Main Prep Up (34) * hleighs reserved No prt a ss again ca be pried wae orin pst iho he writen person of he Test Rider JEE Main Scale Up (39) pabihe «Thee and pbs he maga do esto ; ‘ery teinfrmationpabishe. bt donot ake xy Golden Oldies (41) ‘espasy far the alte aearcy fhe alration pubed Rainbow (46) + Alitesujet to Mecrat (2) retin ony Concept Map (48) JEE Advanced Drill (50) Rapid Concept Revision @ Class XII (58) Brain Teasers (85) Test Drive Board Exam Prep Up (88) +t Drive Board Exam Scale Up (91) Te Fun Arcade (94) Quizzer (96)@ CLASS XI SYLLABUS Rapid CONCEPT REVISION > HYPERBOLA Abyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in such a way that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (i.e. focus) and a fixed line (ic. directrix) is always constant, which is greater than one. This ratio is called eccentricity (), Let $ and MZ be the focus and directrix of the hyperbola, IfP(x,, 94) is any point on the hyperbola, then PS 5 Fay Or PS =ePMye>1 Or A hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in such a ‘way that the difference ofits distance from two fixed points (0, foci) is always constant. Standard Equation of Hyperbola Standard equation of hyperbola is PX ze where, a and b are constants and ‘The sketch of the locus of a moving point which satisfy, the equation 2 -%=1, is shown in F the adjoining figure. (02 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Some Important Terms (@ Symmetry On replacing y by (~) and x by (-2), fy then the equation 2-2 quation SE curve is symmetrical about both X and Y-axes. Gi) Foci The points S(ae, 0) and S’ (- ae, 0) are the foci of the hyperbola and ‘the distance between foci is SS’ = 2ae. ‘remains same. So, the ii) Directrices The lines ZM and Z'M' are called the directrices of the hyperbola and its equations are Also, distance between the Airectrioes is 22’ = 28 (iv) Axes The lines AA’ and BB’ are known as transverse axis and conjugate axis, respectively ofthe hyperbola (a) The length of the transverse axis = AA’ = 2a () The length of the conjugate axis = BB’ = 26 (¥) Centre The point of intersection of the axes of the hyperbola is known as centre (C) of the hyperbola dale. x=2 andx Note All chords ps C aro bse "at (vi) Vertices ‘The end points A and A’ of transverse axis are known as the vertices of a hyperbola, ‘The coordinates of A and A’ are (a, 0) and (a, 0), respectively. (vil) Focal chord A chord ofa hyperbola passing through, its focus is known as focal chord. (vii) Foeal distance The distance of any point on the hyperbola from the focus is called focal distance. ‘The difference of the focal distances of any point onhttps://vk.com/readinglecture the hyperbola is always constant and this constant is always equal to the length of the transverse axis of the hyperbola. If P is any point of the hyperbola, then SP - SP =2a=Length of transverse axis, Latusreetum ‘The focal chord perpendicular to the transverse axis is called latusrectum, IfLL’ and NN’ are the latusreetums of a hyperbola, then these lines are perpendicular to the transverse axis AA’ and passing through $ and S’, aay war co) Hor, = {2 and ‘and length of latusreetum = LL! = 22 Ordinate and double ordinate Let Pbe a point on the hyperbola. From P, draw PQ perpendicular to the axis of the hyperbola and produced it to meet the curve again at P’. Then, PQ is called ordinate and PP is called double ordinate. Eccentricity of hyperbola The eccentricity ofa hyperbola is e = J + (6"/a") Auxiliary circle Equation of auxiliary cirele of the hyperbola & xi) xii) E-Dat isxteyaot (aiii) Parametric equations of the hyperbola The parametric equations of the hyperbola are x=asec8 and y=btan@, where 8 is the parameter and 0.<0 <2n. (aiv) Equation of chord The equation of chord Joining the points P(asec0,,btan0,) and x y i Qlasec®,,btan8,)is}asec®, btane, 1|=0 wo) -fm 3-3) Conjugate Hyperbola ‘The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axes are respectively the conjugate and transverse axes of @ given hyperbola, is called the conjugate hyperbola ofthe given hyperbola. ‘The conjugate hyperbola of the erbola 2 -* -1is- 24% -1ie S-% hyperbola Haris +E atie S- Pant Properties of Hyperbola and Conjugate Hyperbola Properties of hyperbola and conjugate hyperbola are given below © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Conjugate hyperbola Hyperbola ‘Standard equation Centre ‘Equation of transverse ‘Equation of conjugate axis = 0 yo ‘Length of transverse axis 2a B ‘Length of conjugate axis 2 2a Foci z ‘ ‘Equation of directrices xai? & Vertices Eccentricity Length of latusrectum Parameter coordinates (asecd, btan) _(atan0, Bsecd) Focal distances of| ‘SP =er,-a SP point (x,, 9.) and 8 Difference of focal distances (SP —SP) Tangents atthe vert Position of a Point with Respect to a Hyperbola Let an equation of the hyperbola be. If value of hyperbola at (x, 9) is, following cases arise. (If, =0, then the point lies on the hyperbola. Gi) If, <0, then the point lies inside the hyperbola. Gi) If, > 0, then the point lies outside the hyperbola Various Form of the Equation of Tangent 1. Point Form If Pa, 9,) is any point on the hyperbola, then the equation of fF orig TH ¥ tangont othe hyperbola ~ 2. Parametric Form If Plasec8,btan 6) is any point on the hyperbola, then the equation of tangent to the hyperbola z 2» 2s0c0 -2tan@=1 a 6 3, Slope Form ‘The equation of tangent to the hyperbola. in terms of slope mis y= mx + a"? — 6 MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 03,© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Condition for Tangency and Points of Contact EY a1 etal ~B and the coordinates ofthe Jem? 0 aim —6 Nature of Tangents Drawn from a Point to a Hyperbola Te unjunu ante ren fv patos pel which are given below : ( If a point lies outside, then two tangents are real and distinet. i) If a point lies on the hyperbola, then two tangents are coincident. Gi) If @ point lies inside the hyperbola, then two tangents are imaginary. Various Form of the Equation of Normal 1. Point Form The equation of normal tothe hyperbola 2-271 at PU, 98 2, Parametrle Fo ‘The equations of normal to the hyperbola 2 x =1at Pla sec, btan®) is B ec 3. Slope Form The equation of normal tothe hyperbola 2 — 22 =1 in terms of slope m is y= mss “Me +0) a? Bim? ‘The coordinates of points of contact are Note Four normals can be drain ftom ary point to a hyperbola, Conormal Points Any four points on the hyperbola at which the normals pass through a common point, are called conormal points. Note Tangent drawn at ary point bisects the angle between the Ines joining the point to the foci whereas normal bisects the supplementary angle between the lines. (04 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Equation of Pair of Tangents ‘The equation of the pair of tangents drawn from a point P(x, 9) to the hyperbola 5 - 5 = Lis $8, =T? Equation of Chord Bisected at a Given Point TEL,» bisets the chord of he hyperbola - 2% =1, then the equation of chord bisected at the point P is T = S, where, T=*% Equation of Chord of Contact ‘The equation of chord of contact of tangents drawn from a oy 4 ZY e1isT=0, e ° point P(x.) to the hyperbola = where Diameter ‘The equation of a diameter bisecting a system of parallel oes : Y etisy- x gotisy chord of slope m of the hyperbola u Conjugate Diameter ‘Two diameters of a hyperbola are said to be conjugate diameters, if each bisects the chords parallel to the other. ‘Twolines y = m,xand y = m,xare conjugate diameters of the ee e hyperbola 2-2 <1, if mm, =2 wyperbola aoe Po Director Circle ‘The equation of director circle ofthe hyperbola ££ ae Pole and Polar ‘The polar of a point (x,y) with respect to the hyperbola slisxt+yt=a? EF righ Mh <1orP =o. ae ey Asymptotes If the length of perpendicular drawn from a point on the hyperbola to a straight line tends to zero as the point moves to infinity, then the straight line is known as asymptotes. ‘The equations of two asymptotes of the hyperbola 2 y bok a? 2-Yerarey=+2xori4%=0, oe abhttps://vk.com/readinglecture Rectangular Hyperbola A hyperbola whose asymptotes are perpendicular to cach other is called rectangular hyperbola. Or Ifthe length of transverse and conjugate axes of any hyperbola is equal, then it is called rectangular hyperbola Various Form of Rectangular Hyperbola 1. Cartesian Form (@ The general equation hyperbola is x” - y* =a" Gi) If.we take coordinate axes along the asymptotes of a rectangular hyperbola, then the equation of rectangular hyperbola becomes xy = ¢?, where cis any constant. of the rectangular 2, Parametric Form ‘The parametric equations of rectangular hyperbola sync are x=et and y=, whore is any parameter. Properties of Rectangular Hyperbola xy? =a? (i) The equations of asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola are y= * x (iit © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Gi) The transverse and conjugate axes of a rectangular hyperbola are equal in length (i) ecentrcity(e) = 1 a =i3 Properties of Rectangular Hyperbola xy =c? (The equation of chord joining 4 and ¢, is x+ vit elt, +4) =0. ‘The equation of tangent at (x, ,) is xy, + y=2c! or 2y2e2 BO The equation of tangent at (ct,e/£) to the hyperbola is xl t+ yt=2c. The point of intersection of tangents at (ct,,e/4) and Rett, Be Lat heh iy Git) Ww) (ete / t,) is w wid vii) The equation of normal at (x, 9,) is xx, ~ yy, = 22-92 ‘The equation of normal at is xt" - yf ~et* + ¢=0. The equation of the chord of the hyperbola xy =e, whose middle point is (x, 9), is 7 = 8, ive ay, + m= 2m 9, The slope of the tangent at the point (ct,¢/ 0) is =1/€, which is always negative. Hence, tangents drawn at any point to xy =c? would always make an obtuse angle with the X-axis ‘The slope of the normal at the point (t,¢/¢) is? which is always positive. Hence, normals drawn to xy =e! at any point would always make an acute angle with the X-axis, Notice Board (x) JEE 2017 IMPORTANT DATES 5 Desrinon Day. Date and Tine IEE Wain 2077 [ative a Sun. c2082017 2. |Resuts of EE Oain) 20:7 Thu, 27082017 3. | Reason for JEE (Advanced) 2017 Fr, 26.04.2017, 000 |ST 0 Tue, 02-06-2017, 1700 1ST 4 | Repistaion win Late Fee We, 0-082017 to Th, 0405-2017, 17.0018 8. | adm card avalabe or downloading Wed, 10-06 2017, 10.0 ST 10 Sun, 21-082017, 09.00 ST 6 luce (asvances 2017 sun, 21.05.2017 Paper-1 09:00-12:00 IST Paper-2 14:00-17-00 IST 7. |e) Onin depay of ORS and scanned responses Wed, 81-25-2017, 1000 If Sal 08662017, 7200 ST 1b) Request tom cancites for revow of scanned responses &. | one spy of enawor ays sun, 0806-2017, 1000181 e._| Feedback ane comments on answer keys fom he candidates] Sun 04062017, 10:00 1ST to Tue, 06-06-2017, 1700 ST 10, [Declaration of JEE Asvanced) resus Sin, 1062017, 100018 11, |onineregitaton fr vehecture Aptitude Test AAT) | Sun, 1.062017 1000 1ST to Mon, 12-06-2017, 17:0 18 12. | enter Aottue Test Wen 14-062017 ec0-1200 15T 13, | Declaration ot AAT esuts sin, 18062017 14_| Seat Aloment(Tentate) Non 1808-20170 Tue, 18072017 "1ST Indian Standard Time MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 051 3. 06 MASTER STROKES ‘The locus of point of intersection of tangents at the ends of normal chord of the hyperbola x" ~ y* =a",is Gai ytmx" = da'xty? yt =x" = dusty? (ary! -24) @y +x Let A and B be two fixed points and P be another point in the plane, moves in such a way that A,PA+ k,PB= hy, where k, ke, and k, are real constants. Then, the locus of P is a/an (a) circle, if, = Oand hy, ky > 0 @) circle ik, > 0, &y< Gand hy = 0 (chellipse, if h, = hy > Oand b, > 0 (@) hyperbola, iP ky = — Land kk > 0 ‘The equation of the line passing through the entre of a rectangular hyperbola is x - y-1=0. If one of its asymptotes is 3x - 4y - 6 = 0, then the equation of the other asymptote is (ajax + By 417 (4x By +8 (0) 8x ~2y + 15=0 (a) None of these If radii of director circles of. ae fare 2r, r respectively and e,, ¢, are the eccentricities of the ellipse, hyperbola respectively, then (a) 26h ~e2 = 6 We 4e5 <6 (dei 2 = 6 (d) None of these A variable straight line of slope 4 intersects the hyperbola xy ~1at two points. The locus of the point which divides the line segment between these two points in the ratio 1: 2, is (a) 16x" + 10xy + y?=2 6) 16x" - 1089 + (C)16e* + Oxy + y= 4 (@)None of these If P(aseco,, btano) and Q (aseep, btanf) are two @ ~_-4-1 we-_-1 Feecke oF Feecd ORL a caste (a) None of these ‘The locus of the point of intersection of the tangents at the end points of normal chords ofthe MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM le the line 2x+ 16 y=2 touches the hyperbola = 2! = 4 then the point of contact is I-28 1-508 (5) ats 27 9% ae is a double ordinate of the hyperbola $= 1 such that OPQ is an equilateral triangle, O being the centre of the hyperbola, then the eccentricity ¢ of the hyperbola satisfies a @i — 35 =1 be the reciprocal to that of the ellipse x” + 4y* = 4. If the hyperbola passes through a focus ofthe ellipse, then the focus of the hyperbola is at G20 BOD WO 0,9 Let P(6,9 be a point on the hyperbola — 2” Ifthe normal at the point P intersects the X-axis at (G, 0), then the eccentricity of the hyperbola is of o (od we V2 ‘The equation of the hyperbola whose foei are (© 2,0), @, 0) and eccentricity 2, is given by © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION )- xt + y= @x* ay" 24, Suppose an ellipse and hyperbola have the same pair of foci on the X-axis with centres at the origin and they intersect at (2, 2) Ifthe eccentricity ofthe hen the eccentricity of the hyperbola is 25. Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola 5 a =1 parallel to the straight line 2x - y=1. The points of contact of the tangents on the hyperbola are ols If the foci of the ellipse 26. 2 1 the foci of the hyperbola = 4 the hyperbola Taq a1 25) equal to @7 ws ‘The angle between pair of tangents to the curve ‘7x? - 12" = 84 from the point MA, 2, is 2 - ( 2ta0r?L (@)2tan™2 “ 2 @10 @s 27. (0920 Seid) (@ 2tan"'3 3 2 28. Consider the chords of the parabola y* = 4x which touches the hyperbola 2° — y* =1, the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents drawn to the parabola at.the extremities of such chords is a conic section having latusrectum , the value of 2 is f@ 2 os wa If there exist two points P and @ on the hyperbola =1such that OP L0@, where O is the 29. origin, then the number of points in the XY-plane from where pair of perpendicular tangents can be drawn to the hyperbola, is fo or wa If four points are taken on a rectangular hyperbola such that the chord joining any two is perpendicular to the chord joining the other two and let a, 8, 7,8 be the inclinations to either asymptote of the straight lines joining these points to the centre, then tana tanB tan ytané is equal to fr we (2 @-1 Answers 3.(a) 8.(d) 13.8) 18.(a) 23.(a) 28. (9) (infinite 30. 10 6.3) 11.(8) 16.(0) 21.(0) 28.(2), 2.8) 7.0) 12.(0) 17.16) 22.(b) 27.10 5.(a) 10. (0) 14 (0) 15.(0) 19.(0) —20.(0) 2a) 25.(a), 29.(8) —30.(a), MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 07(By TRIGONOMETRY ‘Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics that studies relationships involving lengths and angles of triangles. Measurement of Angles ‘There are three systems for measurement of an angle. (i) Sexagesimal System In this system, angle is measured in degree, minute and second, A complete rotation describes 360° 1 right angle = 90° (90 degree) 1°= 60’ (60 minute) 1’ = 60" (60 second) (ii) Circular System In this system, unit of measurement is in radian, One radian (written a8 1°) is the measure ofan angle subtended at the centre of a cirele by an are of length equal to the radius ofthe cirele (iii) Centesimal or French System Im this system, angle is measured in grade, minute and second. Light angle = 100* (100 grade) 1 grade = 100’ (100 minute) 1 minute = 100” (100 second) Important Relation Following are some important relations (eran Gio rain = (8) 6) s¢2 (an (oI Dis the numberof dees i the mur of DG _3R DO YOU Know? numbers exist. (08 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Relation between an Angle and an Arc Let r be the radius of the circle, / be the length of segment and" be the central angle. Then, 2 NI ee ke ont i) Area of sector OAB => r*0 POINTS TO REMEMBER Minute hand makes 6° angle = 30 radian + Hourhand makes 30° angle f= m6 racian +The angle between two consecutive numbers in a clocks 30° |r 6 radian) Trigonometric Ratios In ADEF, right angled at E, there are six possible ratios, cach ratio is named as follows Perpendicular _ P sin = Fiypotanuse "HT ewo= Bate 2B Fypeeniae Perpendicular _ P B | NX Hypotenuse _ covec 9 = Hypotenuse . Perpendicular P soca - Hypotenuse _H Base B cot -__Base B Perpendicular P A perfect number Nis one in which the sum of its divisors equal N. The problem is that it has yet to be proven whether or not any odd perfecthttps://vk.com/readinglecture © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Trigonometric Functions All six trigonometric functions with their domain, range, graph and other details are shown in the table given below Function Domain Range Other Details Graphical Representation sin =0,ifx=nn,neZ sin 50, if ¢nn,Qn + Din), fla) =sinx R eat nez sinx <0, if xe (Qn 1), 2na), neZ cos x=0,ifx=(2n +4, neZ x= (an + DD, cos > 0, if 3) = cost “an (4 -D2,dn+02)nez fa R au) (« Dot 4) evra xe((4n+)4,(4n4+92|nez (9-0 5,4n98}, tanx=0,ifxsnn,neZ gp tans20,itxe[om(xe4)s} “ tact re (x4) a} an wasettse((n-2) nm} fy-tans fear neZ flx)=cotx R-inr}neZ R neZ see x= 1, when cos x=1 fla) =secx x= 2nnneZ * sec.x=~1, when cos S2=(Qn+Dene cosee x=1, whensin x=1 SxeQntVinez flx)=coseex — R={nn}, (ot) 2 neZ — wll,=) cosee x=—1, when sin x=-1 x= (Qn MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 09© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Trigonometry Identities An equation is an identity, if it is true for all values of the variable or variables involved in it. Similarly, trigonometric identities are equalities involving trigonometric functions, which is true for all the values of the variable or variables occurring in it, Trigonomett sin(-2) = ~sin x ceosee(-x) = — eosee x cos(—2) = 008 x soc(-2) =see x tan(-) =~tan x cot(-2) sin(Z 52) = oes cot x sin(x +.) -Fsinx B. cof 7 x}=¢5in x eosin + x) =~ cos x tan(Erx)=e0tx tan(e £)= tan z Pythagorean Identities @ sin? x + cos? x=1 Gi) 14+ tan! x=see'e (Gi) 1+ cot? x=cosec*x Identities Based on Sum and Difference of Two Angles @ sin(A +B) =sin A cos B+ cos Asin B i) sin(A - B) =sin A cos B— cos Asin B (Gi) cos(A +B) ~ cos A.cos B -sin Asin B (iv) cos(A ~ B) = cos A cos B + sin Asin B () tan(A« py = 280A + tan B tan AtanB an A tanB (aA BT an A tan B cot AcotB -1 ii) cot(A + B) = SLAcoLB 1 (wi ott > cot A + cot B cot Acot B+ 1 ‘eat B - oot A (ix) sin(A + B) sin(A ~ B) =sin? A —sin® B= cos" B - cos A (@) cos(A + B) cos(A — B) = c0s* A —sin* B= cos* B—sin® A SPEED BOOSTER + Heosx—cosy =aand sing ~siny =: (iti) eot(A— and tanlx+ y! 1 Heosx + cosy =aandsinx + siny =, thon sfx y) =F ondtans y= ley 10 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Identities Based on Sum of Three or More Angles @ a Git) Ww) o wid (vii) tan (A, + A, + Note Ide sin(A + B+C) = cos A cos B cos (tan A + tanB + tanC — tan A- tan B-tan0) =sin A cos B eosC + cos Asin BcosC + c08 A.cos BsinC -sin Asin BsinC cos(A + B+ C) = cos A cos B cos (1-tan A tan B - tan BtanC -tanC tan A) s A cos B cosC ~sin Asin B cosC cos Asin B sin ~ sin Acos Bsin C tan(A+B+C) “tan A+ tan B + tanC ~tan Atan Btan€ T- tan Aten B- tan BtanC —tan€ tan A co(A + B+C) cot A cot BcotC ~ cot A cot B- cot "cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot € cot AT sin (A, + Ay +4 Ay) = 608 A, 008 Ay... 08 A, (S, -8,+ 85-8, +.) + A,) = 008 A, c0s Ay ...c08 A, (1-8,+8,-8,+..) S,-8,+8,-8,+ 1-8,+5,-5,+ where, S, =tan A, + tan A, +... + tan A, S, tan A, tan A, + tan A, tan A, + = sum of tangents taken two at a time. S,=tan A, tan A, tan A, + tan A, tan A, tan A, + = sum of tangents taken three at a time and s0 on. cos (A, + Ay + FAD= WAS A= S, = nian, = A,= Athen we nave G, tant A, = "Cstan® A, ntities Based on Multiple of an Angle 2tanA (i sin2A= 2sin A cos A = HRA (ii) cos 2A =1- 2sin® A = 200s" A-1 = cos* Asin? A = 1= tan A Ty tan®A 2tan A Gi) tanga = RA (iv) sin 3A = 3sin A- 4sin* A w) 3A =4cos" A - 3cos A (i) tanga - 318m A tan? A 1- Stan ASPEED BOOSTER * sisi 60" —0 sif60°+0)=1sind@ + e25s 60" ~O}easf0" + O1= ew 30 + tanBtan|60°—etani60° +6) =tan36 + conan Mens teas BA chm iA) = sino. + sinior +B) + sinior + 2B}+...+ sinfor+ (n- 1B) _tnfer on Bh so( 2) = + cose cosla + B)+ cosa + 2) = .. cosla.+ (n— 118} wf) ies Based on Transformation of Product into Sum and Difference (i) 2sin A cos B =sin(A + B) + sin(A-B) (ii) 200s Asin B=sin(A + B) ~sin(A~B) Gi) 208 A cos B = cos A + B) + cos(A - B) (iv) 2sin Asin B = eos(A — B) - cos(A + B) Identities Based on Transformation of Sum and Difference into Products @ sinc +sinD = asin( © <2) oo( =?) Go sine ~ind=200(2=2)en( 222) id cos + cos = 2e0 =?) exo =?) (x) ont =o 2422) (222) sine oan Aton = ASB. “ cos A- cos B Wi) ots ox ei (vi) cot A + cot B gn A-sinB Conditional Identities When the angles A, B and C satisfy a relation like A+ B+C =n, many interesting trigonometric identities cean be established. 1. A+ B+C=n, then @ sin(B +O =sind (i) eos B =~ cosiC + A) © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION in(A+ B) cot(B + 0) Gi) cost + B)=— cos Civ) sin () tan(C+ A)=-tanB (wid oot A WA+B4+C=n,then (coo 42* c i coe $ =i AEB) 2 2 ai sin 4)= cos z 2 ool) worsen) somo 34 | A+ B+ C=, then (i) sin’ A + sin’ B ~sin® C= 2sin A sinBeosC Gi) cos? A+ cos* B + cos? C= 1 - 2c0s Acos BeosC (Gi sin’ A + sin’ B + sin*C= 1 — 2sinAsinBeosC |. HA+B+C =n, then ii) aint A + sin? — gine & 2" a tiv) cos? + cos? - 2 2 IA+B+C =r, then (i) tanA + tanB + tanC= tanAtanBtanC Gi) cotB cot C + catC cot A + eat Acot B = (i) tonAtan® + tanBtan€ + tan€ tanA Bg tiv) cot + cot + cot © = cot A cot B cot © Be 1fA+B+C =n, then (i) sin2A + sin2B + sin20 = dsin AsinB sinC Gi) sin2A + sin2B ~sin2C= dos AcosB sinC ii) sin(B + C- A) + sin(C+ A-B) + sin(A+ B-O) sin Asin B sinC = eos Acos B eos C ~ 4sin AsinB eos C (iv) c082A + cos 2B + cos 2 (¥) c082A + cos 2B ~ ens 2 1A+B+C =n, then () sind + sinB + sinC = eos cos2 cos © 2s Gp sin A + sinB sin = Asin sin cos S 2 (ii) co8 A+ cosB + cog C=1 + Asin’ sin® sin 2 22 (iv) cos A + cos. B - cos C=-14 Ae084cos2ein€ 2a (8A, cos, cos SinBsinG ' SinCsinA sin AsinB MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 «11© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles 7 16 rr 228° 16 = y3-1 VB-1 [2-2 sin 2a 7 z Va+1 a+ es 22 2 tan W3-VDWZ-) 2-W8 JB-1 Bet 245 cot WE+VHWE+) 2418 ferNE = BHI vB-1 2-5 SPEED BOOSTER ions are given below: "Maximum and minimum values of some standard tigonometi fu ‘Maximum value ‘Minimum value acos xt bsin,xeR d 7 fe) ere ere fis) =acosxtdsinx+C,xeR C+ faroh c-fere + IF sin, + sind, + sind, ++ sine, + He0s8, + cos8, +... + £080, =n, then cos8, 1 MASTER STROKES 1. Foro << al the values of tan® Seeos' x—4 tan Sx-sin 2x + 16sin* xlie in the interval 7 121 21 wy ® (03) (9) 10 (4) None of these 2. Theleast value of cos’@~ 6 sin cos + Ssin'@ + 2is (a+ SI0 416 wo (@)None of these 8 3. Ife+ y+2=n, tanxtanz=2and tan ytanz=18, then tan‘ is equal to @s — wI6 wr 20 4, Biggest among (sin 1 cos 1), (Sint + e051), 9 Tain Z and 1is : (a)sin 1 cos 1 (0) nT + Jom ivan? ay 5. The expression 2"*° + 2°°*" is minimum, when@is 10. equal to Gomn+ Enee Ones TE, nez Panes (ons E,nez (@) None of these 12> MARCH 2017 >» MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 6. Inan acute angled AABC, tan Atan BtanC (23 (2 vB o> (@) None ofthese 1fu = Ja cos" 0+ Bain @ + Jasin" 0+ 5 cos", then the difference between the maximum and minimum values of u’ is given by @a-o* o2ere wero? @ x0 +09 If both 0 and @ are acute angles and 1 1 sin@ =+, cos 6 =4, then the value of @ + 6 belongs to 0 = 5,08 6 =5 then t ‘8+ Obelongs to (a)(n18,0/2) (6)(n12, 2213) (o)(2n15, 5x6) (rie, Tta=——288® thon} +8 ©- £080. souatto > cos6+sind I=sin® > Oa @i-a ira IfA and Bare positive acute angles satisfying the equations 3 cos’ A+ 2cos? B= 4and @ co8 A @= aMW. 12. 13. 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Im AABC, if cos 8A + cos 3B + cos SC =1, then one angle must be exactly equal to 3060" fe) 90" @ 120° ocecnandos+sins = thentan ico Lai gyn a 3 If @,8,7,8 are the smallest positive angles in ascending order of magnitude which have their sines equal to the pasitive quantity & then the value of Tea sin 2 is equal to gtsm gion @ fo w 4407 gy P41 3 4sin = % 4 asin b +2sin 27885 (2 jT-R O)2TR Loto, be such that x Sain cos0 > 5eos"o" @2 ws 4 ws 26, Let 8,9 €[0, 2m] be such that volts en? 2080 (1-sin #)=sin?0(tan$ + cot) cos (1-sing)=sinéa tan + ot) cos 9 tan(2n—0) > Oand—1 9) satisfying (6 (as (28. If0 = ——, then cas@ cos 28 cos 30... cos 10040 8. 180 = 2E, thon cos ens 29 eos 30. cos equals 1 1 @o ot, @-ay 7 » = ad 29. Ifsin Asin Bsin C + cos A cos B=1, then the value ofsinC is @t om — @o @-1 30. Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a distance V3+ 1 apart, Ifthe chords subtend at the enn contre, angles * and 2, where k> 0, then the an k value of fA] is @1 we ws (as Answers 1.6) 3) 4.0) 8.0) a) Be) 8) 10.00 He 26) 18.0) 160) 17.0) 18) 19.) 20.00) Di) 2K) 28) PA) Ba) 26.10) 27.0) 2B) -28.(a) 30.00) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 13,PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES AND CIRCLES CONNECTED WITH THEM In any AABC, the side BC, opposite to 2 A is denoted by 4; the sides CA and AB, opposite to ZB and ZC are | REMEMBER denoted by 6 and c, respectively. Semi-perimeter of the triangle is denoted by s and its area by A. > Apollonius Theorem “The sum ofthe squares of any two sides of a . ‘angle equals te the square of hal te Sine Rule third side, along with twice the square ofthe retin isesing the thd sid, Tus, It states that in any triangle, A. ABC, we have “The sides of a triangle are HW, NN ‘AB + AC =2(AD? + BD") e e proportional to the sine of + Napir’s Analogy (Tangen'cule ‘opposite angles.” Nw A-8)_(a-b) For any abe ton(A=2) =(2=2 on, Tn AdBe, wehase 7 Sy roan S2)-( S35 abe In BEY (ARE a SnAsinB ainC 7 lore) "2 sind + Mollweide’s Formula Note Above equality can be writen as S24 ‘ind angles, Forany age, 242 Cosine Rule + ma Theorem If the length of the three sides of triangle are known, [Sea ont on the side Ad of APOR such tht AS: S0™= m:n then we can find all the angles by using cosine rule which p59". /PS =e and 2095), Then, i: states that, {i) (m+n) cot = meoter —n cot (ii) (m+n) cot® =ncotR — meat @ : Ss and ZI é . Projection Formulae Im any ABC, Half Angle Formulae boos C +c cos B i) sin’ (S=DE=9 Gy gn B- [S=OB-9 cearease omg omy a C_ ie=aG-5 A_ {iis=a) =acos B+ boos A fii) sin = |S“ PISO Gig) cog A = , = ae OREN Be i.e. any side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the projections of other two sides on it Note In ABC, projection af AB an BC = BD = ecosB and projecton of AG on BC = CD = boos IW : ZL XS where, 6~ Sem perimeter ofthe triangle é a ov) 14> MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUMCircumcircle (i) The circle which passes through A the vertices of a triangle, is ealled (L\ circumciel. Ains\ Lalry) (Gi) The centre of cireumeircle is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle. 2 fe REMEMBER , beg, Bind_2ind_2ane Bind 2sinB Deine a ° °F nae ia SPEED BOOSTER + Cheearte ofan obtuse angled nl eso tho ag si meant of right angled triangle isthe mid-point of hypo meant of an acute angled triangle les inside the tan (i) Circle which can be inscribed in a triangle, touching its each side, is called incircle. (Gi) The centre of incircle is the point of intersection of bisectors of the angles of the triangle. REMEMBER a alten + eos Ad cosB + cost asingsin€ sin sin exind sind 2g cos z SPEED BOOSTER * Ip, py and, ao espoctivaly the lngths of porsanleular om hrc tw egosts ie of angle, hn aa ht fabel® aR” + Ifacy andzare the lengths of perpendiculars drawn from the ‘cnt eS oe et Agcy tn Panes eae wd sie, Escribed Circle © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION () The circle which touches the side BC and two sides AB and AC produced of AABC is called escribed circle opposite to ZA and its radius is denoted by 7. Similarly, r, and r, denote radii of cescribed circles opposite to 7B and Lo. Gi) The contres of escribed circles are called the excentres. REMEMBER ft cos sin cas, ra 4 Roos if, =4 Beas 7 2 oy tnre4e Centroid (G) (i) The point of intersection of medians of a triangle LZ A {Selle centroid of the triangle. % ee, Gio Controid divides the NS nd ‘median in the ratio 2:1 Therefore, AG =2 ap, DG = Lab 3 3 Gif) Length of the medians of AABC are Loot AD = 3 25+ Be =a 3 ; 1 soo cr = 2 2a? + 2 3 ant weed TSF MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 15© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 4 Orthocentre (H) ‘The point of intersection of altitudes, ofa triangle is called orthocentre. . 8 ¢ € REMEMBER leis situated onthe lin joining its cireurcenre (0) andorthocentre |} and divides this lin inthe ratio 1:2,i8, OG: GH= 1:2. + Othacent ofan auto anglad tangle is inside the triangle * Orthocentreof an obtuse angled triangle lies ouside the triangle thocenreof right angled ingle lis tthe vertex which contin right an + Tha distances of archoconre ftom the vertices and the sides ofa ‘langle ae given below From vertices From sides AH=2ReasA | DH=2A cosB est BH=2RcosB | EH =2R cas Acosl OH=2R col | AY=2A casAemsd + lx yandzare he distances ofthe vrtegs of ABC respectively ‘rom the orhocente, thon 24 £4 = a ry ee SPEED BOOSTER + The distance between creumcente and in Pedal Triangle The triangle formed by joining the a end points of the altitudes drawn from the vertices ofthe triangle is, . called pedal triangle (@ ADEF is the pedal triangle. (i) Measures of sides and angles © of pedal triangle are given below : ‘Angi Sides ‘ZEDE = 180° - 24 EF =a cos A = 180° - 28 DF =b eosB 10° DE =e cos (i) Area © sin 2A sin 2B sin 20 ‘ R iv) Circumradius, R= % ww R= (v) Inradius, r = 2R cos A cos B cosC 16 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Note For an obtuse angled triangle, measures of angles are 2A, 28 and2C ~ 180° and sides are @ cos A, b cosB, -ccasC. Excentral Triangle Let ABC be a triangle, Ibe the incentre and I, I, I, be the centres of the escribed circles opposite to A, B,C respectively, then I, I, I, is called excentral triangle of ABC, whose sides and angles are given in the following table Angle ADI, = 90° Adel = 90° B 2 c 2 ALI,I, = 90° REMEMBER "= Circumadius (f") of excentral triangle is 2A, where Fis the circumvacius of ABC, 1 Area of excental triangle = Cecumetele where, =inradius , R =circumradius 1. When Two Sides and the Included Angle are Given A= Area of AABC = i besin A=2easinB=4 absin€ 2 2 2 =] Product of two sides) x sine of included angle2. When Three Sides of a Triangle are Given (Heron's Formula) A=Area of AABC = [aC where a, b and c are the sides - When Circumradius and Three Sides are Given A= Area of AABC = 22 wR 4, When Two Angles and Included Side are Given A= Area of ABC = & x Sin Bsin€, ain (B +0) sinAsinC _¢! sin Bsin A o 2 n(A+@) 2 sin(Ba A) 5, When Inradius (r) and Semi-perimeter (s) of a Triangle are Given A= Area of ABC =r-s 6. When Triangle is Right Angled Triangle A =Area of AABC =4 x base xheight 7. When the Lengths of Three Medians are Given sehr ofaane = T= NETS ALT wheres MAEM I, fonda th nth ins 8. When the Lengths of Altitudes are Given = Area of AABC = Area of a Quadrilateral Area of quadrilateral ABCD P 1 = 4 Product of diagonals) 4 x (sine of included angle) = 4x BD x AC sina A or area of quadrilateral ABCD can also be obtained by ls ai(s- Bs —ei(s = d) - abed cos* a ZA+ 0 +bterd ae where, a= and s= © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral Area of cyclie quadrilateral Be dab + ed) sin B f a 3 Hore, ZB is given by Vie i) coon tibiae ad? SY) Bab + ed) 4 or area of eyclic quadrilateral can also be obtained by Yis= a) BI = le—a), where s= SPEED BOOSTER + Sum of the opposite angles ofa eytc quacilatoral is 180°. + Ineyelc quacilatral, sum ofthe product of opposite sides is equal to the product of diagonals, Tus, in cyclic quarlateral ABCD, we have AG-BD=AB-CD + BC-AD + Cireunradiu of eye quate Ral aes Ballad > bel lab+ od] aye Regular Polygons If the polygon has n sides, then we have (@) Sum of the interior angles =(n —2)x (Gi) Bach interior angle = = 2* Gi Radius of ereumseribed cirde, R= exsoe() where a is the length of each side of regular polygon. Gx) Radius of insribed crete, r= -cot(4), where ais the length of each side of regular polygon. Area of Regular Polygon It the polygon has n sides, then Required area =n x Area of 6OAB =nr'tan(2) = 2 sin(22) dn terme of sieumradius ) = 4na' oot (5) (interms ofsidea) a (in terms of inradius r) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 177. 18 MASTER STROKES If the aren (A) and an angle (8) of a triangle are given, when the side opposite to the given angle is minimum, then the lengths of the remaining two sides are faa [faa cw {98 [a 158" Vino Visine’ Vain If the sides of a triangle are in AP and the greatest angle of the triangle exceeds the least by 90°, then sine of the third angle is 5 & w8 "y (@) None of these ot 7 If p,q and r are the lengths of the internal bisectors of angles A, B and C respectively of AABC, then Kos + Leos + Leas is eal to pee eats aad 1 @lyhl a 1 abe a eb fai iit oistyh @isth StS rs In AABG, if the altitudes are in HP, then (a) angles, A, B and Carein AP (@) sides a, 6 and care in AP (o)sin A, sinB and sinC are in AP (@) None ofthe above Tn AABC, least value of + © + is equal to a°R'C coer ween wher (4) None of those 3 In AABC, x, y and 2 are the distances of incentre from angular points A,B and, respectively. If then 2 is equal to ‘abe 8 @ we ws (@ None of these IA denotes the area of any triangle with semi-perimeter, then wart 4 Wace ack 7 In AABC, AB = 2, BC = 4,CA=8 If Dis the mid-point of BC, then the correct statement is i 7 (a) conB + 1h eos +L y 16 i" 3 (AD 424 (a) AD* = 25 MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 9. In SABC, ita’ +b" +c? =ac + Bab, then the triangle is () equilateral (6) right angled and isosceles (c) right angled but not isoscoles {d) None of the above 10. In ABC, AD and BE are the medians drawn through the angular points A and B, respectively. If ZDAB =2 Z ABE = 36° and AD = 6 units, then circumradius of the triangle is equal to (a)(3~ 4B) cosee C (6)(3 + 8) cosee C fo) 2(3~ VB) cose fd) 2(3 + VB) cosee C mM. If the median AM, angle bisector AD and altitude AH drawn from vertex A of AABC divide ZA into four equal parts (D lying between H and M), then @a-% x vans WA 12, In ABC, medians AD and BE are drawn. If AD =4 ZDAB =~ and ZABE =, then the area of 2 WS 12, then the area @ 13, In ABC, if, of triangle is () 216 59 units (6) 326 sq units (6) 316 sq unite {d) None of these 14, In AABG, if 7 = 36, r, = 18 and 7, = 12, then the perimeter of triangle is (36 units (0) 18 units fe) units (d) None ofthese 15. If Dis the mid-point of side BC of ABC and AD is perpendicular to AC, then feo" a oa" 30" 16, In SABC, ifr, = 2r; = Sry then a:b:¢ equals (o3:4:5 W534 (52438 (4) None of those 17. In ABC, ifr, = 8, 7, = 12 and r, =24, then the side a is equal to (16 (6) 20 2 (4) None ofthese 18, Ifthe sides of a triangle are sina, cosa and [T+ Sino. cos for some 0 MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM In this ease, the remaining elements are determined by ‘using the following formulae A= YSS=@ =D (=O), where 2s-a+b+e 20 2, AA in A= 24, c=" tan sin Antes ab 2 Seay Boa. ca tan . A+ B+C=180° 236-8 6-0 Case I When two sides a, b and the included angle C are given In this case, we use the following formulae A be AFB gabsinc, tan $ asin€ sin A Case Ill When one side a and two angles A and Bare given In this case, we use the following formulae to determine the remaining elements A+ B+C =180" 3C =180"-A-B asinB asin , 1 ig ande = SERE, = 5 casin B Case IV When two sides a, band the ZA opposite to one side are given In this case, we use the following formulae sin Esind “0 sin € (© = 180" -(A + B) and ¢ sin A From Eq, (i), the following possibilities will arise (@) When Ais an acute angle and a 1, which is impossible. Hence, no triangle is possible. (b) When Ais an acute angle and a = bsin A In this case, only one triangle is possible whieh is right angled at B. (c) When Ais an acute angle and a> b sin A In this case, there are two values of B given by sinB = 58104 say B, and B, such that B, + B, = 180°. Side c can be obtained by usinge = 25" sin A2 4. 5. 10. MW. MASTER STROKES In ABC, if B= 90 then tan* 4 equals brew @ bre ere w aob If two sides and included angle of a triangle are respectively 3+ V3, 3- v3 and 60°, then the third side is we (WB @ If the angles of a triangle are 30° and 45° and the included side is (J + 1) em, then the area of the ) 4B B triangle is (0) Bh emt (3 eg? z z (0-1) em* (a) None ofthese In ABC, if 6 = 3, c= 4and B = 60°, then the number of triangles that can be formed is f@o on 2 @- In AABG, ifa, ¢ and A are given and 6, 6, are two values of third side 6 such that 6, = 24, then sin A equals (d) None of these Tn AABC, if the length of the sides are JZ, VB and JB, then the measures of the angles are (a) 30", 607, 90° (0) 45%, 15%, 60° (None of these Tn ABC, ifa= 100, ¢ = 100V3 and A = 30°, then Bequals (a) 5" or 185° () 60° or 120° (6) 108" or 15° (d) None of these In ABC, if A = 45° and B= 75°, thena + V2e equals (ab ()2 (ow ww In ABC, if a = 40, ¢ = 40V3 and B = 30°, then the triangle is (a) isosceles (©) equilateral (ci right angled (d) None of these In AABC, if'a = 3 +1, B = 30° and C = 45°, then equals (aia we (oa ws In AABC, ifa~4, b= 3and ZA~60", thencisa root of the equation (ac ~8e-7=0 Wes 8e+7=0 (et ser T= 0 (We + 3-7-0 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 20. 1 1 In AABC, the lengths of the two larger sides are 10 and 9 units, respectively. If the angles are in AP, then the length of the third side ean be s+ (6) 303 (os @3 Tn AABC, if = V+ 1, e=VB-1and A=60 then the value ofan (2=°) is z 1 w= wt @ i wh wn ah Ifthe angles A, B and C of ABC are in AP and b:¢ =3: V2, then ZA is ww () 60° oss (30° In AABC, if A= 120", 6 =2 and c= 30°, then a we ah 2 In AABC, if A = 80°, C = 105" and b= V3, then a equals 2 ws ON 2 In AABC, ifa = 3, b= 2V8 and c = V3, then A equals (sr 45 wer wr In ABC, ifa ~5, B ~ 45° and c ~ 22, then b equals a2 wes (o) 213 (a) IS 0, then B equals ie oe "3 a an ® 2% we 2 ws In the ambiguous case, ifa, band A are given and ¢,,€, are the two values of the third side, then (6, ~¢)" (6, +¢,)* tan® Ais equal to ws ()4a* (eae! (ite? Answe 10) 2) 3) A) BL) 6 70) 8) 8) 10.00) 1) la) 13) ta) 15.8) 60) 176) 18.06) 19.06) 20.00) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 21(IB) INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION We know that, inverse of a function exist iff itis one-one and onto, Now, as all trigonometric functions are many-one in their actual domain, therefore for inverse of these trigonometric functions to be exist, actual domain must be restricted, e.g. sine function can be restricted to any ofthe inteate| SE le =} etc, and thus it 2 2\'2'2h|2'2. becomes one-one and onto. DOMAIN, RANGE AND GRAPHS OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS All six inverse trigonometric functions with their 3. f(x)=tan"x domain, range, graph and other details are given below. () Domain (2) = (Gi) Range (prineipal value branch) i) Domain (x) | ) I funeti (Gi) Range (principal value branch) LE Gi) Increasing function 2'2) (iv) x, > tan" x, >tan" x52, €R (ii) Increasing function (v) tan” x > tan x, > xig.m eR (iv) > m-9sin"! x, > sin" x5 41,5) € 11] (0) sins, >sin" x, 94 > 5,85 [11] 2. flx)=cos* x 4, f (x)= cosec"x (9,1 i) i) Range (principal value branch) i) Domain (x) =| di) Range (principal value branch) ~[0, x Gi) Deetaringhnction (i) Decreasing funtion Civ) x > tsar cbs! ay 0s" ay ay, €[-1,1] Gv) 5 > xy coves, cen my “MU LL) (@) coe 4 boos" yoy Can te elLI) (7) cosec™' x, > cosee" x, = 5, < 43%, % €(-% -I1UI, 22 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM