yp 4g sone vonesous8 e parepdn sem sopurymau dyeror sy yomp oans9yoo uerdoan yessonae apujed eu! auop pey AIX s!N67 renpipa ays ysinbuyos foudde uooq pey sia se aoejed anboseg aun 4 29 Saseuows uUisMyRsED 94 Wo pEKL 31UN aye PU oaooues “By 5uzisnqio> = 10} ponoo04 a4 22 eu Nes ‘on duane 210u04 sy jo BmuuiBaq aya se azuTooas an am yg “0¢6| J0 uno. ayn a42"sso¥en Jo 49 © Jo esodoud f>ipes 814 PPE 4, (4arauas waz 2tp jo pus 243 reuegne ala peeped wansks ucneaynuo) Sexe ay Woy peALop uooq oney 01 swO2s aUDpa e puENoINOR, WDD Up sem ptupH) pueAa}poq uIUUEUISNEH aoede uaa? 10) suojewuojSue4, 242 UO Spm) 696 /-£96/ SuD4 BP suonoULsueN * Ss 19s sopmy speupH ouRSn3 Aq paouanyu An2e.1p uaag aA 9 us souuews anbeos ‘oapanseas ay"soipras ou-wog sty jo Byuuld0q ays ‘4p ulang 4161 Ul sPuO-ap-KNEYD UN P9g Plousy 404 PUB. 94 2042 A> vopie® yp ul auoWYR) Ures9> & punoy LoRIpen ‘rp vapie® ueadoung aya yam fayepsey Suyro.8 s3049UN09f “aampsuy ainda si ysqerss 0a pana uB9q yaemesnonaed pred ay pou 9>¥0> 5 AueLL95 vein a uopaed aya see sy Pesce} U OM SUM) Jo Apa eapewsay tia yBnow pu 916140220201 uF Ray Une sump puowhey Aq poouonyuy Ayenbo sem op uoRqN® 940 paprour sem anfep au aya Jo} uid ang 9s04'3Bap0g seg >yupiny sowweduonAdeanare yen. aya puE saypeUNias ily pu uUEUYOHY apn HYPE JOpeoK sueMIED oun se mtueqan seauord ypns Jo 930% Kattodaseavo> aia yo sie uodoq ane 0} S088 ay 9.944 0161 UF UO UF p=BeRE BUPION “hip Jo voniqipxe suuEWa2aq4 J0uL99A ut 9f042 passauneoUD ay se ‘avowdoprap Aseiodusauo> Busheue 03 aoeds aygeso “plea ane ose at 3nq"uMcn uEULig fenoppau ain sea yaseasod 18 40) 90) a4 Ne} UERAN o Ape a4p o2 awa Jo aunoWE siyeadl sou enbo ve paronsp 94 ya mous pungH.aAA a4 at jo swauaranpe aya Buuaumaap Aqisuonso sem 24 uaym uy Aueunio5 urepew ay ep sinorépms ps0 54009 a ances oa ado © uo ane pre sna. yee st {pom spuog-op>eney & jo a8uios pappui a Wow umot>| nay Syuuey- 449 1 Bupuna yuyu.) 25855 09 2994.7 ZO6I ignd ‘698 | Jo Sa}douy sASDaY 01 Suypson>y SumMUo|y pou esau \ie> uo saipm 9p uanpnasuo 0} y009 pasodoud a U9) Aap jo awa aun ypseaso, Uonef.asu ayy 9 ueag ay sauaneydgc Jo jn Jo sanss! yay paseo ‘Uo> auesaq 3614 z212uurafpuenopg Bunok aya ‘uDas aney am Sy ££6I-O161 MOUAOWUIOL 40 AID O4L c4aadeyd‘engineer Henry Jules Borie in his ‘Aérodomes' project for Paris of 1865. Employing the same prefabricated iron-ramed greenhouse ‘technology asoseph Paxcon had developed for the London Crystal Borie’ Agrodomes would have consisted of vast vitreous residential blocks, superimposed at random over somewhat medieval fabric ofthe city “Taking Borie’s scale as his own, Le Corbusier rendered the ‘welve-storey perimeter blocks of his ‘Ville Contemporaine™ of 722. as though they were diminutive Aérodemes. Each bloc @ es comprised six floors of superimposed duplexes or maison- neties arranged around the four sides ofa garden court This was patently meant as a critique of the standard courtyard housing block commonly deployed in the expansion of continental European metropolises from 1890 onwards (cf. Berlage's plans for “Amsterdam South of 900-1917 and The Hague of1908).Ur standard perimeter block which tended tobe sca First exhibited ac the Salon d'Aucomne of 1922, the “Ville Contemporaine pour trois millions city for three million people) was projected as a dense metropolis 6 bitante’ (contemporary aforementioned perimeter blocks plus ewenty-f ‘rucform office rowers inthe centre, The overall doublesquare plan was shown surrounded by open Pcturesque pare conceived along the lines of Cen Manhatean. The cruciform glass towers were rem form of the stepped temples of Angkor and as such been posiadas the secular equivalentofthe rel ious buldings that had always occupied the centres of traditional ignled bythe spices ofthe cathedral inthe west and the pagoda in he eat This recognition ofthe interdependence of the cere and urban form had first been set forthasa critical thesisn Bruno Tuts canonical text Die Stadterone (The City-Crown) of 1919, although whether Le Corbusier had readthaewe donocknows aspect was not lst on the Communist ‘onary. a judgment chat was part jn 1925 of Le Corbusiers book Urbanisme (translated as The City of. Tomorrow), particularly sine the image was an engraving of ing the construction of the Invalides in Pars iam was hardly to beassuaged by Le Corbusier’ dis- this image was nat to be seen as propaganda for the ry, Georges Valois’ Action Francaise.‘As we have already remarked, the residential fabric of CContemporaine was made up of two different block & perimeter blo @celules which we have already diseusced and bloc redents, borrowed from Hénard, where the same protorypi the periphery of conveyed the impression of a permeable wall, the bloc &redents -ess, open city.a vision that would be mare fly pro- Radiant City), where che fabric is made up exclusively of lacs & redents elevated above the surfice of 2 continuous park. The ant-street sore mature vision was made explicit in 1929 in an street that Le Corbusier wrote for the French tire of modern urban types, Le Corbusier’ Ville Contemporaine was more typologially developed chan any other utopian citysuggested by the open plan and liberative institutional form of Garnior’s Ci Industrielle. The detailed development ofthe Ville, ‘Contemporaine seems to have heightened the dystopian dimen- son in thatthe typical residential block was to have been built above five subterranean levels, plus. sidewalk set one floor below the lowest duplex dweling These various underground levels were conceived as accommodating diferent categories of transport and servic, including the ex Metro system Iing just below ground level This mt jon was once again derived ‘edacthe RIBA Town Planning conference held in London (Only when we examine Le Corbusier: perimeter blocks in derail do the inhuman aspects of the proposition become fully there would have ‘to gain access co cars parked on the media ‘cause for padestrians to venture forth into the apen. All Contemporaine was exh a scheme or the radial ret by the airerafemanufacturer\ 2 sme to modify the generic parameters rough responding to a request for advice that Soviet government in May 1930. Communi generic ety plan as the ‘Vile Radieuse’ or Radiant City, displayed on seventeen panels at the third Congrés International Architecture Moderne staged in Brussels in 1930. Unlike the Vile Contemporsine, the Vile Radieuse was not planned about a cenral cluster of cruciform skyscrapers. Instead, the business district, comprising fourteen cruciform towers, was shifted towards the north, corresponding, one should note, 10 the cenvre of divine power in trad hinese city planing. [Le Corbusier had already cited Poking as an exemplary model in 3Urbonisme, Herein lou of che Forbidden City, the business centre ‘was tobe situated along withthe governmentand university build ings in an isolated green zone. Below this, che Ville Radieuse was ‘organized into parallel zones comprising a transportation zone providing or railandair transit, aresidental zone made upof blocs redents,a green zone, alight industry zone, 2 zone dedicated to ingandfreight,and.a heavy industry zone. All were capa- ble al expansion, th independenty as in Garnier's Ci ly designed city the past on ground plans determined by iy own 1922 project fora modern city of 3 imposed over the infnively Radieuse the trace of an anthropomorphic Ideogram reminiscent of Leonardo da Vincis spread-eagled man, ‘Thus the cluster of cruciform towers was sean as the head’ cof the perimeter blocks of the Ville fal cities employed the namely the cruciformolfice tower which,as we have 1920, and the residantial inueus parkscape. Panels y focused on the infinitely variable redents block system plus the way in which each segment of the orthogonal block pattern, meanderingin plan.could be served at strategic intervals by multi-storey parking garages, hich ike the orthogonal road network and the housingitselfwere elevated above ground level. Where the blee @ redents was an impl P—ISZE critique of the castllated in plan, was conceived as an alterna 3 which had only just evolved int bn oun oonoobOo | boduooooopooood __\Jo0o0o0boo0oobo0 | oodoooooobooood ; eR lowever, a Francesco Pasion has pointed out Le Corbusier dam ee ary H fi » SIO BEF 5 ‘cruciform highrise may have had another precedent, Louis lou > oo Sullivans Fraternicy Temple, projected for Chicago in 1891.0 Le Corbusier remained obsessed with skyscrapers throughout the next decade, so that by the time 35 publication Lo Ville Radieuse he would directly compare the vertically set-back. sssome sixty storeys above the city parallel co the ground. OF this, «ationalized or Cartesian skyscraper he wroce: In apposition to NewYork, to Chicago, we offer the Cartesian skyscraper = transucent, leoncut gleamingly elegant agaist the sky ofthe lee Fronce. In place ofthe poreupine and Dante’ inferno, we propose an organized, serene forcefl, iy, ordered enty. rom below. it could be sublime. Fram thea (ve or oll now earning to leek acts fram above) it willbe a symbol ofthe: Instead of New York (magnificent and ming clamour ofthe machine age giant in is adolescence) propose che Cartesian ct I propa the era of horizontal shyscrapers...Pars ct of the straight Tine and the horizontal (ian does lve ona horizontal plone) follows ‘that in ints syle of architecture. However ie was nonetheless typical of his method thatonce he jons ofa typeshe would improve on it. softy margin form dictated by sung fice fcing orth And this new frm i infinitely more A visit to Latin America in 1929 (see Chapter 6) made Le Corbusier acucely aware of the nead to avoid overexposure 0 low-angle evening sun, and the consideration led him to adope 3 Science of Town Plans) of1928."" 56 date Corse aed Pre Jeomres Carton areripes Awe. edition of Lo Vile Radieuse not only outlines the ‘the Radiant City but also goes on to document the fanning schemes that Le Corbusier had recently designed, including the reorganization ofthe Porte Mallo in Paris of 1930; studies for Geneva in Switzerland, Qued Ouchaia in Algeria, and the Plan Macia for Barcelona, dating from 1932; and a planfor thelefcbanko the RverScheldtin Antwerp, designed with Huib Hoste and Paul Otlet, and cwo projects for Stockholm, all datingfrom|933,