3

$1$/,=$&26785,/25'(352'8& ,(

5HGXFHUHDDEVROXW úLUHODWLY DFRVWXULORUGHSURGXF LHGHSULQFLSLX

SRDWH IL FRQFHSXW  QXPDL DFROR XQGH H[LVW  UH]HUYH vQ DFHVW VHQV Teoretic,
vQ RULFH vQWUHSULQGHUH H[LVW  DVHPHQHD UH]HUYH GHWHUPLQDWH G e progresul
FRQWLQXX DO IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH GH DSOLFDUHD vQ SUDFWLF  D UH]XOWDWHORU

FHUFHW ULORU úWLLQ LILFH 3XQHUHD ORU vQ YDORDUH HVWH FRQGL LRQDW  GH

FXQRDúWHUHD H[LVWHQ HL DFHVWRUD D GLPHQVLXQLL ORU úL GH DF LXQHD IDFWRUXOXL

uman pentru materialL]DUHDP VXULORUVWDELOLWH

&RQGXFHUHD SULQ FRVWXUL LPSOLF  VWDELOLUHD XQRU FRVWXUL FRQVLGHUDWH

QRUPDOH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FULWHULXO SHUPDQHQW GH FRPSDUD LH D

comportamentului diferitelor categorii de cheltuieli.

&H UHSUH]LQW  FRVWXULOH QRUPDOH " (VWH JUHX GH GDW R GHILQL LH VDX R

PRGDOLWDWH GH SUHVWDELOLUH 7HRULD úL SUDFWLFD PRQGLDO  FRQVLGHU  FD ILLQG

costuri normale:
¾ standardele de cheltuieli stabilite pe baza tehnologiilor de
IDEULFD LH FDUH DVLJXU  RE LQHUHD SURGXVHORU OD SDUDPHWULL

SURLHFWD L

¾ nivelXO FHO PDL VF ]XW GH FKHOWXLHOL vQUHJLVWUDWH vQ UDPXUD GH

DFWLYLWDWHUHVSHFWLY 

¾ FRVWXULOH FDUH DVLJXU  XQ SURILW QHW DQXDO HFKLYDOHQW GREkQ]LL

DIHUHQWH FDSLWDOXOXL SURSULX ÌQ OHJ WXU  FX DFHDVW  SUREOHP  vQ

OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VH GDX DQXPLWH P UL mi, ca de exemplu

12% din capitalul propriu.
,PSRUWDQWHVWHFDvQILHFDUHvQWUHSULQGHUHV H[LVWHXQSURJUDPSODQ

DO FRVWXULORU FDUH V  ILH vQ SHUPDQHQ  DGDSWDW FRQGL LLORU FRQFUHWH DOH
PRPHQWXOXL FRQVWLWXLQG ED]D GH UDSRUWDUH SHQWUX UHDOL] ULOH ILHF rei
perioade.
ÌQ DERUGDUHD SUREOHPDWLFLL FRVWXULORU D ILHF UHL FDWHJRULL GH

FKHOWXLHOL WUHEXLH V  VH SRUQHDVF  GH OD IXQF LLOH SH FDUH DFHVWHD OH DX vQ

EXQD IXQF LRQDUH D ILUPHL 2ULFH VXSUD VDX VXEGLPHQVLRQDUH FUHHD] 

GLVIXQF LRQDOLW L &D DWDUH D HFRQRPLVL QX vQWRWGHDXQD vQVHDPQ  D QX

FKHOWXL VDX D QX FRQVXPD FHHD FH HVWH IRDUWH VLPSOX FL WUHEXLH SXV 

SUREOHPDúLvQ VHQVXOXUP WRUFkW VHSLHUGHGDF QX VHFKHOWXLHOHX

etc.) în plus.
,QWHJUDW  vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  GH FRQGXFHUH WHPDWLFD cheltuielilor
GH SURGXF LH HVWH R SUREOHP LQWHUQ  DILHF UHL vQWUHSULQGHUL FDUH WUHEXLH V 

ILH FLUFXPVFULV  vQWU -un cadru legislativ general vizând aspecte

RUJDQL]DWRULFH DOH HYLGHQ HL SUHFXP úL QLYHOXUL QRUPDWH UHJOHPHQWDWH

pentru unele categorii de FKHOWXLHOL $úD GH H[HPSOX SULQ /HJHD

FRQWDELOLW LL 1U  úL +* ;,, SULQ FDUH V -a aprobat
UHJXODPHQWXO GH DSOLFDUH D OHJLL úL SODQXO FRQWDELO JHQHUDO V D SUHY ]XW-
clasa 9 Conturi de gestiune.
Asemenea aspecte sunt elemente importante ale conducerii micro
sau macroeconomice prin intermediul pârghiilor economico-financiare.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  GH DQDOL]  D FKHOWXLHOLORU

DFHDVWDWUHEXLHV ILHSULQH[FHOHQ RFRPSRQHQW PDMRU DPDQDJHPHQWXOXL

intern al firmeLFDUHV DVLJXUHUHDOL]DUHDXQRUFRVWXULFRPSHWLWLYH

0RGDOLW LOH GH UHDOL]DUH úL UHVSHFWLY GH RUJDQL]DUH D PXQFLL GH

DQDOL]  D SUREOHPDWLFLL DERUGDWH VXQW GLIHULWH vQ UDSRUW GH VFRS úL VXELHFWXO

FDUHRUHDOL]HD] 

&XWRDWHDFHVWHDH[LVW RPHWRGRORJLHGHDQDOL] DFKHOWXLHOLORUFDUH

RIHU  XQ FDGUX JHQHUDO SRVLELO GH DGRSWDW GH F WUH XWLOL]DWRUL 3ULQFLSDOHOH

DVSHFWHFDUHVHDERUGHD] vQFRQWLQXDUHVXQW

3.1 Analiza cheltuielilor aferente veniturilor întreprinderii

5HDOL]DUHD XQXL YHQLW úL UHVSHFWLY SURILW LPSOLF  HIHFWXDUHD GH

FKHOWXLHOL ÌQ FRQWDELOLWDWHD ILQDQFLDU  FKHOWXLHOLOH VH vQUHJLVWUHD]  SH IHOXUL

GHFKHOWXLHOLGXS QDWXUDORUúLVHJUXSHD] vQ

a) cheltuieli de exploatare – care cuprind categoriile de consumuri privind

realizarea RELHFWXOXL GH DFWLYLWDWH úL FHOH DIHUHQWH DFHVWRUD ([HPSOX
provizioanele pentru diverse cheltuieli);
b) cheltuieli financiare – FDUH LQFOXG SLHUGHULOH GH FUHDQ H OHJDWH
GH SDUWLFLSD LL GLQ YkQ]DUHD WLWOXULORU GH SODVDPHQW GREkQ]L HWF YL]HD] 

activiWDWHDILQDQFLDU vQDIDUDH[SORDW ULL

F FKHOWXLHOL H[FHS LRQDOH – FDUH QX VXQW OHJDWH GH DFWLYLWDWHD FXUHQW 

QRUPDO VHUHIHU ODGHVS JXELULDPHQ]LSHQDOL] ULGRQD LLVXEYHQ LLHWF

(YLGHQ D DFHVWRU FKHOWXLHOL VH UHDOL]HD]  FX DMXWRUXO FRQWXULOR r din

grupa 6 – FRQWXUL GH FKHOWXLHOL FDUH VH GH]YROW  SH DQDOLWLFH GH JUDGXO ,,,

úL,9

9HQLWXULOH vQWUHSULQGHULL UHSUH]LQW  VXPHOH vQFDVDWH VDX GH vQFDVDW vQ

FXUVXOH[HUFL LXOXLúLVHJUXSHD] vQ

a) venituri din exploatare în care se includ venituriOHUHDOL]DWHGLQ RSHUD LLOH

FDUH IRUPHD]  RELHFWXO GH DFWLYLWDWH OD FDUH VH DGDXJ  YHQLWXULOH GLQ

SURGXF LHVWRFDW úLLPRELOL]DW SUHFXPúLDOWHYHQLWXULOHJDWHGHH[SORDWDUH

E YHQLWXUL ILQDQFLDUH vQ FDUH VH LQFOXG YHQLWXULOH GLQ SDUWLFLSD LL GLQ DOW e
LPRELOL] ULGLQWLWOXULGHSODVDPHQWHWF

FYHQLWXULH[FHS LRQDOHGHVS JXELULSHQDOLW LvQFDVDWHHWF

(YLGHQ D YHQLWXULORU VH UHDOL]HD]  FX DMXWRUXO FRQWXULORU GLQ FODVD

7 – Conturi de venituri.
ÌQ JHQHUDO VH SRDWH IDFH R FRUHOD LH vQWUH YHQLWXUL úL FKHOWXLHOL vQ

VHQVXO F  UHDOL]DUHD XQXL YHQLW SUHVXSXQH HIHFWXDUHD XQHL FKHOWXLHOL VDX

LQYHUV 'DU VXQW úL H[FHS LL $úD GH H[HPSOX FKHOWXLHOLOH ILQDQFLDUH GH

UHJXO QXJHQHUHD] YHQLWXULLDUUHDOL]DUHDDFHVWRUDQXSUHVXSXQHFKHOWXLHOL

$FHOHDúLUHJXOLOHDXúLXQHOHFKHOWXLHOLúLYHQLWXULH[FHS LRQDOH

$QDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH YHQLWXULORU YL]HD]  HYROX LD ORU úL

IDFWRULLFDUHRGHWHUPLQ vQYHGHUHDLGHQWLILF ULLSRVLELOLW LORUGHGLPLQXDUH

vQ VFRSXO VSRULULL UHQWDELOLW L ,QWHJUDW  vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  GH JHVWLXQH

DFHDVW  DQDOL]  UHSUH]LQW  R SULP  HWDS  GH LQIRUPDUH DVXSUD GLQDPLFLL

FKHOWXLHOLORU ÌQ DFHVW VFRS VH XWLOL]HD]  LQGLFDWRUXO Ä&KHOWXLHOL OD  OHL

YHQLWXUL´ & FDUH VH GHWHUPLQ  FD UDSRUW vQWUH FKHOWXLHOLOH WRWDOH  Σchi úL
venituri (ΣVi)

n
∑ chi
C= i =1
⋅ 1000 sau C=
∑ g i ⋅ ci
n 100
∑ Vi
i =1
în care:
gi UHSUH]LQW VWUXFWXUDYHQLWXULORUSHFDWHJRULL
ci = cheltuieli la 1000 lei venituri pe categorii de venituri.
 'H DLFL UH]XOW  F  ID  GH R ED]  GH UHIHULQ  PRGLILFDUHD QLYHOXOXL

cheltuieliORUODOHLYHQLWXULVHGDWRUHD] LQIOXHQ HLVWUXFWXULLYHQLWXULORU

úLDQLYHOXOXLFKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLSHFDWHJRULLGHYHQLWXUL

3HQWUX VHSDUDUHD FHORU GRX  LQIOXHQ H HVWH QHFHVDU  UHFDOFXODUHD

FKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLvQIXQF LHGHVWUXFWXUDQLYHOXOXLFRPSDUDWúLDUDWHORU

SHFDWHJRULLGHYHQLWXULGLQED]DGHUHIHULQ 

3HQWUXH[HPSOLILFDUHVHIRORVHVFXUP WRDUHOHGDWH7DEHOXOGDWH

H[WUDVHGLQFRQWXOGHSURILWúLSLHUGHUHOD6&;6$

Tabelul 3.1
(mil. lei)
Perioada 3HULRDGDFXUHQW
Nr.
6SHFLILFD LH SUHFHGHQW 3UHY ]XW Realizat
crt.
Pn-1 P0 P1
1. Cheltuieli de exploatare 3000 3500 3800
2. Cheltuieli financiare 250 300 280
3. &KHOWXLHOLH[FHS LRQDOH 150 170 180
TOTAL cheltuieli 3400 3970 4260
4. Venituri din exploatare 3680 (92) 4218 (90) 4630 (94)
5. Venituri financiare 160 (4) 328 (7) 196 (4)
6. 9HQLWXULH[FHS LRQDOH 160 (4) 141 (3) 99 (2)
TOTAL venituri 4000 4687 4925
7. Cheltuieli la 1000 lei venituri (lei)
a) de exploatare 815,22 829,72 820,73
b) financiare 1562,50 914,63 1428,56
FH[FHS LRQDOH 937,50 1205,67 1818,18
TOTAL 850,00 847,00 864,97

1RW FLIUHOHGLQSDUDQWH] UHSUH]LQW VWUXFWXUDYHQLWXULORU

ÌQ FD]XO GDW UH]XOW  F  ID  GH UHDOL] ULOH SHULRDGHL SUHFHGHQWH VH

SUHYHGH R VSRULUH D HILFLHQ HL

(respectiv, o diminuare a nivelului
cheltuielilor), înregistrându-VH vQ IDSW R VLWXD LH LQYHUV  6XE DVSHFW
metodologic, o asWIHOGHVWDUHVHH[SOLF DVWIH
0RGLILFDUHID GHFULWHULXOGHFRPSDUD LH

P0 – Pn-1 P1 – P0
847 – 850 = -3,0 lei 864,97 – 847 = + 17,97 lei
 ,QIOXHQ DVWUXFWXULLYHQLWXULORU

0,90 × 815,22 = 733,70 0,94 × 829,77 = 779,98

0,07 × 1562,50 = 109,38 0,04 × 914,63 = 36,59
28,12 24,11
0,03 × 937,50 = 0,02 × 1205,57 =
871,2 840,68
871,2 – 850 = +21,20 lei; 840,68 – 847 = - 6,32 lei

3,QIOXHQ DQLYHOXOXLFKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLYHQLWXULSHFDWHJRULLGH
venituri

− 24,20 + 24,29
847 − 871,20 = 864,97 − 840,68 =
− 3,0 lei + 17,97 lei

$FHVWHGDWHDWHVW IDSWXOF V DDYXWvQYHGHUHDPSOLILFDUHDHILFLHQ HL

-
cheltuielilor pe seama reducerii cheltuielilor pe categorii de venituri, care a
vQUHJLVWUDW vQV  R HYROX LH LQYHUV  ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU

FD IDFWRU GH LQIOXHQ  GH SULQFLSLX WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW FD XQ IDFWRU GH

H[SOLFDUHDUH]XOWDWXOXLILLQGRUH]XOWDQW DGLQDPLFLLYHQLWXULORU$FH
asta nu
exclude posibilitatea folosirii acestui factor ca mijloc de realizare a unui
RELHFWLYGDF H[LVW FRQGL LLIDYRUL]DQWH

ÌQDFWLYLWDWHDSUDFWLF WUHEXLHDYXWHvQYHGHUH

• OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH D LQIOD LHL FHHD FH SUHVXSXQH FRUHFWDUHD

bazei de compDUD LH FX XQ FRHILFLHQW FDUH V  UHIOHFWH FRUHOD LD

GLQWUH FUHúWHUHD SUH XULORU WXWXURU FDWHJRULLORU GH UHVXUVH FX FDUH

VH DSURYL]LRQHD]  vQWUHSULQGHUHD ,FKL úL GLQDPLFD SUH XULORU SH

VHDPDF URUDVHIRUPHD] YHQLWXULOH,vi ).

'DF ,FKL úL,vi = 1DWXQFLED]DGHFRPSDUD LHYDIL
110
847 × = 887,3 lei.
105
(VWH HYLGHQW F  ID  GH DFHDVW  ED]  GH UDSRUWDUH UH]XOWDWXO RE LQXW

HVWHIDYRUDELOGDUHOWUHEXLHLQWHUSUHWDWvQVHQVXOF V DUILRE LQXWGDF QXDU

-
ILLQWHUYHQLWPRGLILF ULOHGHSUH XULindependente de întreprindere.

• H[SOLFDUHD SH ILHFDUH FDWHJRULH GH YHQLWXUL D HYROX LHL HILFLHQ HL

vQ IXQF LH GH IDFWRULL VSHFLILFL FDUH R LQIOXHQ HD]  PDL DOHV vQ

VLWXD LL FD FHD GLQ H[HPSOXO GDW vQ FDUH FKHOWXLHOLOH ILQDQFLDUH úL

FHOHH[FHS LRQDOHGHS ú esFVXEVWDQ LDOYHQLWXULOH

 0RGDOLW LOHGHDQDOL] YRUILSUH]HQWDWHSHSDUFXUV

Modificarea nivelului cheltuielilor totale la 1000 lei venituri se

UHIOHFW vQP ULPHDUH]XOWDWXOXLH[HUFL LXOXLvQDLQWHGHLPSR]LWDUH

(IHFWXOVHGHWHUPLQ FXDMXWRUXOUHOD LHL

∑ vi
− (C1 − C 0 ) = −(864,57 − 847 )
4925
= −88,5 mil. lei
1000 1000
FHHDFHvQVHDPQ RGLPLQXDUHDUH]XOWDWXOXLID GHFHOSUHY ]XWSULQEXJHWXO

GHYHQLWXULúLFKHOWXLHOL(YLGHQWRDVHPHQHDLQIOXHQ QHIDYRUDELO SRDWHIL

FRPSHQVDW  SULQ PDVD YHQLWXOXL FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R DOWHUQDWLY  SHQWU u un

anumit orizont.

3.2 Analiza cheltuielilor de exploatare

&KHOWXLHOLOH GH H[SORDWDUH GH LQ SRQGHUHD FHD PDL PDUH HOH ILLQG vQ

OHJ WXU  GLUHFW  FX RELHFWXO GH DFWLYLWDWH DO vQWUHSULQGHULL FRQVWLWXLQG DVWIHO

GRPHQLXOSULQFLSDOvQFDUHVHSRWLQL LDúLUHDOL]DFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHP VXUL

GHVSRULUHDHILFLHQ HLHFRQRPLFH

Cheltuielile de exploatare cuprind, potrivit prevederilor art. 96 din

5HJXODPHQWXOGHDSOLFDUHD/HJLLFRQWDELOLW LLXUP WRDUHOHHOHPHQWH

¾ cheltuieli privind consumurile de materii prime, materiale,

FRPEXVWLELOHQHUJLHúLHOHPHQWHDVLPLODWH

¾ FKHOWXLHOLOH FX OXFU ULOH úL VHUYLFLLOH SUHVWDWH GH WHU L FKLULL

ORFD LLGHJHVWLXQHDOWHFKHOWXLHOL

¾ FKHOWXLHOL FX LPSR]LWHOH úL WD[HOH VXSRUWDWH GH XQLWDWHD

SDWULPRQLDO 

¾ cheltuieli cu personalul;
¾ alte cheltuieli de exploatare.
ÌQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH VH IRORVHúWH QLYHOXO ORU OD

1000 lei venituri din exploatare, ca parte a întregului folosit anterior,

XUP ULQGX-VH GLQDPLFD úL PRGLILF ULOH LQWHUYHQLWH vQ VWUXFWXUD FKHOWXLHOilor.

Acest lucru este important atât pentru formarea imaginii asupra modului în
care s-D UHDOL]DW SURJUDPXO VWDELOLW úL vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD
FDWHJRULLORU GH FKHOWXLHOL FDUH QHFHVLW  R DWHQ LH GHRVHELW  GLQ SDUWHD

factorilor de decizie.
ÎntruckW GLQDPLFD HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH HVWH

FXQRVFXW  GLQ SDUDJUDIXO DQWHULRU VH YD SUH]HQWD DQDOL]D VWUXFWXUDO  vQ

IXQF LH GH QDWXUD FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL WRWDOH D H[HUFL LXOXL

ILQDQFLDULQFOXVLYFRVWXOP UIXULORUYkQGXWHvQFRUHOD LHFXYDORDUHDORU

 ÌQ DFHVW VFRS SH ED]D GDWHORU GLQFRQWXO GH SURILW úL SLHUGHUH úLDOWH

VXUVHVHvQWRFPHúWHWDEHOXOXUP WRUWDEHOXO ):

Tabelul 3.2
Cheltuieli la 1000 lei venituri din
0RGLILF UL
Nr. exploatare (lei
6SHFLILFD LH
crt. col. 4 col. 4
Perioada
3UHY ]XW Realizat – –
SUHFHGHQW
col. 2 col. 3
1 &RVWXOP UIXULORUYkQGXWH
- - - - -
(ct. 607)
2 0DWHULL SULPH úL PDWHULDOH
427,49 449,889 444,55 +17,15 -5,32
consumabile (ct. 600 + 601)
3 &RPEXVWLELOLHQHUJLHúLDS
86,82 86,54 85,37 -1,45 -1,17
(ct. 605)
4 Alte cheltuieli
(ct. 602, 603, 604, 606, 28,86 28,63 27,58 -1,28 -1,05
608)
5 /XFU UL úL VHUYLFLL H[HFXWDWH

GHWHU LFWOD 11,07 8,30 12,48 +1,41 +4,18

ct. 621 la 628)
6 ,PSR]LWH WD[H úL Y UV PLQWH
8,09 8,80 11,90 +3,81 +3,10
asimilate (ct. 631 + 635)
7 Salarii personal (ct. 641) 178,76 181,20 165,40 -13,36 -15,80
8 $VLJXU UL úL SURWHF LH
55,41 43,15 51,22 -4,19 +8,07
VRFLDO FW

9 Alte cheltuieli de exploatare

1,10 - 1,23 +0,13 +1,23
(ct. 654 + 658)
10 $PRUWL] ULúLSURYL]LRDQH
17,62 23,23 21,00 +3,38 -2,23
(ct. 681)
TOTAL 815,22 829,72 820,73 +5,60 -8,99
'LQGDWHOHDVWIHOVWUXFWXUDWHUH]XOW F ID GHSUHYHGHUHDGHFUHúWHUH

a cheltuielilor de exploatare la 1000 lei venituri, s-a realizat o reducere pe

WRWDO úL FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL ([FHS LH IDF XQHOH FKHOWXLHOL GDU QX DX

SRQGHULvQVHPQDWHDOWHFKHOWXLHOLGHH[SORDWDUHDVLJXU ULúLSURWHF LHVRFLDO 

etc.).
Într-R DVHPHQHD VLWXD LH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
metodologic, estH QHFHVDU V  VH DQDOL]H]H ILHFDUH FKHOWXLDO  LQGLIHUHQW GH
HYROX LDHLvQVFRSXOLGHQWLILF ULLSRVLELOLW LORUGHUHGXFHUHPHWRGRORJLDYD

ILSUH]HQWDW vQDOWHSDUDJUDIH

$QDOL]D HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH SRDWH IL HIHFWXDW  vQ

raport de fRUPDUHDYHQLWXULORUúLQLYHOXOFKHOWXLHOLORUSHFDWHJRULLGHYHQLWXUL
ÌQDFHVWVFRSGDWHOHQHFHVDUHVHSUH]LQW DVWIHO

Tabelul 3.3
(mil. lei)
Nr. Perioada 3HULRDGDFXUHQW
Indicatori
crt. SUHFHGHQW 3UHY ]XW Realizat
1 Venituri din exploatare, din care aferente: 3680 4218 4630
4375
2 3URGXF LHLYkQGXWH 3386 (92) 4007 (95)
(94,5)
3 3URGXF LHLVWRFDWH 184 (5) 42 (1) 162 (3,5)
4 3URGXF LHLLPRELOL]DWH 110 (3) 169 (4) 93 (2)
5 Cheltuieli din exploatare, din care aferente: 3000 3500 3800
6 3URGXF LHi vândute 2706 3289 3545
7 3URGXF LHLVWRFDWH 184 42 162
8 3URGXF LHLLPRELOL]DWH 110 169 93
9 Cheltuieli de exploatare la 1000 lei
815,22 829,72 820,73
venituri (lei) din care aferente:
10 3URGXF LHLYkQGXWH 799,17 820,81 810,29
11 $IHUHQWHSURGXF LHLVWRFDWHúLLPRELOL]DWH 1000 1000 1000

1RW : &LIUHOH GLQ SDUDQWH]  UHSUH]LQW  VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU vQ

procente.
ÌQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH  vQ IXQF LH GH FULWHULXO DPLQWLW

WUHEXLH V  VH LQ  VHDPD GH PRGXO GH IRUPDUH D YHQLWXULORU GLQ SURGXF LD

VWRFDW  úLLPRELOL]DW  UHVSHFWLYHYDOXDUHDvQFRVWXULFHHDFH FRQGXFH OD XQ

QLYHO DO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL ÌQFRQVHFLQ  RFUHúWHUH D SRQGHULL DFHVWRU

GRX HOHPHQWHDUHFDHIHFWGLPLQXDUHDHILFLHQ HLFKHOWXLHOLORUGHH[SORDWDUH

Din puncW GH YHGHUH PHWRGRORJLF SHQWUX D GHOLPLWD LQIOXHQ D

VWUXFWXULL YHQLWXULORU GH FHD D QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL

YkQGXWH VH SURFHGHD]  FD vQ FD]XO SUHFHGHQW UHVSHFWLY VHIDFH UHFDOFXODUHD

cheltuielilor la 1000 lei venituri de exploatare.

1. Modificarea cheltuielilor la 1000 lei venituri din exploatare (lei),

P0 – Pn-1 P1 – P0
829,72 – 815,22 = 14,50 lei 820,73 – 829,72 = -8,99 lei

,QIOXHQ DVWUXFWXULLYHQLWXULORUGLQH[SORDWDUH

0,95 × 799,17 = 759,21 0,945 × 820,81 = 775,67

50,0 55,0
0,05 × 1000 0,055 × 1000
809,21 830,67
809,21 – 815,22 = -6,01 lei 830,67 – 829,72 = +0,95 lei
  ,QIOXHQ D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL YHQLWXUL DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL

vândute
829,72 – 809,21 = +20,51 820,73 – 830,67 = -9,94
$QDOL]DGDWHORUHYLGHQ LD] IDSWXOF VWUXFWXUDYHQLWXULORUFRUHFWHD] 

vQ PLQXV VDX SOXV LQIOXHQ D H[HUFLWDW  GH QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH

SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH HOHPHQWXO SULQFLSDO DO FKHOWXLHOLORU GH

exploatare.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWHHYROX LD SURGXF LHL VWRFDWH úL LPRELOL]DWH WUHEXLH

V  VH IDF  GLVWLQF LH vQWUH YROXPXO IL]LF úL FRVWXO DIHUHQW vQWUXFkW DFHVWHD DX

VHPQLILFD LH FDX]H úL HIHFWH GLIHULWH $VWIHO FUHúWHUHD VDX VF GHUHD

SURGXF LHL VWRFDWH úL UHVSHFWLY LPRELOL]DWH FRPSDUDWLY FX UHDOL] ULOH

perioadHL DQWHULRDUH VDX FX SUHYHGHULOH SRDWH IL GHWHUPLQDW  GH IDFWRUL

FRQMXQFWXUDOL DL SLH HL VDX GH DOW  QDWXU  VDX RS LXQH D FRQGXFHULL SHQWUX

realizarea unor obiective viitoare. Modificarea costurilor aferente este

GHWHUPLQDW  GH IDFWRUL VSHFLILFL UHIOHFWkndu-VH FRUHVSXQ] WRU vQ UH]XOWDWXO

H[HUFL LXOXL $VHPHQHD DVSHFWH SRW IL VROX LRQDWH SULQ FRUHODUHD GDWHORU GLQ

FRQWDELOLWDWHD JHQHUDO  ILQDQFLDU  FX FHOH GLQ FRQWDELOLWDWHD GH JHVWLXQH

DQDOLWLF 

$QDOL]DFKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLFLIU GHDIDFH ri

3RWULYLWUHJOHPHQW ULORUvQYLJRDUHFLIUDGHDIDFHULVHFDOFXOHD] SULQ

vQVXPDUHD YHQLWXULORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ OLYU ULOH GH EXQXUL H[HFXWDUHD GH OXFU UL

úLSUHVW ULOHGHVHUYLFLLúLDOWHYHQLWXULGLQH[SORDWDUHPDLSX LQUDEDWXULOHúL

UHPL]HOH úL DOWH UHGXFHUL DFRUGDWHFOLHQ LORU $UWLFROXO  GLQ 5HJXODPHQWXO

GHDSOLFDUHD/HJLLFRQWDELOLW LL

&D SULQFLSDO  SDUWH FRPSRQHQW  D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL YHQLWXUL

GLQ H[SORDWDUH FKHOWXLHOLOH OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL & SRW IL H[SULPDWH

cu ajutorul modelului:
∑ qc
C= ⋅ 1000
∑ qp
în care:
T FDQWLWDWHDYkQGXW

c = costul produselor
S SUH XOPHGLXGHYkQ]DUHH[FOXVLY79$
 5HOD LDGHPDLVXVSRDWHILVFULV úLDVWIHO

c
C = ∑g ⋅ ⋅ 1000
p
în care:
 qp 
J VWUXFWXUDSURGXF LHLYkQGXWHVWDELOLW YDORULF  
 ∑ qp 
c
⋅1000 = nivelul cheltuielilor la 1000 lei pe produse
p
'H DLFL UH]XOW  F  IDFWRULL FDUH LQIOXHQ HD]  FKHOWXLHOLOH OD  OHL

FLIU  GH DIDFHUL VXQW VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL SUH XO PHGLX GH YkQ]DUH úL costul
produselor.
([HPSOLILFDUHD PHWRGRORJLHL GH DQDOL]  QHFHVLW  XUP WRDUHOH GDWH

(tabelul 3.4):
Tabelul 3.4
(mil. lei)
Nr.
Indicatori 3UHY ]XW Realizat
crt.
1 Cifra de afaceri (∑ qp) 4007 4375
2 Cheltuieli aferente cifrei de afaceri (∑ qc) 3289 3546
3 &LIUDGHDIDFHULUHFDOFXODW  (∑ q1p 0 ) - 4500
Cheltuieli aferente cifrei de afaceri recalculate
4
(∑ q1c 0 ) - 3672

5 &KHOWXLHOLODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHULOHL 820,81 810,51

ReducereD vQ FD]XO GDW DO QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL FLIU 

de afaceri de –10,30 lei (810,51 –VHH[SOLF SULQLQIOXHQ D

D6WUXFWXULLSURGXF LHLYkQGXWH

∑ q 1c 0 ∑ q0p0
⋅ 1000 − ⋅ 1000 sau C ′ − C 0
∑ q 1p 0 ∑ q0p0
3672 3289
⋅ 1000 − ⋅ 1000 = 816 − 820,81 = −4,81 lei
4500 4007
Interpretat metodologic, acest rezultat FX VHPQLILFD LH HFRQRPLF 

SR]LWLY  GH UHGXFHUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL HVWH XUPDUHD PRGLILF ULL

VWUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH vQ VHQVXO FUHúWHULL SRQGHULL SURGXVHORU FX R

UHQWDELOLWDWH SUHY ]XW  PDL PDUH $úD GXS  FXP V -a mai precizat, structura
proGXF LHL YkQGXWH SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW  DWkW FD IDFWRU GH H[SOLFDUH
D UH]XOWDWXOXL FkW úL GH UHDOL]DUH D XQXL RELHFWLY SUHY ]XW ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  vQ

DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  HVWH DEVROXW QHFHVDU V  VH SUHFL]H]H FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH

s-DX SURGXV PRGLILF ULOH vQ VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH DYkQGX -se în
YHGHUHHIHFWHOHPXOWLSOHGLUHFWHúLLQGLUHFWHSHFDUHOHGHWHUPLQ 

E3UH XULORUPHGLLGHYkQ]DUH

∑ q1c0 ⋅1000 − ∑ qc0 ⋅1000 sau C′′ − C0

∑ q1p1 ∑ q1p0
3672 3672
⋅ 100 − ⋅ 1000 = 839,31 − 816,00 = +23,31 lei
4375 4500
6F GHUHD ID  GH QLYHOXO SUHY ]XW D SUH XULORU PHGLL GH YkQ]DUH D

FRQGXVODRFUHúWHUHDQLYHOXOXLFKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHULFHHD

FH vQVHDPQ  vQ XOWLP  LQVWDQ  VF GHUHD SURILWXOXL &D DWDUHDGRSWDUHD XQRU

GHFL]LL UHIHULWRDUH OD SROLWLFD GH SUH XUL WUHEXLH V  VH ED]H]H SH DQDOL]D

tuturor cauzelor care DX GHWHUPLQDW PLúFDUHD vQ H[HPSOXO GDW D SUH XULORU
de vânzare.
ÌQ JHQHUDO VH SRDWH VSXQH F  PRGLILFDUHD SUH XULORU GH YkQ]DUH HVWH

GHWHUPLQDW  GH VFKLPEDUHD UDSRUWXOXL FHUHUH RIHUW  /D QLYHOXO ILHF UXL
-
SURGXF WRU úL UHVSHFWLY RIHUWDQW GH SURGXVH pot fi identificate unele cauze
FXP DU IL FDOLWDWHD SURGXVHORU LQFOXVLY SURGXVH GLIHUHQ LDWH SH FDOLW L

PDUFD GH IDEULF  SURGXF LH VDX FRPHU  VFKLPEDUHD GHVWLQD LHL SURGXVXOXL

LQWHUYHQ LD VWDWXOXL vQ FD]XO XQRU SURGXVH GH LPSRUWDQ  QD LRQDO  VDX

VWUDWHJLF DFRUGDUHDGHERQLILFD LLVDXUHPL]HHWF

Cunoscându-se cauzele care au condus lD PRGLILFDUHD SUH XULORU

(±∆3 VH SRDWH VWDELOL HIHFWXODVXSUD QLYHOXOXLFKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL FLIU 
GHDIDFHULSHED]DUHOD LHL

∑ q 1c 0 ∑ q 1c 0
⋅ 1000 − ⋅ 1000
∑ q1p1 − (± ∆P) ∑ q1 p 0
PrHVXSXQkQG vQ H[HPSOXO GDW F  vQWUHSULQGHUHD IDEULF  SURGXVH

GLIHUHQ LDWH SH FDOLW L úL F  vQ SHULRDGD DQDOL]DW  SHQWUX VWLPXODUHD

vâQ] ULORU D DFRUGDW ERQLILFD LL vQ VXP  WRWDO  GH – PLO OHL LQIOXHQ D
FDOLW LLDVXSUDFKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLVHGHWHUPLQ DVWIHO

3672
⋅ 1000 − 816 = 814,91 − 816 = −1,09 lei
4375 + 131
'HFL HIHFWXO FDOLW LL vPEXQ W LUHD DFHVWHLD FRQGXFH OD FUHúWHUHD

SUH XOXL GH YkQ]DUH úL LPSOLFLW OD VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL FX  OHL OD  OHL

FLIU  GH DIDFHUL vQ WLPS FH DFRUGDUHD ERQLILFD LLORU V -a materializat într-o
diminuare a acesteia cu 24,40 lei (23,31 + 1,09).
 c) Costurilor pe produse
∑ q1c1 ∑ q1c 0
⋅ 1000 − ⋅ 1000 sau C1 − C ′′
∑ q 1p1 ∑ q 1 p1
3546 3672
⋅ 1000 − ⋅ 1000 = 810,51 − 839,31 = −28,80 lei
4375 4375
5HGXFHUHD FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH D GHWHUPLQDW VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL

FKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL

DLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHPHWRGRORJLFSHQWUXRHGLILFDUHFRPSOHW DVXSUD

VLWXD LHLHVWHQHFHVDU DQDOL]DHOHPHQWHORUGHFKHOWXLHOLúLDFDX]HORUFDUHDX

GHWHUPLQDW PRGLILFDUHD DFHVWRUD (VWH FXQRVFXW IDSWXO F  SUH XO WXWXURU

categoriilor de resurse este o compoQHQW  D FKHOWXLHOLORU FDUH VH SRDWH

PRGLILFD LQGHSHQGHQW GH DFWLYLWDWHD XQLW LORU sau vQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL VH
LPSXQH R VHSDUDUH D DFHVWHL LQIOXHQ H GH FRQWULEX LD SURSULH OD UH]XOWDWXO

RE LQXW

Metodologic, aceasta presupune:

ƒ determinarea soldului modiILF ULORU GH FKHOWXLHOL LQGHSHQGHQWH
de activitatea întreprinderii (±∆FK 6  SUHVXSXQHP vQ H[HPSOXO
dat +22 mil. lei;
ƒ VWDELOLUHDQLYHOXOXLODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL

± ∆ch + 22
⋅ 1000 = ⋅ 1000 = +5,03 lei
∑ q 1p1 4375
ƒ FRUHFWDUHD LQIOXHQ HL FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH FX HIHFWXO

modifiF ULORUGHFKHOWXLHOLLQGHSHQGHQWHGHXQLWDWH
-28,80 – (+5,03) = -33,83 lei
,QIRUPD LLOH RE LQXWH vQ XUPD DFHVWHL PRGDOLW L GH DQDOL]  SRW IL

YDORULILFDWH vQ VLWXD LL PXOWLSOH GLQ FDUH QX VH H[FOXG VWXGLLOH GH IH]DELOLWDWH

úLGHHYDOXDUHvQFDUHSDUWHDGHGLDJQRVWLFDUHRLPSRUWDQ GHRVHELW 

'DW  ILLQG SR]L LD FKHOWXLHOLORU WRWDOH VDX DIHUHQWH FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL

vQ VLVWHPXO LQGLFDWRULORU GH DQDOL]  HFRQRPLFR ILQDQFLDU  VH UHFRPDQG 

-
FXDQWLILFDUHD HIHFWHORU PRGLILF ULL QLYHOXOXL OD  OHL $VWIHO principalii
LQGLFDWRUL VLQWHWLFL vQ FDUH VH UHJ VHúWH LQIOXHQ D PRGLILF ULL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD

OHLFLIU GHDIDFHULVXQW

a) Suma profitului înainte de impozitare

∑q p
− (C1 −C 0 ) 1 1
1000
1RW : Rezultatul poate fi detaliat pe factori potrivit metodologiei

prezentate;
 E(ILFLHQ DDFWLYHORUGHH[SORDWDUH$H

− (C1 − C 0 )∑ q1p1
Ae1

F(ILFLHQ DXWLOL] ULLDFWLYHORUIL[HYDORDUHDPHGLHDQXDO  – Mf)

− (C1 − C 0 )∑ q1p1
Mf1

G (ILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL FDSLWDOXULORU FDUH pot fi proprii, totale, sociale

–K);

− (C1 − C 0 )∑ q1p1
K1

G(ILFLHQ DXWLOL] ULLIRU HLGHPXQF SULQSURILWXOPHGLXSHVDODULDW

∑ q 1 p1
− (C1 − C 0 )
1000
N1
unde:
N1  QXP UXOPHGLXGHVDODULD L

(ILFLHQ D FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL HVWH GH fapt o

UHIOHFWDUH D UH]XOWDWHORU FDUH VH RE LQ vQ VWDGLXO SURGXF LHL ÌQ FRQVHFLQ 

DQDOL]D SRDWH IL GHSODVDW  vQ DFHVW VHJPHQW DO FLUFXOD LHL FDSLWDOXOXL

folosindu-VH LQGLFDWRUXO ÄFKHOWXLHOL OD  OHL SURGXF LH PDUI  IDEULFDW ´
Aceasta presupune ca, vQ FRQWDELOLWDWHD GH JHVWLXQH V  VH VWDELOHDVF 
UH]XOWDWXO SRWHQ LDO DO H[SORDW ULL IRORVLQGX-VH FRQWXUL úL UH]XOWDWH DQDOLWLFH

DúDGXS FXPVHSUHFL]HD] vQ$UWLFROXOGLQ5HJXODPHQWXOGHDSOLFDUHD

/HJLL&RQWDELOLW LL

ÌQ DVHPHQHD FRQGL LL PHWRGRORJLD GH DQDOL]  SUH]HQWDW  YL]HD] 

SURGXF LD IDEULFDW  vQ FXUVXO H[HUFL LXOXL GDWHOH QHFHVDUH ILLQG IXUQL]DWH GH

FRQWDELOLWDWHD GH JHVWLXQH JUXSD  GLQ 3ODQXO GH FRQWXUL úL EXJHWXO GH

YHQLWXULúLFKHOWXLHOL
 8WLOLWDWHD SUDFWLF  D XQHL DVHPHQHD DQDOL]H VH UHJ VHúWH vQ FDOFXOH

DEVROXW QHFHVDUH GH SUHYL]LRQDUH D FXDQWXPXOXL GH UHVXUVH PDWHULDOH úL

ILQDQFLDUHFDUHFRQGL LRQHD] vQGHSOLQLUHDRELHFWLYHORUVWDELOLWH

$QDOL]D FRPSDUDWLY  D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL FX

cele aferente prodXF LHL IDEULFDWH SXQH vQ HYLGHQ  PRGXO GH ILQDOL]DUH D
P VXULORU WHKQLFR-RUJDQL]DWRULFH DGRSWDWH vQ VWDGLXO SURGXF LHL SHQWUX

reducerea costurilor.
Pentru exemplificare se folosesc datele:
Tabelul 3.5
cheltuieli la 1000 lei
Nr.
SURGXF LH
crt. FLIU GHDIDFHUL
IDEULFDW

1 0RGLILFDUHID GHQLYHOXOSUHY ]XW -10,30 -7,40

2 ,QIOXHQ DVWUXFWXULL -4,81 +3,80
3 ,QIOXHQ DSUH XOXLPHGLXGHYkQ]DUH +23,31 +18,60
4 ,QIOXHQ DFRVWXOXL -28,80 -29,80

ÌQ VLWXD LD GDW  UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH vQ SURGXF LH SH linia reducerii
QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL VH UHIOHFW  vQ WRWDOLWDWH vQ FHOH DIHUHQWH

FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL vQ FDUH VH UHJ VHVF úL HIHFWHOH PRGLILF ULORU LQWHUYHQLWH vQ

VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL VWRFDWH 'H DOWIHO DúD VH SRDWH H[SOLFD úL LQIOXHQ D

structurii de – OHL OD FLIUD GH DIDFHUL úL  OHL OD SURGXF LD IDEULFDW 

SUHFXPúLDFRVWXOXL

5HGXFHUHDSUH XOXLPHGLXGHYkQ]DUHGHSULQFLSLXVHFRQVWLWXLHvQWU -
XQ SXQFW VODE DO DFWLYLW LL ILUPHL GDF  DFHDVWD QX D IRVW R RS LXQH SHQWUX

promovarea YkQ] ULORU (VWH HYLGHQW F  vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  R DVHPHQHD

VLWXD LHWUHEXLHV ILHSUH]HQWDW vQGHWDOLX

3.4 Analiza cheltuielilor variabile

ÌQ FDGUXO FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH SDUWHD YDULDELO  UHVSHFWLY FHD

FDUH HVWH GHSHQGHQW  GH YROXPXO GH DFWLYLWDWH HVWH SUHGRPLQDQW  7HRULD úL

SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF  IRORVHVF QR LXQLOH GH GHSHQGHQ  SURSRU LRQDO  úL

QHSURSRU LRQDO VDXVWULFWúLUHVSHFWLYQRQVWULFWSURSRU LRQDOÌQSULPXOFD]

VXPD FRVWXULORU YDULDELOH VH H[SULP  SULQ UHOD LD D Â 4 XQ

de a = suma
costurilor variabile pe produs, ar Q = cantitatea, iar in cel de al doilea prin
IXQF LDI4
 2S LXQHDSHQWUXIRORVLUHDvQDQDOL] úLUHVSHFWLYSUDFWLFDHFRQRPLF 

DFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOHSRDWHILMXVWLILFDW SULQ

• elaborarea politicii vân] ULORU vQ IXQF LH úL GH JUDGXO GH

UHQWDELOLWDWH úL vQ FRQVHFLQ  GH FRQWULEX LD OD DFRSHULUHD

cheltuielilor comune;
• elaborarea bugetelor de costuri, necesare în buna gestionare a
tuturor categoriilor de resurse;
• VWDELOLUHD SROLWLFLL GH SURGXF LH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FDQWLWDWLY úL

al termenului de realizare;
• GHWHUPLQDUHD SUDJXOXL GH UHQWDELOLWDWH SUREOHP  GHRVHELW GH

LPSRUWDQW  vQ GLPHQVLRQDUHD XQRU DFWLYLW L úL FDWHJRULL GH

cheltuieli.
(YLGHQW SRW IL IRUPXODWH úL XQHOH UH]HUYH vQ DFHVW VHQV GHWHUPLQDW e
de:
• LPSUHFL]LDVWDELOLULLYDULDELOLW LLGLIHULWHORUFDWHJRULLGHFKHOWXLHOL

• SRVLELOLWDWHDGHSUHYL]LRQDUHSHWHUPHQVFXUWúLOXQJ

• LPSDFWXO VLVWHPXOXL GH VDODUL]DUH DVXSUD FHORU GRX  JUXSH GH

cheltuieli (variabile sau fixe).

Pentru activitatea practic  DFHVWHD VXQW HOHPHQWH FDUH VH LDX vQ
FRQVLGHUDUH vQ DSUHFLHUHD XQRU UH]XOWDWH RE LQXWH vQWU-R SHULRDG  H[SLUDW  úL

IRUPXODUHDGHFL]LLORUGHFRUHF LHSHQWUXYLLWRU

$QDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH SRDWH DYHD vQ YHGHUH XUP WRDUHOH

probleme:

3.4.1 Anali]D GLQDPLFLL úL VWUXFWXULL FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH

ODOHLYHQLWXULúLFDVXP WRWDO 

,QGLYLGXDOL]DW  FD SUREOHP  VH vQVFULH vQ PRGDOLWDWHD JHQHUDO  GH

DERUGDUH D vQWUHJXOXL UHVSHFWLY D WRWDOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  VH YD

XUP ULúLGLQDPLFDFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOHWRWDOHúLODOHLYHQLWXULSHED]D

datelor dLQWDEHOXOXUP WRUWDEHOXO ).

 Tabelul 3.6
(mil. lei)
Perioada 3HULRDGDFXUHQW %
Nr. Indicatori SUHFHGHQW 3UHY ]XW Realizat  P1 
crt. Pn-1 P0 P1  
 P0 
Cheltuieli de exploatare
1 1987 2386 2546 106,70
variabile
Cheltuieli variabile aferente
2 1896 2324 2516 108,26
cifrei de afaceri
Cheltuieli variabile aferente
3 1904 × 2495 ×
cifrei de afaceri recalculate
4 Venituri din exploatare 3680 4218 4630 109,77
5 Cifra de afaceri 3385 4007 4375 109,18
6 &LIUDGHDIDFHULUHFDOFXODW 3300 × 4500 ×
Cheltuieli variabile la 1000 lei
7 540 565,67 550 97,22
venituri din exploatare (lei)
Cheltuieli variabile la 1000 lei
8 560 580 575 99,14
FLIU GHDIDFHUL

8UP ULQG HYROX LD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD  OH i venituri din
H[SORDWDUHúLUHVSHFWLYFLIU GHDIDFHULID GHUHDOL] ULOHDQXOXLSUHFHGHQWúL

SUHYHGHUL DFHDVWD HVWH GLIHULW  $VWIHO V D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH D QLYHOXOXL

-
FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL VLWXD LH vQUHJLVWUDW  QXPDL OD FKHOWXLHOL GH

exploatare. Într-XQ DVHPHQHD FD] vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  GH DQDOL]  WUHEXLH

V  VH PRWLYH]H úL H[SOLFH WRDWH HOHPHQWHOH DYXWH vQ YHGHUH SUHFXP úL FHOH

FDUHDXDS UXWSHSDUFXUV

ÌQ FHHDFHSULYHúWHVWUXFWXUDFKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOHFD VXP WRWDO úL

lD  OHL DFHDVWD SRDWH YL]D QDWXUD FKHOWXLHOLORU úLVDX ORFXO GH IRUPDUH
(centre de responsabilitate), iar în cadrul acestora pe produse. O asemenea
DQDOL]  HVWH QHFHVDU  vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX ORFDOL]DUHD P VXULORU GH UHGXFHUH D

costurilor.

3.4.2 Anali]DIDFWRULDO DFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOH

'LDJQRVWLFXO FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH SUH]LQW  LPSRUWDQ  GHRVHELW  vQ

DFWLYLWDWHD GH FRQGXFHUH SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD vQFDGU ULL vQWU -un nivel de
UHQWDELOLWDWH FDUH V  SHUPLW  SUDFWLFDUHD XQRU SUH XUL PHQLWH V  FRQGXF  la

PHQ LQHUHDúLHYHQWXDOFUHúWHUHDFRWHLGHSLD 

$QDOL]DIDFWRULDO SRDWHDYHDFDRELHFWQLYHOXOFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOH
la 1000 lei venituri din exploatare (Cve), nivelul cheltuielilor variabile la
OHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL&YSUHFXPúLvQV úLVXPDDEVROXW DFKHOWXLHOLORU

YDULDELOHDIHUHQWHSURGXF LHLIDEULFDWH Σqcv).

În primul caz, poate fi folosit modelul
∑ gi cvi
C ve = ,
100
unde:
gi = structura veniturilor;
cvi = cheltuielile la 1000 lei venituri pe categorii de venituri.
Metodologia GH VWDELOLUH D FHORU GRX  LQIOXHQ H HVWH VLPLODU  FHOHL

prezentate în analiza cheltuielilor totale la 1000 lei venituri.

În cel de-al doilea caz se are în vedere modelul:
∑ qcv
Cv = ⋅ 1000,
∑ qp
în care:
cv = costul variabil pe unitate de produs vândut.
0RGLILFDUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOHODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHULID GH

QLYHOXOSUHY ]XWvQH[HPSOXOGDWGH –OHLVHH[SOLF SULQLQIOXHQ D

-VWUXFWXULLSURGXF LHLYkQGXWH
∑ q1cv0 ⋅1000 − Cv0 = 2495 ⋅1000 − 580 = 554,40 − 580 = −25,6 lei
∑ q1p0 4500
sau C′v 0 − Cv 0
-SUH XOXLPHGLXGHYkQ]DUHH[FOXVLY79$
∑ q1cv0 ⋅1000 − ∑ q1cv0 ⋅1000 = 2495 ⋅1000 − 2495 ⋅1000 =
∑ q1p1 ∑ q1p0 4375 4500
= 570,29 − 554,40 = +15,89 lei
sau C´´v0 - C´v0
- costul variabil pe unitate de produs

Cv1 −
∑ q1cv0 ⋅1000 = 575 − 570,29 = +4,71lei sau Cv1 − Cv 0
∑ q1p1
1RW : $VSHFWHOH PHWRGRORJLFH UHIHULWRDUH OD LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU

LQGHSHQGHQ L GH DFWLYLWDWHD XQLW LL VXQW YDODELOH úL DLFL FX PHQ LXQHD F  VH

UHIHU QXPDLODFKHOWXLHOLOHYDULDELOH

5H]XOW  vQ H[HPSOXO GDW F  UHGXFHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD

 OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL V -a realizat exclusiv pe seama structurii proGXF LHL
YkQGXWH FHHD FH HYLGHQW DUH R VHPQLILFD LH SR]LWLY  GDW  ILLQG RQRUDUHD

FHUHULL SHQWUX SURGXVHOH UHVSHFWLYH 'DU vQ SHUVSHFWLY  QX WUHEXLH QHJOLMDWH

SURGXVHOH FX FKHOWXLHOL YDULDELOH PDL PDUL SHQWUX D QX SLHUGH SLD D FL

GLPSRWULY  WUHEXLH DF LRQDW SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD FRVWXULORU SH VHDPD

cheltuielilor variabile pe unitate de produs.

ÌQDFHVWPRPHQWVHSRDWHIDFHDQDOL]DFRPSDUDWLY DFKHOWXLHOLORUOD

OHLFLIU GHDIDFHULFXFHOHYDULDELOH$VWIHO

Tabelul 3.7
Nr. Cheltuieli variabile
Cheltuieli la 1000 lei
Indicatori ODOHLFLIU GH
crt. FLIU GHDIDFHUL
afaceri
1 0RGLILFDUHDID GHQLYHOXO -10,17 -5,0 lei
SUHY ]XWOHLGLQFDUHGDWRULW 

LQIOXHQ HL

2 6WUXFWXULLSURGXF LHLYkQGXWH -4,76 -25,6

3 3UH XOXLPHGLXGHYkQ]DUH +23,31 +15,89
4 Costului pe produs, respectiv -28,72 +4,71
costului variabil

6WXGLXO DFHVWRU GDWH FRPSOHWHD]  WDEORXO UHIHULWRU OD VLWXD LD

cheltuielilor aferente cifrei de afaceri, putându-se formula atât punctele forte

UH]XOWDWHSR]LWLYHFkWúLFHOHVODbe (rezultate negative).

&DSXQFWHIRUWHSRWILPHQ LRQDWH

ƒ VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL DWkW

SHVHDPDFHORUYDULDELOHFkWúLIL[H

ƒ FUHúWHUHD YkQ] ULORU OD SURGXVHOH FX UHQWDELOLWDWH SRWHQ LDO 

VXSHULRDU 

ƒ UHGXFHUHD ID  GH QLYHOXO SUHY ]XW D FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH GDU

numai pe seama cheltuielilor fixe.

&DSXQFWHVODEHVHUHPDUF 

ƒ VF GHUHDSUH XOXLGHYkQ]DUHWUHEXLHLGHQWLILFDWHFDX]HOH

ƒ FUHúWHUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOHSHXQLWDWHGHSURGXV

ÌQ IXQF LH GH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH VH VWDELOHúWH FDGUXO GH DF LXQH SHQWUX

SHULRDGDXUP WRDUH

ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VXPD DEVROXW  D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH DIHUHQWH

FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL VDX SURGXF LHL IDEULFDWH SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW  SH ED]D PDL

PXOWRU PRGHOH IXQF LH GH FRQGL LLOH FRQFUHWH din unitate. Astfel, la nivelul
vQWUHJLLSURGXF LLIDEULFDWHVHSRDWHIRORVLPRGHOXO

1
Chv = Of ⋅ Cv ,
1000
în care:
Chv = VXPDDEVROXW DFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOHDIHUHQWHSURGXF LHLIDEULFDWH

Qf = SURGXF LD PDUI  IDEULFDW  H[SULPDW  vQ SUH  GH YkQ] are (unitatea
WUHEXLH V  IRORVHDVF  FRQWXUL GH YHQLWXUL vQ JUXSD  VDX V  VH

VWDELOHDVF H[WUDFRQWDELO

Cv = QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD  OHL SURGXF LH IDEULFDW 

(s-DPHQ LQXWVLPEROL]DUHDSHQWUXVLPSOLILFDUH
0RGLILFDUHD ID  GH R ED]  GH UDSRUWDUH QRWDW  FX   ∆chv), se
H[SOLF SULQLQIOXHQ D

1) volumului de activitate
Cv
(Qf1 − Qf 0 ) 0
1000
QLYHOXOXLFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOHODOHLSURGXF LHIDEULFDW

Qf1
(Cv1 − Cv 0 )
1000
GLQFDUHGDWRULW PRGLILF ULL

a) structurii SURGXF LHLPDUI IDEULFDW

Qf1
(C′v 0 − Cv 0 )
1000
ESUH XOXLPHGLXGHYkQ]DUHIRORVLWvQHYDOXDUHDSURGXF LHL

Qf1
(C′′v 0 − C′v 0 )
1000
c) cheltuielii variabile pe unitate de produs
Qf1
(Cv1 − C′′v 0 )
1000
8QDVHPHQHDPRGHOGHDQDOL] HVWHXWLOvQDFWLYLWDWHDSUDFWLF SHQWUX

HVWLPDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH RSHUD LXQH QHFHVDU  vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD

UH]XOWDWXOXLEUXWDOH[SORDW ULL

ÌQ FD]XO SURGXF LHL RPRJHQH SHQWUX WRDW  SURGXF LD IDEULFDW  VDX OD

nivelul unui centru de cheltuieli, se poate utiliza modelul Chv = Σqcv,

unde:
q = SURGXF LDIDEULFDW
cv = costul variabil pe produs
 3RWULYLWDFHVWXLPRGHOIDFWRULLGLUHF LGHLQIOXHQ VXQWFDQWLWDWHDGH

SURGXF LHVWUXFWXUDIL]LF úLFRVWXOYDULDELOSHXQLWDWHGHSURGXV

Pentru exemplificare sunt necesarHXUP WRDUHOHGDWHWDEHOXO ):

Tabelul 3.8
Cantitatea Cheltuieli variabile
Nr.
Produs um 
  

 

Pe produs

Total
  
– mii lei
crt. Realizat
Realizat Realizat
1 A t0 1000 1200 4000 4500 4000 5400
2 B t0 2000 1900 10000 9000 20000 17100
3 C t0 2500 2500 5000 5000 12500 12500
TOTAL t0 5500 5600 6636 6250 36500 35000

∆chv = 35000 – 36500 = -1500 mii lei,

GLQFDUHGDWRULW LQIOXHQ HL

DSURGXF LHL

Q1 ⋅ cv 0 − ∑ (q 0 cv 0 ) = 5600 × 6636 − 36500 = +662 mii lei

Q 
sau  1 − 1 × Chv 0
 Q0 
EVWUXFWXULLSURGXF iei

∑ (q1cv1 ) − Q1 cv0 = (1200 × 4 + 1900 × 10 + 2500 × 5) − 5600 × 6636 =

36300 − 37162 = −862 mii lei
c) costurilor variabile pe produse
∑ (q1cv1 ) − ∑ (q1cv 0 ) = 35000 − 36300 = −1300 mii lei
$FHDVW  PHWRGRORJLH GH DQDOL]  HVWH XWLO  DWkW vQ H[SOLFDUHD XQHL

VLWXD LL GDWH FkW vQ VSHFLDO vQ RSHUD LXQHD GH EXJHWDUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU SH

centre de responsabilitate.

(VWLPDUHDHYROX LHLSUREDELOHDFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOH

ÌQ SURFHVXO GH FRQGXFHUH D vQWUHSULQGHULL HVWLPDUHD HYROX LHL

FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH WRWDOH VDXúL OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL SRDWH

interveni:
¾ vQ FD]XO SUHYL]LRQ ULL DFWLYLW LL SULQ EXJHWXO GH YHQLWXUL úL

FKHOWXLHOLOHGHODRSHULRDG ODDOWD

¾ în studiile de fezabilitate (întocmite în scopuri diferite) pentru

GHWHUPLQDUHDUH]XOWDWXOXLH[SORDW ULL
 ¾ vQRSHUD LXQLGHHYDOXDUHHFRQRPLF DvQWUHSULQGHULL

¾ vQ VLWXD LLOH GH DQJDMDUH SH S arcursul anului a unor comenzi ale
EHQHILFLDULORUGDF H[LVW UH]HUY GHFDSDFLWDWHGHSURGXF LH

¾ SHQWUXDGRSWDUHD XQRUP VXULGHvQFDGUDUHvQFXUVXOH[HUFL LXOXL

vQ QLYHOXULOH SUHVWDELOLWH VDX LPSXVH GH DQXPLWH FRQGL LL

obiective.
6LWXD LLOH SUH]HQWDWH nu sunt limitative, ci explicative, activitatea
vQWUHSULQGHULLILLQGVXILFLHQWGHGLYHUVLILFDW 

&DPRGDOLW LSUDFWLFHGHVROX LRQDUHSRWILPHQ LRQDWH

¾ HVWLPDUHD SH ED]D QLYHOXOXL OD  VDX  OHL FLIU  GH

afaceri, având în vedere caracterul lor conVWDQW GDF VHHOLPLQ 

factorul dimensional (este procedeul cel mai frecvent utilizat).
Deci
Chv ′ = (CA ′ ⋅ Cv 0 )
1
1000
1RW : Chv´ = cheltuielile variabile previzionate; CA´ = cifra de

DIDFHUL SUHYL]LRQDW  VDX 4I  SURGXF LD PDUI  &Y0 = nivelul cheltuielilor

YDULDELOHODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHULUHDOL]DW 

Exemplu6HHVWLPHD] F vQSHULRDGDXUP WRDUHFLIUDGHDIDFHULYD

FUHúWHFX

CA´ = 4375 mil. × 1,10 = 4812,5 mil. lei

Chv´ = 4812,5 × 0,55 = 2646,9 mil. lei
ÌQ FD] GH LQIOD LH OXDW  vQ FDOFXOXO FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL VH DGPLWH F  úL

FKHOWXLHOLOH VH PRGLILF  vQ DFHHDúL SURSRU LH 'DF  LQIOD LD DIHFWHD]  QLYHOXO

GH UHQWDELOLWDWH DWXQFL VXPD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH WUHEXLH FRUHFWDW  FX

UDSRUWXO GLQWUH LQGLFHOH PHGLX DO SUH XULORU GH FXPS UDUH ,c úL FHO DO

Ic
SUH XULORU GH YkQ]DUH ,p 'DF  = 1,02, suma cheltuielilor variabile va fi
Ip
circa: 2700 mil. lei (2646 × 1,02).
6XPD DVWIHO VWDELOLW  HVWH DIHUHQW  FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL FDUH HVWH GLIHULW 

Qf
GH SURGXF LD IDEULFDW  ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  VH face corectarea cu raportul .
CA
'DF  DFHVW UDSRUW HVWH GH  DWXQFL FKHOWXLHOLOH YDULDELOH DIHUHQWH

SURGXF LHLIDEULFDWHYRUILGHPLOOHL × 0,95).

'DU VSRULUHD SURGXF LHL QX VH YD UHDOL]D SURSRU LRQDO OD WRDWH

produselH FHHD FH FRQGXFH OD PRGLILF UL vQ VWUXFWXUD DFHVWHLD IDSW
FH LQIOXHQ HD]  FKHOWXLHOLOH YDULDELOH ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  HVWH QHFHVDU 

UHFDOFXODUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD  OHL SURGXF LH vQ IXQF LH GH

VWUXFWXUD SUHYL]LRQDW  J úL FKHOWXLHOLOH OD  lei pe produse realizate în

SHULRDGDSUHFHGHQW &L0 ).
Cv ′ = (∑ g ′ ⋅ Ci 0 )
1
100
Tabelul 3.9
6WUXFWXUDSURGXF LHL Cheltuieli la 1000
Cheltuieli
Produs lei
g0 g´ recalculate
Nr. pe produse (Ci0)

4 = (2 × 3)
crt. 1
0 1 2 3
100
1 A 20 22 510 112,2
2 B 25 1 500 75,0
3 C 15 15 600 90,0
4 D 40 48 545 261,6
TOTAL 100 100 550 538,8

ÌQWUXFkW VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL V -a modificat în favoarea produselor cu

FKHOWXLHOLOHPDLPLFLúLVXPDWRWDO YDILVXE QLYHOXOFHOHLVWDELOLWHDQWHULRU

ceea ce vaPLFúRUDHIRUWXOXQLW LL

(VWLPDUHD FX DMXWRUXO IXQF LHL OLQHDUH \  D  E[ vQ FDUH \  VXPD

DEVROXW  D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH LDU [  FLIUD GH DIDFHUL 3HQWUX

exemplificare sunt necesare datele dinWDEHOXOXUP WRUWDEHOXO ):

Tabelul 3.10
Cheltuieli Cifra de
Perioada variabile (y) afaceri (x) xy x2 y = a + bx
mil. lei mil. lei
1 931,7 1552,8 1446744 2411188 889,8
2 1200,2 2034,2 2441040 4137970 1165,6
3 1484,2 2603,8 3864560 6779774 1492,0
4 1895,6 3385 6416606 11458225 1940,0
5 2515,6 4375 11005750 19140625 2506,9
n 8027,3 13950,8 25174700 43927782 X

∑ x = na + b∑ x
2
∑ xy = ax + b ∑ x
de unde:
2
∑ y ⋅ ∑ x − ∑ x ∑ xy 8,027 × 43927,782 − 13,9508 × 25,1747
a= = =
n ∑ x − (∑ x )
2 2 5 × 43927,782 − 194,62
352608,306 − 351207,205 1401,101
= = = 0,00638
219444,29 219444,29

n ∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y 5 × 25174,7 − 13,9508 × 8,0273

b= = = 0,53
n ∑ x − (∑ x )
2 2 219444,29
'DF FLIUDGHDIDFHULVHHVWLPHD] ODPLOOHLVXPDFKHOWXLHOLORU

variabile va fi: 0,00638 + 5000 ×    PLO OHL FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW 

OHLODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL

(VWLPDUHD SH ED]  GH FDOFXOH DQDOLWLFH SH FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL úL

UHVSHFWLY SURGXVH vQ IXQF LH GH HOHPHQWHOH QHFHVDUH úL FDUH WUHEXLH V  ILH

cunoscute.

 $QDOL]D UHIOHFW ULL QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD  OHL

asupra principalilor indicatori economico-financiari

ÌQ SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF  HVWH QHFHVDU V  ILH DQDOL]DWH HIHFWHOH SURGXVH

VDX HVWLPDWH DOH PRGLILF ULL QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD  OHL

YHQLWXULUHVSHFWLYFLIU GHDIDFHUL

3ULQFLSDOLLLQGLFDWRULvQFDUHVHUHIOHFW HIHFWHOHPHQ LRQDWHVXQW

5H]XOWDWXOH[SORDW ULL

Ve
− (Cv1 − Cv 0 ) 1
1000
5DWDUH]XOWDWXOXLH[SORDW ULL

− (Cv1 − Cv 0 )
(ILFLHQ DDFWLYHORUGHH[SORDWDUH$H

(Cv1 − Cv 0 )Ve1
−
Ae1
(ILFLHQ DPLMORDFHORUIL[H

(Cv1 − Cv 0 )Ve1
−
Mf1
 (ILFLHQ DFDSLWDOXOXL

Ve1
(Cv1 − Cv 0 )
− 1000
K1
Profitul brut pe salariat
Ve
(Cv1 − Cv 0 ) 1
− 1000
N1

3.5 Analiza cheltuielilor fixe

&KHOWXLHOLOHIL[HVDXFRQVWDQWH SULQGHILQL LHFRQVWLWXLHRSUHPLV úL

R FRQVHFLQ  D GHVI úXU ULL XQHL DQXPLWH DFWLYLW L $FHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F 

unele cheltuieli nu sunt în GHSHQGHQ  SURSRU LRQDO  VDX QHSURSRU LRQDO  FX

SURGXF LD VDX YkQ] ULOH FL vQ DQXPLWH OLPLWH HOH U PkQ IL[H VDX

independente. Un exemplu îl constituie cheltuielile cu amortizarea care, la

XQQLYHOGDWGHGRWDUHWHKQLF QXVHPRGLILF GHúLSULQPDLEuna folosire a

XWLODMHORU VH SRDWH RE LQH R SURGXF LH VXSOLPHQWDU  'DU RGDW  FX VSRULUHD

FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH úL UHVSHFWLY FRPHUFLDOL]DUH VH PRGLILF  DWkW

SURGXF LD FkW úL FKHOWXLHOLOH FX DPRUWL]DUHD 6XQW DOWH FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL

indispensabile DFWLYLW LL vQWUHSULQGHULL DO F URU YROXP HVWH LQGHSHQGHQW GH

FHO DO SURGXF LHL FXP DU IL FKHOWXLHOLOH JHQHUDOH GH DGPLQLVWUD LH úL

conducere.
5DSRUWXO GLQWUH FKHOWXLHOLOH IL[H úL YDULDELOH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  vQ

activitatea SUDFWLF  DúD QXPLWD VWUXFWXU  GH H[SORDWDUH úL VHUYHúWH OD DQDOL]D
-
ULVFXOXLRSHUD LRQDOFDRFRPSRQHQW DULVFXOXLJOREDODOILUPHL)LUPHOHFDUH

DX FKHOWXLHOL PDUL GH UHJLH SHQWUX D IXQF LRQD WUHEXLH V  SUDFWLFH SUH XUL

PDUL GDF  SLD D úL FRQFXUHQ D SHUPLW DFHVW OXFUX VDXúL V  UHDOL]H ze un
YROXPPDLPDUHGHSURGXF LH

Analiza cheltuielilor fixe nu constituie un scop în sine ci este

VXERUGRQDW  XQXL RELHFWLY UHVSHFWLY VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL DFHVWRUD ÌQ

FRQVHFLQ SUREOHPDWLFDWUHEXLHV ILHDVWIHOVWUXFWXUDW vQFkWV RIHUHVROX LL

meWRGRORJLFH QHFHVDUH DVLJXU ULL ED]HL GH LQIRUPDUH FRPSOHWH DVXSUD

VLWXD LHL H[LVWHQWH vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX SHQWUX D SXWHD DGRSWD GHFL]LLOH

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH
 Principalele probleme ale analizei cheltuielilor fixe sunt:

$QDOL]DGLQDPLFLLúLVWUXFWXULLF heltuielilor fixe

6WXGLHUHDGLQDPLFLLFKHOWXLHOLORUIL[HHVWHQHFHVDU SHQWUXDFXQRDúWH

HYROX LDvQUDSRUWFXFLIUDGHDIDFHULVDXFXSURGXF LDIDEULFDW ÌQIXQF LHGH

VLWXD LDGDW ID GHHYROX LDQRUPDO úLUHDOLW LOHGLQDOWHXQLW LVLPLODUHvQ

P VXUD vQ FDUH DFHVWHD SRW IL FXQRVFXWH VH DGRSW  P VXULOH

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH

3HQWUX R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO  V DX H[WUDV XUP

- toarele date: (din
tabelul 3.11)
Tabelul 3.11
Cheltuieli fixe &LIU GHDIDFHUL Ponderea cheltuielilor
Perioada (mil. lei) (mil. lei) fixe
în totalul cheltuielilor
mil. lei % mil. lei %
(%)
1 590 100,0 1553 100 32,0
2 796 134,9 2034 131,0 35,3%
3 876 110,0 2604 128,0 34,5
4 878 100,2 3385 130,0 25,4
5 1140 129,8 4375 129,0 32,2

'LQ DQDOL]D GDWHORU UH]XOW  FRPSRUWDPHQWXO FD racteristic al

FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H vQ UDSRUW GH FLIUD GH DIDFHUL UHVSHFWLY H[LVWHQ D XQRU

VDOWXUL DWXQFL FkQG LQWHUYLQ PRGLILF UL LPSRUWDQWH vQ YROXPXO GH DFWLYLWDWHD

firmei.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VWUXFWXUD GH H[SORDWDUH VDX RSHUD LRQDO  DFHDVWD

nu preziQW  YDULD LL vQVHPQDWH HD vQVFULLQGX -se în limitele caracteristice

GRPHQLXOXL vQ FDUH DFWLYHD]  ILUPD HVWH R DILUPD LH SH ED]D XQRU GDWH

SUHVXSXVH D IL FXQRVFXWH 'DF  VLWXD LD GLQ XQLWDWH SUH]LQW  DEDWHUL

VHPQLILFDWLYH ID D GH DOWH vQWUHSULQGHUL VLPLODUH HVWH QHFHVDU V  VH

VWDELOHDVF HIHFWHOHSHFDUHOHJHQHUHD] úLP VXULOHFDUHVHLPSXQ

(WDSD XUP WRDUH vQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H R FRQVWLWXLH DQDOL]D

structurii acestora, pe categorii de cheltuieli (natura lor), respectiv

DPRUWL] UL VDODULL PDWeriale etc., centre de responsabilitate (localizare în

VSD LX VDX IXQF LXQL SURGXF LH FRPHUFLDOL]DUH DGPLQLVWUD LH )LHFDUH

FULWHULX GH JUXSDUH DUH R DQXPLW  VHPQLILFD LH vQ VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL

cheltuielilor fixe.
  $QDOL]D IDFWRULDO  D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H OD  OHL FLIU 

de afaceri

'DWILLQGFDUDFWHUXOUHODWLYFRQVWDQWDODFHVWRUFKHOWXLHOLHILFLHQ DORU

SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW  SULQ QLYHOXO ORU OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL &I IRORVLQG

modelul:
F
Cf = ⋅ 1000
CA
în care:
F = suma absolXW DFKHOWXLHOLORUIL[H
CA = FLIUDGHDIDFHULVLPEROL]DW úLSULQΣqp).
([HPSOLILFDUHDPHWRGRORJLHLGHDQDOL] QHFHVLW XUP WRDUHOHGDWH

Tabelul 3.12
(mil. lei)
Nr.
Indicatori 3UHY ]XW Realizat
crt.
1 Suma cheltuielilor fixe 965 1140
2 Cifra de afaceri 4007 4375
3 &LIUDGHDIDFHULUHFDOFXODW X 4500
4 &KHOWXLHOLIL[HODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL – lei - 240,83 260,5

)D  GH SUHYHGHUL VH vQUHJLVWUHD]  R PDMRUDUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H

QLYHOXO ORU OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL FUHVFkQG FX  O ei (260,57 –
240,83).
8Q DVHPHQHD UH]XOWDW DIHFWHD]  UHQWDELOLWDWHD JHQHUDO  D ILUPHL FX

WRDWHFRQVHFLQ HOHFDUHGHFXUJ

$QDOL]D IDFWRULDO  SHUPLWH HYLGHQ LHUHD SULQFLSDOHORU GLUHF LL vQ FDUH

WUHEXLH V  VH DF LRQH]H ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  PRGLILFDUHD QLYHOXOXL cheltuielilor

IL[HODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL ∆&IVHH[SOLF SULQLQIOXHQ D

1. Cifrei de afaceri
F0 F 965 965
1000 − 0 1000 = 1000 − 1000 =
CA1 CA 0 4375 4007

= 220,57–240,83 = – 20,26 lei

GLQFDUHGDWRULW 

DSURGXF LHLYkQGXWH
 F0 F 965 965
1000 − 0 1000 = 1000 − 1000 =
∑ q1p 0 CA 0 4500 4007
= 214,44 – 240,83 = – 26,39 lei
ESUH XULORUPHGLLGHYkQ]DUH

F0 F0 965 965
1000 − 1000 = 1000 − 1000 =
CA1 ∑ q1p 0 4375 1500
= 220,57 – 214,44 = + 6,13 lei
2. Sumei cheltuielilor fixe
F1 F
1000 − 0 1000 = 260,57 − 220,57 = +40 lei
CA1 CA1
ÌQ FD]XO ILUPHL DQDOL]DWH FUHúWHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H OD  OHL ID 

GH SUHYHGHUL HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  GH FXDQWXPXO ORU FDUH D DYXW R HYROX LH

VXSHULRDU FLIUHLGHDIDFHULODFDUHDXFRQWULEXLWúLSUH XULOHGHYkQ]DUH

Din punct de vedere metodologic, trebuie identificate cauzele care au

determinat amplificarea sumei cheltuielilor fixe, de principiu, cu titlu de
H[HPSOXDFHVWHDYL]HD] 

• VFKLPE ULvQVLVWHPXOGHDPRUWL]DUHDDFWLYHORUIL[H

• VFKLPE ULvQVLVWHPXOGHVDODUL]DUHSUHFXPúLFUHúWHUHDVDODULLORU

GHWHUPLQDW GHUDWDLQIOD LHL

• FUHúWHUHD FRQVXPXOXL úL SUH XULORU HOHPHQWHORU PDWHULDOH FDUH

JHQHUHD]  FK eltuielile fixe, în raport de factorii specifici care le

GHWHUPLQ 

3.5.3 Estimarea nivelului probabil al cheltuielilor fixe

$FWLYLWDWHD FXUHQW  GH JHVWLXQH D SDWULPRQLXOXL XQHL vQWUHSULQGHUL

LPSOLF úLSUREOHPDSUHYL]LRQ ULLWHQGLQ HLGHHYROX LHDF heltuielilor fixe ca

VXP  WRWDO  úL QLYHO OD  VDX  OHL YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH FLIU  GH

DIDFHULHWF 0RPHQWHOHvQ FDUHWUHEXLH V  VH UHDOL]H]H DVHPHQHD RSHUD LXQL

VXQWQXPHURDVHúLLPSRUWDQWHvQDFHODúLWLPSSHQWUXYLDELOLWDWHDXQLW LL

Pe terPHQ VFXUW GH H[HPSOX GH OD XQ DQ OD DOWXO VXPD WRWDO  D

FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H ) VH FRQVLGHU  FRQVWDQW  GDF  QX LQWHUYLQ PRGLILF UL

LPSRUWDQWHvQDFWLYLWDWHDXQLW LL

Deci, nivelul probabil (F´)=F0, respectiv cel realizat în perioada

FXUHQW  6XPD VH FRUHFWHD]  FX HIHFWHOH JHQHUDWH GH GHFL]LLOH DGRSWDWH

SHQWUXSHULRDGDXUP WRDUH
 De exemplu:
• VH SUHFRQL]HD]  DFKL]L LRQDUHD XQRU QRL PDúLQL úL XWLODMH ILH

SHQWUX vQORFXLUHD FHORU YHFKL ILH SHQWUX H[WLQGHUHD FDSDFLW LL GH

SURGXF LH HIHFWXO VH UHIOHFW  vQFKHOWXLHOLOHFXDPRUWL]DUHD úL DOWH

FKHOWXLHOLGHvQWUH LQHUHúLUHSDUD LH

• VH PDMRUHD]  VDODULLOH SHUVRQDOXOXL DGPLQLVWUDWLY úL GH FRQGXFHUH

VDXDXQHLS U LSHQWUXVWLPXODUHDXQRUGRPHQLL

• VH UHRUJDQL]HD]  DQXPLWH DFWLYLW L GH SUH]HQWDUH UHFODP 

îQWUH LQHUHúLUHSDUD LLHWF

ÌQ ILHFDUHFD] VH LPSXQH HVWLPDUHD HIRUWXULORU úLD HIHFWHORU SHQWUX D

YHGHDFRQVHFLQ HOHGHFL]LLORUDGRSWDWH

&D QLYHO OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL VDX YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH

respectiv totale), cheltuielile pot fi estimDWHSHED]DUHOD LHL

1
Cf ′ = Cf 0 ⋅ ,
Iq
unde:
Iq = indicele cifrei de afaceri sau a veniturilor
Exemplu:

3HULRDGDFXUHQW

1. Cifra de afaceri – mil. lei 4375

2. Cheltuieli fixe – mil. lei 1140
3. Cheltuieli fixe la 1000 lei 260,57

'DF  SHQWUX SHULRDGD XUP WRDUH VH SUHYHGH R FLIU  GH DIDFHUL GH

PLOOHLGHFLRFUHúWHUHGH

1
Cf ′ = 260,57 × = 228,01 lei
1,1428
2 DOW  PRGDOLWDWH GH HVWLPDUH D QLYHOXOXL SUREDELO GH FKHOWXLHOL OD

 OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL HVWH DFHHD FDUH VH ED]HD]  SH FRUHOD LD GLQWUH FLIUD

GH DIDFHUL FD YDULDELO  LQGHSHQGHQW  [ úL QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H OD

OHLFDYDULDELO GHSHQGHQW \IRORVLQG

b
IXQF LD y=a + .
x
Pentru exemplificare se folosesc datele din WDEHOXO XUP WRU

(tabelul 3.13):
Tabelul 3.13
cifra de
y afaceri 1 1 y b
Perioada
lei miliarde
x2
2
y=a +
x x x x
lei
1 379,89 1,6 2,56 0,625 0,391 237,43 407,74
2 382,11 2,0 4,00 0,500 0,250 191,06 364,77
3 380,57 2,6 6,76 0,385 0,148 146,37 286,63
4 259,27 3,4 11,56 0,294 0,086 76,26 293,98
5 260,59 4,4 19,36 0,227 0,052 59,23 270,99
n 1662,43 14,0 44,24 2,031 0,927 710,35 x

(FXD LDSUHVXSXQHVLVWHPXO

1
∑ y = na + b ∑
x
y 1  1 
∑ = a ∑ + b ∑  
x x  x2 
de unde:
1 1 y
∑y×∑ 2 − ∑ ×∑
x x x 1662,43 × 0,927 − 2,031 × 710,35
a= = =
2
1  1 5 × 0,927 − 2,032 2
n∑ − ∑ 
x2  x 
1541,073 − 1442,721 98,352
= = = 192,85
4,635 − 4,125 0,51
y 1
n∑ − ∑ y × ∑
b= x x = 5 × 710,35 − 1662,43 × 2,031 =
2 0,51
1  1
n∑ − ∑ 
x2  x 
3551,75 − 3376,395
= = 343,83
0,51
343,83
'DF [ PLOOHL y = 192,85 + = 261,62 lei
5
 (VWLPDUHDVLQWHWLF DFKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLFLIU GHDIDF eri

6WDELOLUHD QLYHOXOXL SUREDELO DO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL FLIU  GH

DIDFHUL VDX SURGXF LH IDEULFDW  FRQVWLWXLH XQ LPSHUDWLY DO FRQGXFHULL SULQ

FRVWXULvQYHGHUHDSUHYHQLULLULVFXOXLGHH[SORDWDUHVDXRSHUD LRQDO

Pe baza calculelor analitice pentUXFHOHGRX FDWHJRULLGHFKHOWXLHOL–

YDULDELOH úL IL[H– VH  GHWHUPLQ  QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL FLIU  GH
afaceri, respectiv, C = Cv´ + Cf´.
C′
Raportul 100 1-UHSUH]LQW LQGLFHOHQLYHOXOXLFKHOWXLHOLORUOD
C0
OHLFLIU GHDIDFeri (IcFDUHSRDWHILGHWHUPLQDWSHED]DUHOD LHL

 1 
I c = g − 1 + 1
 IC 
 A 
g = ponderea cheltuielilor fixe în totalul cheltuielilor
Exemplu:
1. &LIUDGHDIDFHULGLQSHULRDGDFXUHQW 4375 mil. lei
2. Suma cheltuielilor variabile 2516
3. Suma cheltuielilor fixe 1140
4. Total cheltuieli 3656
5. Nivelul cheltuielilor la 1000 lei 835,59
6. Ponderea cheltuielilor fixe în totalul 31,19%
cheltuielilor
7. &LIUDGHDIDFHULSURSXV 5000 mil. lei
8. Indicele cifrei de afaceri 114,29%

 1 
I c = 0,3119 − 1 = 0,961 sau 96,10%
 1,1429 
C´ = 835,59 × 0,961 = 803,0 lei
'HFLvQFRQGL LLOHVSRULULLFLIUHLGHDIDFHULGDUDPHQ LQHULLVWUXFWXULL

GH H[SORDWDUH VH HVWLPHD]  DFHVW QLYHO DO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL FLIU  GH

DIDFHULFDUHGDF VHUHDOL]HD] YD FRQGXFHOD RE LQHUHDHIHFWH lor pe care le

JHQHUHD] 

ÌQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  vQ FD]XO VWDELOLULL XQXL RELHFWLY UHVSHFWLY XQ

QLYHO GDW DO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL GDF  H[LVW  FDSDFLWDWHD

1
        !  !  "   #$% & # 
C0        ! ' "  #$)( #
GH SURGXF LH úL FHUHUH VROYDELO  SRDWH IL SXV  SUREOHPD HVWLP ULL FLIUHL de
DIDFHULFDUHV DVLJXUHUHDOL]DUHDDFHVWXLD3HQWUXDFHDVWDVHIRORVHúWHUHOD LD

g  1 
I CA = , I CA se deduce din formula I C = g − 1 + 1;
IC + g − 1  I CA 
+ I C = −g + 1(− 1);
g g g
− − I C = g − 1; I CA = .
I CA I CA IC + g − 1
3HED]DGDWHORUGLQH[HPSOXOSUHFHGHQWVHSUHVXSXQHF VHVWDELOHúWH

ca obiectiv, C´ = 800 lei, deci

800
IC = = 0,95741
835,59
0,3119
I CA = = 1,1581 sau 115,81%
0,95741 + 0,3119 − 1
FHHDFHvQVHDPQ F FLIUDGHDIDFHULSHQWUXSHULRDGDXUP WRDUHWUHEXLHV ILH

de 5067 mil. lei (4375 × 1,1581).

2 DOW  VLWXD LH SRDWH IL DFHHD vQ FDUH HVWH QHFHVDU  DGRSWDUHD XQR r
P VXUL GH FRUHF LH într-R DQXPLW  SHULRDG  SHQWUX vQFDGUDUHD vQWU-un nivel
dat al cheltuielilor la 1000 lei, la finele perioadei.
Exemplu:
3HQWUX DQXO vQ FXUV SULQ EXJHWXO GH YHQLWXUL úL FKHOWXLHOL V-a stabilit

un nivel al cheltuielilor la 1000 lei de 800 lei cifra de afaceri de 5000 mil.
lei. La finele semestrului I, cifra de afaceri este de 2000 mil. lei cu cheltuieli
GH  OHL OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL &DUH WUHEXLH V  ILH QLYHOXO PD[LP DO

cheltuielilor la 1000 lei în semestrul II ? În acest scop, se are în vedere

UHOD LD

∑ gt ⋅ Ct
C= ,
100
în care:
JW  VWUXFWXUD YkQ] ULORU SH VXEGLYL]LXQL GH WLPS vQ FD]XO dat pe FHOH GRX 

semestre),
iar
&W QLYHOXOFKHOWXLHOLORUODOHLDIHUHQWHSHULRDGHLFHHDFHvQVHDPQ F 

C = gI · CI + gII · CII,
de unde:
C − g ICI 800 − (820 × 0,4 )
C II = = = 786,67 lei
g II 0,6
 1RW :
2000
0,4 = ; 0,6 = 1 − 04
5000
$FHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F  vQ VHPHVWUXO ,, DFWLYLWDWHD WUHEXLH LQXW  VXE

FRQWURO SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD P VXULORU DGRSWDWH vQ YHGHUHD vQFDGU ULL vQ DFHVW

obiectiv.
3HDFHDVW ED] SRWILFRQVWUXLWHVFHQDULLvQGRX LSRWH]HGHED] 

Prima FLIUD GH DIDFHUL DQXDO  GH  PLO OHL QX SRDWH IL GHS úLW 

GDWRULW OLSVHLGHFHUHUHúLUHVXUVHPDWHULDOH

A douaQXH[LVW UHVWULF LLPHQ LRQDWH

În fiecare caz în parte sunt mai multe variante, care pot fi avute în
vedere de conducerea firmei.

$QDOL]DULVFXOXLGHH[SORDWDUHVDXRSHUD LRQDO

5LVFXO GH H[SORDWDUH FRQVW  vQ SRVLELOLWDWHD H[LVWHQW  GH D QX VH

UHFXSHUD WRWDOLWDWHD FKHOWXLHOLORU HIHFWXDWH $QDOL]D VH ED]HD]  SH VWUXFWXUD

de exploDWDUH D vQWUHSULQGHULL FDUDFWHUL]DW  vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH SULQ

FKHOWXLHOLIL[HúLYDULDELOH

ÌQ FRQVHFLQ SHQWUXHYLWDUHDULVFXOXLWUHEXLHV VHGHWHUPLQHJUDGXO

PLQLP GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH 6H SRUQHúWH GH OD HFXD LD

CA – (Chv + F) = 0
Chv = CA × Cv
CA (1 – Cv) – F = 0,
de unde:
F
CA =
1 − Cv
*UDGXO GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH . VH GHWHUPLQ  SULQ

UHOD LD

CA
K=
Q max .
1RW :ÌQORFGH&$SRDWHILIRORVLW SURGXF LDPDUI IDEULFDW 

F
K=
(1 − Cv )Q max .
/D DFHVW QLYHO DO JUDGXOXL GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH

SURILWXO   ÌQWUXFkW RULFH DFWLYLWDWH WUHEXLH V  ILH JHQHUDWRDUH GH SURILW
P ULPHDDFHVWXLDHVWHRDOW SUREOHP DWXQFL

F + RE
K=
(1 − Cv )Q max .
unde:
RE = rezXOWDWXOH[SORDW ULL

'LQDFHDVW UHOD LH5( >4max. K(1 – G)] – F

Exemplu:
mil. lei
1. Cifra de afaceri 4375
2. Cheltuieli variabile 2516
3. Cheltuieli fixe 1140
4. Total cheltuieli 3656
5. &DSDFLWDWHDGHSURGXF LH4max. ) 6000

1140
K= = 0,45 sau 45%
(1 − 0,575)6000
3HQWUXDHYLWDULVFXOGHH[SORDWDUHHVWHQHFHVDU FUHúWHUHDJUDGXOXLGH

IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH respectiv, GHS úLUHD SUDJXOXL GH

UHQWDELOLWDWH UHSUH]HQWDW SULQ FLIUD GH DIDFHUL PLQLP  GH  PLO OHL

(6000 × 0,45), sau, la cifra GH DIDFHUL UHDOL]DW  GH  PLO OHL SUDJXO GH

UHQWDELOLWDWH HVWH GHS úLW FX  FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW  R PDUM  VXILFLHQW  FDUH

face inoperant riscul de exploatare.

6HSRDWHFDOFXODLQWHUYDOXOGHVLJXUDQ ,sSHED]DUHOD LHL

 Q 
I s = 1 − min 100,
 CA 
unde:
Qmin SURGXF LDDIHUHQW SUDJXOXLGHUHQWDELOLWDWH × 0,45).
ÌQH[HPSOXOGDWVLWXD LDVHSUH]LQW DVWIHO

 2700 
I s = 1 − 100 = 38,29%
 4375 
$YkQGvQYHGHUHUH]XOWDWXOH[SORDW ULLGHPLOOHL

1140 + 719
k= = 0,729 sau 72,9%
(1 − 0,575)6000
ÌQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  VH SRW IRUPXOD GLIHULWH LSRWH]H vQ IXQF LH GH

OLPLWHOHGHYDULD LHDHOHPHQWHORUGHFDOFXOUHVSHFWLY
 • FDSDFLWDWHDGHSURGXF LH

• FLIUDGHDIDFHULSUHFRQL]DW VHDXvQYHGHUHFRQWUDFWHOHvQFKHLDWH

comenzi etc.);
• FKHOWXLHOL YDULDELOH úL IL[H SUHYL]LELOH FX OXDUH a în considerare a
HYROX LHLSUH XULORUúLHIHFWHORULQIOD LHLPDMRUDUHDVDODULLORU

Cu ajutorul modelelor prezentate pot fi efectuate o serie de calcule,

fie de fundamentare a unor decizii, fie de evaluare a efectelor rezultate din
DSOLFDUHD ORU $úD de exemplu, se poate stabili care va fi suma profitului

GDF JUDGXOGHXWLOL]DUHDFDSDFLW LLGHSURGXF LHFUHúWHFXÄ;´SURFHQWH

$VWIHO GDF  VHDGPLWH XQ JUDG GH XWLOL]DUHDFDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH

GHDWXQFLUH]XOWDWXOH[SORDW ULLYDIL

RE = [6000 × 0,8 (1 – 0,575)] – 1140 = 900 mil. lei

3UREOHPD SRDWH IL SXV  úL vQ VHQVXO HVWLP ULL QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU

YDULDELOH OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL SHQWUX FD vQ FRQGL LLOH XQXL JUDG GH

XWLOL]DUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH úL D XQHL VXPH D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H V  VH

RE LQ XQDQXPLWSURILWÌQDFHVWVFRSVHIRORVHúWHUHOD LD

F + RE
Cv =1 −
Q max K
'DF VHHVWLPHD] XQSURILWvQVXP GHPLOOHLDWXQFL

1140 + 850
Cv =1 − = 0,545 lei
6000 × 0,729
2GDW VWDELOLWDFHVWQLYHOPD[LPDOFKHOWXLHOLORUYDULDELOH la 1000 lei
FLIU  GH DIDFHUL HVWH QHFHVDU  HODERUDUHD SURJUDPHORU GH P VXUL FDUH V 

asigure încadrarea în acest nivel.

ÌQ HODERUDUHD DFHVWRU SURJUDPH WUHEXLH V  VH LQ  VHDPD úL GH

HYROX LDSUHYL]LELO DSUH XULORU

Astfel, în calcularea indicilor chelWXLHOLORU úL SUH XULORU WUHEXLH V  VH

LQ  VHDPD GH SRQGHUHD HOHPHQWHORU UHVSHFWLY SURGXVHORU OD FDUH LQWHUYLQ

PRGLILF ULúL nivelul acestora.

ÌQ GLDJQRVWLFXO ILUPHL úL HYDOXDUHD DFHVWHLD VH IRORVHúWH úL

coeficientul de efect de levier de exploatare (coeficientul de pârghie de

exploatare –.VWDELOLWSHED]DUHOD LHL
∆RE CA
K1 = ×
RE ∆CA
în care:
RE = UH]XOWDWXOH[SORDW ULL
CA = FLIUD GH DIDFHUL VDX SURGXF LD IDEULFDW  vQ DFHVW FD] úL UH]XOWDWXO
H[SORDW ULLHVWHDIHUHQWDFHVWHLD
 Exemplu (în mil. lei):

6RFLHWDWHDFRPHUFLDO

A B
1. Cifra de afaceri din perioada
-SUHFHGHQW 4207 4200
-FXUHQW 4375 4300
2. 5H]XOWDWXOH[SORDW ULLGLQSHULRDGD

-SUHFHGHQW 790 792

-FXUHQW 830 800
3. Cheltuieli variabile în perioada
- precHGHQW 2532 2215
-FXUHQW 2660 2200
4. Cheltuieli fixe în perioada
-SUHFHGHQW 885 1193
-FXUHQW 885 1300
5. Profitul net în perioada
-SUHFHGHQW 395 300
-FXUHQW 457 305

830 − 790 4207

K1A = × = 1,27
790 4375 − 4207
800 − 792 4200
K1B = × = 0,42
792 4300 − 4200
5H]XOW  F  vQ FD]XO $ R FUHúWHUHD FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL GH  GHWHUPLQ 

un spor de profit de 1,27%, iar în cazul B numai de 0,42%, ceea ce

vQVHDPQ  R GLPLQXDUH D HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH 'HFL

FRHILFLHQWXOWUHEXLHV DLE WHQGLQ DGHFUHúWHUH

'DF  VH are în vedere structura de exploatare, respectiv raportul

GLQWUH FKHOWXLHOLOH YDULDELOH úL IL[H FRHILFLHQWXO GH SkUJKLH GH H[SORDWDUH

SRDWHILFDOFXODWúLSHED]DUHOD LHL

CA − chv Marja bruta

K1 = =
F Cheltuieli fixe
 ÌQH[HPSOXOGDWYDORULOHFRHILFLHQWXOXLVXQWXUP Woarele:

Coeficientul pârghiei de exploatare în perioada

A B
-SUHFHGHQW 4207 − 2532 4200 − 2215
= 1,89 = 1,66
885 1193
-FXUHQW 4375 − 2660 4330 − 2200
= 1,94 = 1,62
885 1300

(YROX LD FRHILFLHQWXOXLFRQILUP  FHOHPHQ LRQDWHDQWHULRUvQDPEHOH

FD]XUL PDUMD EUXW  &$ – &KY DFRSHU  FKHOWXLHOLOH IL[H GDU vQ SURSRU LH

GLIHULW  FX VHPQLILFD LD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH ULVFXO GH

H[SORDWDUH 6LWXD LD GHYLQH FULWLF  SH P VXU  FH YDORDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL VH

DSURSLH GH  QLYHO OD FDUH ILUPD VH DIO  OD SUDJXO GH UHQWDELOLWDWH

&RQWLQXDUHD DFWLYLW LL vQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL OD VRFLHWDWHD FRPHUFLDO  % QX

SHUPLWH UHFXSHUDUHD IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH FRQVXPD L úL vQ FRQVHFLQ  VXQW

nHFHVDUH VXUVH GH ILQDQ DUH 1HUHVWLWXLUHD DFHVWRUD OD WHUPHQHOH VWDELOLWH YD
avea ca efect falimentul firmei.
3HQWUX DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  HVWH LPSRUWDQW  GLPHQVLRQDUHD UD LRQDO D

FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H vQWUXFkW R PDMRUDUH D DFHVWRUD LPSOLF  XQ FRHILFLHQW DO

F UXL QLYHO V  ILH VXILFLHQW GH DFRSHULWRU vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VLJXUDQ D

H[SORDW ULL

3.8 ModeleGHDQDOL] DSULQFLSDOHORUFDWHJRULLGHFKHOWXLHOL

&KHOWXLHOLOH GH SURGXF LH SRW IL VWUXFWXUDWH vQ IXQF LH GH GLIHULWH

FULWHULL ILHFDUH DYkQG VHPQLILFD LD VSHFLILF  vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  GH

JHVWLXQH $VWIHO GXS  QDWXUD ORU GLVWLQJHP FKHOWXLHOL PDWHULDOH VDODULDOH

ILQDQFLDUH vQ IXQF LH GH PRGXO GH LQGLYLGXDOL]DUH SH SURGXVH VH IRUPHD] 

JUXSDFKHOWXLHOLORUGLUHFWHúLLQGLUHFWHvQUDSRUWGHIXQF LLOH întreprinderii, ca

FHQWUHGHUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHVHLQGLYLGXDOL]HD] FKHOWXLHOLOHDIHUHQWHIXQF LXQLL

GHFHUFHWDUHGH]YROWDUHSURGXF LHSHUVRQDOFRPHUFLDO ILQDQFLDU FRQWDELO 

-
,QGLIHUHQW GH PRGDOLWDWHD GH JUXSDUH PHWRGRORJLD GH DQDOL] 

YL]HD] 

¾ caracWHUL]DUHD VLWXD LHL OD XQ PRPHQW GDW vQ UDSRUW GH DQXPLWH
criterii, ceea ce presupune:
• DQDOL]DHYROX LHLGLQDPLFLL
• DQDOL]DVWUXFWXUDO 
 • DQDOL]DIDFWRULDO 

• HYDOXDUHD WHQGLQ HL ORU vQ IXQF LH GH IDFWRULL VSHFLILFL FDUH OH

JHQHUHD]  IDSW FH SUHVXSXQH FR nstituirea de modele

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH 2 DVHPHQHD SUREOHP  SUH]LQW  LPSRUWDQ 

SUDFWLF  vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GH HODERUDUH D EXJHWHORU GH YHQLWXUL úL

FKHOWXLHOL SUHFXP úL vQ LQHUHD VXE FRQWURO D HYROX LHL

costurilor pe centre de responsabilitate.

Întrucât, din SXQFW GH YHGHUH PHWRGRORJLF H[LVW  HOHPHQWH FRPXQH

DFHVWHD YRU IL H[HPSOLILFDWH SH DQXPLWH FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL I U  D IL

RPLVH DVSHFWHOH SDUWLFXODUH ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  SUREOHPDWLFD DQDOL]HL SRDWH IL

XUP WRDUHD

3.8.1 Analiza cheltuielilor materiale

&KHOWXLHOLOH PDWHULDOH GH LQ R SRQGHUH PDL PDUH VDX PDL PLF  vQ

IXQF LH GH SURILOXO GH DFWLYLWDWH DO vQWUHSULQGHULL (OH UHSUH]LQW  H[SUHVLD

YDORULF  D FRQVXPXULORU GH UHVXUVH PDWHULDOH úL D SUHVW ULORU GH VHUYLFLL GH

F WUHWHU LúLVHFRPSXQGLQ

¾ materii prime, materiale;

¾ FRPEXVWLELOHQHUJLHDS 

¾ amortizare;
¾ obiecte de inventar;
¾ OXFU ULúLVHUYLFLLSUHVWDWHGHWHU L

¾ alte cheltuieli materiale.

ÌQ FRQWDELOLWDWHD ILQDQFLDU  DFHVWH FKHOWXLHOL VXQW HYLGHQ LDWH vQ

conturile din clasa 6 – conturi de cheltuieli, iar în contabilitatea de gestiune

vQFRQWXULOHGHFDOFXOD LHFW– 925).

$úDGXS FXPV-DDU WDWvQDQDOL]DFKHOWXLHOLORUPDWHULDOHGLVWLQJHP

$QDOL]DVLWXD LHLJHQHUDOHDFKHOWXLHOLORUPDWHULDOH

Ca prim aspect al analizei cheltuielilor materiale se are în vedere

IRUPDUHD XQHL LPDJLQL GH DQVDPEOX DVXSUD HYROX LHL DFHVWRUD SH ED]D

LQGLFHOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH ,FKP WRWDOL]DWRU úL SH SULQFLSDOHOH

FRPSRQHQWH DOH SRQGHULL ORU vQ WRWDO FRVWXUL JP úL D QLYHOXOXL OD  OHL

veniWXULGLQH[SORDWDUHUHVSHFWLYFLIU GHDIDFHUL&P

Datele necesare sunt redate îQWDEHOXOXUP WRUWDEHOXO)
 Tabelul 3.14
(mil. lei)
Perioada %
Nr. 6SHFLILFD LH 3UHFHGHQW &XUHQW
P1 P1
crt. (Pn-1) 3UHY ]XW Realizat
Pn −1 P0
1 Cheltuieli materiale
DIHUHQWHH[SORDW ULL 2282 2489 2704 118,5 108,6
(mil. lei)
2 din care aferente cifrei
2092 2344 2546 121,7 108,6
de afaceri
3 Ponderea cheltuielilor
materiale în total 76,1 71,1 71,1 93,4 100
costuri (%)
4 Nivelul cheltuielilor
materiale la 1000 lei 620 590 584 94,2 99,0
venituri-lei
5 din care aferente cifrei
618 585 582 94,2 99,5
de afaceri

Cercetarea datelor din acest tabel permite formularea unor concluzii

úLDQXPH

• Cheltuielile materiale aferente exSORDW ULL úL UHVSHFWLY FLIUHL GH

afaceri se înscriu într-R HYROX LH FUHVF WRDUH DWkW vQ UDSRUW GH UHDOL] ULOH
DQWHULRDUHFkWúLSUHYHGHULvQFDUHULWPXOORUGHFUHúWHUHHVWHLQIHULRUFHOXLDO

veniturilor, fapt dovedit de indicele cheltuielilor la 1000 venituri, care este

<100;
• S-DX GLPLQXDW FKHOWXLHOLOH PDWHULDOH úL UHVSHFWLY YHQLWXULOH
DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL VWRFDWH úL LPRELOL]DWH GDU QX vQ SURSRU LD SUHY ]XW 

IDSW FH LPSOLF  HIHFWHOH XQXL DVHPHQHD IHQRPHQ UHVSHFWLY PRGLILFDUHD

UH]XOWDWXOXLH[SORDW U
ii;
• Ponderea cheltuielilor materiale se circumscrie în limitele
FDUDFWHULVWLFH GRPHQLXOXL vQ FDUH DFWLYHD]  VRFLHWDWHD LDU UHGXFHUHD DFHVWHLD

este efectul sporirii celorlalte cheltuieli într-RSURSRU LHPDLPDUH

1RW : Într-R DVHPHQHD VLWXD LH vQ FDUH SUHvederile sunt realizate, nu

VH LPSXQ P VXUL GH FRUHF LH FL SH ED]D LQIRUPD LHL GH VWDUH VH FRQWLQX 

activitatea potrivit programului stabilit.

ÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHVWUXFWXUDSHSULQFLSDOHOHHOHPHQWHFRPSRQHQWHVH

are în vedere încadrarea acesteia în limitele specifice domeniului de

DFWLYLWDWH SUHFXP úL H[HPSOLILFDUHD DEDWHULORU VHPQLILFDWLYH LDU vQ IXQF LH

GHVLWXD LDFRQFUHW VHVWDELOHúWHFDGUXORSHUD LRQDO

 0RGHOHOHGHDQDOL] IDFWRULDO DFKHOWXLHOLORUPDWHULDOH

Cheltuielile materiale aIHUHQWHH[SORDW ULL SRWIL DQDOL]DWH FD QLYHO OD

1000 lei venituri (Cm) pe baza modelului:
∑ giCmi
Cm = ,
100
unde:
gi = structura veniturilor;
Cmi = cheltuielile materiale la 1000 lei pe categorii de venituri, care
UHSUH]LQW úLIDFWRULGLUHF LGHLQIOXHQ 

(YLGHQ LHUHD PRGLILF ULORU LQWHUYHQLWH vQ VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU HVWH

QHFHVDU  SHQWUX DSUHFLHUHD FRUHFW  D VLWXD LHL GDW ILLQG PRGXO GH IRUPDUH D

YHQLWXULORUGLQSURGXF LDVWRFDW úLLPRELOL]DW 

0HWRGRORJLD GH GHWHUPLQDUH D FHORU GRX  LQIOXHQ H HVWH VLPLODU  FX

FHDSUH]HQWDW vQSDUDJUDIHOHDQWHULRDUH

&KHOWXLHOLOH PDWHULDOH OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL &P FDUH

FRQVWLWXLHSDUWHDSUHSRQGHUHQW DYHQLWXULORUGLQH[SORDWDUHVHDQDOL]HD] FX

ajutorul modelului:

∑ q ⋅ cm
Cm = 1000,
∑ qp
unde:
cm = cheltuieli materiale pe produse.
3H DFHDVW  ED]  SRW IL FRQVWUXLWH úL DSOLFDWH GLIHULWH VLVWHPH

IDFWRULDOH$VWIHOXQSULPVLVWHPDUHvQFRPSRQHQ FDIDFWRULGLUHF L

¾ VWUXFWXUDSURGXF LHLYkQGXWHIDEULFDWH

¾ SUH XULOHPHGLLGHYkQ]DUH

¾ cheltuielile materiale pe unitate de produs.

([SOLFDUHD úL DSOLFDUHD PHWRGRORJLHL LPSOLF  XUP WRDUHOH LQIRUPD LL

(Tabelul 3.15).
Tabelul 3.15
(mil. lei)
Nr.
Indicatori 3UHY ]XW Realizat
crt.
1 Cheltuieli materiale aferente cifrei de afaceri 2344 2546
2 Cheltuieli materiale aferente cifrei de afaceri, recalculate X 2450
3 Cifra de afaceri 4007 4375
4 &LIUDGHDIDFHULUHFDOFXODW X 4500
5 &KHOWXLHOLPDWHULDOHODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL - lei 585 582
 1RW : Pentru recalcularea cheltuielilor materiale, o solu LH R SRDWH

constitui corectarea cheltuielilor materiale realizate cu indicele mediu al

SUH XULORUPDWHULDOHORU,púLUHVSHFWLYDOFRQVXPXULORUVSHFLILFH,cs).

∑ q1cm1
∑ q1cm 0 =
I p′ × I cs
0RGLILFDUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUPDWHULDOHODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL (∆Cm)
de –3 lei (582 –VHH[SOLF SULQLQIOXHQ D
a) structurii cifrei de afaceri
∑ q1cm0 1000 − ∑ q0cm0 1000 = 2450 1000 − 2344 1000 =
∑ q1p0 ∑ q0p0 4500 4007
= 544,4 – 585 = – 40,6 lei
ESUH XULORUPHGLLGHYkQ]DUH

∑ q1cm0 1000 − ∑ q1cm0 1000 = 2450 1000 − 544,4 =

∑ q1p1 ∑ q1p0 4375
= 560 – 544,4 = + 15,6 lei
c) cheltuielile materiale pe produse
∑ q1cm1 ∑ q1cm 0
1000 − 1000 = 582 − 560 = +22,0 lei
∑ q1p1 ∑ q1p1
$QDOL]D IDFWRULDO  SXQH vQ HYLGHQ  IDSWXO F  UHGXFHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU

materiale la 1000 lei s-a realizat exclusiv pe seama structurii cifrei de

DIDFHUL vQ FDGUXO F UHLD V-D P ULW SRQGHUHD SURGXVHORU FX PDQRSHU  PDL

mare, în WLPSFH FKHOWXLHOLOH PDWHULDOH SH SURGXVH DXFUHVFXW ÌQ FRQVHFLQ 
într-R DVHPHQHD VLWXD LH VH LPSXQH VWDELOLUHD FDX]HORU FDUH DX GHWHUPLQDW-o
úLDGRSWDUHDP VXULORUFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH

3.8.1.3 Analiza cheltuielilor cu materialele

ÌQ FRPSRQHQ D FKHOWX ielilor materiale, cele care privesc materiile

SULPH úL PDWHULDOHOH FRQVXPDELOH vQ JHQHUDO GH LQ SRQGHUHD FHD PDL

LPSRUWDQW UHSUH]HQWkQGDVWIHOSULQFLSDOXOGRPHQLXvQFDUHVHSRDWHDF LRQD

SHQWUXVSRULUHDHILFLHQ HLDFWLYLW LL

Analiza acestor cheltuieli se poate face pe baza indicatorului sintetic,

FKHOWXLHOLOHFXPDWHULDOHOHODOHLYHQLWXULGLQH[SORDWDUHUHVSHFWLYFLIU 

de afaceri, folosindu-se modelele prezentate anterior.

*HVWLRQDUHD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH D UHVXUVHORU PDWHULDOH LPSXQH
efectuarHD GH DQDOL]H RSHUDWLYH SH IHOXUL úL UHVSHFWLY JUXSH GH PDWHULDOH SH
produse sau locuri consumatoare de materiale. Astfel, pentru un material,
VXPDWRWDO  D FRQVXPXOXL FKP VHH[SULP  SULQUHOD LD FKP  T × cs × p´,

în care:
q = SURGXF LDIDEULFDW
cs = consumul specific
p´ = SUH XOGHLQFOXGHUHvQFRVWXUL
5H]XOW  F  DEDWHUHD ID  GH R ED]  GH FRPSDUD LH VH H[SOLF  SULQ

LQIOXHQ D

¾ SURGXF LHLIDEULFDWHHFDUWXOGHDFWLYLWDWHT1 – q0)cs0 × p´0,

¾ consumului specific q1(cs1 – cs0)xp´0,
¾ SUH XOXLPHGLXGH includere în costuri q1 × cs1(p´1 - p´0).

7UHEXLHUHPDUFDWIDSWXOF SUH XOPHGLXGHLQFOXGHUHvQFRVWXULGLIHU 

vQ IXQF LH GH PHWRGD GH HYDOXDUH IRORVLW  UHVSHFWLY ÄFRVWXO PHGLX

SRQGHUDW´ PHWRGD ÄSULPHL LQWU UL SULPHL LHúLUL´ VDX D PHWRGHL ÄXOWLPHL

-
iQWU UL SULPHLLHúLUL´
-
ÌQFD]XOPDWHULDOHORURPRJHQHYDORDUHDWRWDO DFRQVXPXOXL Σchm)
VHH[SULP SULQUHOD LD Σchm = Σ(Ct × p´),
unde:
&W FDQWLWDWHDFRQVXPDW GLQWU -un material (q × cs)
&D XUPDUH IDFWRULL FDUH GHWHUPLQ  PRGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU

materiale sunt:
ƒ FDQWLWDWHDFRQVXPDW

(∑ Ct 1 − ∑ Ct 0 )× p ′0
ƒ structura materialelor consumate
∑ (Ct 1 × p ′0 ) − (∑ Ct 1 )p ′0
ƒ SUH XOPDWHULDOHORU

∑ (Ct1 × p1′ )− ∑ (Ct1 × p′0 )

8Q DVHPHQHD PRGHO GH DQDOL]  HVWH QHFHVDU SHQWUX DSUHFLHUHD

FRUHFW  D HYROX LHL FKHOWXLH lilor cu materialele pe centre de responsabilitate

RELHFWLYHGHFRQVWUXF LLFDWHJRULLGHOXFU ULHWF
 Exemplu:
Tabelul 3.16
Denumire normat realizat
material tone SUH Total tone SUH Total Recalculat
lei mii lei lei mii lei col 4 u 2
A 100 57000 57000 95 57500 5460 5420
B 100 54000 54000 125 53900 6740 6750
TOTAL 200 55500 11100 220 X 12200 12170

0RGLILFDUHD WRWDO  HVWH GH  PLL OHL  – 11100) din care
GDWRULW 

ƒ FDQWLW LLFRQVXPDWH

(220 – 200) × 55500 = + 11100 mii lei

ƒ structurii materialelor consumate
12170 – (220 × 55500) = -40 mii lei
ƒ SUH XOXLPDWHULDOHORU

12200 – 12170 = +30 mii lei

ÌQWUXFkW GHS úLUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  DSURDSH vQ

H[FOXVLYLWDWH GH FDQWLWDWHD FRQVXPDW  HVWH QHFHVDU V  VH VWDELOHDVF  FkW GLQ

DFHDVWDVHGDWRUHD] SURGXF LHL úLFkWFRQVXPXOXLVSHFLILFSHQWUXDVHSXWHD

OXDGHF WUHIDFWRULLGHU VSXQGHUHP VXULOHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH

&X WLWOX GH H[HPSOX VH SUH]LQW  XQ PRGHO GH DQDOL]  D FKHOWXLHOLORU

cu materialele, practicat în întreprinderile franceze (Tabelul 3.17)

 Tabelul 3.17
(materialul X)
Nr. de Cantitatea 465,7 485,7 /#9 : +;< = < * 5 <
produse
fabricate
de
materiale *,+-. /0213
Cantitatea
pe materialelor
Valorile
compa- - favorabile
în perioada pe produs Kg F consumate rabile + nefavorabile
Kg
- Elemente 300 P1 6 1800 6 20400 6
SUHY ]XWH
400 P2 4 1600
- Elemente 330 P1 3700 5,5 20350 5,5 Favorabile
constatate privind
420 P2 SUH XO

F
- Modificare - 50
WRWDO

- Cost 3700 × 5,5 = 20350 Modificarea

constant SUH XOXL
– 1850 F

Costul 3700 × 6 = 22200 Modificarea

prestabilit la
$QDOL]DPRGLILF ULLWRWDOH

materialelor
consumul
Modificarea consumate
realizat
FDQWLW LL - 1610 F
Costul 330 6 1980
FRQVXPDW
prestabilit la 1680
+ 240 F
consumul
SUHY ]XW

aferent
SURGXF LHL 420 4 3660 × 6 = 21960
Modificarea
realizate
volumului de
&RVWSUHY ]XWODFRQVXP 20400 activitate +1560F
WRWDOSUHY ]XW

Modificare
- 50 F
WRWDO

ÌQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU FX PDWHULDOHOH R SUREOHP  GHRVHELW  GH

LPSRUWDQW  R SUH]LQW  HYDOXDUHD P VXULORU WHKQLFR -organizatorice de

UHGXFHUH D DFHVWRUD 7UHEXLH I FXW  SUHFL]DUHD F  GLPHQVLRQDUHD UD LRQDO 

HILFLHQW DFRQVXPXULORUVSHFLILFHHVWHvQSULPXOUkQGRSUREOHP WHKQLF GH

SURLHFWDUHúLH[HFX LHDSURGXVXOX i.
$FHDVWD QX H[FOXGH vQV  LPSRUWDQ D EXQHL JHVWLRQ UL D UHVXUVHORU

PDWHULDOH LQFOXVLY GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO DVLJXU ULL LQWHJULW LL

patrimoniului.
 3UDFWLFD HFRQRPLF  RIHU  R PXOWLWXGLQH GH SRVLELOLW L GH LQWHUYHQ LH

SHQWUXDPLFúRUDFRQVXPXULOHI U  a afecta competitivitatea produselor.

3.8.1.4 Analiza cheltuielilor cu amortizarea

&KHOWXLHOLOH FXDPRUWL]DUHDDYkQGXQFDUDFWHUFRQYHQ LRQDOFRQVWDQW

vQ OLPLWHOH SUHFL]DWH VH DQDOL]HD]  FD QLYHO OD  OHL YHQLWXUL GLQ

H[SORDWDUHVDXFLIU GHDI aceri (Ca) pe baza modelului:

A
Ca = 1000,
CA
în care:
$ VXPDDQXDO DDPRUWL] ULLLQFOXV vQFRVWXUL

A M A 
Dar, 1000 =  f × 1000,
CA  Ca M f 
unde:
Mf
raportul , FDUDFWHUL]HD] HILFLHQ DXWLOL] ULLDFWLYHORUIL[H
CA
A
= FRWD PHGLH GH DPRUWL]DUH FD vQ FDUH VH VLQWHWL]HD]  VWUXFWXUD SH
MF
FDWHJRULLGHDFWLYHIL[HFRWHOHGHDPRUWL]DUHSHILHFDUHFDWHJRULHLQIOXHQ DWH

úLGHVLVWHPXOGHDPRUWL]DUHSUDFWLFDW

ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  PRGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU FX DPRUWL]DUHD OD  O ei

FLIU GHDIDFHUL ∆&DHVWHGHWHUPLQDW GH
ƒ randamentul activelor fixe
 M f1 M f 0 
 − ca ⋅ 1000
 CA CA 
 1 0 
ƒ cota medie de amortizare
M f0
(ca1 − ca 0 )⋅ 100
CA1
GLQFDUHLQIOXHQ D

• structurii pe categorii de active fixe

M f1
(ca ′ − ca 0 )⋅ 1000
CA1
unde:
ca´ = cota meGLH UHFDOFXODW  vQ IXQF LH GH VWUXFWXUD HIHFWLY  D PLMORDFHORU

IL[HFDOFXODW SH ED]DYDORULORUPHGLLEUXWH úLFRWHOHGHDPRUWL]DUHSH

categorii de active fixe;

• cotele de amortizare pe categorii de active fixe

M f1
(ca1 − ca ′)⋅ 1000
CA1
Metodologia prezenWDW  HVWH XWLO  vQ GLDJQRVWLFXO VRFLHW LL vQ

H[SOLFDUHD XQHL VLWXD LL GDWH vQ UDSRUW GH XQ FULWHULX FRQVLGHUDW (VWH HYLGHQW

IDSWXOF vQDFWLYLWDWHDSUDFWLF vQFRQGL LLOHVSRULULLvQ]HVWU ULLWHKQLFHPDL

EXQD IRORVLUH D DFWLYHORU IL[H UHSUH]LQW  IDF torul principal de reducere a

FKHOWXLHOLORU FX DPRUWL]DUHD SH SURGXVH úL UHVSHFWLY OD  OHL FLIU  GH

afaceri.
ÌQ IXQF LH GH QHFHVLW L DQDOL]D SRDWH IL H[WLQV  OD QLYHOXO GLIHULWHORU

FDWHJRULL GH DFWLYHIL[HSHQWUX DHYLGHQ LD LQIOXHQ D SHFDUH R DU

e gradul de
folosire al acestora asupra cheltuielilor cu amortizarea. Metodologia se
ED]HD]  SH IDSWXO F  VXPD DPRUWL] ULL OXQDU  DQXDO  HVWH FRQVWDQW  úL R

VSRULUH D UDQGDPHQWXOXL DFWLYHORU IL[H FRQGXFH OD UHGXFHUHD DPRUWL] ULL SH

produs sau lucrare.

3.9 Analiza cheltuielilor cu personalul

$QDOL]DVLWXD LHLJHQHUDOHDFKHOWXLHOLORUFXSHUVRQDOXO

ÌQ FDGUXO DFHVWHL HWDSH VH XUP UHúWH FXQRDúWHUHD HYROX LHL úL

WHQGLQ HLXQRUDVHPHQHDFDWHJRULLGHFKHOWXLHOLvQUDSRUWúLGHDF LXQHDXQRU

factori conjuncturali, folosindu-se ca indicatori ponderea în totalul

FKHOWXLHOLORU úL QLYHOXO OD  OHL YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH UHVSHFWLY FLIU  GH

afaceri.
&kW SULYHúWH VWUXFWXUDUH a cheltuielilor cu personalul, aceasta poate
avea în vedere mai multe criterii, cum ar fi:
¾ elementele componente, salariile tarifare, respectiv, negociate,
VSRUXULDFRUGDWHSH FDWHJRULLSUHPLLWD[H GHSURWHF LHVRFLDO 

LPSR]LWH HWF SUH]LQW  LPSRUWDQ  vQ GHOLPLWDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU

care sunt reglementate prin acte normativeúLDVXSUDF URUDILUPD

QXSRDWHDF LRQD

¾ FDWHJRULLOHGHSHUVRQDOPXQFLWRULLQJLQHULHFRQRPLúWLHWFVXQW

XWLOH SHQWUX PDUFDUHD PXWD LLORU FDUH V -au produs în structura

SHUVRQDOXOXLSHQWUXHYHQWXDOHOHFRPSDUD LLFXILUPHVLPLODUH

¾ formele de salarizarH SUDFWLFDWH SHQWUX D FDUDFWHUL]D HILFLHQ D

acestora;
¾ vQ UDSRUW GH PRGXO GH LQFOXGHUH vQ FRVWXUL HVWH QHFHVDU  vQ

ORFDOL]DUHD UH]HUYHORU H[LVWHQWH SHQWUX VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL

cheltuielilor cu salariile.
)LHFDUHGLQDFHVWHJUXS ULúLDOWHOHVXQWXWLOL]DWHvQIXQF LHGHVFRSXO

XUP ULW

$QDOL]DHILFLHQ HLFKHOWXLHOLORUFXVDODULLOH

(ILFLHQ D FKHOWXLHOLORU VDODULDOH SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW  FX DMXWRUXO

indicatorilor:
¾ cheltuieli salariale la 1000 lei venituri din exploatare;
¾ cheltuieli salariale la 1000 OHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL
¾ FKHOWXLHOLVDODULDOHODOHLYDORDUHDG XJDW 

ÌQ WRDWH FHOH WUHL VLWXD LL SRW IL XWLOL]DWH vQ DQDOL]  DWkW PRGHOHOH GH

FRUHOD LH FkW úL FHOH PXOW

iplicative. Astfel, în cazul cheltuielilor salariale la
1000 lei venituri din explRDWDUH&VPRGHOXOGHFRUHOD LHHVWH
Fs
Cs = 1000,
Ve
unde:
Fs = fondul de salarii (inclusiv elementele aferente)
'HFLPRGLILFDUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUVDODULDOHID GHRED] GHFRPSDUD LH

&VVHH[SOLF SULQLQIOXHQ D

• sumei veniturilor
 Fs 0 Fs0  Cs 0
 − 1000 sau − Cs 0 ,
 Ve1 Ve 0  Ive
unde:
Ive = indicele veniturilor
• sumei cheltuielilor salariale
 Fs1 Fs 0  Cs
 −  ⋅ 1000 sau Cs1 − 0 ,
 Ve1 Ve1  Iv e
(YLGHQW ILLQG XQ PRGHO GH FRUHOD LH VXPD YHQLWXULORU WUHEXLH V 

vQUHJLVWUH]HXQULWPGHFUHúWHUHVXSHULRUFKHOWXLHOLORUVDODULDOH

Ca model mulWLSOLFDWLYSRDWHILIRORVLWXUP WRUXO

 N Fs 
Cs =  ⋅  ⋅ 1000,
 Ve N 
în care:
N = QXP UXOGHVDODULD L

ÌQFRQVHFLQ ∆&VVHH[SOLF
 SULQLQIOXHQ D

¾ QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L OD  OHX YHQLWXUL IRUP  LQYHUV  GH

H[SULPDUHDSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL

 N1 Fs 0 
 ⋅  ⋅ 1000 − Cs 0
 Ve1 N 0 
¾ FKHOWXLHOLOHPHGLLSHRSHUVRDQ

 N Fs 
Cs1 −  1 ⋅ 0  ⋅ 1000
 Ve1 N 0 
ùL DFHVW PRGHO SXQH vQ HYLGHQ  FRUHOD LD GLQWUH FUHúWHUHD

SURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLúLDVDODULXOXLPHGLXFRUHOD LHDEVROXWQHFHVDU SHQWUX

VSRULUHDHILFLHQ HLFKHOWXLHOLORUVDODULDOH

1RW : 0HWRGRORJLD SUH]HQWDW  VH DSOLF  VLPLODU úL vQ FD]XO FHORUODO L

LQGLFDWRULFX GHRVHELUHDF VXPD YHQLWXULORU GLQH[SORDWDUHVH YDvQORFXLFX

FLIUD GH DIDFHUL UHVSHFWLY YDORDUHD DG XJDW  DYkQGX -se în vedere

VHPQLILFD LDDFHVWRUD

7HRULD úL SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF  UHFRPDQG  SHQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD

VLWXD LHL FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH GLQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLW LL úL D VDODULXOXL PHGLX

FRHILFLHQWXOFRUHOD LHL.UH[SULPDWSULQUHOD LLOH

Is − 100
Kr = , VH DSOLF  GH UHJXO  GDF  DPELL LQGLFL VXQW ! 
Iw − 100
Is
sau Kr = .
Iw
 Pentru exemplificare, se folosesc GDWHOHXUP WRDUHWDEHOXO ):

Tabelul 3.18
Nr. P0 Pn Pn
crt. Indicatori
Pn −1 Pn −1 P0
1 Indicele salariului mediu 100 105 110,96
2 Indicele SURGXFWLYLW LL
106 105,7 99,72
(calculul pe baza cifrei de afaceri)
3 &RHILFLHQWXOGHFRUHOD LH

Is − 100
0,6667 0,8772 X
Iw − 100
Is
Iw 0,9811 0,9934 X
4 Indicele cheltuielilor cu personalul la 1000 lei
98,11 99,34 101,24
FLIU GHDIDFHUL

'DWHOH SUH]HQWDWH DUDW  F  V D UHVSHFWDW GH SULQFLSLX FRUHOD LD

-
necesDU  GDU QX OD QLYHOXO SUHY ]XW FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH V -a majorat),
FHHDFHDUHFDHIHFWFUHúWHUHDFKHOWXLHOLORUFXVDODULLOHODOHLYHQ ituri cu
1,24%.
În raport de productivitatea muncii realizate, cu respectarea
FRUHOD LHLSUHY ]XWHLQGLFHOHVDODULXOXLPHGLXVHGHWHUPLQ SHED]DUHOD LHL

Is = [(Iw – 1)Kr0] + 1 sau Is = Iw · Kr0 vQIXQF LH GH PRGXO vQFDUH

este calculat Kr0 (ca raporWDOVSRUXULORUVDXFDSURSRU LH
Aplicând formula a doua Is = 1,057 × 0,9811 = 1,037022.
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  LQGLFHOH VDODULXOXL PHGLX ID  GH SUHYHGHUL WUHEXLH V 

1,037022
fie = 0,9972, DGLF HJDOFXFHODOSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLFHHDFHDU
1,04
fi condusODvQFDGUDUHDvQQLYHOXOSUHY ]XWDOFKHOWXLHOLORUFXVDODULLOHOD
lei venituri din exploatare.
ÌQDFWLYLWDWHDXQHLVRFLHW LFRPHUFLDOHvQOHJ WXU FXVDODULLOHSRWV 

DSDU  RPXOWLWXGLQHGHDVSHFWHFDUH WUHEXLHV ILHVROX LRQDWHFRUHVSXQ] WRU

pHQWUX D GLPLQXD SLHUGHULOH GHWHUPLQDWH GH FRQIOLFWHOH GH PXQF  ÌQWU -un
DVHPHQHD FRQWH[W SRDWH IL vQVFULV  úL SUREOHPD QHJRFLHULL VDODULLORU VDXúL

VDWLVIDFHULL XQRU UHYHQGLF UL VDODULDOH 3UDFWLF HVWH QHFHVDU  VWDELOLUHD XQHL

OLPLWHPD[LPHGHFUHúWHUHD salariilor.
 Exemplu:
1. Cifra de afaceri 4000 mil. lei
2. Cheltuieli aferente 3200 mil. lei
GLQFDUHVDODULLúLHOHPHQWHOHDIHUHQWH)V 900 mil. lei
4. Restul cheltuielilor (M) 2300 mil. lei
5H]XOWDWXOH[SORDW ULL5( 800 mil. lei
6. Capital propriu 2500 mil. lei
7. Profit net 375 mil. lei
0DMRUDUHDVDODULLORUSRDWHILÄDFRSHULW ´GHUH]XOWDWXOH[SORDW ULLFHHDFHYD

FRQGXFHODGLPLQXDUHDSURILWXOXLQHWFXFRQVHFLQ HOHFDUHGHFXUJGHDLFLVDX

QHJRFLHUHDSUH XULORUGHYkQ]DUHSHQWUXPHQ LQHUHDSURILWXOXL

ÌQ SULPDLSRWH] OLPLWDPD[LP GHPDMRUDUHDVDODULLORURFRQVWLWXLH

UH]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL FHHD FH vQ SURFHQWH vQVHDPQ 

RE 800
⋅ 100 respectiv, ⋅ 100 = 88,89%.
Fs 900

$FHVWOXFUXVHYHULILFDSULQUHOD LD

 RE 
M + Fs1 + 
 Fs  2300 + 900 × 1,8889
= =1
CA 4000
'DF  VDODULLOH VH PDMRUHD]  FX  UH]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL VH

PLFúRUHD]  FX  PLO OHL  ×  3HQWUX D VH PHQ LQH DFHODúL UH]XOWDW
DO H[SORDW ULL FLIUD GH DIDFHUL WUHEXLH V  FUHDVF  FX XQ DQXPLW SURFHQW

GHWHUPLQDW GH FRWD GH PDMRUDUH D VDODULLORU úL SRQGHUHD DFHV tora în cifra de
900
afaceri. În cazul dat 0,20 × = 0,045 sau 4,5%.
4000
6SRULUHD FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL FX  UHSUH]LQW   PLO OHL

HFKLYDOHQWXOPDMRU ULLVDODULLORUÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LLQXVHPRGLILF UH]X ltatul

H[SORDW ULLúLSURILWXOQHWFDUHLQWHUHVHD] SHS
roprietarii capitalului.
În ipoteza stabilirii unui prag minim de rentabilitate, de exemplu,
ID GHFDSLWDOXOSURSULXOLPLWDPD[LP GHPDMRUDUHDVDODULLORUYDIL

 800 − 250 
 100 = 61%
 900 
ÌQORFXLQGvQUHOD LDSUHFHGHQW UH]XOW :

2300 + 900(1 + 0,61)

= 0,93725, GHFLXQFRHILFLHQWVXEXQLWDUFHHDFHDUDW 
4000
F XQLWDWHDHVWHUHQWDELO  – 0,93725) = 250 mil. lei.

$XWRFRQWUROXOXWLOL] ULLIRQGXOXLGHVDODULL

,QGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD GH SURSULHWDWH ILUPD WUHEXLH V  H[HUFLWH XQ

autocontrol asupra PRGXOXLvQFDUHHYROXHD] FKHOWXLHOLOHFXPDQRSHUDFHHD

FH SUDFWLF vQVHDPQ  vQFDGUDUHD vQ DQXPLWH OLPLWH SUHVWDELOLWH VDX

UHFRQVLGHUDWH DVWIHO vQFkW V  VH DVLJXUH UHDOL]DUHD LQGLFDWRULORU GH HILFLHQ 

SUHY ]X L

Ca limite prestabilite „pot fi consideUDWH QRUPHOH´ GH PXQF  vQ

YLJRDUH OD GDWD UHVSHFWLY  SUHFXP úL IRQGXO GH VDODULL SUHY ]XW SODQLILFDW

ODQLYHOXOILUPHLúLVXEXQLW LORURUJDQL]DWRULFH3UDFWLFDFHDVWDvQVHDPQ F 

OXQDUWULPHVWULDOúLODILQHOHDQXOXL RGDW FXvQWRFP irea statelor GHSODW V 

VH IDF  FRPSDUD LH FX IRQGXO planificat2, stabilindu-VH DVWIHO DúD-numita
PRGLILFDUHDEVROXW  ∆Fs).
∆Fs = Fs1 – Fs0 = -HFRQRPLHDEVROXW GHS úLUHDEVROXW

Exemplu:

Cazul (mil. lei)

A B
1. Fond de salarii efectiv 2560 2734
2. Fond salarii planificat 2579 2579
'LIHUHQ – 2) -19 +155

$GPL kQG F  GUHSWXULOH GLQ VWDWHOH GH VDODULL VXQW FDOFXODWH vQ UDSRUW

GH PXQFD SUHVWDW  vQ SULPD VLWXD LH FD]XO $ FRQVLGHU P F  IDFWRULL GH

GHFL]LHDLXQLW LLSRWV RUGRQDQ H]HHIHFWXDUHDSO LL

ÌQ VLWXD LD GHS úLULL DEVROXWH FD]XO % HVWH QHFHVDU  UHFRQVLGHUDUHD

OLPLWHLLQL LDOHSULQUHFDOFXODUHDDFHVWHLD

2 DVHPHQHD UHFDOFXODUH HVWH MXVWLILFDW  SULQ DFHHD F  vQWUH YROXPXO

GH DFWLYLWDWH DO vQWUHSULQGHULL úL GLQDPLFD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL H[LVW  R

OHJ WXU GLUHFW vQ HOHDV XQHRULúLFDRFRUHOD LHGHSURSRU LRQDOLWDWH

3UREOHPD FDUH VH SXQH HVWH RS LXQHD SHQWUX FULWHULLOH vQ IXQF LH GH

FDUH SRDWH IL I FXW  UHFDOFXODUHD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL 'H SULQFLSLX

2
> ?A@ B? C D EGFEGH,CIJ#B KLBM N M D O"H,EPJ IO"@ I#K IHQDRQDSK O EPT SUEVFEGCINJSM S D EWXCSW%FEVE!Y ENZJ K BW%M ESK D U M D K EVJEM D I#SFED
J#M ECEF#E?#O EW#@ I? F#B KFE%M E@ EM D ? EO C#[
FRQVLGHU P F  WUHEXLH V  VH IRORVHDVF  DFHO LQGLFDWRU vQ FDUH VH UHJ VHúWH

vQWUHJXO FRQVXP GH PXQF  YLH FX DFRSHULUH PDWHULDO  SURGXVH OXFU UL

executate, servicii etc., respectiv, veniturile din exploatare.

5H]XOWDWXO FRPSDUD LHL GLQWUH IRQGXO GH VDODULL VWDELOLW )V1 úL FHO

reFDOFXODW)USRDUW GHQXPLUHDGHPRGLILFDUHUHODWLY 

Fs1 – Fr = -HFRQRPLHUHODWLY GHS úLUHUHODWLY
)RQGXOGHVDODULLUHFDOFXODWVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDSHED]DUHOD LLORU

Fs 0 ⋅ Iq
I) Fr = ,
100
unde:
venituri din exploatare realizate
Iq =
YHQLWXULGLQH[SORDWDUHSUHY ]XWH

LQkQGVHDPDGHIDSWXOF úLFKHOWXLHOLOHFXVDODULLOHVHSRWvPS U LvQ

YDULDELOHúLIL[HVHSRDWHIRORVLúLUHOD LD

Fv 0 ⋅ Iq
II) Fr = + Fc1,
100
unde:
Fv0 PDQRSHUDYDULDELO GHUHJXO GLUHFW 
Fc1 = Fondul de salarii constant (fix) efectiv
ÌQ VLWXD LD LQGH[ ULL VDODULLORU UH]XOWDWXO RE LQXW VH FRUHFWHD]  FX

coeficientul K luat în calcul la stabilirea drepturilor individuale în perioada

UHVSHFWLY 

1RW 5HFDOFXODUHDVHIDFHSHED]D GDWHORUFXP ulate, de la începutul

SHULRDGHL2S LXQHDSHQWUXRYDULDQW VDXDOWDHVWHvQIXQF LHGHFRQGL LLOHGH

VDODUL]DUHVWDELOLWHFXIRUPD LLOHGHPXQF 

Exemplu:

Cazul (mil. lei)

A B
1. Fond de salarii efectiv 2737 2737
2. din care: - variabile 2350 2350
3. - fixe 387 387
4. Fond de salarii planificat 2579 2579
5. din care: - variabile 2230 2230
6. Venituri din exploatare planificate 45400 45400
7. Venituri din exploatare realizate 48940 43500
 8. Indicele de realizare a veniturilor (%) 107,8 96,12
9. Fond de salarii recalculat
2780 2479
(rd. 4 × rd. 8)
0RGLILFDUHUHODWLY
-43 +258
(rd. 1 – rd. 9)
11. Fond de salarii recalculat (II)
2791 2530
(rd. 5 × rd. 8 + rd. 3)
12. ModificarHUHODWLY
-54 +207
(rd. 1 – rd. 11)

5H]XOW  F  vQ FD]XO $ vQ DPEHOH VLWXD LL V D RE LQXW R HFRQRPLH
-
UHODWLY  FDUH HVWH XQ HIHFW DO UHVSHFW ULL FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH FUHúWHUHD

SURGXFWLYLW LLúLDVDODULXOXLPHGLXÌQFD]XO%VLWXD LDHVWHLQYHUV 

&H IDFH FRQGXFHUHD XQLW LL " ÌQ DPEHOH FD]XUL VWDWHOH GH SODW 

vQVXPHD] PLOOHL

Pentru cazul A:
ÌQWUHSULQGHUHD VROLFLW  E QFLL HOLEHUDUHD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL

UHVSHFWLY úL RQRUHD]  GUHSWXULOH LQGLYLGXDOH $U H[LVWD úL

SRVLELOLWDWHD V  ILH VROLFLWDW IRQGXO UHFDOFXODW úL GDF  QX DX

LQWHUYHQLWPRGLILF ULGHRVHELWHvQFRQGL LLOHGHPXQF HFRQRPLD

UHODWLY  SRDWH IL UHSDUWL]DW  VDODULD LORU vQ IXQF LH GH FRQWULEX LD

DGXV  ODUHDOL]DUHDSURJUDPXOXLGH SURGXF LH 'DF  DXLQWHUYHQLW

DQXPLWH FRQGL LL QRL PHFDQL]DUHD XQRU RSHUD LL WHKQRORJLL QRL

HWFFDUHDXIDYRUL]DWFUHúWHUHDSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLFDHIHFWDO

DFWLYLW LL vQWUHSULQGHULL HFRQRPLD VH FRUHFWHD]  FX LQIOD LD

DFHVWRUD XUPkQG FD QXPDL GLIHUHQ D V  ILH UHSDUWL]DW 

VDODULD LORU

Pentru cazul B:
'DF  QX VXQW FRQGL LL RELHFWLYH GHRVHELWH VXPD VROLFLWDW  GH

E QFLL YD IL WRW OD QLYHOXO IRQGXOXL UHFDOFXODW LDU GHS úLUHD

UHODWLY  YD IL VXSRUWDW  GH VXEXQLW LOH FDUH QX úL -au realizat
SURJUDPXOGHSURGXF LHVWDELOLW

1RW :&RQVLGHU PF UHFDOFXODUHDIRQGXOXLGHVDODULLWUHEXLHV ILHR

SUREOHP  H[FOXVLY  D XQLW LL FKLDU GDF  VH VROLFLW  XQ vPSUXPXW EDQFD

WUHEXLH V  XUP UHDVF  GRDU UHDOL]DUHD FRQGL LLORU VWDELOLWH FX GHELWRUXO

pentru rambursarea creditelor la termenul stabilit.

 Un alt aspect al autocontrolului fondului de salarii, în special în
XQLW LOH GH FRQVWUXF LL VH UHIHU  OD VWDELOLUHD GUHSWXULORU LQGLYLGXDOH vQ

IXQF LH GH YROXPXO GH OXFU UL H[HFXWDWH úL LPSOLFLW DO WLPSXOXL OXFUDW

(YLGHQW U VSXQGHUHD GLUHFW  UHYLQH úHILORU GH HFKLSH PDLúWULORU úL

FRQGXF WRULORU GH úDQWLHUH SHQWUX PRGXO vQ FDUH VH HIHFWXHD]  SRQWDMHOH

'LVSHUVDUHDvQWHULWRULXDRELHFWLYHORUGHFRQVWUXF LHvQJUHXQHD] H[HUFLWDUHD

XQXLFRQWUROGLUHFWODWRDWHSXQFWHOHGHOXFUXGHF WUHFRQGXF WRULLDFWLYLW LL

ILQDQFLDUHDILUPHL'HDFHHDHVWHQHFHVDUV VHIRORVHDVF DQXPLWHFRUHOD LL

GLQWUHGLIHUL LLQGLFDWRULSHQWUXDSXWHDGHSLVWDHYHQWXDOHOHDEDWHULvQFHHDFH

SULYHúWH VXSUDHYDOXDUHD XQRU GUHSWXUL $VWIHO H[HFXWDUHD XQHL OXFU UL SH

OkQJ  PDQRSHU  LPSOLF  úL XQ FRQVXP GH PDWHULDOH 'HFL GDF  OD XQ

RELHFWLY GH FRQVWUXF LL VH FRQVWDW  GLVFUHSDQ H vQWUH DFHVWH FDWHJRULL GH

FKHOWXLHOL vQVHDPQ  F  HVWH QHFHVDU  R DQDOL]  vQ GHWDOLX SHQWUX FODULILFDUHD

VLWXD LHL

ÌQ DFHODúL FRQWH[W VH vQVFULH úL XUP ULUHD HYROX LHL FKLULHL SHQWUX

XWLODMHOH GH FRQVWUXF LL GH H[HPSOX PDFDUDOH WXUQ vQ IXQF LXQH OD XQ

RELHFWLY FKHOWXLHOLOH SHQWUX EHWRDQH úDSH úL PRUWDUH FX OXDUHD vQ

FRQVLGHUDUH D VWDGLXOXL IL]LF GH H[HFX LH D OXFU ULORU (YROX LD DFHVWRU

cheltuieli poaWH SXQH vQ HYLGHQ  DQXPLWH HOHPHQWH FDUH V  FRQGXF  OD

FRQFOX]LDF PDQRSHUDvQUHJLVWUDW QXVHMXVWLILF vQWRWDOLWDWH

ÌQ LSRWH]D F  DSDU DVHPHQHD VLWXD LL FRQGXFHUHD XQLW LL WUHEXLH V 

DF LRQH]H SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO RUJDQLVPHORU LQWHUQH GH VSHFLDOLWDWH pentru

UHFXSHUDUHD VXPHORU DFRUGDWH QHMXVWLILFDW úL VDQF LRQDUHD vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX

QRUPHOHvQYLJRDUHDFHORUYLQRYD L

3.10 Analiza cheltuielilor cu dobânzile

3HQWUX ILQDQ DUHD DFWLYLW LL GH SURGXF LH úL LQYHVWL LL XQLW LOH SRW

DSHOD úL OD vPSUXPXWXUL EDQFDUH SXUW WRDUH GH GREkQ]L ,QGLIHUHQW GDF 

DFHVWHD VH LQFOXG VDX QX vQ FRVWXUL vQ XOWLP  LQVWDQ  DIHFWHD]  SURILWXO QHW

DOILUPHLÌQSUHYL]LRQDUHDQHFHVDUXOXLGHIRQGXULSHQWUXRDQXPLW SHULRDG 

SULQEXJHWXOGHYHQLWXULGDF HVWHFD]XOVHVWDELOHúWHúLQHFHVDUXOGHFUHGLWH

UHVSHFWLY GREkQGD DIHUHQW  SULQ DFWH QRUPDWLYH VH SRW SUHYHGHD FDWHJRULL

GH FUHGLWH FDUH VH GLIHUHQ LD]  SULQ SURFHQWXO GH GREkQG  vQ DFHODúL WLPS

SHQWUX GLVSRQLELOLW LOH SURSULL S VWUDWH OD EDQF VH vQFDVHD]  XQ procent de
GREkQG 

ÌQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU FX GREkQ]LOH VH XUP UHúWH HYROX LD DFHVWRUD

FRPSDUDWLY FX SHULRDGD DQWHULRDU  SUHFXP úL ID  GH SUHYHGHUL

explicându-VH PRGLILFDUHD ORU SULQ SULVPD IDFWRULORU FDUH OH GHWHUPLQ 
Obiectul analizei îl poateFRQVWLWXLDWkWVXPDDEVROXW 6GFkWúLQLYHOXOORU
ODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL&G

ÌQSULPXOFD]VHIRORVHúWHPRGHOXO

Ki × d
Sd = ,
100
unde:
Ki = capitalul împrumutat;
d = SURFHQWXOPHGLXGHGREkQG 

3HQWUX FUHGLWHOH DIHUHQWH DFWLYLW LL GH H[SORDWDUH VXPD GREkQ]LL

SRDWHILH[SULPDW SULQUHOD LD

Sm ⋅ K ⋅ d
Sd = ,
100 2
unde:
Sm = soldul mediu al activelor circulante;
K = FRWD SURFHQWXDO  GH SDUWLFLSDUH D FUHGLWXOXL OD ILQDQ DUHD DFWLYHORU
circulante;
d = procentul mediu de dobânG 
&D QLYHO OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL FKHOWXLHOLOH FX GREkQ]LOH VH

DQDOL]HD] FXDMXWRUXOUHOD LHL

1
Cd = Dz ⋅ K ⋅ d
T ⋅ 10
unde:
T = perioada (360 zile);
Dz = YLWH]DGHURWD LHDDFWLYHORUFLUFXODQWH
)RUPXODDQWHULRDU UH]XOW GLQ

1 CA
⋅ Dz ⋅ K ⋅ d
2
100 T ⋅ 1000
CA
0RGLILFDUHDVXPHLDEVROXWHDGREkQ]LLVHH[SOLF SULQLQIOXHQ D

ƒ activelor circulante
1
(Sm1 − Sm 0 )K 0 ⋅ d 0
100 2
 ƒ cotei de participare a creditului
Sm1 (K 1 − K 0 )d 0
1
100 2

ƒ SURFHQWXOXLPHGLXGHGREkQG

Sm1 ⋅ K 1 (d1 − d 0 )
1
100 2

Care este semniILFD LDLQIOXHQ HORUUHVSHFWLYH?

 0DMRUDUHD DFWLYHORU FLUFXODQWH HVWH MXVWLILFDW  QXPDL GDF  HVWH

XUPDUHD FUHúWHULL SURGXF LHL vQ FRQGL LLOH PHQ LQHULL YLWH]HL GH URWD LH

SUHY ]XW ÌQFD]FRQWUDUvQVHDPQ RLPRELOL]DUHGHIRQGXULúLvQFRQVHFLQ 

vPSUXPXWXUL VXSOLPHQWDUH SXUW WRDUH GH GREkQG  PDMRUDW  úL GH FRWD GH

participare a creditului.
0RGLILFDUHDSURFHQWXOXLGHGREkQG SRDWHILH[SOLFDW SULQ

ƒ VFKLPE UL vQ VWUXFWXUD FUHGLWHORU GDF  SURFHQWXO HVWH GLIHUHQ LDW

astfel;
ƒ schimbarea proFHQWXOXL GH GREkQG  SULQ UHJOHPHQW UL OHJDOH

inclusiv indexarea acesteia.

&D QLYHO PHGLX OD  OHL SURGXF LH FKHOWXLHOLOH FX GREkQ]LOH VH

DQDOL]HD] SULQLQWHUPHGLXOIDFWRULORU

9LWH]DGHURWD LHDDFWLYHORUFLUFXODQWH

1
(Dz1 − Dz 0 )⋅ K 0 ⋅ d 0
T ⋅ 10
2. Cota de participare a creditului
⋅ Dz1 (K 1 − K 0 )⋅ d 0
1
T ⋅ 10
3URFHQWXOPHGLXGHGREkQG

⋅ Dz1 ⋅ K 1 (d1 − d 0 )
1
T ⋅ 10

0RGHOXO SUH]HQWDW SXQH vQ HYLGHQ  LPSRUWDQ D GHRVHELW  SH FDUH R

DUH DFFHOHUDUHD YLWH]HL GH URWD LH vQ GLPLQXDUHD HIHFWXOXL SH FDUH -l are
FRQWUDFWDUHD GH vPSUXPXWXUL PDL DOHV vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH GREkQGD DUH XQ

nivel ridicat.
 3.11 Analiza costului pe produse

ÌQFDGUDUHD vQ DF LXQHD DPSO  GH VSRULUH FRQWLQX  D UHQWDELOLW Li,

analiza costului pe produs constituie etapa de început care precede punerea

în aplicare a P VXULORU WHKQLFR-RUJDQL]DWRULFH PHQLWH V  FRQGXF  OD
economisirea resurselor consumate.
2UJDQL]DUHD úL GHVI úXUDUHD SUDFWLFLL GH DQDOL]  D FRVWXULORU SH

SURGXVH HVWH FRQGL LRQDW  GH PRGXO GH RUJDQL]DUH D HYLGHQ HL FKHOWX ielilor
GH SURGXF LH úL FDOFXODOSUH XOXL GHFRVW SUHFXPúL GHFDUDFWHUXO SURGXF LHL

úLJUDGXOGHFRPSOH[LWDWHDODFHVWXLD

$QDOL]D FRVWXOXL SH SURGXV XUP UHúWH DEDWHUHD DFHVWXLD ID  GH XQ

anumit criteriu (costul planificat, normat, sau din anul precedent),

FDWHJRULLOH GH FKHOWXLHOL DUWLFROH GH FDOFXOD LH HOHPHQWH SULPDUH SH VHDPD

F URUDV DXSURGXVPRGLILF ULSUHFXPúLIDFWRULLFDUHDXGHWHUPLQDWDEDWHULOH

-
respective.
2 LPSRUWDQ  GHRVHELW  R SUH]LQW  LGHQWLILFDUHD UH]HUYHORU H[LVWHQWH

care pot fL PRELOL]DWHvQSURFHVXOGHH[HFX LHDSURGXVXOXL SHQWUXUHGXFHUHD

FRQWLQX  D FRVWXOXL úL PHQ LQHULL VDX FKLDU vPEXQ W LULL FDOLW LL SURGXVXOXL

DILDELOLW LLDFHVWXLD

2UJDQL]DUHD PXQFLL GH DQDOL]  D FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH LPSOLF 

SDUFXUJHUHDXUP WRDUH lor etape:

a) 6WDELOLUHD SURGXVHORU FDUH XUPHD]  D IL VXSXVH DQDOL]HL 'H

UHJXO VXQWFHUFHWDWHFXSULRULWDWHSURGXVHOHODFDUHV DXGHS úLW -

FRVWXULOH DQWHFDOFXODWH VDX QRUPDWH $FHDVWD QX H[FOXGH úL

produsele la care s-DX RE LQXW HFRQRPLL SHQWUX D JHQHUDOL]a

H[SHULHQ DSR]LWLY 

b) ([SOLFDUHD PRGLILF ULL FRVWXOXL SH ILHFDUH SURGXV SULQ SULVPD

categoriilor de cheltuieli (articole sau elemente), stabilindu-se

FRQWULEX LD DEVROXW  úL SURFHQWXDO  D ILHF UHL FDWHJRULL OD

PRGLILFDUHDWRWDO DFRVWXOXLSHSURGXV

c) AnalL]DHOHPHQWHORUGHFKHOWXLHOLSULQSULVPDIDFWRULORUGLUHF LúL
LQGLUHF L GH LQIOXHQ  $VWIHO PRGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU FX

materiile prime, materialele directe (∆FKPVHH[SOLF SULQ

,QIOXHQ DFRQVXPXULORUVSHFLILFHFV

(cs1 − cs 0 )p ′0
2,QIOXHQ DSUH XOXLPDWHULDOHORUS
cs1 (p1′ − p ′0 )
 Cheltuielile cu salariile directe sunt dependente de timpul de
PXQF FRQVXPDWSHXQLWDWHGHSURGXVWúL salariul mediu pe unitate de
timp (sh).
Deci, ∆FKUVHH[SOLF SULQLQIOXHQ D
ƒ timpXOXLGHPXQF
Chs 0
(t 1 − t 0 )sh 0 sau − Chs 0
Iw
unde:
t0
,Z LQGLFHOHSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLHVWHFDOFXODWSHED]DUHOD LHL
t1
ƒ salariul mediu orar
Chs 0
t 1 (sh 1 − sh 0 ) sau Chs1 −
Iw
Cheltuielile indirecte (chi), fiind reparWL]DWH SH ED]  GH FKHL GH
reparti LHVHYRUDQDOL]DSULQSULVPDPRGLILF ULL
ƒ YROXPXOXL SURGXF LHL LQIOXHQ D F UXLD VH GHWHUPLQ  SH ED]D

UHOD LHL

Chi 0
− Chi 0
Iq
q
unde: Iq = 1
q0
ƒ sumei absolute a cheltuielilor indirecte:
Chi 0
Chi1 −
Iq
1RW  ÌQ FD]XO FkQG FRPSDUD LD VH IDFH FX FRVWXO QRUPDW vQ WRDWH

UHOD LLOHFRVWXODQWHFDOFXODWVHYDvQORFXLFXQLYHOXOQRUPDW

,GHQWLILFDUHDXQRUQRLUH]HUYH GHUHGXFHUHDFRVWXULORUWUHEXLHI FXW 

vQ OHJ WXU  FX SRQGHUHD GLIHULWHORU FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL úL GH GHSHQGHQ D

ORU ID  GH YROXPXO SURGXF LHL $VWIHO SHQWUX FKHOWXLHOLOH IL[H SH XQLWDWH GH

SURGXV GHFL YDULDELOH vQ VXP  DEVROXW  PDWHULL SULPH VDODULL GLUHFWH HVWH

QHFHVDU RDQDOL] WHKQLFR HFRQRPLF DWXWXURUFDWHJRULLORUGHFRQVXPXULÌQ

-
ceea ce prLYHúWH FKHOWXLHOLOH LQGLUHFWH FDUH vQ JHQHUDO VXQW YDULDELOH SH
XQLWDWH GH SURGXV SRWIL PLFúRUDWH SULQ RSWLPL]DUHD YROXPXOXL GH SURGXF LH

HYLGHQW WUHEXLH V  VH LQ  VHDPD GH H[LVWHQ D UHVXUVHORU PDWHULDOH

FDSDFLWDWHDGHSURGXF LHúLSRVLELOLW LOHGH desfacere).

ÌQ WHRULD úL SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF  SRDWH IL SXV  SUREOHPD LQIOXHQ HL

YDULD LHL YROXPXOXL GH DFWLYLWDWH JUDG GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL DVXSUD
costului unitar.
3HQWUX D vQ HOHJH DFHVW PHFDQLVP VH DUH vQ YHGHUH XUP WRDUHD

VLWXD LH

1. volumul QRUPDO GH DFWLYLWDWH FDUH DVLJXU  R IRORVLUH UD LRQDO 

DFDSDFLW LLGHSURGXF LH–EXF L

2. cheltuieli fixe – 30000 mii lei;

3. cheltuieli variabile
(20000 × 4000) = 80000 mii lei;
4. cheltuieli totale (2 + 3) = 110000 mii lei;
5. cost pe unitate lei (4 : 1) = 27500 lei.
6HSUHVXSXQHF GDWRULW UHGXFHULLFHUHULLVHPLFúRUHD] YROXPXOGH

DFWLYLWDWHODEXFÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LLFRVWXOSHEXFDW YDIL

30000
20000 + = 28571 lei
3500
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  HIHFWXO VF GHULL YROXPXOXL GH DFWLYLW ate este 28571 –
27500 = 1071 lei
'DF  SUH XO GH YkQ]DUH HVWH HVWLPDW OD  OHL UH]XOWDWXO VFRQWDW

este:
a)vQFD]XODFWLYLW LLQRUPDOH
(50000 – 27500) 4000 = 90000 mii lei
b)vQFD]XOVXEDFWLYLW LL
(50000 – 28571) 3500 = 75002 mii lei
c) efHFWXOVXEDFWLYLW LLE– a) = -14998 mii lei

3.12 Analiza costului produselor comparabile

Produsele comparabile sunt acele produse care s-au fabricat în cadrul

XQLW LL úL vQ SHULRDGD DQWHULRDU  FHOHL SHQWUX FDUH VH IDFH DQDOL]D 7HRULD úL

practica eFRQRPLF  HYLGHQ LD]  WRW PDL SUHJQDQW QHFHVLWDWHD XUP ULULL

HYROX LHL XQRU IHQRPHQH HFRQRPLFH úL vQ UDSRUW FX UHDOL] ULOH SHULRDGHL

precedente. Într-RDVHPHQHDVLWXD LHVHDIO úLFKHOWXLHOLOHDIHUHQWHSURGXF LHL

FRPSDUDELOH SHQWUX FDUH VH FRQVLGHU  F  HVWH DEVROXW QHFHVDU V  VH

VWDELOHDVF  XQ FRVW DQWHFDOFXODW SODQLILFDW SURJUDPDW FDUH YD IL VLPEROL]DW

în continuare cu Cp), întrucât:

¾ WUHEXLH V  ILH OXDWH vQ FRQVLGHUDUH QRLOH FRQGL LL vQ FDUH VH

GHVI úRDU  DFWLYLWDWHD HYROX LD SUH XULORU GH FXPS UDUH a
salariilor, sistemul de impozitare);
 ¾ HVWH QHFHVDU V  VH VWDELOHDVF  ED]D GH FRQWURO D FKHOWXLHOLORU

pe centre generatoare;
¾ VH LPSXQH XQ FRQWURO DVXSUD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] 

SURJUDPHOH VWDELOLWH SHQWUX SHULRDGD GH JHVWLXQH OXDW  vQ

considerare.
3HQWUX HYROX LD FRVWXULORU DIHUHQWH SURGXVHORU FRPSDUDELOH VH YD

IRORVL PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW  0 úL SURFHQWXDO  0 D FRVWXOXL FDUH DUH XQ

QLYHOSUHY ]XWSúLXQXOUHDOL]DW

Astfel, pentru un produs:

Mp = cp – c0 în care: c0 = costul perioadei
precedente
M1 = c1 – c0
c p − c0  cp 
Mp% = 100 sau  − 1100
c0  c0 
c − c0 c 
M1 % = 1 100 sau  1 − 1100
c0  c0 
'DF UH]XOWDWXODUHVHPQXOPLQXV-vQVHDPQ RUHGXFHUHDFRVWXOXL

DEVROXW  VDX SURFHQWXDO  ID  GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW LDU GDF  HVWH VHPQXO 

VHPQLILF RPDMRUDUH

Pe baza daWHORU GLQ WDEHOXO  UH]XOW  F FHOHWUHL SURGXVH IRORVLWH

SHQWUXH[HPSOLILFDUHSUH]LQW VLWXD LLGLIHULWH

Astfel:
produsul A: s-D SUHY ]XW R PDMRUDUHD FRVWXOXL ID  GHDQXO SUHFHGHQW úL V -a
UHDOL]DWRFUHúWHUHPDLPDUH

produsul B: s-DSUHY ]XWRUHGXFHUHUHDOL]DW vQWU RSURSRU LHPDLPDUH

-
produsul C: s-DSUHY ]XWRUHGXFHUHúLV DUHDOL]DWRFUHúWHUHDFRVWXOXL
-
ÌQ WRDWH FD]XULOH PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW  úL SURFHQWXDO  UHDOL]DW  ID 

GH DFHHD SUHY ]XW  HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  GH YDULD LD FRVWXOXL HIHFWLY ID  GH FHO

SUHY ]XW

¾ PRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW F1 – cp ;
c1 − c p
¾ PRGLILFDUHDSURFHQWXDO  100 .
c0
Astfel, pentru produsul A:
ƒ PRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW  
– 1250 = +1900 lei
c1 – cp = 71900 – 70000 = +1900 lei
 ƒ PRGLILFDUHDSURFHQWXDO

c1 − c p 71900 − 70000
= 100 = +2,76%
c0 68750

Modificare
c _#d8e f e g\hiLj8hTabelul
_#gikb a \`
3.19
Cost pe unitate de produs (lei \]^Q_#` ab (%)
(lei)
Nr. j6hlga8hikb op qr stu realizat
j6him na b
crt Produs
j8higid8ikb
Pr.
j6him na b
realizat  cp   c1 
   − 1100
 c − 1100
. realizat (cp –c0) (c1-c0)
(c0) (cp) (c1)  0   0
c 

1 A 68750 70000 71900 +1250 +3150 +1,82 +4,58

2 B 113000 105860 103750 -7140 -9250 -6,32 -8,19
3 C 789488 780000 802000 -9488 +12512 -1,20 +1,58
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH SUDFWLF HVWH QHFHVDU V  ILH VWD bilit efectul
PRGLILF ULL FRVWXULORU SHQWUX vQWUHDJD SURGXF LH FRPSDUDELO  SHQWUX D IL

corelat cu venitul aferent acesteia, atât în faza de elaborare a bugetului de

YHQLWXULúLFKHOWXLHOLFkWúLFHDGHH[HFX LH

Deci:
∑ M p = ∑ q p cp − c0 ( )
∑ M1 = ∑ q1 (c1 − c 0 )
 ∑ q pc p 
Mp % =  − 1100
 
 ∑ q pc0 
 ∑ q1c1 
M1 % =  − 1100
 ∑ q 1c 0 
3H ED]D FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH GLQ WDEHOXO  úL D FDQWLW LL

SUHY ]XWHúLUHDOL]DWHVHVWDELOHVFXUP WRDUHOHGDWHVLQWHWLFH

3URGXF LDFRPSDUDELO SUHY ]XW H[SULPDW vQ

ƒ cost din anul precedent:

Σqpc0 = 25500 mil. lei
ƒ FRVWSUHY ]XW

Σqpcp = 25810 mil. lei

3URGXF LDFRPSDUDELO UHDOL]DW H[SULPDW vQ

ƒ costul din anul precedent:

Σq1c0 = 26430 mil. lei
ƒ FRVWSUHY ]XW

Σq1cp = 26034 mil. lei

 ƒ cost realizat:
Σq1c1 = 26266 mil. lei
'LQGDWHOHPHQ LRQDWHUH]XOW 

ƒ PRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW SUHY ]XW

ΣMp = 25810 – 25500 = +310 mil. lei

ƒ PRGLILFDUHDSURFHQWXDO SUHY ]XW

 25810 
Mp % =  − 1100 = +1,22%
 25500 
ƒ PRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW UHDOL]DW

ΣM1 = 26266 – 26430 = -164 mil. lei

ƒ modificarea procHQWXDO UHDOL]DW
 26266 
Mp% =  − 1100 = −0,62%
 26430 
ÌQ VLWXD LD GDW  V-D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXULORU FX  PLO OHL

UHVSHFWLY  úL V-a realizat o reducere de –164 mil. lei, respectiv –

$FHVWHUH]XOWDWHWUHEXLHV ILHDQDOL]DWHSULQSULVPDIDFWorilor care le

GHWHUPLQ IDSWFHLPSOLF RWUDWDUHVHSDUDW DORU

$QDOL]D PRGLILF ULL SURFHQWXDOH PHGLL D FRVWXOXL SURGXVHORU

comparabile)LLQGRP ULPHPHGLHPRGLILFDUHDSURFHQWXDO HVWHHIHFWXOD

GRL IDFWRUL UHVSHFWLY VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL J úL PRGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO  SH

fiecare produs (m%).

Deci:

Mp % =
∑ gp ⋅ mp % , iar
100

M1 % =
∑ g1 ⋅ m1 %
100

3HQWUX D SXWHD VWDELOL LQIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL HVWH QHFHVDU  UHFDOFXODUHD

PRGLILF ULL SURFHQWXDOH vQ IXQF LH GH VWUXFWXUD HIHFWLY  D SURGXF LHL úL

moGLILFDUHDSURFHQWXDO SHSURGXVHSUHY ]XW UHVSHFWLY

′
M %=
∑ g1 ⋅ mp %
100
FHHDFHHFKLYDOHD] FX

 ∑ q1c p 
 − 1100 =  26034 − 1100 = −1,50%
 
 ∑ q 1c 0   26430 
 ÌQFRQVHFLQ 

∆ M % = −0,62 − (+ 1,22 ) = −1,84%

din care:
LQIOXHQ DVWUXFWXULL –1,50 – 1,22 = -2,72%
LQIOXHQ DFRVWXULORUSHSURGX se –0,62 –(-1,50) = +0,88%
'DF  vQ DQVDPEOXO SURGXVHORU FRPSDUDELOH UH]XOW  R UHGXFHUH D

FRVWXULORU FD HIHFW DO VWUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL OD QLYHOXO SURGXVHORU VH

vQUHJLVWUHD]  R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXULORU 'HFL vQ VSDWHOH XQXL UH]XOWDW DSDUHQW

pozitiv, se ascund rezultate negative.

$QDOL]D PRGLILF ULL DEVROXWH D FRVWXULORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL

comparabile.ÌQFDGUXOPRGLILF ULLDEVROXWHLQWHUYLQHúLYROXPXOSURGXF LHL

FD IDFWRU GLPHQVLRQDO &D DWDUH PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW  D FRVWXULORU HVWH

LQIOXHQ DW GHYROXPXOSURGXF LHLVWUXFWXUDDFHVWHLDúLFRVWXOSHSURGXVHÌQ

exemplul dat:
∆M = -164 – (+310) = -474 mil. lei
din care:
ƒ IQIOXHQ DYROXPXOXLSURGXF LHL
∑ q1c0 (∑ q pcp − ∑ q pc0 )− (∑ q pcp − ∑ q pc0 )=
∑ q pc0
=
26430
(25810 − 25500)− (25810 − 25500) = +321 − (+310) = +11 mil. lei
25500
ƒ ,QIOXHQ DVWUXFWXULL

(∑ q1c p − ∑ q1c 0 )− ∑ qq1cc0 (∑ q p c p − ∑ q p c 0 )=

∑ p 0
(26034 − 26430) − (+ 321) = −717 mil. lei
ƒ ,QIOXHQ DFRVWXOXL

∑ q1c1 − ∑ q1c p = 26266 − 26034 = +232 mil. lei

ÌQ FD]XO PRGLILF ULL DEVROXWH VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL FRQVWLWXLH IDFWRUXO

FDUH D FRQGXV vQ ILQDO OD UHDOL]DUHD HFRQRPLLORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL

FRPSDUDELOHÌQDFWLYLWDWHDSUDFWLF WUHEXLHV VHLGHQWLILFHFRQGL LLOHvQFDUH

s-a modificat structuUD vQ FRUHOD LH GLUHFW  FX VDWLVIDFHUHD REOLJD LLORU

DVXPDWH SULQ FRQWUDFWH úL UHDOL]DUHD YHQLWXULORU SUHY ]XWH 'H DVHPHQHD VH

LGHQWLILF  SURGXVHOH OD FDUH DX FUHVFXW FRVWXULOH FDX]HOH FDUH OH -au
GHWHUPLQDW vQ YHGHUHD IRUPXO ULL P VXULORU FDUH VH LPSXQ a fi luate pentru
SHULRDGDXUP WRDUH
 În exemplul dat, s-DDYXWvQYHGHUHXUP WRDUHDVLWXD LH

( )
− M1 % − M p % = − $FHDVWD vQVHDPQ  F  V D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH D
-
FRVWXOXL ID  GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW úL V -a realizat o
− ∑ M1 − ∑ M p = − UHGXFHUHDWkWvQVXP DEVROXW FkWúL procentual.

3RWILvQWkOQLWHúLDOWHFD]XULFXPDUIL

5H]XOW  F  V D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXULORU

M1 % − M p % = + -
DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL FRPSDUDELO  FDUH V -a realizat
∑ M1 − ∑ M p = + într-RSURSRU LHPDLPDUH

M1 % − M p % = + Prevederile sunt similare cazului anterior, cu

GHRVHELUHD F  vQ P ULPL DEVROXWH FUHúWHUHD D
∑ M1 − ∑ M p = − IRVW PDL PLF  GDWRULW  QHUHDOL] ULL SURGXF LHL

SUHY ]XWH

− M1 % − M p % = − S-D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH GH FRVWXUL GDU V-a

realizat într-R SURSRU LH PDL PLF  vQ FRQGL LLOH
− ∑ M1 − ∑ M p = + GHS úLULLSURGXF LHLSUHY ]XWH

− M1 % − M p % = − S-D SUHY ]XW R UHGXFHUH D FRVWXULORU úL V -a

UHDOL]DWvQSURSRU LHPDLPDUH
− ∑ M1 − ∑ M p = −
(
M1 % − M p % = −) Se prevede reducerea costului, care se
UHDOL]HD]  QXPDL SURFHQWXDO 1HUHDOL]DUHD vQ
− ∑ M1 % − ∑ M p % = + VXP  DEVROXW  VH GDWRUHD]  RE LQHULL XQHL

SURGXF LLVXEFHDSUHY ]XW 

6LPLODUVLWXD LHLSUHFHGHQWHvQFHHDFHSULYHúWH
M1 % − M p % = +
prevederile, dar s-D UHDOL]DW R FUHúWHUH D
− ∑ M1 − ∑ M p = − SURGXF LHL FDUH D DQLKLODW LQIOXHQ D

QHIDYRUDELO DVWUXFWXULLúLFRVWXOXL

În ca]XO vQWUHSULQGHULORU GH FRQVWUXF LL VH XWLOL]HD]  DFHHDúL

PHWRGRORJLHFXGHRVHELUHDF VHDUHvQYHGHUHvQWUHDJDSURGXF LHLDUFRVWXO

GLQSHULRDGDSUHFHGHQW HVWHvQORFXLWFX costul de deviz.

 3.13 Analiza costului marginal

ÌQXQLW LOHGLQVHFWRUXOSULPDUVHUHFRPDQG IRORVLUHDvQDQDOL] úLD

costurilor marginale, care pot servi ca orientare în decizii privind folosirea

FDSDFLW LLGHSURGXF LHúLvQFHOHODOWHXQLW L

&RVWXO PDUJLQDO GXS  FXP VH úWLH HVWH FRVWXO XQHL XQLW L

DGL LRQDOHGHSURGXs.
Nivelul costului marginal comparat cu cel mediu (deci al întregului
volum al produsului) permite aprecierea punctului în care întreprinderea (cu
OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH D vQF UF ULL FDSDFLW LL vúL GHVI úRDU  DFWLYLWDWHD FX

costurile cele mai mici.

Un DVHPHQHD JUDG GH vQF UFDUH D FDSDFLW LL LQGLF  DSURSLHUHD FHD

PDL PDUH D FRVWXOXL PDUJLQDO GH FRVWXO PHGLX úL HFKLYDOHD]  FX HFKLOLEUXO

relativ.
Acceptarea zonei de degresie (când ambele costuri scad) sau zonei
GH SURJUHVLH FkQG FRVWXO PDUJLQDO GHS úHúWH FRVWXO PHGLX VH MXVWLILF 

numai pe baza altor variabile ale deciziei.

3HQWUXH[HPSOLILFDUHVHIRORVHVFXUP WRDUHOHGDWH

Tabelul 3.20
Nr.
Indicatori P0 P1
crt.
1 3URGXF LDWRWDO vQWRQH 150000 200000
2 &KHOWXLHOL WRWDOH GH SURGXF LH PLO 75000 103000
lei)
3 &RVWPHGLXPLLOHLWRQ  500 515
4 3UH GHYkQ]DUHPLLOHL 540 540
5 Profitul unitar (mii lei) 40 25
6 Profitul total (mil. lei) 6000 5000

5H]XOW  F  ID  GH ED]D GH FRPSDUD LH V D vQUHJLVWUDW R GHS úLUH D

-
costului mediu cu 15 mii lHL (YLGHQW H[SOLFD LD R FRQVWLWXLH VSRULUHD
cheltuielilor totale într-XQULWPPDLPDUHGHFkWFHODOYROXPXOXLSURGXF LHL
Costul marginal (CM), potrivit literaturii de specialitate3 VH RE LQH
SHED]DUHOD LHL

Ch1 − Ch 0 103000 − 75000

= = 560 mii lei WRQ
q1 − q 0 200000 − 150000
Comparativ FX FRVWXO PHGLX SUHY ]XW FRVWXO PDUJLQDO HVWH PDL

3
*K&kUVWHD&2SUHD&DOFXOD LDFRVWXULORU('3%XFXUHúWLSDJ
PDUH IDSW FH D GHWHUPLQDW R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXOXL
mediu efectiv cu 15 mii
OHLWRQ , ceea ce s-a reflectat în mod negativ atât asupra profitului unitar cât
úLWRWDOGHFLvQFD]XOGHID RELHFWLYXOSULRULWDr l-DFRQVWLWXLWRE LQHUHDXQHL

SURGXF LLVXSOLPHQWDUH

$FWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF  GH DQDOL]  úL LPSOLFLW GH FRQGXFHUH FHUH

VROX LRQDUHD XQRU SUREOHPH FXP DU IL GH H[HPSOX GHWHUPLQDUHD QLYHOXOXL

PD[LP vQ FDUH SOXVXO GH SURGXF LH QHFHVLW  FKHOWXLHOL VXSOLPH ntare sporite
SHQWUX FD XQLWDWHD V  UHDOL]H]H SURILWXO SUHY ]XW VDX SURILWXO V  ILH HJDO FX

]HURDGLF SXQFWXOGHHFKLOLEUX

3HQWUXFD3 FRVWXOPDUJLQDOPD[LPHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD

q1p1 − q 0c 0 200000 × 540 − 150000 × 500

= = 660 mii lei WRQ
q1 − q 0 200000 − 150000
'HFL SkQ  OD DFHVW QLYHO DO FRVWXOXL marginal, întreprinderea este
UHQWDELO GDF UHDOL]HD] SURGXF LDGHWRQH

5HDOL]DUHD LQWHJUDO  D SURILWXOXL SUHY ]XW SUHVXSXQH RE LQHUHD

SURGXF LHLVXSOLPHQWDUHFXXQFRVWLQIHULRUFHOXLVWDELOLWDQWHULRUFRVWFDUHVH

GHWHUPLQ SHED]DUHOD LHL

q1p1 − (q 0 c 0 + P0 ) 200000 × 540 − (150000 × 500 + 6000)

= = 540 mii lei WRQ
q1 − q 0 200000 − 150000
5H]XOW  F  SHQWUX D VH UHDOL]D SURILWXO SUHY ]XW FRVWXO PDUJLQDO

WUHEXLHV ILHLQIHULRUSUH XOXLGHYkQ]DUH

&XQRDúWHUHD DFHVWRU HOHPHQWH SUH]LQW  R GHRVHELW  XWLOLWDWH SUDFWLF 

în determinarea unor bugete de cheltuieli SH ORFXUL GH SURGXF LH SUHFXP úL

XUP ULUHD PRGXOXL GH vQFDGUDUH vQ QLYHOXO PD[LP DO FKHOWXLHOLORU GH

SURGXF LH DVWIHO vQFkW SURGXF LD VXSOLPHQWDU  RE LQXW  V  QX FRQGXF  OD

intrarea în zona pierderilor.

$F LXQHD GH UHGXFHUH D FRVWXULORU WUHEXLH vQFDGUDW  vQWU R DQXPLW 
-
PHWRGRORJLHSHQWUXDLVHDVLJXUDULJRDUHDúWLLQ LILF LPSXV GHVHPQLILFD LD

economico-VRFLDO DHFRQRPLVLULLWXWXURUFDWHJRULLORUGHUHVXUVH

ÌQDFHVWVHQVSRWH[LVWDXUP WRDUHOHPRGDOLW LGHDF LXQH

ÌQFRQGL LLOHXQXLSUH GHYk nzare datVHVWDELOHúWHGUHSWRELHFWLY

R UHQWDELOLWDWH SURSXV  D IL UHDOL]DW  IDSW FH LPSXQH GHWHUPLQDUHD QRXOXL

nivel al costului pe produs.

3HQWUXDFHDVWDVHSRUQHúWHGHODUHOD LD

p−x
= R,
x
unde:
p = SUH XOGHYkQ]DUH
R = rata renWDELOLW LL
x = nivelul costului pe produs care va fi notat în continuare cu „c”.
p
3HED]DUHOD LHLSUHFHGHQWH x =
1+ R
'DF GHH[HPSOXXQSURGXVDUHXUP WRDUHDVLWXD LH

-SUH XOGHYkQ]DUH OHLWRQ

-FRVWGHSURGXF LH 400000 leLWRQ

- beneficiu 40000 lei
- rentabilitate 10%
3HQWUX FD QLYHOXO UHQWDELOLW LL V  ILH PLQLP  FRVWXO SURGXVXOXL

 440000 
VHHVWLPHD] OD 392857 .
 1 + 0,12 
)D  GH FRVWXO H[LVWHQW VH SRDWH VWDELOL úL LQGLFHOH FRVWXOXL IRORVLQG

UHOD LD

P
Ic = 1 + R ⋅ 100 =
P 440000
⋅ 1000 = = 0,9821
c0 (1 + R )c 0 (1 + 0,12)400000
FHHDFHvQVHDPQ RUHGXFHUHGH–'HFLSHQWUXDRE LQHR

rentabilitate de 12% se impune o reducere a costului cu 1,79%.

ÌQ FRQWLQXDUH WUHEXLH SUHFL]DWH F LOH SULQ FDUH VH SRDWH UHDOL]D R

DVHPHQHD UHGXFHUH ùL DLFL SRW IL PDL PXOWH VROX LL FD GH H[HPSOX

GHWHUPLQDUHD FRWHL GH UHGXFHUH FDUH VH SRDWH RE LQH SH VHDPD FKHOWXLHOLORU

FRQYHQ LRQDOH FRQVWDQWH SULQ PDMRUDUHD SURGXF LHL GDF  H[LVW  FDSDFLWDWHD
-
gf 0
GLVSRQLELO IRORVLQGX VHUHOD LD
- − gf 0 .
Ig
unde:
gf0 = ponderea cheltuielilor fixe în costul produsului din perioada de
UHIHULQ 

Iq = LQGLFHOHSURGXF LHLIL]LFHSRVLELOGHUHDOL]DW

$VWIHO GDF  JI0

= 30%, iar Iq = 10%, atunci reducerea costului pe
 30 
seama cheltuielilor fixe va fi de 1,43% − 30  FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  F 
 1,05 
UHVWXO FKHOWXLHOLORU FHOH YDULDELOH WUHEXLH V  DVLJXUH GLIHUHQ D SkQ  OD

 IDSW FH LPSXQH DQDOL]D GHWDOLDW  D ILHF UHL FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL
ÌQ DFHDVW  HWDS  WUHEXLH V  VH DQDOL]H]H FRQVXPXULOH GH PDWHULDOH úL

manoper  GLUHFW  vQ YHGHUHD J VLULL VROX LLORU QHFHVDUH SHQWUX vQFDGUDUHD vQ

UHGXFHUHDVWDELOLW 

ÌQ LSRWH]D F  UHVWULF LLOH PHQ LRQDWH DQWHULRU QX SHUPLW VSRULUHD

SURGXF LHL IL]LFH DWXQFL vQWUHDJD UHGXFHUH WUHEXLH V  ILH DVLJXUDW  QXPDL SH

seama cheltuielilRU YDULDELOH &RQVLGHU P F  GH UHJXO  DFFHQWXO SULQFLSDO

trebuie pus tocmai pe aceste cheltuieli care la foarte multe produse din toate
UDPXULOHGH LQRSRQGHUHLPSRUWDQW 

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$FHDVW PRGDOLWDWHSUHVXSXQHDQDOL]DILHF UHLFDWHJRULLGHFKHOWXLHOL

stabilindu-se rezervele interne care pot fi mobilizate. Astfel, în cazul

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posibilitate de înlocuire a unor materiale.

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Em ⋅ gmo1 4
úL PDWHULLOHSULPH (PSHXQLWDWHGHSURGXV $SOLFkQGUHOD LD ,
100
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SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL H[SULPDW  SULQ WLPSXO FRQVXPDW úL VDODUL ul mediu

orar.
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 Is 
DMXWRUXOUHOD LHL  − 1gr0 ,
 Iw 
unde:
Ir = indicele salariilor directe;
Iw = LQGLFHOHSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL
gr0 = ponderea cheltuielilor cu salariile directe în costul produsului.
'DF  H[LVW  SRVLELOLW L GH VSRULUH D SURGXF LHL FD vQ FD]XO

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costului.
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produsului respectLYúLQRXOQLYHOGHUHQWDELOLWDWH
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4 vwyxz {|}~ ~€)‚~ƒ „ … † ~ƒ † ƒ {…"w‡€!„ ~ † † ƒ ~)z † w‡~LˆQ†#w‡€„ ~ † €ƒ ~ƒ ~)}†  ~!„ ~%‰ |{#Š „ … ƒz# {#}… Š … ƒ … † ‹
V  VH DWLQJ  RELHFWLYHOH SUHFL]DWH SHQWUX R DQXPLW  SHULRDG  OD QLYHOXO

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0 VXUD vQ FDUH DFHDVW  UHQWDELOLWDWH SRWHQ LDO  VH YD PDWHULDOL]D

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produsele respective.
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SUREOHPH FDUH YL]HD]  HYROX LD SUH XOXL GH YkQ]DUH vQ IXQF LH GH FRVWXUL úL

QLYHOXO UDWHL UHQWDELOLW LL $VWIHO GDF  VH DGPLWH R FXQRDúWHUH D FRVWXULORU

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SHQWUX D VH PHQ LQH QLYHOXO UHQWDELOLW LL FDUH WUHEXLH V  ILH SUH XO GH

vânzare ?
ÌQDFHVWVFRSVHIRORVHúWHUHOD LD

a) p = c0 (1 + R) sau b) p = c´0 (1 + R) ·Ic.

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UH]XOW GLQFDOFXOXO

c = 400000 × 1,05 = 420000 lei

p = 420000 (1 + 0,10) = 462000 lei
sau
p = 400000 (1 + 0,10) × 1,05 = 462000 lei
ÌQ IXQF LH GH HYROX LD UDSRUWXOXL GLQWUH FHUHUH úL RIHUW  GHSLQGH

UHDOL]DUHDQRXOXLSUH 
 $SOLFD LLúLvQWUHE UL

1. 6  VH UHDOL]H]H DQDOL]D IDFWRULDO  D Ä&KHOWXLHOLORU OD  OHL &$´

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economico-finanFLDUL6 VHLQWHUSUHWH]HUH]XOWDWHOH
- mil lei -
Nr. Indicatori Simbol P0 P1
crt.
1 Cifra de afaceri Σqp 10800 12700
2 Cheltuieli aferente cifrei de afaceri Σqc 8600 9900
3 Profit aferent cifrei de afaceri Pr 2200 2800
4 Active de exploatare AE 15500 17400
5 Active fixe MF 8900 9200
6 Capital propriu Kp 16000 16500
7 1XP UGHVDODULD LSHUVRDQH N 220 215
8 &KHOWXLHOLODOHLFLIU GHDIDFHUL (lei) C 796,3 779,5
ŒŽ 
Ip = 121%, Ic = 117% unde Ip ‘Q’“6‘Q’”• –6— • –˜• ™#’š ’›“8‘!’ œ6š œ•• ž‘ Ÿ c este indicele
costurilor.

2.6 VHLQWHUSUHWH]HFD]XO
ICA = 110% în CA = cifra de afaceri
care,
ICh = 108% Ch = cheltuieli totale aferente cifrei de
afaceri
IC h v = 109% Chv = cheltuieli variabile aferente cifrei
de afaceri
3. 6  VH GHWHUPLQH LQIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH DVXSUD
Ä&KHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD  OHL FLIU  GH DIDFHUL´ úL V  VH LQWHUSUHWH]H

FD]XOLQIOXHQ HLFXVHPQXOÄ – ”.
4.6 VHLQWHUSUHWH]HFD]XO
ICA = 108% unde CF = suma cheltuielilor fixe
ICF = 102% q =YROXPXOSURGXF LHLYkQGXWH
Iq = 107%
5. Ce este risFXOGHH[SORDWDUHRSHUD LRQDO?
6.$QDOL]DIDFWRULDO DÄ&KHOWXLHOLORUFXDPRUWL]DUHDODOHLFLIU 

de afaceri” (Ca).
- mil lei -
Nr. Indicatori Simbol P0 P1
crt.
1 Cifra de afaceri CA 10500 11400
2 Suma cheltuielilor cu amortizarea A 420 399
3 Valoarea medie a mijloacelor fixe MF 4200 3562,5
4 ¡"¢ — ž"£G’˜• ’žž£ ¢ ‘ — • ” ‘Q• •¥¤ ¦¨§ ca 10 11,2
5
®¡"— ‘,¢ œ¥— ž© £’#˜8• ’ª˜8’›ž£ ¢ ‘ — • ” ž‘Q’y‘!’#™žš ™œ¥š ž— « –­¬ œ8–™ • ’›˜8’
™— œ6‘!ž›’#¬Q’#™— • ¯ žy°²±´³•G™ ¢ — ’#š ’µ˜8’ªž£ ¢ ‘ — • ”ž‘Q’y“’ carec
-
10,75
categorii de active fixe (%)
6 Cheltuieli cu amortizarea la 1000 lei CA (lei) Ca 40 35
 7.6 VHLQWHUSUHWH]HFD]XO
ICA = 112% unde W a SURGXFWLYLWDWHDDQXDO DPXQFLL

I Wa = 109% Sa = salariul mediu anual

I Sa = 107%

8. $QDOL]D IDFWRULDO  D Ä&KHOWXLHOLORU FX GREkQ]LOH OD  OHL &$´

,QWHUSUHWDUHHFRQRPLF 
- mil lei -
Nr.
Indicatori Simbol P0 P1
crt.
1 Cifra de afaceri CA 40500 44000
2 Active circulante AC 1687,5 1711,11
3 9LWH]DGHURWD LHDDFWLYHORUFLUFXODQWH]LOH Dz 15 14
4 Valoarea creditului împrumutat Ki 506,25 581,78
5 Ponderea creditelor în total active circulante K 30 34
(%)
6 Procentul (rata) mediu al dobânzii (%) d 40 37,5
7 Cheltuieli cu dobânzile Sd 202,5 218,17
¶Ž·8¸ ¹ T = 360 zile

9.6 VHLQWHUSUHWH]HFD]XO
ICA = 108% în care Ch = suma cheltuielilor totale
I Ch v = 109% Chd = suma cheltuielilor cu dobânzile
ICh = 107% Chv = suma cheltuielilor variabile
I Ch d = 101% Fs = fondul de salarii
IFs = 109% :D SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPHGLHDQXDO

IWa = 105% CA = cifra de afaceri

10. $QDOL]D FRVWXULORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL PDUI  FRPSDUDELO 

PRGLILFDUHDEVROXW úLSURFHQWXDO ,QWHUSUHWDUHHFRQRPLF 

mil lei
Nr.
Indicatori Simbol Programat Realizat
crt.
1 3URGXF LD PDUI  FRPSDUDELO  HYDOXDW  vQ Σqc 7500 8200
costurile perioadei curente
2 3URGXF LD PDUI  FRPSDUDELO  HYDOXDW  vQ Σqc0 7600 8450
costurile perioadei precedente
3 Volumul efectiv DO SURGXF LHL PDUI  Σq1cp - 8380
FRPSDUDELOHH[SULPDWHvQFRVWXULSUHY ]XWH