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1. NAME
1.1 Substance
1.2 Group
1.3 Synonyms
2. SUMMARY
2.3 Diagnosis
4. USES/CIRCUMSTANCES OF POISONING
4.1 Uses
5.2 Inhalation
5.3 Dermal
5.4 Eye
5.5 Parenteral
5.6 Others
6. KINETICS
6.4 Metabolism
7. TOXICOLOGY
7.2 Toxicity
7.2.1.1 Adults
7.2.1.2 Children
7.2.2 Relevant animal data
7.3 Carcinogenicity
7.4 Teratogenicity
7.5 Mutagenicity
7.6 Interactions
9. CLINICAL EFFECTS
9.1 Acute poisoning
9.1.1 Ingestion
9.1.2 Inhalation
9.1.3 Skin exposure
9.1.6 Other
9.2.2 Inhalation
9.2.6 Other
9.4.1 Cardiovascular
9.4.2 Respiratory
9.4.3 Neurological
9.4.3.1 CNS
9.4.4 Gastrointestinal
9.4.5 Hepatic
9.4.6 Urinary
9.4.6.1 Renal
9.4.6.2 Others
9.4.7 Endocrine and reproductive systems
9.4.8 Dermatological
9.4.9 Eye, ears, nose, throat: local effects
9.4.10 Haematological
9.4.11 Immunological
9.4.12 Metabolic
9.5 Others
10. MANAGEMENT
10.4 Decontamination
10.5 Elimination
10.6.1 Adults
10.6.2 Children
12.3 Other
13. REFERENCES
1. NAME
1.1 Substance
Cadmium
1.2 Group
1.3 Synonyms
Cadmium 7440-43-9
Cadmium acetate hydrate 89759-80-8
Cadmium acetate dihydrate 5743-04-4
Cadmium carbonate 515-78-0
Cadmium chloride 10108-64-2
Cadmium chloride hemi-pentahydrate 7790-78-5
Cadmium cyclohexane-butyrate 55700-14-6
Cadmium fluoborate 14486-19-2
Cadmium fluoride 7790-79-6
Cadmium fluosilicate 17010-21-8
Cadmium iodide 7790-80-9
Cadmium lactate 16039-55-7
Cadmium nitrate 10325-94-7
Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate 10022-68-1
Cadmium oxide 1306-19-0
Cadmium oxide fume 1306-19-0
Cadmium phosphate 13477-1-3
Cadmium selenide 1306-24-7
Cadmium succinate 141-00-4
Cadmium sulfate 10124-36-4
Cadmium sulphate hydrate 7790-84-3
Cadmium sulphate monohydrate 13477-20-8
Cadmium sulphate tetrahydrate 13477-21-9
Cadmium sulphide 1306-23-6
1.4.2 Other numbers
2. SUMMARY
The main risks and target organs depend on the form of cadmium
and on the route of entry.
Acute poisoning
Chronic poisoning
2.3 Diagnosis
Acute poisoning
3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Cadmium Cd 112.40
Cadmium carbonate CdCO3 172.41
Cadmium chloride CdCl2 183.32
Cadmium fluoride CdF2 150.40
Cadmium iodide CdI2 366.21
Cadmium oxide CdO 128.40
Cadmium selenate CdSeO4 191.36
Cadmium sulphate CdSO4 208.46
Cadmium sulphide CdS 144.46
(Weast, 1976-7)
Cadmium - Water
Cadmium acetate Water, alcohol -
Cadmium bromide Water, alcohol, -
acetone(mod), ether(sl) -
Cadmium carbonate Dil acids Water
Cadmium chloride Water, acetone, Ether
methanol(sl), ethanol(sl) -
Cadmium fluoride Water, acids Alcohol, NH4OH
conc = concentrated
dil = dilute
mod = moderately
sl = slightly
4. USES/CIRCUMSTANCES OF POISONING
4.1 Uses
Environmental risks
5. ROUTES OF ENTRY
5.1 Oral
5.2 Inhalation
5.3 Dermal
5.4 Eye
5.6 Others
6. KINETICS
Oral exposure
Inhalation
6.4 Metabolism
biotransformation in man.
7. TOXICOLOGY
Renal toxicity
Cadmium induces increased excretion of both low and high
molecular weight proteins. The following mechanisms have been
proposed.
Pulmonary toxicity
Bone toxicity
7.2 Toxicity
7.2.1.1 Adults
Acute poisoning
Inhalation
Ingestion
Renal effects
Respiratory effects
7.2.1.2 Children
Exposure limits.
Cadmium dust
7.3 Carcinogenicity
Human studies
Animal studies
Human studies
Animal studies
7.5 Mutagenicity
7.6 Interactions
9. CLINICAL EFFECTS
9.1.1 Ingestion
9.1.2 Inhalation
9.1.6 Other
No relevant data available.
9.2.1 Ingestion
9.2.2 Inhalation
9.2.6 Other
Metal fume fever usually last from 1-2 days. Acute pneumonitis,
pulmonary oedema and respiratory failure may develop as early
as 8 - 12 hours following exposure.
9.4.1 Cardiovascular
9.4.2 Respiratory
9.4.3 Neurological
9.4.3.1 CNS
9.4.4 Gastrointestinal
9.4.5 Hepatic
Acute: In the case reported by Buckler et al. (1986) in
which a young woman ingested 150 g of cadmium chloride,
focal hepatic necrosis was observed at autopsy. Taylor et
al. (1984) reported evidence of fatty infiltration and
acute centrilobular necrosis of the liver in a patient
who died following the inhalation of cadmium fumes.
9.4.6 Urinary
9.4.6.1 Renal
9.4.6.2 Others
No data available.
No data available.
9.4.8 Dermatological
9.4.10 Haematological
9.4.11 Immunological
9.4.12 Metabolic
metabolic acidosis.
9.4.12.3 Others
9.5 Others
No data available.
10. MANAGEMENT
10.4 Decontamination
10.5 Elimination
10.6.1 Adults
Acute poisoning
Chronic poisoning
10.6.2 Children
No data available.
No data available.
To be completed locally.
12.3 Other
No data available.
13. REFERENCES
Basinger MA, Jones MM, Holscher MA, & Vaughn WK (1988) Antagonists
for acute oral cadmium intoxication. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health,
23:77-89. Bauchinger M, Schmid E, Einbrodt HJ, & Dresp J (1976)
Chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes after occupational exposure to
lead and cadmium. Mutat. Res., 40:57-62.
Beton DC, Andrews GS, Davies HJ, Howels L, & Smith GF (1966) Acute
cadmium fume poisoning. Five cases with one death from renal
necrosis. Br. J. Ind. Med., 23:292-301.
Buckler HM, Smith WDF & Rees WDW (1986) Self poisoning with oral
cadmium chloride. Br. Med. J., 292:1559-1560.
Chichester CO, Palmer KC, Hayes JA, & Kagan HM (1981) Lung lysyl
oxidase and prolyl hydroxylase: increases induced by cadmium chloride
inhalation and the effect of aminopropionitrile in rats. Am. Rev.
Resp. Dis., 124:709-713.
Cross CE, Omaye ST, Rifas DC, Hasegawa GK, & Reddy KA (1979)
Biochemical effects of intratracheal instillation of cadmium chloride
on rat lung. Biochem. Pharmacol., 28:381-388.
Grose EC, Richards JH, Jaskot RH, Menache MG, Graham JA & Dauterman
WC (1987) Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activity
in rat lung and liver following cadmium inhalation. Toxicology,
44:171-179.
Jones MM & Cherian MG (1990) Review paper: the search for chelate
antagonists for chronic cadmium intoxication. Toxicology, 62:1-25.
Lucas PA, Jariwalla AG, Jones JH, Gough J & Vale PT (1980) Fatal
cadmium fume inhalation. Lancet, 2:205.
Nayak BN, Ray M, Persaud TV, & Nigli M (1989) Embryotoxicity and in
vivo cytogenetic changes following maternal exposure to cadmium
chloride in mice. Exp. Pathol., 36:75-80.
Page AL, El Amamy MM, & Chang AC (1986) Cadmium in the environment
and its entry into terrestrial food chain crops. In: Foulkes, E.C.
eds., Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 80: 33-74.
Palmer KC, Naseem SM, Hayes JA & Tishler PV (1983) Lung aryl
hydrocarbon hydroxylase: Inhibition following cadmium chloride
inhalation. Environ. Res., 32: 432-444.
Piscator M & Lind B (1972) Cadmium, zinc, copper and lead in human
renal cortex. Arch. Environ. Health, 24: 426-431. Potts CL (1965)
Cadmium proteinuria-the health of battery workers exposed to cadmium
oxide dust. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 8: 55-61.
Stokinger HE (1981) The metals. In: Clayton, G.D. & Clayton, F.E.,
eds. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, volume 2A Toxicology,
New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp.1563-1583.
Strauss RH, Palmer KC, & Hayes JA (1976) Acute lung injury induced by
cadmium aerosol. I. Evolution of alveolar cell damage. Am. J.
Pathol., 84:561-568.
Thun MJ, Osorio AM, Schober S, Hannon WH, Lewis B & Halperin W (1989)
Nephropathy in cadmium workers: assessment of risk from airborne
occupational exposure to cadmium. Br. J. Ind. Med., 46:689-697.
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See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Cadmium (EHC 134, 1992)
Cadmium (ICSC)
Cadmium (WHO Food Additives Series 52)
Cadmium (WHO Food Additives Series 4)
Cadmium (WHO Food Additives Series 24)
Cadmium (WHO Food Additives Series 55)
CADMIUM (JECFA Evaluation)