Ex. 10.5: Carbon disulphide is used to extract iodine from its saturated aqueous solution. ‘The distribution of iodine between carbon disulphide and wator at equilibrium may be ‘expressed as " grams iodino/litre of carbon disulphide Kay = Steams iodinelire of water = 8882 (i) Calculate the concentration of iodine in the aqueous phase when 1 litre of a saturated ‘aqueous solution at 299 K (20°C) containing 0.3 grams of iodine por 1 litre of water is stirred ‘with 50 ml of carbon disulphide, Gi) Repeat for two ideal extractions using 25 ml of solvent each time. Solution : Basis: 1 litre of saturated solution. It contains 0.3 g iodine. grams iodineitre of CS: _ ge grams iodine/litre water Let x be grams iodine/itre of water at equilibrium grams iodinellitre of CS, = 5882x = 588.2% Material balance of iodine in ag. phase : ‘= iodine in C32 + iodine in water phase Ey 0.3 = 5962x> 5555 +x ~9041x xs Case I: 03 = Concentration of iodine in aqueous solution for second stage. x, = 0.191 gf oar = 27 (i) #38 x; = 0.001268 g/lA solution contains a valuable material M in water. M is recovered from the solution using solvent S. 1F9 kg of S is used per kg solution, and the distribution equilibrium X/Z ~ 3, where X= kg M/ kg water and Z~ kg M/ kg 'S. What will remain in the solution ater extraction using (a) single batch equilibrium stage and (b) two successive batch equilibrium stages using fiesh solvent for each step? Answer: Basis: 10kg food Extract Solvent The M/9kg S kes —Y —> —xr+ Solution Extractor Ratfinate S kg (Mater) 3 kg M/ ky water Distributive Equilibrium: AS sd: % remaining in the solution affer solvent extraction Solution + solvent From distributive equilibrium: 3 ke M+ 1 kg Water from raffinate +1 kg water from extract~ 5 ky feed (Lo) 5 ky (water + M) +9 kg solvent = 14 ky mixture (Lo) ‘Mass of raffinate~ I kg Water +3 ky M> 4k raffinate (L1) Mass of extract = 9 kg $ + T ky M= 10 kg extract (V1) Fraction of M in extract: | kg / 10 kg~ 0.1 ( Yal) Fraction of M in raffinate: 3 kg /4 ky = 0.75 (Xal) Mass fraction of solute M in feed = required (Xao) From the formula K=ya=Ly [Ly [Xa - 1 1 [xr SOL = Akg (Mt water) [ 14ky /4kg ( Xa0/ 0.75) 1] 0.75 10ke(M#S) Xal = 82.14% ( fraction of M in the feed) Fraction remaining in the solution= 0,8214..75 ors = 14% fraction remaining in the feed.In der to erat asic ac ram dt aquaussotion wth isapropyeter, the two ims phases are pase courtercurent throug packed column 3 in rh and TS mn dametr ‘ele found that, FO kgnas of he pure ene wee to entra 025 alas of 40 ge can aks yas, then the ther hace leaves the column wth aoncentaton of 10 percent acd by mas. atu: (s)he urbe of vr trance nis sen teas phe and (o] me overal earactoncoeticen based onthe ratte phase Solution Cross-sectional atea of packing = (1/)0.075° = 0.0044 m? volume of packing = (0.0044 x 3) = 0.0133 m°, ‘The concentration of acid in the extract = 1.0 per cent or 0.01 kuvky. mass of acid transferred 10 the ether = 0,08(0.01 — 0) = 0.005 kg/m’s on (0.005 x 0.0044) = 0.000022 kes. Acid in the aqueous feed = (0.25 x 0.04) = 0.01 kin’ s. Thus: acid in raffinate = (V.01 ~ 0.005) = 0.005 kg/m? s concentration of acid in the ralfinate = (0.005/0.25) = 0.02 kg/kg oF 2.0 per cent AL the top of the column: Gs ‘Thus: acy 040 ky/kg tnd Cj, = (0.040 x 0.3) = O.012kyky (0.012 ~ 0.010) = 0.002 kesh At tte bottona ofthe column: Cp, = 0.20 keke and CZ, = (0.020 x 03) Thus: AC, = (0.006 ~ 0) = 0.006 keke 1006 kelke and the logarithmic mean driving force is: (XC )n = (0.006 — 0,002), 1n(0.005/0.002) = 0.0036 kyiky. Kea = mass transferred /|volume of packing x (AC in] 1.000022, (0.0133 x 0.0036) 461 kgim'sckgikg) From equation 13.25 the beight of an overall transfor unit, Hog = Ly) Kea = (0.25/0.451) = 054m and: the number of overall t G/0.54) = 5.53 fer units8-9: The diseibution quilbriam for A between an extract solvent Sanda raffiaat solvent B is given by Y=20x where Y= mass of A per unit mass of S, X= mass of A per unit mass of B. The extract and rafinte solvents are completely immiscible in each other at all concenirations of A. From these dia, calculate the amount of ertract solvent needed per 100 kg solution containing 30 % A in B if 95 % of A is 10 be removed for exh ofthe following arrangements: (a) single-stage contact (b) three stage batch contact, one third ofthe solvent wil be used in exch cootact. Calculate amount of A ‘extracted in each contact, (©) three-stage countercurrent operation (2) By solute (A ) balance over asingle stage, BX, + SYs = BX, + SY; since fresh extract solvent is free of solute A, Y= 0 ‘Basis 100 kg of solution of in B (raffinae solvent) Xy = 3070= 042857 98 % recovery, A in extract = 095(30)= 28.5 kg final rafinate = 30-28 S = 1.5 X, = 15/70 0.02143 Y, = 2X, = 20.02143) = 0042857 (by equilibrium ) ‘Then $= By0,1052639 = 7010.1052639 = 665 kg, (b)_ When the extract and raffinate solvent amounts are same in each contact and K is ‘constant, the following relationship applies x=(ste)"%0 tens csesn=3, B=70, K= 2, Xj= 3070 =0.42857, and X= X= 18/70 0.001487 ‘substituting in the previous equation relating n, X. and Xo, 3 B= (2s) ~ SPH -0.05 « Bas = 0.05)!9 ~ asses from which, S= 60 ky in each stage. ‘Tota solvert in three stages = 60 x 3 = 180 kg.Amount of A removed in fist contact: If x, is amount removed in frst contact, X = (30-x,)70Y, = x60 ‘By equilibrium relationship, Y, =2.X, Therefore, x60 = 2160- x70] solvingforx,, x= Taig = 1895 kg inasimitarmamer, x= PS -098 4g andy MAREE H=25 ag (©) Three-stage countercurrent operation ‘An overall solute balance gives S¥au + BX SY, + BX, y * $94 F ‘where B = raffinate solvent, § = extract solvent Y= solute in extract, mass A/unit mass of extract solvent X-= solute in raffnate solvent, mass A/unit mass of rafinae solvent ‘The above equation represents the operating line and isa straight line ‘Since the amount of solvent isnot known, the final solute concentration in extract is not known. “Therefore atria solution is required . Assume a value for the B/S ratio. The problem can be solved graphically more easily, Plot the equilibrium curve, on XY diagram and locate ‘he points X, and X, on it Draw from point X, an operating line with an assumed slope and step off the stages. Ifthe number of stages does not match 3 exactly, readjustment is necessary. This is done in Figure 8-5 Figure 8-5. Solution of problem 8-3c.‘Slope of the operating line for thre stages is 0.889 ‘Therefore, amount of solvent for 3 stage countercurent operation is s= hy -tllp= 106 285/08.5 +78.74)x 100 = 26. 61%‘The ratio of the solubility of stearic acid per unit volume of »heptane to that in 97.5% acetic acid is 4.95. How many exiractions of a 10mL solution of stearic acid in 97.5% avetic acid with successive 10mL portions of n-heptane are needed to reduce the residual stearic acid content of the acctic acid layer (0 less than 0.5% of its original value? 400/100+4.95 = 1.00/5.95 for n repeated extraction it gives, 100/595 = 0.005 -nlog 5.95 = log 0.005 n=297to plan» lcuid-tiguid exractin we seed wo know the salutés dite nun rio cewens the tw plano. One spot int cary us the stration on a wltxion containing a known amount of whe. Afr erating the soli, we lalate she organic phate and low et cep ‘te, leaving behind the slat. In one such expeimeat. 1235 ¢ of 3 tolate wah + molar mass of 117.3 ghmal doled in 10.00 ml of water After exacting with 5,00 mL of one, 0.889 g ofthe solute is conte ia he organic phe.) What ithe luc dierbuson ati Rerwwen water and wlutne (b) I we extract 20.00 ml of am aqueou soluion conaining the solute with 1000 ml. of rluene what i the eration eficency?(c) How many exractons will we need to recor 39.9% ofthe solute? Click hee to review your anon: to this exercise, Practice Exrcie 7. (a The oc Urbain rato Baw wate nd as 1 mad ts), PRs TROT ula! ,__— 1735 000500 _ 5.14 isi Teel 1 (8) The acon of sla romainingin dhe aqueous phase ser ne oxic yo 0 mi Diz +V, ~ G1AN10.00 ml) The extnetion elficincy,sherefoe, is 72.0%. (0) To etre 9.9% ofthe solue equies 7 20.00 wl. G00 al) +2000 la." (Q), = 9008 log(0.001) = nbg(0.280) asd 1 einonte fox ensront A liquid mixture of acecaldehyde and toluene contains © bof acetaldehyde and so Ib of toluene. Part of the acetaldehyde in this solution is to be extracted using pure water {a the extracting agert. The extraction isto be performed intwe stages, using 25 fo of fresh water for each stage. The rafinate layer ‘rom the frst stage is treated by freshwater inthe second stage. he extraction takes place at 17 °C and the equilibrium equation i ‘¥=2.2X may be employed. Assuming toluene ‘and water is immiscible, what would be the weight percent of acetaldehyde in a mxture Of the extracts from beth stages if each of the ‘extractions were theoretically perfect? ‘ANSWER 96%thasolvent [5 nar win the gure below iy the solute tuonstersinto the solvent. The low rates of ll te streams ore a solute fee basis ond indcatedb rit .The compostons of the streams ar expressed an o mol ratio basis The extrac leaving te cont ts. one part collected s the product (P} and the other stream is recycled to jin the: 1 equlbrium rlatonshi is V* = 2X. Bi 6 1 coming site contact Feed(Fs),100m0l/s Xp,=03 Reffinatect (Rs). Xe Soivent(S¢).L00mol/s Ya Product (Py).Ye Feed (Fs),100mol/s Xj, =0.3 (Rs) -Xeue Solvent(Ss).100mol/ 5 ¥p, = 0.0 Applying the overall material balance, R+B=E+S, R+P=200 => R= P=100mol/s Applying the solute balance. R Ng +P Vag =F ig +S, Tin Given, Yu. =2%uw ii) Putting all values in Eq. (i), 100xx,,, +100 2x,,, =100% 0.3+100x 0 Xyg = 01 From Eq, (ii), Y= 0.2