TV Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass
communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-
to-many model

The broadcasting sector can roughly be subdivided into three main areas.

Those are content generation, distribution, and consumption. For broadcasters this is directly linked to
the question of content distribution. More clearly, it is about getting all content to all devices at any time
under the conditions broadcasters have to adhere to. The latter includes confining and controlling the
costs.

In the past distribution of broadcast content was straightforward. In order to distribute linear programs
broadcasting networks could do the job. With the increasing demand for interactivity and the wish of
users for more autonomy in their media consumption broadcasters had to look for new means of
delivering their content

This Reports will mainly focus on generation and distribution part; basically basic architecture of
Television broadcast system with list of equipment’s and cables.

The first element in the broadcasting ecosystem is the creation of audio-visual content. Broadcast content
is offered to users in terms of a broadcast service.

This means a set of different elements such as movies, shows, news, sports, etc. is bundled and offered as
a package. The major part of broadcast services are radio or television programs. However, a broadcast
service may also contain nontraditional components as for example on-demand content or social media.

Application: use in stadium for broadcasting of live events within and outside

Fig1: Broadcasting Value Chain

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 Audio and Broadcast Broadcast/TV Indoor Display
Video wallboxes Room & OB Van

Fig: 2 Process Flow

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 Fig:3 Block Diagram

1. Audio and Video Systems

It will include following system
Professional Camera for Live recording
Talkback for Conversations within Studios, Conference area
Microphones and wireless mic receiver system for Presentation

2. Broadcast Wall Boxes

Passive Device to house patch panel for providing connection with fields camera and Mic System

3. Broadcast/TV Room
Place where all AV racks are placed and it will have all incoming connection from BWB and outgoing
connection to video wall (Display System) and OB and SNG van.

4. Indoor Display, Speaker & OB Van

Its include Scoreboard and Display system within Stadium and OB van for outside Broadcasting

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 1. Audio and Video Systems

Video System Audio System

Professional Cameras Microphones

Camera Extension
Jingle Player
Adapter
Wireless Mic Receiver
Display Unit
System
SDI to HDMI converter
Flash Memory player

OB Van Connect Trio

Telephone Hybrid System

Fig 2: Outside TV room Equipment’s

Video System Audio System

Signal Processing Audio MIxer

Processing and Syncing Audio Distribution Amplifer

Conversion and
Synchronization
Synchronization Timing
Generation
Sdi Video Routing Matrix

High Frame Rate Recorder

IP Video routing Matrix

Replay Server

Graphics Unit

Production Server

Switcher

External Feeds

Fig 3: Inside TV room Equipment’s

Professional Camera
Professional Camera with 4k Video Output

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 Wireless Camera
Wire Camera
Skycam

Serial digital interface (SDI) is a family of digital video interfaces first standardized by SMPTE (The
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) define digital video interfaces used for broadcast-
grade video.
Transmission of uncompressed, unencrypted digital video signals (optionally including embedded audio
and time code) within television facilities; they can also be used for packetized data
SMPTE 259M/ITU R.BT.656 std. use for Broadcast-grade videos
HD-SDI SMPTE 292M, Provides a nominal data rate of 1.485Gbit/sec
SDI and HD-SDI are usually available only in professional video equipment because various licensing
agreements restrict the use of unencrypted digital interfaces, such as SDI, prohibiting their use in
consumer equipment.
Serial digital interface standards all use (one or more) coaxial cables with BNC connectors, with a
nominal impedance of 75 ohms.

Coax and Triax distance Limitation 300m

SMPTE 297M fiber for longer distance

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 Example video
Standard Name Introduced Bitrates
formats

270 Mbit/s, 360 Mbit/s, 143 Mbit/s, and

SMPTE 259M SD-SDI 1989 480i, 576i
177 Mbit/s

SMPTE 344M ED-SDI 540 Mbit/s 480p, 576p

SMPTE 292M HD-SDI 1998 1.485Gbit/s, and 1.485/1.001Gbit/s 720p, 1080i

Dual Link HD-

SMPTE 372M 2002 2.970Gbit/s, and 2.970/1.001Gbit/s 1080p60
SDI

SMPTE 424M 3G-SDI 2006 2.970Gbit/s, and 2.970/1.001Gbit/s 1080p60

SMPTE ST-2081 6G-SDI 2015 6Gbit/s 2160p30

SMPTE ST-2082 12G-SDI 2015 12Gbit/s 2160p60

SMPTE ST-
24G-SDI 24Gbit/s 2160p120
2083*

* Working group 32NF-70 is in the process of developing standard ST-2083 for 24Gbit/s SDI.

Suppliers:

Sony HDC-4300/PMW-F55

HSC Series

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Camera Extension Adapter
The HDCE-100 camera extension adaptor can convert the SMPTE-311M fiber from HSC or HDC Series
to single mode fiber for long distance transmissions.

Supplier:

Sony HDCE-100

SDI to HDMI Converter

This converter Transform SDI to HDMI signal for video wall Display within event place.

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OB Van

It will receive connection from Broadcast Wall box which is then transferred to satellite of
particular channel Broadcaster.
In the past many outside broadcasting applications have relied on using satellite uplinks in order
to broadcast live audio and video back to the studio. While this has its advantages such as the
ability to set up virtually anywhere covered by the respective geostationary satellite, satellite up
linking is relatively expensive and the round trip latency is in the range of 240 to 280
milliseconds. As more venues install Fiber, this is increasingly used. For news gathering,
contribution over public internet is also now used. Modern applications such as hardware and
software IP codecs have allowed the use of public 3G/4G networks to broadcast video and audio.
The latency of 3G is around 100–500ms, while 4G is less than 100ms.

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Audio System
Like Video Signal Audio is Standardized by AES (Audio Engineering Society)
Audio Signal
1. Balanced Audio Input
Through XLR connector
2. Unbalanced Audio Input
Through RCA connector
The cables used in an audio system—and how they’re put together—can have a major impact on the
sound of the system. Every cable in an audio system has the potential to add noise and to compromise the
sound quality of the components it connects, so it’s important to use the right cable for the right job.
The digital audio standard frequently called AES/EBU, officially known as AES3, is used for carrying
digital audio signals between various devices. It was developed by the Audio Engineering Society (AES)
and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and first published in 1985, later revised in 1992 and 2003.
Both AES and EBU versions of the standard exist. Several different physical connectors are also defined
as part of the overall group of standards. A related system, S/PDIF, was developed essentially as a
consumer version of AES/EBU, using connectors more commonly found in the consumer market.

Distance 15-20 feet (4-6 meters)

Distance: 50 to 100 feet (15-30 meters)

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Stage Box
A stage box is a rugged metal housing used in the audio engineering and entertainment fields to connect
microphones and other sound equipment to the multicore cable. It functions as an extension of the
equipment cables, allowing for the sound desk to be situated further away from the stage, and also as a
single location for cables to be plugged in.

Microphone
AES (AUDIO ENGG SERVICE)
2 Channel PCM audio input
Several Transmission Media
BL XLR connector
UBL RCA
Fiber F05 Connector

Wireless Mic Receiver System

Supplier: Sony

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Wireless Interface WiDIF-HP
Analog Output
BAL: XLR-3-32 (male), 47 Ω or less (×2), Output level (0 dBu = 0.775 Vrms)
BAL: –22 dBu maximum/–58 dBu reference (when MIC output)
BAL: +24 dBu maximum/–12 dBu reference (when LINE output)
Digital Output
XLR-3-32 (male), 110 Ω (×2) / BNC-R, 75 Ω (×2), Reference output level: –36 dBFs
LAN Connector RJ-45 modular jack 100BASE-TX: IEEE802.3u compliant

Jingle Player

A jingle is a short song or tune used in advertising and for other commercial uses
It's a high-performance, Ethernet Audio system for integrated audio. No computer and no mouse-just the
hands-on efficiency of real buttons for all operations.

 Input Circuit : Electronically balanced, Z=20k ohms, XLR-3 female

 Output Circuit : Balanced, Z=100 ohms, XLR-3

Supplier: - DigiCart

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Telephone Hybrid System
Digital telephone hybrid with built-in frequency extender.

Capable of operating with single or dual lines. Independent outputs line level, or multiplexed output
provided by its unique multiplexing capabilities.
Working with dual lines permits telephone multiconference, allowing the On Air personality and two
callers to talk and listen to each other simultaneously.
Feedback is eliminated by the digital hybrid. No adjustments required to operate.

Connect Trio
Analogue and digital Audio interfaces
The CONNECT Trio system incorporates two POTS interfaces, one ISDN interface and one LAN
interface. The operating mode can be set with the help of the Windows
PC Software or the front keypad and display. In each operating mode two independent telephone
hybrids/audio codecs are available within one system (channel 1 and channel 2).
The complete signal processing is taken over by a digital signal processor.
Control of the complete system (Keypad, Display, Relay, TTL, RS232, LAN)

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Flash Memory/CD play

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2.Broadcast Wall Boxes
Broadcast Wall Box
Present at Location near To place which has to broadcasted for Example Press Box, Ground field
Custom Built As Per Media Requirement
Typically House
RJ 45 for Voice and Data Outlet
XLR M/F (For Audio)
Camera Dark Fiber Panel
Triax Female Connector
CAMERA SMPTE HYBRID FIBER PANEL CONNECTOR
It will be connected To Broadcast Room
IP 55 Rated, Power coated
Lockable Front Door which shall be closed with cable connected to front outlet
Welded 1.5mm thick steel construction

Supplier: - Tecnec

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Connectors
Microphone/Balanced Line Level audio Input
XLR Connector for Audio Input from Mic
RCA Connector Mono using Y cable (Stereo Unbalanced Audio Inputs)

Video Connector
Composite video Inputs

BNC Connector 75 ohm F-F Bulkhead to accept BNC Plug on The Fixed Cable
VGA Video Input

15 pin HD connector
BNC to HD15 Adapter

RGBHV Connector

For Component Video Transmission

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Triax Connector

Supplier:- Lemo

Hybrid fiber Connector

SDI and HD SDI outlet

Fiber Connector

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3. Broadcast/TV Room
It houses rack for connecting
Sync Timing Gen
Time Code
A timecode (alternatively, time code) is a sequence of numeric codes generated at regular intervals by a
timing synchronization system. Timecode is used in video production, show control and other application
which require temporal coordination or logging of recording or actions.
The 5601MSC Master Sync and Clock Generator is a broadcast quality, master sync pulse generator
(SPG) and a master clock. It provides all of the synchronizing signals needed in a 21st century TV station
or post production facility at the same time as solving the problem of locking the in-house master clock
system to the master video sync pulse generator

Production, Replay Server and High Frame Rate Recorder

4K / HD multi-port AV storage unit for IP network
It will take input from wall boxes process them and send it to IP network
Vendor:-Sony PWS-4500

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Multi Format Video Switcher
XVS-8000
Flagship 4K/3G/HD/SD multi-format video switcher

Broadcast Graphic Creation

ChyronHego is a global leader in broadcast graphics creation, playout and real-time data visualization,
with the largest installed base of on air graphics systems, provides a comprehensive range of products and
services for live television, news and sports production
Video Routing Matrix
A video router, also known as a video matrix switch or SDI router, is an electronic switch designed to
route video signals from multiple input sources such as cameras, VT/DDR, computers and DVD players,
to one or more display devices, such as monitors, projectors, and TVs.
This system will route video over IP through and SDI Video routing matrix.
Supplier: - Evertz
Fiber to Electrical Conversion
This device will convert video signal from fiber to electrical and generate syncing signal which will be
given to sync timing generation module.

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Processing and Syncing
Video processors are often combined with video scalers to create a video processor that improves the
apparent definition of video signals. They perform the following tasks:
De-interlacing
Aspect ratio control
Digital zoom and pan
Brightness/contrast/hue/saturation/sharpness/gamma adjustments
Frame rate conversion and inverse-telecine
Color point conversion (601 to 709 or 709 to 601)
Color space conversion (YPBPR/YCBCR to RGB or RGB to YPBPR/YCBCR)
Mosquito noise reduction
Block noise reduction
Detail enhancement
Edge enhancement
Motion compensation
Primary and secondary color calibration (including hue/saturation/luminance controls independently for
each)

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Multi Viewer

This Device will interconnect Video wall and SDI Video Routing Matrix.

Audio Signal

Audio Mixer-DSP Console

A mixing console is an electronic device for combining sounds, routing, and changing the volume level,
timbre (tone color) or dynamics of many different audio signals. Inputs to the console include
microphones being used by speaker signals from electronic instruments such as the electric bass or
synthesizer, or recorded music playing on a CD player.

Mixers do more than simply mix signals. They can provide phantom power for capacitor microphones;
pan control (which changes a sound's apparent position in the stereo sound field) filtering and
equalization, which enables sound engineers to boost or cut selected frequencies to improve the sound.

In sound recording, talkback refers to the intercom system used in recording studios and production
control rooms (PCR) in television studios to enable personnel to communicate with people in the
recording area or booth. While the control room can hear the person in the booth over the studio
microphones, the person in the booth hears the control room over a PA, monitor speaker, in their
headphones or Interruptible feedback (IFB) earpiece. Take numbers, reference data, and sometimes
count-ins or remarks are also "stamped" onto recordings through talkback, similar to a clapperboard.

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The audio quality of talkback systems is usually markedly lower than that of studio microphones and
speakers, coming from a simple microphone (which may be omnidirectional or unidirectional) built or
plugged into the audio mixer, and with its sound often compressed. Since talkback is usually edited out of
master recordings, high fidelity isn't essential, and studios tend to cut budget corners when possible.
Compression allows comments from around the control room to be audible.

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