HELMINTHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Isna Indrawati
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 Introduction
• Study of worms that pathogens to
human being
• Helminthic infection has worldwide
distribution
• More than a third of the world's
population is infected with worms
(GAHI, 2012)
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 Negleted Tropical Diseases

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 Introduction (cont’d)
• The integument of parasite
helminths resistant to digestion
• Frequently provided with spine,
stylet for penetration and
attachment to the mucosa
• Sexes are separated in nematoda,
and Schistosoma (blood flukes)
• hermaphrodite in flat worms

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 Life Cycle

• Ovipar, vivipar
• egg – larva – adult
• Intestinal nematode and
Hymenolepis nana doesn’t need
intermediate host
• Trematode and Cestode need: 1
or 2 intermediate host ( depend
on the species)
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 CLASSIFICATION

INTESTINAL NEMATODA
NEMATHELMINTHES

TISSUE NEMATODA

TREMATODA

PLATYHELMINTHES

CESTODA

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 NEMATHELMINTHES

• NEMATODA

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 Morphology :
• vary in size
• elongate-cylindroidal in shape

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 • has body cavity
• has mouth and posterior end

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 • Has simple digestive system, excretion and
nervous system

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 • separate sex :
• usually ovipar;
• some vivipar ( tissue nematoda)
• partenogenesis

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 Nematoda (cont’d)
• Mature eggs contain larva
• Has 4 larval stages ( infective stage
usually the third stage )
• Larva has special name :
– Intestinal nematoda : rhabditiform
and filariform larva
– Tissue nematoda : microfilaria, L1,
L2, L3, L4
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 Nematoda

• Intestinal Nematoda:
– Community health problem
– Doesn’t need intermediate host
– Differ in:
• soil transmitted helminths (STH), ex: Ascaris
lumbricoides,Necator americanus,
Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides
stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura
• non STH: Oxyuris vermicularis, Trichinella
spiralis
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 Tissue Nematoda ( The Filariae)

– Live in tissue and lymphatic system

– Transmitted by vector
– Example: Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted
by Culex
• Loa-loa ( Chrysops)

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 Platyhelminthes

• Flat worms
• Need intermediate host, except
Hymenolepis nana
• Intermediate host : 1 – 2 depend on
the species

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 Platyhelminthes

Class Trematoda ( Flukes ):

– dorso-ventrally flattened with
acetabulum (suckers)
– digestive system : inverted Y shape
–Simple nervous system
–Hermaphrodite, except Schistosoma

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 Trematoda (cont’d)

• Genital Organ :
–Male : generally 2 testes (except
Schistosoma), with variation of
shape
–Female: ovarium , uterus and
vitteline gland

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• Egg with operculum, (except Schistosoma)

• Containing miracidium

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 Class Cestoda
D.latum
Psedophyllidae
D. mansoni ( animal)

Taenia

Cyclophyllidae Hymenolepis
Echinococcus
Dipyllidium
Multiceps
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 Platyhelminthes (cont’d)
• Class Cestoda
– Tape worm, concist of scolex and strobila
• Proglottid consist of: immature , mature
and gravid proglottid
– Scolex with suckers (attachment organs)
– No special digestive system
– Hermaphrodite, possess both ovaries
(bilobed) and
– testes multiples, distributed throughout the
mature proglottid.
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 Scolex proglotid

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 Proglotid of Taenia

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 Cestoda (cont’d)

• Eggs containing larva :

– Pseudophyllidae: coracidium
– Cyclophyllidae: hexacanth embryo
• Larval stage has special name ( depend
on the genus), ex:
– cystisercus : Taenia
– cystisercoid: Hymenolepis, Dipylidium
– Hydatid cyst: Echinococcus
– Coenurus: Multiceps
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 Source: Gilbert A. Castro

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 Thank you
Wassalamu’alaikum

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