wm‡g›U

gynt Zvnwg`yj Bmjvg

tuhintahmid@yahoo.com
wm‡g›U wbgv©b mvgMÖxi GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| Z‡e G wm‡g›U KLb wKfv‡e Avwe¯‹…Z n‡qwQj Zv Rvbv bv †M‡jI cÖvPxb
Kvj n‡ZB †h GwU e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| cÖvPxb wgkixqiv Aweï× wRcmvg cywo‡q (calcination)
GK cÖKvi c`v_© e¨envi Ki‡Zv | cÖvPxbKv‡j ˆZix wgkix†`i weL¨vZ wcivwgW ¸‡jv cix¶v K‡i †`Lv hvq †h Zv‡Z cÖvq 80%
K¨vjwmqvg mvj‡dU Ges cÖvq 10% Kve©‡bU Av‡Q| MÖxm I †ivgvbiv Pybvcv_i cywo‡q Ges cieZx©‡Z Pzb,cvwb, evjy Ges fv½v
cv_i BZ¨vw`i wgkÖb e¨envi Ki‡Zv| cieZx©‡Z Zviv Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨cv‡Z m„ó GKcÖKvi QvB (Volcanic ash & tuff) Pz‡bi
mv‡_ e¨envi Ki‡Zv| GB QvB G mwµq wmwjKv Ges G¨vjywgbv _vK‡Zv hv Pz‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m kw³kvjx GK cÖKvi wm‡g›U RvZxq
c`v‡_© cwiYZ n‡Zv| BZvwji Pozzuoli MÖv‡g GB cÖKvi QvB cvIqv †h‡Zv e‡j cieZx©‡Z Dnv †cvR‡jb wm‡g›U bv‡g cwiPq
jvf K‡i| eZ©gv‡b †cv¾jbv bv‡g G wm‡g›U K…wÎg fv‡e ˆZix Kiv nq| cÖvPxbKv‡j G Dcgnv‡`‡k Pzb myiKxi cÖPjb wQ‡jv|

Rb wm‡gUb(John Smeaton) 1756 mv‡j BwW‡÷vb jvBU nvDm (Eddystone Light House) cybt wbgv©‡bi mgq
†`‡Lb †h,†cvRjbv Ges Pzbvcv_i GKms‡M wgwk‡q Ges †ekx Abycv‡Z Kuv`vgvwUi b¨vq c`v_© e¨envi K‡i DbœZgv‡bi ivmvqwbK
ag© m¤^wjZ nB‡WªvwjK wm‡g›U cvIqv hvq| cieZx©‡Z 1796 mv‡j Av‡R©wjqvm Pzbv cv_i wcÛ cywo‡q nvB‡WªvwjK wm‡g›U cvIqv
hvq| 1800 mvj ch©šZ Dnv †ivgvb wm‡g›U bv‡g L¨vZ wQ‡jv|

1824 mv‡ji 21†k A‡±vei †Rv‡kd G¨vm‡cwWb (Joseph Aspdin) Bsj¨v‡Ûi

†cvU©jvÛ bvgK Øxc cwi`k©‡bi mgq GK cÖKvi c`v‡_©i mÜvb cvb| wZwb k³
Pybvcv_i Ges wgwn Kuv`vgvwU wgwk‡q dvi‡b‡m cywo‡q Kve©b-WvB- A·vBW M¨vm
†ei K‡i †`b Ges c‡i Zv P~b© K‡i GKcÖKvi kw³kvjx c`v_© ‰Zix K‡ib|
eZ©gv‡b †cvU©j¨vÛ Øx‡ci bvgvbymv‡i GB wm‡g›U †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U bv‡g L¨vwZ jvf
K‡i‡Q|

wm‡g›U g~jZ KZK¸‡jv A‰Re ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i mswgkÖb Ges Gi g‡a¨ mvavibZt 65% Pzb (K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW),
19% wmwjKv (evjy), 4-5% Av¨vjywgbv, 3-4% Avqib A·vBW Ges mvgvb¨ cwigv‡b g¨vM‡bwkqvg A·vBW, mvjdvi UªvB A·vBW
BZ¨vw` _v‡K| wm‡g‡›Ui kw³I wbf©i K‡i Pzb I wmwjKvi ms‡hvR‡b MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi Dci| Avevi A‡b‡KB e‡j _v‡Kb wm‡g‡›Ui
is mv`v n‡j H wm‡g›U fv‡jv bq, GUv wVK bq| wm‡g‡›Ui is g~jZt wbf©i K‡i wm‡g‡›U Dcw¯’Z Avqib A·vB‡Wi Dci| Avqib
A·vB‡Wi cwigvb †ekx n‡j mvavibZt wm‡g‡›Ui is Kv‡jv nq| Gi“c e‡b©i ZviZg¨ Lye †ekx GKUv ¸bMZgv‡b cÖfve c‡o bv|

wm‡g›U Drcv`b cÖwµqv Kv‡ji wee©Z‡bI A‡bK cwieZ©b

G‡m‡Q, c~‡e© gvb m¤úbœ wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b Av`ª©Zv c×wZ
e¨envi Kiv n‡jI eZ©gv‡b ﮋ c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
eZ©gvb cÖhyw³ G‡ZvUvB DbœZ n‡q‡Q †h, ﮋ c×wZ‡Z gvb
m¤úbœ wm‡g›U Drcv`b QvovI R¡vjvbx LiP Kwg‡q Avbv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q|wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ LwbR Dcv`vb Pzbvcv_i
cÖ_‡g µvkv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Pzb© K‡i Kuv`vgvwU Ges cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx wmwjKv, e·vBU BZ¨vw` wgwkÖZ K‡i N~b©vqgvb Pzj­x‡Z
1450μ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvq DËß Kivi ga¨ w`‡q wK¬sKvi
ˆZix Kiv nq| G wK¬sKviB g~jZ wm‡g›U, G‡K P~b© Ki‡jB
wm‡g›U cvIqv hvq| wm‡g›U wK¬sKv‡ii mv‡_ mvavibZ
wm‡g‡›Ui RgvUKvj wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨ mvgvb¨ cwigv‡b wRcmvg
e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K (5% m‡ev©”P)| wK¬sKvi Ges wRcmv‡gi
mgš^‡q Drcvw`Z G wm‡g›U AwW©bvix †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U ev
wm‡g›U Drcv`‡bi cÖevnwPÎ
CEM I bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
 wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b cÖPzi Pzbvcv_i e¨enZ nq Ges G‡K †cvov‡bvi d‡j Kve©b-WvB-A·vvBW M¨vm wbtmib nq, Zv QvovI
Kqjv Ges dz‡qj mv‡c­g¨vbUvix wnmv‡e A‡bK eR¨ c`v_© R¡vjvbx wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| d‡j Kve©b-WvB-A·vvBW M¨vm
QvovI wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b bvB‡Uªv‡Rb A·vBW, mvjdvi WvB A·vBW M¨vmI evZv‡m wbtmwiZ n‡”Q, G‡Z cwi‡e‡ki `~lb n‡”Q|
wn‡me K‡i †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, 1 Ub wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b cÖvq 0.80 Ub Kve©b WvB A·vBW M¨vm wbtmib n‡”Q| G `~lb‡iva K‡í Ges
c„w_ex‡Z Pzbvcv_‡ii gRy` fwel¨‡Z wbt‡kl n‡q hvIqvi AvksKvq eZ©gv‡b wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b wewfbœ AcRvZ c`v‡_©i (By
product) e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| G AcRvZ c`v_© ¸‡jv e¨env‡i wm‡g‡›Ui ¸bv¸b e„w× QvovI cwi‡ek KZ…©K wei“c cÖfve †_‡K
wm‡g›U ÷ªvKPvi‡K myi¶v K‡i| G ai‡bi wm‡g›U ¸‡jv MÖxb wm‡g›U bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦ G ai‡bi wm‡g‡›Ui
e¨envi w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q, ïay ZvB bq eo eo AÆvwjKv ev myD”P feb wbgv©‡bI G ai‡bi wm‡g›U e¨envi n‡”Q| G ai‡bi
wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b †h mg¯Z AcRvZ e¨eüZ n‡”Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡MœqwMwii QvB, d¬vB G¨vk, e­vó dvi‡bm ø¨vM, jvBg‡÷vb,
wmwjKv wdDg D‡j­L‡hvM¨| G mg¯Z AcRvZ wewfbœ Abycv‡Z wm‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ wgwk‡q wewfbœ iK‡gi wm‡g›U Drcv`b Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| BD‡ivwcqvb ev esjv‡`k ÷¨vÛv©W Abyhvqx G mg¯Z wm‡g›U ¸‡jv n‡jv †cvU©j¨vÛ K‡¤úvwRU wm‡g›U (CEM II), e­vó
dvi‡bm wm‡g›U (CEM III), †cvRjwbK wm‡g›U (CEM IV). K‡¤úvwRU wm‡g›U (CEM V)| Avevi cÖ‡Z¨K wm‡g›U UvBc‡K
kw³i wePv‡i wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb 32.5, 42.5 Ges 52.5| G‡`i A_© n‡jv 28 w`‡bi kw³ Aek¨B Kgc‡¶
h_vµ‡g 32.5 MPa , 42.5 MPa Ges 52.5 MPa n‡Z n‡e| ZvB wm‡g›U e¨env‡ii c~‡e© Aek¨B e¨v‡Mi Dc‡i kw³i
e¨vcviwU we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e| mvavibZt 32.5 †MÖ‡Wi wm‡g›U evoxi †QvU †QvU bvjv b`©gv ev †Wªb, c­vóvwis Kv‡R BZ¨vw`
nvjKv Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Ges G wm‡g›U w`‡q †Kvb eo ÷vKPvi ev XvjvB‡qi KvR Kiv hv‡e bv| 42.5 †MÖ‡Wi wm‡g›U w`‡q
mvavibZt †h †Kvb evmvevoxi ev AÆvwjKvi dvD‡Ûkb ev Kjvg, exg, Qv` XvjvB‡qi KvRmn mKj cÖKvi KvR Kiv hv‡e| 52,5
†MÖ‡Wi wm‡g›U w`‡q eo eo eªxR ev †mZz wbgv©‡b ev †hLv‡b D”P kw³i ÷ªvKPv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡b G wm‡g›U e¨eüZ nq|

eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK wm‡g›U d¨v±ix wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b d¬vB G¨vm, e­vó dvi‡bm ¯­¨vM, jvBg‡÷vb BZ¨vw` e¨envi
Ki‡Q| D‡j­wLZ AcRvZ c`v‡_©i e¨envi A‡bK ivRwg¯¿x Ges e¨enviKvix‡`i gv‡S wei“c cÖwZwµqv cwijw¶Z nq Ges GB
cÖKvi wm‡g›U e¨env‡i A‡b‡KI Abxnv cÖKvk K‡ib| wKš‘ D‡j­wLZ AcRvZ c`v_© c„w_exi cÖvq mKj †`‡kB e¨envi n‡”Q Ges
AvšZ©RvwZK fv‡e G¸‡jv‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elbvq †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h G mg¯Z c`v_© ¸‡jv wm‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ e¨env‡i
÷vKPvi `xN©¯’vwqZ¡ nq Ges wm‡g‡›Ui Kvh©¶gZv (Workability) e„w×i d‡j KbµxU, c­v÷vi BZ¨vw`I KvR gm„b, my›`i Ges
mnRZi nq| ZvQvov D³ wm‡g‡›U cvwbi cwigvb Kg jvMvq wbgv©b KvVv‡gv Av‡iv `„p I DbœZ gv‡bi nq| ïay ZvB bq, gvwU ev
cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z jeb Øviv ÷ªvKPvi AvµvšZ nIqvq m¤¢vebv eûjvs‡k n«vm cvq|

Kbµx‡Ui m‡ev©”P e¨enviB †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi gvcKvVx wnmv‡e Mb¨ Kiv

evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU wm‡g›U d¨v±ix
n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k wm‡g‡›Ui gv_vwcQz e¨envi 107 †KwR
Ab¨w`‡K fvi‡Z 210†KwR, cvwK¯Zv‡b 265†KwR, kÖxjsKvq 310
†KwR| wKš‘ ‡`‡k ch©vß Pybvcv_i bv _vKvq ¯^qs m¤c~b© wm‡g›U wgj
M‡o D‡Vwb| eZ©gv‡b Pvjy Ae¯’vq 46 wU wm‡g›U d¨v±ixi g‡a¨ gvÎ
`y‡Uv ¯^qsm¤ú~b© wm‡g›U d¨v±ix Av‡Q, hvi Pzbvcv_i Avg`vbx nq
cvk¦eZx© ‡`k †_‡K| Rqcyinv‡U Pzbvcv_‡ii mÜvb cvIqv †M‡jI Zv
D‡Ëvjb Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| eZ©gv‡b bIMuvq Avwe¯‹…Z Pzbvcv_‡ii cÖvK
m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Kiv n‡”Q| nqZ A`yi fwel¨‡Z cybv©½ wm‡g›U d¨v±ix
n‡e | †`‡ki †ekxi fvM wm‡g›U d¨v±ix¸‡jv Avg`vbx wbf©i
wK¬sKv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| G QvovI wK¬sKv‡ii mv‡_
e¨eüZ d¬vB G¨vm, e­vó dvi‡bm ¯­¨vM, wRcmvg BZ¨vw`I Avg`vbx Kiv
n‡”Q|

evsjv‡`‡k eocyKzwiqvq GKwU Kqjv wfwËK _vigvj cvIqvi c­v›U _vK‡j bvbv RwUjZvi Kvi‡b wm‡g›U d¨v±ix ¸‡jv H d¬vB G¨vm
e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b Kqjv wfwËK _vigvj cvIqvi c­v›U nIqvi ‡cÖw¶‡Z gvb m¤úbœ d¬vB G¨vm cvIqv hv‡e
e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| d¬vB G¨v‡mi weKí wnmv‡e A‡b‡KB av‡bi Zz‡li QvB e¨envi Ki‡Qb, hv e¨envi †hvM¨| Z‡e gv‡bi e¨vcv‡i
Aek¨B Zv m‡PZbZvi mv‡_ e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|