2009-8-4 Security Level: Internal

LTE Link Budget introduction

www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

LTE Link budget process
Start

Input Data Assume an uplink/downlink load

Calculate uplink Calculate downlink

Cell radius Cell radius

No
Adjust
Min (uplink, downlink)
Cell uplink/downlink load
Yes

Effective cell radius

R 9
Area = 3R 2
8
Calculate site number

3
R Area = 3R 2
End 2

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Downlink: Radio Link Budget
DOWNLINK BUDGET
Other Gain Slow fading margin
eNodeB Transmit Power Antenna Gain
(e.g. 46dBm)
Other Gain
Interference margin
NodeB Antenna Gain
Margin
Cable Loss
Loss

AntennaGain
Path Loss

Pa
th
Lo
ss

Penetration Loss UE reception sensitivity

(e.g. -109dBm)
CableLoss

NodeB Body Loss UE Antenna Gain

Sensitivity
Penetration
Loss

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Uplink: Radio Link Budget
UPLINK BUDGET
Other Gain Slow fading margin
Antenna Gain

UE Antenna Gain Other Gain

Interference margin
Margin

Body Loss Loss

UE Transmit Power
(e.g. 23dBm)

AntennaGain Penetration Loss

Pa
th
Lo
ss
Path Loss

CableLoss Cable Loss

Node B Antenna Gain
NodeB
Sensitivity
Penetration
Loss eNodeB reception sensitivity
(e.g. -119dBm)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

Cable Loss in Link Budget
¾ Cable Loss in Link Budget includes:
¾ --- Cables loss between NodeB and antenna
¾ --- Jumper Loss between NodeB and antenna
¾ --- Connectors loss between NodeB and antenna

Insertion loss/100m
Manufacturer Type Size

Cable Loss
800MHz 2100MHz 2500MHz
LDF4 1/2" 6.456 10.961 12.09
FSJ4 1/2" 10.431 18.137 20.11
AVA5 7/8" 3.325 5.678 6.27
Andrew
AL5 7/8" 3.676 6.246 6.89
LDP6 5/4" 2.465 4.342 4.828

AL7 13/8" 2.193 3.798 4.208

Cable loss = cable length(m)/100 * cable loss per100m(dB)

+ Jumper loss + connector loss

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Path loss & Propagation Model
Available Propagation Model
Band:2.5/3.5/5.8GHz, Antenna height 10~80m
Stanford A/B/C Model
Cell radius <10km, suburban scenario
Band: 1500~2000MHz , antenna height 30~200m
Cost231－Hata Model
Cell radius 1~20km
Band: 800~2000MHz , Antenna height 4~50m
Cost231-WI Model
Cell radius 0.02~0.5km
Band: 150~1000MHz , Antenna height 30~200m
Okumura-Hata Model
Cell radius 1~20km
SPM Model All band after calibration

Typical penetration loss

Body Loss Penetration Loss (dB)
Morphology
2600M 2100M 900M
Data service 0dB Dense Urban 20 19 18
Voice service 3dB Urban 17 16 16
Sub Urban 13 12 12
Rural Area 8 8 8

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Path Loss and Fading Margin

¾ Path Loss— fading due to propagation distance

Long term (slow) fading — caused by shadowing
Short term (fast) fading — slight (ignored in LTE)

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 Slow Fading Margin
z Slow Fading --- Signal levels obey Log-Normal distribution
z Slow Fading Margin depends on:
9 --- Area Coverage Probability
9 --- The higher coverage probability is, the more SFM required
9 --- Standard Deviation
9 --- The higher standard deviation is, the more SFM required
Probability Density

Coverage
CoverageProbability:
Probability:
SFM required
σ PPCOVERAGE (x)
COVERAGE(x)==PP[ [F(x)
F(x)>>FFthreshold ] ]
threshold

Fthreshold Fmedian (x) Received Signal Level [dBm]

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Service Rate (Down Link)
- traffic bear (e.g. Bit Rate 64kbps)
Relationship between service rate and MCS & RB

BitRate_DL (Kbps) = (1-BLER)*(168-36-12)*(code bits)*(code rate)*Nrb*C

C=2, if 2T2R-MCW (MIMO option, detail in page16)
C=1, if others.

12 (sub-carriers) * 7 RE * 2 (Slot) =168 RE

Control Signal = 36 RE
Reference Signal = 12 RE

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Service Rate (Up link)
- traffic bear (e.g. Bit Rate 64kbps)
Relationship between service rate and MCS & RB

BitRate_UL(kbps) = (1-BLER)*(168-24-0) *(code bits)*(code rate)*Nrb

Nrb: Number of RB (Resource Block),

12
1RB=84RE, 1 Sub frame contains 168 RE
12 (sub-carriers) * 7 RE * 2 (Slot) =168 RE
Control Signal = 24 RE

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Es/No (1/2)
-SINR Required
Es/No Definition

It is the Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise-Ratio as experienced by the detector.

Impact factors

1.Radio Environment (e.g. ETU3)

Multi-Path Channel Model
2.Frequency Band (e.g. 2600MHz)
3.MCS ETU3 Urban 3km/h
ETU30 Urban 30km/h
4.RB(Resource Block) number
ETU60 Urban 60km/h
5.BLER(e.g. 10%)
EVA30 Vehicle 30km/h
RA3 Rural 3km/h
Es/No is the most important RA120 Rural 120km/h
parameter in link budget, primarily HT250 Hill 250km/h
determined by MCS & RB

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Es/No (2/2)
-MCS & RB
MCS= Code bits * Code rate Total available RB

Modulation Code bits code rate Bandwidth Total Number of

(MHz) RB(Nrb)
QPSK 1/3 2 1/3
QPSK 1/2 2 1/2 1.4 6

QPSK 3/4 2 3/4 3 15

16QAM 1/2 4 1/2 5 25

16QAM 3/4 4 3/4 10 50

64QAM 1/2 6 1/2 15 75

64QAM 2/3 6 2/3 20 100

64QAM 3/4 6 3/4

64QAM 5/6 6 5/6
Es/No is primarily determined by MCS & RB (simulation result from RTT department)

Es/No =

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12

Other Gain
Multi-element Multi-element
Transmitter Receiver

Other Factors
N M
HARQ Gain (dB) 1.5
VoIP Bundling Gain 4.5(Uplink
(dB) only)
MS
NodeB

0.8(QPSK
IRC Gain (dB)
only)

MIMO：Multiple Input Multiple Output

MIMO gain is reflected by different Es/No (SINR)

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Other Gain- MIMO
MIMO：Multiple Input Multiple Output
SFBC: Space Frequency Block Code

Down Link Up Link

1T1R 1T1R
2T2R-SFBC 1T2R 2T2R-MCW
MCW: Multiple Code Word
2T2R-MCW 1T2R 2T2R-MCW

1T2R 1T1R

DL option -> UL option

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Reception Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity Per Sub-carrier
= Thermal noise (dBm/Hz)+ 10*lg(sub-carrier band)+ NF + Es/No

Thermal noise : -174dBm/Hz

NF ( Noise Figure of eNodeB ): 2.1dB for 2.6G
1.6dB for others

NF ( Noise Figure of UE ): 7dB

Rx Sensitivity Composite (Final Result)

= Rx Sensitivity Per Sub-carrier +10lg(Sub carrier Number)

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Interference Margin
M ore Load Larger N oise R ise M ore Interference M argin

Typical Interference Margin

Up Link Load Interference Margin (dB)
Low(~30%) ~3
High(~100%) ~6

Down Link Load level depends on the Noise Rise

NoiseRise = I Total PNo

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Differences between LTE and WCDMA

LTE WCDMA

z Hard handover z Soft handover

zNo fast fading margin z Fast fading margin
z Composite Rx sensitivity z Single service Rx sensitivity
zSmall cell radius for voice (For the z Large cell radius for voice (For
same frequency) the same frequency)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17