LOADING AND HAULING 1217 where C is the cost pet ton in dollars, be js the cost per pacts Ct he toading tool in dollars, 7, is the cost per Peet for the trucks in dollars, isthe number of sucks, ree pci the production of the total {eam in metric tons fr short tons per hout. important factors influencing the owning and oP crating costs may be grouped into three categories 1) The apportionment of capital costs, investment costs, and depfeciation values Sythe design and management of the. haulage system, including the design conditions and maintenance SS emng end dumping points, haulageway surfaces, Ghd traf control systems. This also includes the de- Sree ‘of patiipation and coordination of supervisory Bipeonnel in scheduling equipment maintenance and equipment production. Phe vehicle support factors, including the job skills of the operating and maintenance personnel; the Seilabitity of reasonably sophisticated shop facilities, wale and equipment; and an adequate supply of routine pare paris and exchange assemblies either on-site oF fom the manufacturer oF distributor. “Since these factors vary from mine to mine, the costs also vary. As a result, iti difficult to arrive at defii- tive costs per ton related to the truck-team production ‘Therefore, the objective of this section is to provide @ basis for estimating hourly costs of equipment, which then can be used to establish an estimated cost per t0n. "rable 4 is included as a suggested method of esti- mating the hourly costs for purposes of comparison. ‘The form, together with the accompanying text and bles nercin, provides a sample estimate of the owning tnd operating costs for a 22.7-t (25-st) capacity truck, ‘The methods proposed, figures listed, and formulas used dre for comparative estimating purposes only, and the ‘TeSultant cost estimates may not be achieved in an actual Production situation. This estimate uses 1978, values Pid the following paragraphs describe each of the Tines ‘onthe form of Table 4. Vehicle Costs and Adjustments ‘Section I of Table 4 provides space to enter infor- imation pertinent to the ‘acquisition costs and adjust ents for the vehiele, Line 1 provides space to enter both the factory list price and, if different, the actual Sling price. ‘The list price is used to calculate the Tepair costs, while the selling price is used to ealeulate Tekh the investment and the depreciation. Lines 2, 3. tnd 5 are self-explanatory, and Tine 4 reflects the tire ‘Costs that are established according to Tocal sources and that reflect the actual costs to the mine or the company. Owning Costs ‘Section II of Table 4 shows the calculation of invest~ rent costs, depreciation values, interest on borrowed of Invested eapital, and the insurance and tax costs. In theory, these costs are charged against the unit produc- tivity to build capital reserve with which to replace the dnit when it becomes unserviceable. However, local tee ws, accounting. practices, and company policies {ky rani ina clllerent bottom line than is suggested Brus stright line method used to develop the table Tis posible thatthe owning costs might nat be charged against the vehicle at all, being accounted for in other Phases of the accounting system, The user must define and apply treatments of ownership costs as they are practiced by the specific mine or company. Tine 6 calculates the muimber of hours per year that the vehicle is expected t0 operate. Line 7 establishes the number of years bs8d as the depreciable life of the Mhisle by dividing the total useful hours expected Tetore it Becomes unserviceable by the number of hours worked per year (from line 6). ‘Table 5 ists some Miggested deprecation hours as they relate to the job ceebitions, but experience may indicate the necessity SPimerpolating from these figures. Some truck flets have been reported to tura over 35,000 hr and stil be eNGuing batt doubt that shi reflects economical Beas much as lack of capital to invest in new equip Sat ‘After selecting a value for the total useful life, Tine 7 calculates the number of depreciation yeas 10 use ‘Line 8 spreads the investment costs (delivered price) evenly over the depreciable life of the unit, with Able 6 providing the annual investment factor. 1&T Gating 8 refers to interest, insurance, and taxes, with fnterest being the cost of borrowing money for the purchase of the interest that might have been earned ith the capital used for the purchase. Insurance refers to the costs of protecting the vehicle from damage or {oss due to accidents, fire, etc. Taxes refer to the on fing taxes on property, use, cfc, All of these, costs Should be available readily in a given place and at 2 fgven time, and they should be applied appropriately. Fnthe sample of Table 4, a total of 12% has been ‘entered as 0.12 Line 9 calculates the hourly depreciation costs, using the net value of line 5 divided by the Cota useful hous from Table 4 (and entered in fine 7), Line 10 is selfexplanstory. Operating Costs ‘Section IIT of Table 4 lists the items that are clas fied as operating costs of the truck, including the costs {o operate, maintain, and repair the vehicle over its ‘xpected economical life. There can be a wide variance fathese costs from mine to mine and from area (0 af Usually gelated to the job conditions, differences in on- Be casts of consumables and labor, ete, Where pos bes these variable costs should be identifed and con “dered in the estimating process. ‘Tine 11 emizes the fuel consumption, based on the specifications for the vehicle's engine. In Table 4, the BReximum fuck injection rate of 120 1b per hr (0.015 els) was used for a Deutz FI2L-13W engine, 2s ‘Slowed. by ‘egulations of the MSHA. Then, it was Sthumed that the truck working cycle would consume Spout 50% of the maximum rate, of 60 1b per Br {ovUTE Ke/s). Using a fuck weight of 7.25 Th per gal (0.869 ke/L), this was converted to 8.3 gal (1.4 1). Line 12 incorporates the costs of preventive main tenance, usually estimated as a percentage of the fuel Consumption and costs (on the theory that fuel cons Simption reflects unit eapacity, engine size, power, and ine working eyele), Preventive maintenance costs are then proportionate, with 259% of the fuel costs used in this example. Experience has shown that more money spent intelligently for preventive maintenance generally iBwers the costs of repairing malfunctions Tne 13 defines the epair costs for the vehicle Line 13(a) displays a formula that offen is used for1218 UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS HANDBOOK ‘Table 4. Example of an Hourly Cost Estimate for a Mine Truck ‘Section |, Vohiele Costs and Adjustments: 1. Suggested factory ist price, inc. options... ($145,500) Seling price. $140.650 2, Freight, duties, foes, ete to land on site .. ($6,500) “y8500, 5 Total delivered pris, add lines 1 and 2 ..- (ST52,000) “SH47.150- 4 Loss Tite Gost, The price the company’ would pay to ropiace All vohcle tres which are deducted trom Depreciation Costs and teated as a Wear Item... 1800 x 25-28 ($_ 6.200) 5, Net Vehicle Value to use for depreciation compuiation at line 8, tine S Tess fine & '5140.950, ‘Section 1, Owning Costs: Usually, «company will want to apply its own formulas based on ical tax regulations and cus Seen sig te Geom nae wil result tr aheming suite migh ownership cost when enmparad to more sophisticated ‘methods used by most companias. Consut With Your Management. 1 Determine the Number ef Hours the Vehicle Is Expected to Work Per Year. Hours por day -20-— x Days per week 8 = _120__ x Weeks por year 7, Years to Depreciate: Sep insttuctions ang Table 6 and then use: (Table 6 hours 90,000) (Line 6 hours 5,760) 68, Hourly Investment Cost: See instructions and Table 7 and then use (Cine 3 $147,150) x (Table 7 factor 058) » (AT 0.12) __$10241 5760_ nr per year 1s... Round to Next Higher Whole Number__6_years 1.777_per ‘Gours per year rom Line 6 5.760) 5,760 ST oe 9, Houtly Daprecation Gost: (No allowance made for resale of salvage valuo) (Line § valve to depreciate $140,950) _ me (otal usetul hours, Table 6 30,000) = 10, Total Hourly Owning Cost, add Lines & and 9 sear Section Ill, Operating Costs: 11, Fuel Cost: (Gallonhrs00 Table 8 ) x (Costgal 48) = per hr 12, Preventive Maintenance: Lubricants fiters and labor to accomplish the work Estimate a3 @ percentage of Line 11/= 0.25% x Line 1) — per nr 143, Repair Costs: May be known from expetience or racerds, enter Known Gost per hr (a) Where nourly repair costs are nat known, the below formula may be used to state thor, For the line 3 price Inthe formula, be sure 1 use the suggested FACTORY LIST PRICE plus on site costs I ferent from SELLING PRICE, (Line 3 price $152,000) x (Factor .75% or as interpolated 0.75%) a cae (Usetul ite selected oF interpolated trom Table 6 90,000) 14, Tie Coste: See instructions and Table 10 (New tre cost from Line 4 ) No Recaps Used: (New tre cost from Line 4 ____}— er he ps Used Tig eine Table 10) = @.40) : {@) Recaps Wil Be Used: See instructions and example showing how to fil in and Compete the below formula, 96200. ($3720.) x(_ 4) Cio $105 _perhe —a000 fe + 4000) = (4) 720,000 Wr 15, Tie Repair Cost: Estimate as 15% of hourly tre cost .15% x = $016 pore Se oneear toa Wigex Vaiaig as coos tanner ee eee seme Pat 1: RESTRCLEUemuge is For Toul Operating Gots : AB feet sia90 Secion Teal ory Ownership end Operating Cost Add Une 19nd 17 esa Table 5. Depreciation Hours fr Trucks Table 6, Annual Average Investment Factor of Detiverea Pee Useful Life, hr canoe ~ mara ameter ee ina =a Yes Factor Jeo conations __Scooptane Td a ee 1 1.00 Excellent 20,000 30,000, 7 = — | aoe 3 er Sever tomo 20.00 f os 3 oss $ os OLOADING AND HAULING 1219 cstimating repair costs over the useful life of the Vehicle, assuming that the vehicle will require repair Costs equal to a percentage of its list price (line 3) ‘The percentage depends upon the degree and expertise of the preventive maintenance, the job conditions, and the working cycle. A truck working on long steep ramps with poorly maintained roadbeds would be expected to require more repairs than a truck working on level and good roadways, Experience indicates that a value of {60% is attainable under excellent job conditions, with 70% to 80% applicable to average job conditions and up to 100% required under severe job conditions ine 14 ssflcts tire. costa where. mo recapping ie available or where the cost dilferential between new tires and recaps is insufficient to justify the use of recaps. ‘The tire life is adversely affected by poor roat way maintenance, spillage of large rocks, incorrect tire inflation, and excessive overloading of the vehicle. ‘The 1110 constant in the formula reflets life added to that interpolated from Table 7, attributable to running the tire to destruction, rather than saving a portion of the tread for recapping, Line 14(2) provides space for computing tire costs where recaps are used. The formula is: C= (CoH (CX MY (Hig +H, Xd) where C; is the total tire cost, C, is the cost of new tires, C, is the cost of recap tres, H, is the number of operating hours for a new tire, H,"is the number of ‘operating hours for a recapped ‘ire, and n is the num- ber of recaps. “There is & wide variation in the number of times that a tire carcass can be recapped successfully. Reports of tp to six recaps are not unusual, but the average is about three recaps per casing. Damage to the carcass from job-related catses, underinflation, overloading, and fail. ‘ng to retain suficient tread will reduce the number of Table 7. Expected Tire Lite ‘0 Conaitions | Tie Life, br No.of Recaps Excelent 4500 By 4 Average 3500, * 3 Severe 2500 1 recaps that ean be achieved. Table 7 includes a listing ofthe potential number of recaps that may be expected for particular job conditions, The cost of recaps varies ‘wally, Tanging as Low as G06 of uhe cost of a ew ute ‘There is considerable variation io the reported lives of recaps, with some reports shoving up to 15% longer life than new tres, while others show 20% to 30% shorter life than new tires. Where these values can be estab- lished, they can be incorporated into the estimating formula in the space provided for recap operating hours. For the estimate herein, the new tire total cost per vehicle is $6200 (line 4), the recap cost at 60% of the ‘new cost is $3720, the number of recaps is 4, the new- lie Ife ts 4000 he, and the recap tire hfe 18 4000 hr. Line 15 reflects the costs to change and repair tres. ‘The balance of the form of Table 4 is self-explanatory. ‘The costs calculated in the preceding paragraphs are intended to be an example only; resultant costs using these procedures may not be achieved in a given situation. However, using the preceding calculations and interpolating from Fig. 19, the estimated cost per ton can be estimated for 914 m (3000 ft) of haulage distance, two trucks producing 176 /h (194 siph), a loader costing $35 per hr, and trucks costing $25.46, perhr each, This calculates as: 35.00 + (25.46 x 2))/194 25.00 4 (25.46 x 2))/176 0.44 per st $0.48 per stsine 131501 0) SOW) jado ySoyBNO} NOILVLUOdSNVaL GNnowougaGNnn soi Sy NAL dWHI 4D JON TINArelate eing We cnias2 ve PERFORMANCE THAT MOVES LOADS PRACTICAL IN OPERATION AND EASY MORE HELP IN DIFFICULT CONDITIONS, RAPIDLY AND RELIABLY10036 (395") TORO 40D TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION DIMENSIONS | CAPACITY Payload 40,000 ka (88200 10 Dump Box volume te-22m (i526 8 ya) Discharge time {8 seconds WEIGHTS. Operating weight 29,500 kg (65047 b) Shipping wergtt 39,100 kg (64165 1) TANK CAPACITY Fuel 5501 (145 gallons) Hydraulic 3501 {92 gallons)ENGINE Make Caterpilar diesel, water cooled Type CAT 3408 PO-TA Power 335 KW/2100 rpm (450 BHP) Number of cylinders Ve Combustion principle Pre-chamber, 4-stroke Exhaust purification Catalytic puriication and silencer OPTIONAL Detroit DDEC $-60 354 kW/2100 rpm (475 BHP) TORQUE CONVERTER Clark heavy duty industrial 8000 series, with lock-up. TRANSMISSION Full power shift Clark 8000 series, 8 gears forward and 2 reverse. AXLES Front an rear: Clark heavy duty industrial 21D series, Front axle +10 © oscillation, rear axle lixed. BRAKES Service and emergency, fully hydraulic wet disc brakes on each wheel. Two separate circuits for service brakes and one for emergency brake. Parking brake: spring Applied - hydraulically released driveline disc brake, TIRES ‘Standard front and rear 26.5 x 25 Michelin XKA". HYDRAULICS Equipped with 25 micron filtering, heavy duty gear type pumps and ettectv ol cooler enaure fang fe fr whole wydraulio system and operation in high temperature ‘conditions. Hydraulic hoses used exceed DIN 20035 45 specification for impulse and burst pressure standard. STEERING HYDRAULICS Fully hydraulic load sensing frame steering with steering wheel, Turing angle + 42.5". Steering by two eylinders, Emergency steering available as option DUMP BOX HYDRAULICS Servo controlled, two double acting dump cylinders. OPERATOR'S COMPARTMENT A great deal of attention and thought has been given to the ergonomic aspects of the operators work, The controls have been laid out to allow relaxed high tfficiency working. The seat is furnished with height ‘and position adjustment as well as spring regulation land a shock absorber. aa ey NS 24.volt, 2x 12 V, 160 Ah batteries, 70 amps altemator, 9 KW starting motor. Especially designed for under- {ground conditions using high quality components, Spray proof DIN 40050/IPS5 multipin connectors and RADOX 125 cables to minimize downtime, PANE ed NES) ‘Spherical bearings and bronze bushing have been used, Lower cenier hinge bearing adjustable. Centralized manual greasing system. Automatic lubrication system available as option OTHER OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT ‘Noise insulated and air conditioned safety cabin (FOPS, ROPS). TELMA electrical retarder. Load measuring device. Hydraulically operated tailgate. Central fire extinguisher. Ejector tray 16 ms. TANVIROOR LOADERS ARA OY, P.0.B0x 434, FIN-20101 Turku, FINLAND Tel. int. +358 21 638511, Telex 62305 ara sf Telefax int. +350 21 383347