2017 3rd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT), 7-9 December 2017, Khulna, Bangladesh

Experimental Analysis of Harmonic and Power

Factor for Various Lighting Loads
2
Khan Mohd. Mostafa Hasan1, Muhammad
Dr. Muhammad
Saifur
Saifur
Rahman , Md. Abdur Rafiq 2
Rahman
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (North Western University, Khulna, Bangladesh)
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh)
mostafa_duet@yahoo.com, msrbitk@yahoo.com, mdabdurrafiq2003@yahoo.com

Abstract—
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) and Light Emitting Diode
(LED) Lamps are increasingly becoming popular as energy
saving lamps among the consumers due to their long lifetime,
good luminous output and encouragement from the governments
of many countries.LEDs and CFLs are reported to be less real
power consuming, energy efficient and economic than their
counterpart incandescent lamps. However, as nonlinear loads,
LEDs and CFLsdrawextremely distorted currents with poor
power factor. Hence, a massive usage of LEDs and CFLs
forlighting is likely togenerate important power qualitycrisis as
well as loss for the power companies. This paper reports the
experimental results of harmonicanalysis up to 50th order, power
factor and luminous efficiency in terms of lumen per watt for
some widely used CFL, LED, fluorescent and incandescent lamps
for indoor lighting. Experimental results show that LED could be
more economical, higher luminous efficiency with lower
harmonic absorbing lighting source than CFL, fluorescent and
incandescent lamps.
Keywords— CFL, LED, Harmonics, PowerFactor, Total
Harmonic Distortion(THD), Lumen.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the developing countries, 20% to 50% of their total
electricity consumption is used for lighting loadwhereas 19%
of total electricity consumption in the world is used for indoor
and outdoor lighting[3,5]. For lighting the indoor and outdoor
space an enormous amount of energy is required. The
population of the world increasing day by day and the
technology is upgrading quickly thus the requirement of
power for lighting also increasing. The increasing demand of
power introduces different types of electronic lamps known as
energy saving lamps. These lamps produces more light at less
power and are replaces the incandescent lamps. Energy saving
lamps requires considerably smaller amounts of active power
than incandescent lamps when they have the same luminous
flux. The price of ESL’s are more than Incandescent Lamps
(ISL) and Halogen Lamps but the low power consumption and
longer life time is the main reason of using ESL [11]. All of
the ESL’s like compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and Light
Emitting Diode (LED) use electronic ballast which makes the
power factor (PF) very low. The lower PF represents higher
Reactive Power and lower active power. So a significant
analysis becomes indispensable to find the most effective
lighting technology.
The goal of this paper is to find the lighting technology which
economizes the energy consumption and ensure stable power
system. For doing this, an experiment was done with some
available lamps of different types. CFL, LED, Fluorescent
Lampand Incandescent lamps were randomly chosen and
analyzed for electrical and optical indexes. The electrical
indexes analyzed by connecting the lamps in series with a
Digital Power Meter which is energized by an Ideal Power
Source. For Optical characteristics a multi-Photometer was
used. Finally a comparison was made to take a decision for
most efficient lighting technology.
II. MAIN INDEXES FOR ANALYSIS
In this experiment, amount of active power and the harmonics
created by each lamp were tested. The active power is the
power which is actually consumed by the consumers and only
pays for the active power he consumes. The active power is
the product of voltage and current multiplied a factor called
Power Factor (PF), the active power is represented by
ܲ ൌ ܸ ‫߮ •‘… כ ܫ כ‬
Where V is the applied voltage across the load, Iis the current
through load and cosij is the PF which determines the actual
energy consumes by the load. The other important
characteristic of ESL is the production of harmonics which
create some adverse effect on power system like loss of power
and instability of the power system.
A. Power Factor
The factor cosij1is the power factor which is the cosine angle
of the displacement phase angle between 1st harmonic Voltage
wave and the current wave. PF can also express as ratio of
Active power (P) to Apparent Power (S).
ܲ
ܲ‫ ܨ‬ൌ ൌ ܿ‫߮ݏ݋‬
ܵ
The PF determines how much active power is used. The
Energy saving lampsuses electronic ballast which produces
low power factor. The low PF increases the reactive power
which established some adverse effecton the power system
like heating the cable, increasing the cable size, larger line
loss, poor voltage regulation and the low efficient power
system.
B. Harmonics
Another important byproduct of ESL is the production of
harmonics. The RMS value of voltage across and current
through the ESL are decomposed of distorted wave which

978-1-5386-2307-7/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

contain multiple frequency of the main frequency wave. The photometer mainly consists of photometer head and display
harmonics wave can be sub-divided into even and odd unit. The photometer head is fitted inside an integrating sphere
harmonics. The even harmonics produced by the ESLs tested coated by white phospor mixture. The tested lamp was fitted at
in the laboratory was very low and neglected. The total the centre of the sphere and left for one hour at rated nominal
amount of harmonics present in the main RMS voltage is voltage (220 Volt) for warm-up the phospor mixture. For
called Total Harmonics Distortion (THD). So the total RMS operating at standerd temperature, the temperature was kept
voltage and current can be expressed as [2] between 22ºC to 25ºC by airconditionar. After the warm-up
ଶ
ܸ௥௠௦ ଶ
ൌ ܸ ଶ ൅  ்ܸு஽ phase all the electrical and optical parameters were measured.
ଶ
And ‫ܫ‬௥௠௦ ଶ
ൌ ‫ ܫ‬ଶ ൅ ‫்ܫ‬ு஽
Where Vis the first harmonic component of the voltage wave
andIis first harmonic component of the current wave. VTHD
and ITHD are the distorted component contained with the main
frequency signal or first harmonic wave.
C. Luminus Flux
Luminous flux is the perceived power of visible light emitted
by a light source measured in lumen. If 1 candela of luminous
flux is imposed uniformly across a solid angle of
one steradian, the total luminous flux is one lumen which is SI
unit for measuring the intensity of the light.In this experiment
luminous flux is expressed as lumen as the output of the
Multi-Photometer is measured in lumen.
III. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Experiments were conducted in an enhanced Laboratory. The
lamps were tested individually for THD, % Voltage
harmonics, % Current Harmonics, up to 50th order. Later PF
and Lumen was also measured. There are 11 lamps of Figure 2: Experimental set-up
different types are used in this experiment. First 4 of them are
CFL lamp and the next 4 is LED lamp. The 9th one is a C. Data entry and analysing
Fluorescent Lamp and then an incandescent lamp was tested. The data were taken from the displays of the measuring
The last one is an intelligent LED lamp which is an emergency instruments. For harmonics analysis the order of the
light and can operate during load shading up to 3 hours. They harmonics need to be changed manually. The taken data were
are randomly chosen at their different rating and manufacturer. then analyzed with the help of Ms-Excel and the figures were
A. Rated operating condition drawn with the help of Origin lab software.
An Ideal ac testing source (DPS 1005) was used which is a IV. PERFORMANCE AT RATED VOLTAGE
product of everfine corporation. The power supply unit is a
AC power supply and is based on SPWM (Sine-wave Pulse The experiments were done in rated RMS 220 volt AC. To
Width Modulation) technology. It has large load capability, avoid any kinds of misunderstanding with the manufacturer of
low harmonic distortion, easy operation, and the output the lamps, the lamps were named from 1 to 11 with their type
voltage and frequency are adjustable to meet the operator and power rated on the body of the lamps. All the CFL and
requirements. The testing source has voltage stability upto LED lamps chosen were rated below 26W. The Incandescent
”0.2%,frequency stability upto ”0.03% and THD anout ”0.5% lamp is chosen at 60W in order to get a good amount of light.
at ( 40.0Hz~65.0Hz). Allthe lamps are rated at 220V ac. So A Fluorescent Lamp of 40W is 4 feet long and can’t be fitted
the power supply is made to supply 220 volt through a power inside the integrating sphere of the Multi-Photometer. So a
meter. In this experiment a Digital Power Meter (DPM) 20W Fluorescent Lamp of 2 feet long is chosen to fit the
“EVERFINE PF9800”was used to measure the Power, PF, Fluorescent Lamp inside the integrating sphere. The rated
THD and Harmonics up to 50th order. The accuracy of power of the body of every lamp was not found. All the CFL
measuring the Voltage, Current and Power of the DPM are and LED lamps have closer measured power to the rated
about ±0.5%, and PF and frequency can be measured ± power but are the measured power was little less than the rated
0.005% accurately. The Experimental setup for the experiment power. In case of Incandescent and Fluorescent Lamp the
is shown in the figure 1. measured power is more than the power they have rated in
their body. So it can be said that the lamps does not represent
the ideal one of respective types.

From all the taken data, only PF, Input power, Current,
%THD, Lumen and Lumen/Watt were compared in the below
Table 1 to make a significant comparison among them.
Figure 1: The Experimental Diagram
B. Optical measuring condition
Table 1:Comparison of different indexes among the tested
For measuring the luminance of the lamps an Intelligent lamps.
Multi-photometer “PHOTO 2000” was used. The multi-
 Lamp PF Input I (A) %THD Lumen Lumen/
Power 100
details Watt
(W) % voltage for CFL1
CFL-1 0.552 18.68 0.153 134.8 1326.4 71.01 80 % current for CFL1

% Voltage and Current

(24 W)
CFL-2 0.595 22 0.167 114.8 1355.2 61.60 60
(23W)
CFL-3 0.569 19.25 0.153 123.6 1311.5 68.13 40
(26W)
CFL-4 0.631 13.97 0.1 87.7 630.43 45.13
20
(14W)
LED-1 0.975 11.91 0.055 16.8 1107.4 92.98
(12W) 0
LED-2 0.958 6.25 0.029 18.4 721.74 115.48 0 10 20 30 40 50
(7W) Harmonic order
LED-3 0.198 2.75 0.062 27.3 195.23 70.99
(5W) Figure 3: %Voltage and %Current for CFL-1
LED-4 0.471 2.91 0.027 52.2 289.1 99.35
100
(3W)
Fluorescent 0.381 22.77 0.27 7.2 680.23 29.87 % voltage for CFL2
Lamp(20W) 80 % current for CFL2
Incandicent 1 64.5 0.292 1.5 945.66 14.66

% Voltage and Current

(60W)
60
Inteligent 0.499 5.91 0.053 156.4 468.2 79.22
Emergency
light (12W)
40

From the above Table It is seen that the PF of Incandescent 20

lamp is unity. It consumes more power as compared to the
ESL’s. The Lumen produced per Watt by incandescent lamp is
0
only 14.66. This shows that the incandescent lamp has a very
0 10 20 30 40 50
low efficiency. Fluorescent Lamp is also a less efficient lamp Harmonic order
as the lumen produced per watt is only 29.87. It also creates a
very low PF. On the other hand, the PF produced by the CFL Figure 4: %Voltage and %Current for CFL-2
lamps are ranged about 0.5 to 0.6 whereas highest PF of LED
ranged about 0.95 to 0.98. So it can say that in PF index of 100
Energy saving lamp is better than Fluorescent Lamp energy % voltage for CFL3
conversion technique. But ESL produces a big amount of 80 % current for CFL3
% Voltage and Current

THD. In CFL THD is about 90% to 140% whereas LED has

minimum %THD index about 15% to 20%. CFL produced 60
more lumen per watt than Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent
lamp. That’s means CFL have better efficiency than 40
Incandescent lamp. In case of LED lamps the PF is very high
and also the lumen produced per watt is more than CFL lamps. 20
The THD are also lower than the CFL, this means that the
LED is more efficient than the other lighting technologies. 0
The 11th one is an intelligent emergency light made with LED 0 10 20 30 40 50
and battery combined circuit. This lamp has superior Harmonic order
advantages of being operated without supply up to 3 hours
depending on the charged condition of the battery. The Figure 5: %Voltage and %Current for CFL-3
production of harmonics is shown in Figure 3 to Figure 12 100
respectively. %Voltage and %Current harmonics are shown in
the same figure using different bars. Black bars representing % voltage for CFL4
80 % current for CFL4
% Voltage harmonics contribution whereas crossed bars
% Voltage and Current

representing %Current harmonics contribution. %Voltage and

60
% Current are taken along Vertical axis and the order of the
harmonics is taken along horizontal axis. The even ordered
harmonics are very low for every kind of lamps and are 40
neglected and only Odd order harmonics were shown.The
production of voltage harmonics are persists only for little 20
order for every kind of lamps which is shown in the
figures.The Current harmonics of odd order persists up to 0
higher order in the ESL. 0 10 20 30 40 50
Harmonic order

Figure 6: %Voltage and %Current for CFL-4

 100 100
% voltage for LED 1 % voltage for Fluorescent lamp
80 % current for LED 1 % current for Fluorescent lamp
80
% Voltage and Current

% Voltage and Current

60
60

40
40
20
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0
Harmonic order 0 10 20 30 40 50
Harmonic order
Figure 7: %Voltage and %Current for LED-1
100 Figure 11: %Voltage and %Current for Fluorescent Lamp
% voltage for LED 2
80 % current for LED 2 100
% Voltage and Current

% voltage for Incandescent lamp

60 % current for Incandescent lamp
80

% Voltage and Current

40
60
20
40
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 20
Harmonic order

Figure 8: %Voltage and %Current for LED-2 0

0 10 20 30 40 50
Harmonic order
100
% voltage for LED 3 Figure 12: %Voltage and %Current for Incandescent Lamp
80 % current for LED 3
100
% Voltage and Current

% voltage for Emergency LED lamp

60
80 % current for Emergency LED lamp
% Voltage and Current

40
60
20
40
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 20
Harmonic order
0
Figure 9: % Voltage and %Current for LED-3 0 10 20 30 40 50
Harmonic order
100
% voltage for LED 4 Figure 13: %Voltage and %Current for Emergency LED
80 % current for LED 4 Lamp
% Voltage and Current

60 V. MEASUREMENT RESULT
From the above figure12, and the table 1, it is seen that
40 Incandescent lamp has the best PF and THD index but the low
optical efficiency makes the lamp less efficient. From the
20 Figure 11 and Table 1, Fluorescent Lamp has a better THD
index but the PF index and optical efficiency is very low. So
0 the Incandescent and Fluorescent Lamp technology should be
0 10 20 30 40 50 avoided for their lower efficiency. From Figure 3 to Figure 6,
Harmonic order it is seen that the CFL technology creates current harmonic
distortion up to a higher level and also their PF is very low.
Figure 10: %Voltage and %Current for LED-4 But the higher optical efficiency makes the technology more
efficient. In case of LED lamps Figure 7 to Figure 10 and
Figure 13, it is seen that the production of current harmonics
are lower than CFL technology. Its higher optical efficiency
makes this technology superior than the other lighting
technology.

VI. FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, the LED technology is better than
the other lighting technology. If the amount of harmonics in
LED technology could be avoided, this technology would be
more efficient. So an enormous amount of research is needed
to reduce the harmonics in LED technology. On the other hand
CFL technology may also be considered as future lighting
technology if the PF and harmonics index could be improved.
There are several methods available for PF correction and
harmonic reduction. A capacitor may improve the PF and
harmonic parameter up to a certain limit. For better
performance PI controller may be good solution. So, there is
huge scope for researching a better method of energy
conversion in Energy Saving Lamps to make efficient and
stable power system design.

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