PFv14 Software 2013 EN PDF

Protection Coordination * Distribution Network Optimization * Harmonic Analysis * Optimal Power Flow
Reliability Analysis* State Estimation * Dynamic Modelling (DSL) * System Dynamics (RMS / EMT)
Motor Starting * Real-Time Simulation* Small Signal Stability * Interfacing PowerFactory * Installation Options
Rev 1 14/4/2010
PowerFactory V14
Basic Software Features & Calculation Functions
Advanced Functions and Features

Protection Coordination * Distribution Network Optimization * Harmonic Analysis * Optimal Power Flow
Reliability Analysis * State Estimation * Dynamic Modelling (DSL) * System Dynamics (RMS / EMT)
Motor Starting * Real-Time Simulator * Small Signal Stability * Interfacing PowerFactory * Installation Options
Rev 2.30/01/2013_E
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 6
2 PowerFactory Overview .................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Functional Integration and Applications ...................................................................................................... 8
2.2 PowerFactory Software Concept ................................................................................................................ 8
3 Network Models .............................................................................................................................. 11
3.1 Grid Representations and Power Equipment ............................................................................................. 11
3.2 Built-in Calculation and Integrated Modelling Functions ............................................................................. 15
3.3 Load and Generation Profiles ................................................................................................................... 15
4 Data Management ........................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 V14 Standard Data Model ........................................................................................................................ 16

4.1.1 Arrangement of Data in Project Folders ............................................................................................... 16
4.1.2 Study Time ........................................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Data Organisation ................................................................................................................................... 17
5 Network Diagrams & Graphic Capabilities ...................................................................................... 19
6 Results and Reporting ..................................................................................................................... 22
6.1 Text Reports........................................................................................................................................... 22
6.2 Spreadsheet Reports (Tabular Views)....................................................................................................... 22
6.3 Reporting in Network Diagrams ............................................................................................................... 23
6.4 Result File Management .......................................................................................................................... 23
6.5 Plots and Diagrams ................................................................................................................................. 23
6.6 Additional Features ................................................................................................................................. 25
7 External Data Format Support ........................................................................................................ 26
7.1 Standard Data Formats ........................................................................................................................... 26
7.2 DIgSILENT Data Base Level Exchange (DGS)............................................................................................ 26
8 DPL- DIgSILENT Programming Language ....................................................................................... 27
9 PowerFactory Modes of Operation .................................................................................................. 29
9.1 Standard Windowing Mode ...................................................................................................................... 29
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Table of Contents
9.2 Engine & Hybrid Execution Mode ............................................................................................................. 29
10 Power Flow Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 30
11 Fault Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 33
11.1 Supported Standards............................................................................................................................. 33
11.2 Complete Method/Multiple Faults ........................................................................................................... 34
11.3 Fault Analysis Results (all Methods)........................................................................................................ 35
12 Network Reduction ....................................................................................................................... 36
12.1 General Features .................................................................................................................................. 36
13 Voltage Stability Analysis .............................................................................................................. 37
13.1 PV Curves ............................................................................................................................................. 37
13.2 Q-V Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 37
14 Load Flow Sensitivities .................................................................................................................. 38
15 Contingency Analysis .................................................................................................................... 39
16 Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation .......................................................................... 41
16.1 Overhead Line Parameter Calculation ..................................................................................................... 41
16.2 Cable Parameter Calculation .................................................................................................................. 41
17 Distribution Network Analysis ...................................................................................................... 42
17.1 Feeder Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 42
17.2 Low-Voltage Network Analysis ............................................................................................................... 42
17.3 Stochastic Load Modelling...................................................................................................................... 42
17.4 Cable Reinforcement Optimization.......................................................................................................... 43
17.5 Feeder Tools......................................................................................................................................... 44
18 Protection Functions ..................................................................................................................... 45
18.1 Protection Model Library and Functionality .............................................................................................. 45
18.2 Output & Graphical Representation ........................................................................................................ 47
18.3 Overcurrent-Time Protection .................................................................................................................. 48
18.4 Distance Protection ............................................................................................................................... 49
19 Distribution Network Optimization ............................................................................................... 50
19.1 Optimal Capacitor Placement ................................................................................................................. 50
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19.2 Open Tie Optimization ........................................................................................................................... 50
20 Harmonic Analysis Functions ........................................................................................................ 52
20.1 Harmonic Load Flow .............................................................................................................................. 52
20.2 Frequency Sweep.................................................................................................................................. 53
20.3 Ripple Control Signals ........................................................................................................................... 54
20.4 Filter Rating .......................................................................................................................................... 54
21 Optimal Power Flow ...................................................................................................................... 55
21.1 AC Optimization .................................................................................................................................... 55
21.2 DC Optimization .................................................................................................................................... 56
22 Reliability Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 58
22.1 Failure Models ...................................................................................................................................... 58
22.2 State Enumeration ................................................................................................................................ 59
22.3 Failure Effect Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 59
22.4 System Indices and Results ................................................................................................................... 60
22.5 Special Features.................................................................................................................................... 62

22.5.1 High Flexibility ................................................................................................................................. 62
22.5.2 Tracing of Individual Cases ............................................................................................................... 62
22.5.3 Powerful Output Tools for Result Representation ............................................................................... 62
22.5.4 Contribution to Reliability Indices ...................................................................................................... 63
22.5.5 Development of Indices over Years ................................................................................................... 63
23 State Estimation ............................................................................................................................ 64
24 Dynamic Modelling Flexibility (DSL) ............................................................................................. 66
25 Power System Dynamics ............................................................................................................... 68
25.1 General Capabilities............................................................................................................................... 68
25.2 Stability Analysis Functions .................................................................................................................... 71

25.2.1 RMS Simulation with a-b-c Phase Representation ............................................................................... 71
25.2.2 Long-term Stability ........................................................................................................................... 71
25.3 Transient Motor Starting ........................................................................................................................ 72
25.4 Electromagnetic Transients (EMT) .......................................................................................................... 73
25.5 Dynamic System Parameter Identification ............................................................................................... 74
25.6 PowerFactory Real-Time Simulators ....................................................................................................... 74
26 Small Signal Stability .................................................................................................................... 76
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Table of Contents
27 PowerFactory Interfaces ............................................................................................................... 78
27.1 DGS Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 78
27.2 OPC Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 78
27.3 Shared Memory Interface ...................................................................................................................... 79
28 Interfacing PowerFactory ............................................................................................................. 81
28.1 PowerFactory - GIS integration .............................................................................................................. 81
28.2 PowerFactory - SCADA integration ......................................................................................................... 83
28.3 PowerFactory - Simulation Interface (SIMULINK, etc.) ............................................................................. 84
28.4 PowerFactory - A/D Signal Interfacing Capability..................................................................................... 84
29 PowerFactory Installation Options ............................................................................................... 85
29.1 PowerFactory Workstation License ......................................................................................................... 85
29.2 PowerFactory Server License ................................................................................................................. 86
29.3 License Overview .................................................................................................................................. 90
29.4 Installation Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 90
30 PowerFactory Function Definitions and Prices ............................................................................. 91
30.1 PowerFactory Function Definitions ......................................................................................................... 91
30.2 PowerFactory Prices .............................................................................................................................. 92
31 The DIgSILENT Company .............................................................................................................. 93
32 History of the DIgSILENT Software .............................................................................................. 94
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
DIgSILENT has set standards and trends in power system modelling, analysis and simulation for more than 25
years. The proven advantages of the PowerFactory software are its overall functional integration, its applicability
to the modelling of generation-, transmission-, distribution- and industrial grids, and the analysis of these grids’
interactions.
Electrical grids, planning processes and operation processes are becoming increasingly complex due to market
unbundling, expansion of interconnections and distributed generation. This increases the demands on software
tools in terms of data quality, flexibility and manageability.
With PowerFactory Version 14, DIgSILENT presents a further step towards seamless integration of
functionality and data management within a multi-user environment. The building and organizing of schemes,
scenarios, versions and running arrangements has been added for improved handling.
Version 14 Key Features
• Single- and multi-user project data administration environment
• Database with historical data storage and auditing functionality.
• Time-stamped data model
• Management of operational scenarios
• Baselining, versioning and publishing of models
• Integrated node and branch, and switch and component modelling
• Integrated overview diagrams, simplified and detailed single line diagrams
• Fast contingency analysis tools (AC and DC load flow)
• Contingency-constrained economic dispatch including quad booster optimization
• Distributed/embedded power generation modelling
• New models for wind power and virtual power plants
DIgSILENT PowerFactory is the most economical solution, as data handling, modelling capabilities and overall
functionality replace a set of other software systems, thereby minimizing project execution costs and training
requirements. The all-in-one PowerFactory solution promotes highly-optimized workflow.
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1 Introduction
DIgSILENT PowerFactory is easy to use and caters for all standard power system analysis needs, including high-
end applications in new technologies such as wind power and distributed generation and the handling of very
large power systems. In addition to the stand-alone solution, the PowerFactory engine can be smoothly
integrated into GIS, DMS and EMS supporting open system standards.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory v14 integrated features overview
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2 PowerFactory Overview
2.1 Functional Integration and Applications

• Implemented as a single software solution allowing for fast 'walk around' through the database and
execution environment
• No need to reload modules and update, transfer and convert data and results between different program
applications
• Vertically integrated power equipment model concept allowing models to be shared by all analysis
functions
• Support of transmission-, distribution- and industrial system design and simulation
• Modelling and simulation of railway systems
• Simulation of any kind of wind turbines and wind parks
• Smart Grid modelling including virtual power plants and distributed generation such as PV-
panels, micro turbines, battery storage, CHP, etc.
2.2 PowerFactory Software Concept

Single Database Concept
• Optimal data organization and project definitions for performing any type of calculation, storage of
settings, diagrams and visualization options or software operation sequences.
• No need for tedious organization of several files for defining the various analysis aspects and project
execution workflows.
• Database environment fully integrates all necessary data, such as that required for defining cases,
scenarios, variants, single-line graphics, outputs, run conditions, calculation options, graphics or user-
defined models. Saving a project includes everything required to rerun all defined cases at a later stage.
• Access to all data via a comfortable and powerful data manager, object browser, plus various types of
diagrams and wizards.
• Comprehensive, non-redundant data model supporting all calculation functions
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User Roles
• Access to user information through a user accounting system
• Protection of data through different types of access rights
• Folder sharing between users with “read-only” access. This is especially useful for libraries and network
base cases which should be administrated only by authorized personnel.
Multi-User Operation and Team working
• Multi-user data administration supporting MS-SQL or ORACLE databases
• Support of user accounting, access rights and data sharing, featuring the powerful option of allowing
several users to work on the same project in a coordinated way. This demonstrates the concept of non-
redundant data management in PowerFactory..
• Management of multi-user data editing via the definition of a base project, project versions and derived
projects (virtual projects).
• Support of version control including rollback functions and merge/compare tools.
Network Variations, Expansion Stages Management and Operational Scenarios
• Support of time-stamped network variations.
• Variation scheduler for easy handling of sub-projects
• Definition of study cases and operational scenarios
• Activation of network stages according to study time. This automatically addresses the handling of
power system components according to their commissioning and de-commissioning dates
Multi-Level Models
• Data describing network models such as cables, machines, loads, transformers, etc., are subdivided into
element data and type data which point to libraries.
• All data to be entered are grouped into basic data (data required for all calculations) and function level
data (data required only for executing specific calculations).
• Data are simply entered in physical quantities rather than in per unit values, minimizing the need for
manual recalculation and conversion of data.
• Verification of input data, with detailed warning and error messages
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• Integrated calculators for asynchronous machines, cable data and tower configurations
Batch Mode, Engine Mode and Interfaces
• Fully interactive windowing mode according to the latest, proven standards
• Engine mode for background operation
• Various communication features to exchange data with other applications such as GIS, SCADA and real-
time control systems via OPC, shared memory, DGS (CSV, ODBC), etc.
• Hybrid operation switching between background and windowing mode according to users’ needs
• Data exchange via CIM, PSS/E, UCTE and many other file formats
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3 Network Models
3 Network Models
3.1 Grid Representations and Power Equipment

Grid Models
• Meshed and radial AC systems with 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-phases
• Meshed and radial DC systems
• Combined AC and DC system modelling
• Model validity from LV up to ultra-high voltage
Phase Technologies
• Single phase with/without neutral
• Two-phase with/without neutral
• Bi-phase with/without neutral
• Three-phase with/without neutral
Substations
• Simple terminal models to be used for “node and branch” representation, marshalling panels,
terminal blocks, terminal strips, clamping bars, joints and junctions.
• Complex substation models with the provision of various standard busbar configurations such as
single- and double busbars with/without tie-breakers, bypass busbars, 1½ busbar systems and
flexible busbar configurations according to user-specific needs.
• Templates for holding any type of user-specific busbar configuration, including pre-configured
protection schemes
Generators and Sources
• Synchronous and asynchronous generator
• Doubly-fed induction generator
• Static generator (for PV, fuel cell, wind generator, battery storage, etc.)
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3 Network Models
• External grid
• AC voltage source
• AC current source
• 2-terminal AC voltage source
Loads
• General load model (for HV and MV-feeders)
• Complex load model (for feeders with a large number of induction motors)
• Low voltage load (can be assigned across line and cable sections)
Reactive Power Compensation
• Static Var Compensator (SVC)
• Shunt/Filter (RLC, RL, C, RLCRp, RLCCRp)
Branch models
• Overhead line and cable models (π-models and distributed parameter models)
• Circuits and line sub-sections
• Mutual data, line couplings, tower geometries
• 2-, 2-N-winding transformer and auto transformer
• 3-winding transformer, booster transformer
• Series reactor, series capacitor and common impedance
DC Models
• 1-terminal and 2-terminal DC voltage source and DC current source
• DC/DC converter
• Inductive DC-coupling
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3 Network Models
Power Electronics Devices
• Thyristor/Diode converter models
• Self-commutated converter models (VSC-converter)
• DC valve (for building individual converter topologies)
• Softstarter
Switches and Substation Equipment
• Circuit Breaker and Disconnector
• Load-Break-Disconnector
• Load-Switch
• Grounding Switch
• Fuse
• NEC/NER, grounding devices
• Surge arrester
Composite Models
• Composite node models, e.g. representing complex substations
• Composite branch models
• Template library for handling composite models
Parameter characteristics
• Time characteristics and discrete characteristics
• Scalar, vector and matrix characteristics
• File references and polygons
• Continuous and discrete triggers
• Frequency and time scales
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3 Network Models
Controllers
• Station controller, secondary controller (SCO), virtual power plant
• Tap controller, shunt controller
• User-definable capability diagrams and controllers
Organisation and Grouping
• Site, station, substation, area, zone
• Feeder, branch, bay
• Operator, owner
• Boundaries
Operational Library
• Substation running arrangements
• CB ratings
• Thermal ratings
• Library of faults/contingencies
• Library of (planned) outages
Others
• Protection relays with over 30 basic protection function blocks
• Manufacturer-specific relay library with relay models from all major manufacturers
• CT, VT and various measurement transducers (P, Q, f, etc.)
• Fourier source, harmonic source, FFT
• Clock, sample & hold, sample & hold noise generator
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3 Network Models
PowerFactory supports 500 different objects for defining, organizing and storing users’ grid definitions and project
settings. The above-listed objects are a summary of those most frequently used.
3.2 Built-in Calculation and Integrated Modelling Functions

PowerFactory provides a number of functions which assist users in entering data which may have come from
datasheets or product catalogues. Not only do these functions greatly simplify data entry, but they also provide
valuable output and results.
Identification of asynchronous machine parameters
• Support of two different parameter input modes: (a) electrical parameters and (b) slip-torque/current
characteristic
• When entering electrical parameters, such as the rated mechanical power, stator resistance and
reactance, magnetisation reactance, etc., all electrical parameters which precisely define and describe
the asynchronous machine are then calculated. This includes the determination of the torque-/speed
characteristic.
• The alternative definition via the slip-torque/current characteristic requires entering data such as
characteristics at nominal operation point, torque at stalling point, locked rotor torque and other
parameters typically available from manufacturer handbooks or test reports. This alternative data
entering method will then determine the electrical machine parameters.
Calculation of Overhead Line Parameters and Cable Parameters
Please refer to section 16.
3.3 Load and Generation Profiles

• Load and generator parameter characteristics can be defined on a per-element basis for parametric
studies. Parameter characteristics can be imposed on each input parameter. They may be time-
dependent, refer to predefined discrete cases, or result from external sources.
• All operational data (generation and demand patterns, switch positions, etc) can be saved and
maintained in distinct Operation Scenarios.
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4 Data Management
4 Data Management
4.1 V14 Standard Data Model
4.1.1 Arrangement of Data in Project Folders

All data required for grid modelling, project organization and project execution are arranged in project folders.
Project data are structured into Libraries, Network Models, Operation Scenarios and Study Cases.
Libraries
• Libraries contain equipment types, special operation information, DPL scripts, templates and user-
defined models.
• The Equipment Type Library can store manufacturer and standard data for cables, conductors, circuit
breakers, transformers, motors, generators, protection devices, PV panels, converters, wind turbines,
etc.
• Operational Libraries help organize standard settings and operational structures of grids. Typical entries
include specific device Mvar limits and capability curves, outages, fault conditions and sequences,
specific thermal ratings, running arrangements, etc.
Network Models
• All network data are organized and stored in various folders such as grid- and area folders, folders for
boundaries, circuits, feeders, routes, zones, etc.
• Comprehensive network topology handling defining: Nodes, Substations, Sites, Boundaries, Circuits,
Routes, Operators and Owners.
• Graphical information such as overview diagrams, simplified single line diagrams and detailed single line
diagrams are automatically organized in a separate diagram folder
• Grid Variations are linked to the original grid data, allowing non-redundant grid variation
management.
• Easy and non-redundant handling of grid expansion alternatives.
• Planned grid expansions are organized by time-stamped Expansion Stages which are considered
depending on the selected Study Time. Expansion Stages are stored in Variations and handled via the
Variation Scheduler. In other words, variations can be seen as expansion plans composed of
different stages which are activated chronologically.
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4 Data Management
Operation Scenarios
• Definition of operation and dispatch conditions, grid loading, ambient temperature, daily load variation
pattern, etc
• Organisation of characteristics to generate ranges of values such as daily load curves, temperature
dependencies, wind conditions, solar radiation pattern, etc
• Definition of triggers for easy selection of certain conditions to be analysed
• Comparison of Operation Scenarios
Study Cases
• Grid configurations, operation conditions, trigger settings, calculation options, fault sequences, results
and DPL scripts to be executed are all stored in Study Cases
• Study Cases can be activated to reproduce any grid condition and its associated calculation results
4.1.2 Study Time

PowerFactory V14 extends grid modelling into the dimension of time. The model may span a period of months or
years considering network expansions, planned outages and other system events. The period of validity of a
project therefore specifies the time span that the of the model’s validity.
• The Study Time automatically determines which expansion stages of a variation will be considered.
• Selection of Study Time along with the operational conditions will automatically create grid expansion
scenarios
4.2 Data Organisation

Simultaneous use of grid data takes place when two different parties work with the same project. This kind of
situation occurs most frequently in larger companies where software-based teamworking capabilities are a basic
requirement.
Versioning
• Project Versions constitute a snapshot of a project at a specific point in time
• Project versions are under full control of owner rights
• Rollback functions allow a controlled “Undo” of a project’s execution steps, thereby “rolling back” to a
specific stage of the project
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4 Data Management
• Reporting facilities for Derived Projects which depend on a certain version
Derived Projects
• Master Projects can be published in a public area of the database
• Derived Projects are “virtual” copies of a Version of a Master Project that can be developed by any
number of users simultaneously. Only the differences to the original version are stored
• Derived Projects are always linked to their original Master Project
• The users will be automatically notified if a new version of their Master Project is available
• Comprehensive tools for merging several derived projects and/or their versions into a new project via
the Merge Tool. This allows the consolidation of independent and parallel model modifications
introduced by different users.
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5 Network Diagrams & Graphic Capabilities

Categories of Network Diagrams
• Simplified Single Line Diagrams with various options for a schematic view of substation topology
and switching status
• Detailed Single Line Diagrams showing all switches (circuit breakers and disconnectors)
• Intelligent Overview Diagrams providing a node and branch representation of the network. Can be
schematically, geographically or semi-geographically arranged
General Features
• Handle mixed representations of Detailed Single Line Diagrams, Simplified Single Line Diagrams and
Overview Diagrams
• Access equipment editing menus in the single line diagram via cursor selection of the appropriate
element, region or composite model
• Zoom-in or zoom-out of area networks or composite model graphics
• Initiate calculation events directly within the graphical environment, including circuit breaker switching,
fault implementation and other data changes
• Option to immediately reflect any editing activity on the graphical level
• Display any calculation results immediately in result boxes in single line diagrams. All program variables
and signals can be displayed according to a highly flexible user definition for various object categories
and analysis functions
• Display any calculation result to be defined on various functional levels and categories for any object
• Insert freely-configured result displays
• Provision of auxiliary graphics editing for enhanced documentation
• Perform copy/paste operation on single objects and groups
• View and operate several graphic windows with different layers and grid sections simultaneously. Utilize
several graphical representations of the same system simultaneously.
• Spread large diagrams over several pages
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• Support of pre-defined and user-defined graphical layers
• Placement of user-definable icons as buttons for executing DPL scripts. This way users can create
custom panels of frequently-executed DPL-initiated commands.
Colouring of Network Diagrams
• Provision of various colouring modes according to topology criteria such as areas, zones, owners,
operators, routes, station connectivity, energizing status, boundaries/interior regions, isolated grids, etc.
• Colouring options to display voltage levels, equipment loading and operation ranges
• Define colouring based on AC/DC equipment category and phase technology
• Display of grid modifications and variants, recording of expansion stage modifications, missing grid
connections
• Provision of feeder colouring and path definitions
• User-defined filters based on complex equations or DPL scripts
User-definable Symbols
• Support of user-definable symbols based on standard graphical formats (.wmf,.bmp). E.g. use your own
symbols for wind turbines, PV panels, hydro units, etc.
• Define specific graphical representations for transformers, shunts, circuit breakers, isolators to fit
individual needs.
Composite Graphics
• Elements can be grouped together and stored as Composite Graphics. Typical applications are
standard busbar arrangements, switchboard configurations, HVDC structures, PV panels, typical wind
turbine configurations or complete wind parks.
• Composite Graphics can be easily handled via the Template Manager. Templates can be populated
with type and element data. For drawing Composite Graphics, the Template Manager is operated as
Drawing Tool Box.
Virtual Instruments
• DIgSILENT PowerFactory applies the concept of Virtual Instruments (VI) as a tool for displaying any
calculated result or variable.
• Results may be displayed in the form of bar graphs, plotted curves, or even tables of values, with all of
these representations being completely user-definable.
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• VIs are used to display protection curves, harmonics analysis results or to view electrical variables from
any location in the network single line diagram, and any model variable during RMS and EMT
simulations.
• Many VIs provide additional built-in functionality such as curve labelling and measuring, scaling, curve
fitting, filtering and digitizer functions.
Typical Virtual Instruments Available
• x-t and x-y plots, bar diagrams, harmonic distortion diagram
• Overcurrent-time-diagrams, distance-time diagrams, vector diagram, path diagram
• Voltage sag diagram, waveform diagram
• Eigenvalue diagram, phasor diagram
• Bitmaps, buttons, DPL-command buttons, digital display
• Curve-digitizing diagram
• Text label
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6 Results and Reporting
6.1 Text Reports

Automatic reports for calculation results, such as load flow, short-circuit, harmonic calculations, contingency
calculation, reliability analysis, etc.
• Numerous predefined reports for all key calculation functions
• Flexible selection of elements for reporting
• Reports can be user-configured allowing user-definable formatting
Automatic reports for documentation of network components, such as transformers, lines, generators, relay
settings, etc.
• Flexible selection of network components for documentation
• Flexible selection of calculation module, e.g. report only input data required for load flow and short-
circuit
6.2 Spreadsheet Reports (Tabular Views)

• Numerous predefined spreadsheet reports for all key calculation functions via “Flexible Data Pages”
• User-definable setup of “Flexible Data Pages”. Tabular view of any combination of input parameters/
calculation results
• Several “Flexible Data Page” definitions (variable selections) may exist concurrently
• Independent variable selections for every calculation
• Sorting facilities for tabular views
• Automatic statistical summaries for values in tables
• Flexible filters for selecting elements for output
• Output facilities to: Output window, clipboard and clipboard with column headers for use in spreadsheet
programs such as MS Excel
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6.3 Reporting in Network Diagrams

• Concept of “result boxes” in network diagrams to flexibly display any element/type parameter, as well as
any calculation result
• Easy-to-configure “result box” format on both component and calculation levels
6.4 Result File Management

More complex calculation results can be stored in “Result Files”, e.g. for calculations such as transient stability
results, harmonic analysis results, contingency results, etc.
• Allows easy configuration of outputs (plots, reports, etc…)
• Accessible by post-processing through DPL
• Export functionality to export result data to:
- Output window
- Clipboard (compatible with spreadsheet programs such as MS EXCEL)
- Text file (compatible with spreadsheet programs such as MS EXCEL)
- COMTRADE (for transient data)
- PowerFactory measurement file (ASCII)
6.5 Plots and Diagrams

• DIgSILENT PowerFactory applies the concept of Virtual Instruments (VI) as a tool for visualizing
calculation results as plots and diagrams.
• VIs are used to display (for example):
- Results of RMS and EMT simulations (any pre-selected monitoring variable/signal)

- Protection configurations and results (R-X diagrams, automatic time-distance diagrams, relay
characteristics, etc)
- Harmonic analysis results
• Many VIs provide additional built-in functionality such as curve labelling and measuring, scaling, curve
fitting, filtering and digitizer functions.
Selected List of Most Common Virtual Instruments:
• Plots for simulation results
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- Monitored variables/signals over time

- Trajectories
• Harmonics
- Harmonic distortion diagram

- FFT diagrams
- Waveform plots
• Protection
- Time-overcurrent diagrams
- Time-distance diagrams
- Relay characteristic diagram
• Additional diagrams for results of load flow, short circuit, harmonics, etc.:
- Bar diagrams
- Vector diagrams
- Path diagram
- x-y diagrams
• Voltage sag diagram
• Eigenvalue calculation
- Eigenvalue diagram
- Phasor diagrams and bar diagrams (controllability, observability, participation)
• Measurement VIs
- Digital display
- Metering device (vertical/horizontal scales)
- Combination of both
• Picture box for displaying graphic files. Supported file formats are:
- Windows metafiles (*.wmf)

- AutoCAD graphic file (*.dxf)
- Bitmaps (*.bmp)
• Curve-digitizing diagram
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6.6 Additional Features

The PowerFactory graphic windows such as the single line graphic, plots, and block diagrams, offer the following
functionality:
• Printing or plotting to any device supported by the Windows Print Manager to produce high quality
graphical documents from within the program.
• Export to standard file formats such as:
- Windows Metafile (*.wmf) with high precision coordinates

- Bitmap (*.bmp)
• Conversion of graphic files between several file formats such as *.png, *.dxf, *.gif, *.tiff, *.eps, etc. This
is achieved via an external tool which is shipped with PowerFactory.
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7 External Data Format Support
7 External Data Format Support
7.1 Standard Data Formats

In many cases, migration of data from other power system software is required. PowerFactory therefore supports
foreign file Import of several versions from the following software packages:
• PSS/E, PSS/U and PSS/Adept (Siemens)
• DVG and UCTE (ucte.org)
• NEPLAN (BCP)
• ISU (SAP, billing data)
• NETCAL (STZ Konstanz), NEPS ( I+P Consult) and ReticMaster (Inspired Interfaces)
Foreign file Export is supported for PSS/E and UCTE.
CIM object and format definitions are increasingly used for standardized data exchange. Although the CIM
standards are still under development, PowerFactory already supports CIM import and export:
• CIM 61970 (CIM for Transmission)
7.2 DIgSILENT Data Base Level Exchange (DGS)

DGS is PowerFactory’s standard bi-directional interface specifically designed for bulk data exchange with other
applications such as GIS and SCADA, and for example, for exporting calculation results to produce Crystal
Reports, or to interchange data with any other power system software. DGS (“DGS”=DIgSILENT-GIS-SCADA)
does not feature the exchange of PowerFactory execution commands.
• User-specific definition of objects and object parameters
• Supported objects: elements, types and libraries, graphics and results
• Import and export of complete network models as well as incremental data for updating existing models
• Database support for: Oracle, MS-SQL and ODBC System DSN
• File formats supported: ASCII Text (CSV), XML, MS-Excel and MS Access
• Available for PowerFactory Interactive Window Mode and PowerFactory Engine Mode
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8 DPL- DIgSILENT Programming Language

The DPL-Programming Language offers a flexible interface for automating PowerFactory execution tasks. The DPL
scripting language adds a new dimension to PowerFactory software by allowing the implementation of new
calculation functions. Typical examples of user-specific DPL-scripts are:
• Parametric sweep calculations (e.g. sliding fault location, wind profile load flows)
• Implementation of user-specific commands (e.g. transfer capability analysis, penalty factor calculation)
• Automatic protection coordination and device response checks
• Specific voltage stability analysis via PV-/QV-curve analysis, etc.
• Contingency screening according to user-specific needs
• Verification of connection conditions
• Data pre-processing including input/output handling
• Equipment sizing and dimensioning
• Report generation
The DPL object-oriented scripting language is intuitive and easy to learn. The basic set of commands includes:
• C++- like, object-oriented syntax
• Flow commands such as "if-then-else", "do-while"
• Input/import, output/export and reporting routines
• Mathematical expressions, support of vectors and matrices
• Access to any PowerFactory object and parameter including graphical objects
• Definition and execution of any PowerFactory command
• Object filtering and batch execution
• PowerFactory object procedure calls and DPL subroutine calls
• New: Calling of external libraries (DLLs) for linking and executing other applications
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Easy Development
DPL’s basic syntax allows for the quick creation of simple high-level commands to automate tasks. Such tasks
may include renaming objects, search and replace, post-processing calculation results and creating specific
reports.
Transparency
All parameters of all objects in the network models are accessible. DPL can be used to query the entire database
and to process all user-input and result parameters without restrictions.
Standardizing Commands
The DPL language can be used to create new 'standardized' DPL commands that can be used over and over
again. DPL commands allow input parameters to be defined, and can be executed for specific selections of
objects. Proven DPL commands can be safely stored in DPL command libraries and be used from there without
the risk of damaging the scripts.
Control
DPL commands can configure and execute all PowerFactory commands. This includes not only the load flow and
short-circuits calculation commands, but also the commands for transient simulation, harmonic analysis, reliability
assessment, etc. New objects can be created by DPL in the database, and existing objects can be copied,
deleted and edited. New reports can be defined and written to the output window; new graphs can be created
and existing graphs can be adjusted to reflect a user-defined selection or the current calculation results.
Modularity
A DPL command may contain other DPL commands as subroutines. This modular approach allows the execution
of subroutines as independent commands. Existing commands can be combined to quickly create more complex
commands.
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9 PowerFactory Modes of Operation
9 PowerFactory Modes of Operation
9.1 Standard Windowing Mode
9.2 Engine & Hybrid Execution Mode

The standard execution of DIgSILENT PowerFactory is via the classical windowing mode operated via mouse and
keyboard. When operated in “Engine Mode” PowerFactory is executed as a background process featuring a
number of additional application options:
• Bi-directional, high-speed exchange of data via “DIgSILENT Shared Memory Interface” or via “OPC”
(OLE for Process Control). When using OPC, PowerFactory is executed as an OPC-Client.
• Remote-execution of any PowerFactory command including activation of projects, modification of data,

execution of analysis functions and DPL scripts, generation of output and reports, etc.
• Temporary activation/popup of the “Windowing Mode” featuring interactive windowing operation until
the windowing mode is closed and the engine mode resumes (“Hybrid Operation Mode”).
In principle, a number of additional application features may be operated as background processes in situations
where it is integrated into GIS/NIS or SCADA systems or linked with other simulation tools such as
Matlab/SIMULINK, ASPENTECH’s process simulation tool or other software systems requiring interaction with
network analysis procedures. The engine mode also features parallel processing with other PowerFactory
processes.
The “Engine Mode” permits the remote control of all PowerFactory functions with fast data and execution
command exchange.
Hybrid operation mode is supported by activating the Windowing Operation mode for combined operation.
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10 Power Flow Analysis

Within the Load Flow analysis environment, the accurate representation of a variety of network configurations
and power system components is possible.
• DIgSILENT PowerFactory offers a selection of calculation methods, including a full AC Newton-Raphson

technique (balanced and unbalanced) and a linear DC method. The enhanced non-decoupled Newton-
Raphson solution technique with current or power mismatch iterations, typically yields round-off errors
below 1 kVA for all buses. The implemented algorithms exhibit excellent stability and convergence.
Several iteration levels guarantee convergence under all conditions, with optional automatic relaxation
and modification of constraints. The DC load flow, solving for active power flows and voltage angles, is
extremely fast and robust (linear system; no iterations required).
• Any combination of meshed 1-, 2-, and 3-phase AC and/or DC systems can be represented and solved
simultaneously, from HV transmission systems, down to residential and industrial loads at LV voltage
levels. Neutral conductors can be modelled explicitly.
• The Load Flow tool accurately represents unbalanced loads, generation, grids with variable neutral
potentials, HVDC systems, DC loads, adjustable speed drives, SVSs and FACTS devices, etc., for all AC
and DC voltage levels.
• DIgSILENT PowerFactory offers a new, intuitive and easy-to-use modelling technique which avoids the
definition of bus types such as SL, PV, PQ, PI, AS, etc. PowerFactory simply provides the control
mechanisms and device characteristics which are found in reality.
More Load Flow Analysis Features
• Consideration of reactive power limits: detailed model for generator Mvar capability curves (including
voltage-dependency).
• Practical station control features with various local and remote control modes for voltage regulation and
reactive power generation. Reactive power is automatically adjusted to ensure that generator output
remains within its capability limits.
• Various active power control modes, e.g. as dispatched, according to secondary or primary control, or
inertial response.
• Supports device characteristics, such as voltage-dependent loads and asynchronous machines with
saturation and slip dependency, etc.
• Comprehensive area/network power exchange control features using Secondary Controllers (SCO) with
flexible participation factors.
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• Transformer OLTC able to control local or remote bus voltages, reactive power flows and voltage-drop
compensation (LDC) within distribution systems. Special transformer controller model for parallel
transformers. Transformer tap adjustment supports discrete and continuous methods.
• Device controllers for shunts, doubly-fed asynchronous machines and other power electronics elements
such as self-commutated converters (VSC), thyristor/diode converters or integrated FACTS devices.
• Local and remote control mechanisms for SVCs. Automatic and continuous control of TCR and TSC
switching is performed within component ratings to hold the voltage at a given value.
• Correct representation of transformer vector groups and phase displacement.
• Shunts can be modelled to consist of a combination of series and/or parallel connected capacitors,
reactors and resistors. Shunts can be connected to busbars and feeders or to the remote ends of cables
and lines. Filters may consist of any number of shunt combinations, and automatic shunt switching can
be included in the automatic voltage regulation.
• Support of the Virtual Power Plant model for generator dispatch based on merit order algorithm.
• Feeder load scaling to control power flows at feeder entry point – including nested and parallel feeders.
• Full support of any parameter characteristic and scale to allow parametric studies or easy definition of
loading scenarios or load profiles.
• All operational data (generation and demand patterns, switch positions, etc) can be saved and
maintained in distinct Operational Scenarios.
Further Special Functions
• Analysis of system control conditions
• Consideration of protection devices
• Determination of ‘Power at Risk’
• Calculation of Load Flow Sensitivities. Evaluation of expected active/reactive power flow and voltage
changes in the network based on the effect of demand/generation or transformer tap change.
• Support of DPL scripts; e.g. to perform load balancing, determination of penalty factors or any other
parameter required.
Load Flow Results
• Implicit calculation of a large number of individual result variables and summary figures
• Display of any variable within the single line graphic, station diagram, and a tabular Flexible Data Page
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• Various colouring modes for the single line graphic to visualize quantities such as calculated loading
and/or voltage levels
• Detailed analysis reporting, which can list overloaded system elements, unacceptable bus voltages,
system islands, out-of-service components, voltage levels, area summaries, and more
• Detailed textual output with pre-defined or user-defined filters and levels
• DPL interactivity with all results
• Result export to other software applications such as MS-EXCEL
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11 Fault Analysis
11 Fault Analysis
DIgSILENT PowerFactory features fault calculation functionality based on international standards as well as the
most accurate DIgSILENT General Fault Analysis (GFA) method.
The following features and options are supported by all implemented fault analysis methods:
• Calculation of fault levels at all busbars.
• Calculation of short-circuit quantities at a selected busbar or along a defined section of line/cable,

including all branch contributions and busbar voltages
• Calculation of all symmetrical components as well as phase quantities.
• User-definable fault impedance
• Provision of specially designed graphs and diagrams including all quantities typically required by the
protection engineer
• Thermal overloads highlighted on the single line graphic for busbars and cables, with all equipment
overloads available in a summary text report
• Calculation of Thevenin impedances as seen from the faulty node
• Calculation of apparent phase impedances (magnitude and angle) at any location along a transmission
line/cable or busbar, for all branches, selected subsets thereof, or 1, 2 or 3 nodes from the faulted node
11.1 Supported Standards

IEC 60909 and VDE 0102/0103
PowerFactory provides a strict and complete implementation of the most frequently used standard for component
design world-wide; the IEC 60909 and VDE 0102/0103 fault calculation standard, according to the most recently
published versions.
• Calculation of the initial symmetrical peak current Ik" and short-circuit power Sk", peak short-circuit
current ip, symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib, and thermal equivalent current Ith (IEC 60909-0
2001). Both minimum and maximum short-circuit currents can also be calculated based on network
voltage c-factors
• Support of all fault types (three-phase, two-phase, two-phase to ground, single-phase to ground)
• Calculation of Ik with selectable “Decaying Aperiodic Component”
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11 Fault Analysis
• Selectable method for calculating the peak short-circuit current in meshed networks
• User-definable fault impedance, conductor temperature and c-voltage factor.
• Fault calculation can optionally include or exclude motor contribution to the fault current
• Provision of specially designed graphs and diagrams required by the protection engineer for protection
coordination and design
IEEE 141 / ANSI e 37.5
PowerFactory provides a thorough implementation of the IEEE 141/ANSI e37.5 fault calculation standard
according to the latest published version. Special features are:
• Transformer tap positions can be included in the fault current calculation
• User-defined fault impedance and pre-fault voltage can be included in the fault current calculation
Other Standards
G 74 and IEC 61363
11.2 Complete Method/Multiple Faults

DIgSILENT PowerFactory’s Complete Method is especially designed for protection coordination purposes or for
analyzing observed system contingencies. It provides the required algorithms and precision for determining the
“true” or “operational” short-circuit currents without considering the simplifications or assumptions typically made
in standard fault analysis.
In addition to the high precision network model, multiple faults which occur simultaneously in the system or
unusual fault conditions such as inter-circuit faults or single-phase interruptions can be analysed.
• The Multiple Fault Analysis executes a complete network analysis based on subtransient and transient
representations of electrical machines taking into account all specified network devices with their full
representation and pre-faulted load conditions.
• Combination with IEC60909 principles for the calculation of aperiodic components and peak short-circuit
currents
• Calculation of peak-break and break-RMS currents
• Consideration of a complete multi-wire system representation. Applicable to single-phase or two-phase

networks.
• Analysis of multiple fault conditions
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11 Fault Analysis
• Calculation of any asymmetrical, single or multiple fault condition with or without fault impedance,
including single- and double-phase line interruptions.
11.3 Fault Analysis Results (all Methods)

PowerFactory offers many reporting options, including detailed reporting on all short-circuit levels for all faults, or
alternatively, a specific report for a particular fault type. Special protection reports can also be generated to
include impedance, current and voltage information.
• Display of any variable within the single line graphic, station diagram and Flexible Data Page
• Fully flexible filter mechanisms to display objects in colour mode
• Detailed analysis reporting, which can list overloaded system elements, unacceptable bus voltages,
system islands, out-of-service components, voltage levels, area summaries and more
• Detailed text output with pre-defined or user-defined filters and levels
• DPL interactivity with all results
• Result export to other software applications such as MS-EXCEL or MS-ACCESS
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12 Network Reduction
12 Network Reduction
The typical application of the network reduction tool is a project where a specific network has to be analyzed but
cannot be studied independently of a neighbouring network of the same or of a higher or lower voltage level. In
this case, one option is to model both networks in detail for the calculation. However, there may be situations in
which it is not desirable to perform studies with the complete model; for example when the calculation time
would increase significantly, or when the data of the neighbouring network is confidential. In such cases it is
good practise to provide a representation of the neighbouring network which contains the interface nodes
(connection points) which may be connected by equivalent impedances and voltage sources.
The objective of Network Reduction is to calculate the parameters of a reduced AC equivalent of part of a
network, as defined by a boundary. This boundary must completely split the network into two parts. The
equivalent network is valid for both load flow and short-circuit calculations. ,Following this, a model variation can
be optionally created in the PowerFactory database, whereby the full representation of the portion of network
that has been reduced is replaced by the equivalent.
12.1 General Features

• Flexible definition and maintenance of network boundaries. Various features such as colouring of
boundaries and topological checks
• Network Reduction can be calculated at any appropriate boundary
• Support of Standard Ward (PQ-equivalent), Extended Ward (PV-equivalent) and equivalent loads
• Support of short-circuit equivalents for transient, subtransient, peak-make and peak-break currents
• The reduced network can be created in a network variation. This allows for simple comparison and
swapping between reduced and non-reduced cases.
• Robust reduction algorithms based on the sensitivity approach, i.e. reduced network matches for the
current operating point as well as for network sensitivities
• Implicit result verification feature
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13 Voltage Stability Analysis
13 Voltage Stability Analysis
13.1 PV Curves
PowerFactory supports the calculation of PV curves by applying specifically implemented scripts. These scripts
perform the calculation of voltage variations against:
• Load variation in a selected area
• Load shift across boundaries (keeping the total load constant)
• Generator shift across boundaries (keeping the total generation constant)
PV curves can be calculated for a selected set of contingencies. Diagrams are automatically created.
13.2 Q-V Analysis

For analyzing the required reactive power reserve at individual busbars, PowerFactory provides scripts for the
calculation of Q-V curves.
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14 Load Flow Sensitivities
14 Load Flow Sensitivities

Supplementing PowerFactory’s voltage stability analysis suite is the Sensitivity Analysis tool. It is often required to
not only know the critical point of a system, but also how this critical point is affected by changes in system
conditions. PowerFactory’s Sensitivity Analysis tool performs a static voltage stability calculation according to the
following options:
• Sensitivity to a single busbar (calculation of the voltage sensitivities of all busbars and branch flow
sensitivities according to variations in power (∆P and ∆Q) at the selected busbar).
• Option to calculate sensitivities with respect to all busbars simultaneously.
• Sensitivity to a transformer tap position change (calculation of the voltage sensitivities of all busbars and
branch flow sensitivities according to changes of a transformer/quad booster tap).
• Modal analysis
- Identification of “weak” and “strong” parts of the network based on modal transformation of the
∂v/∂Q sensitivity matrix.
- Eigenvalue calculation on the ∂v/∂Q sensitivity matrix, with a user-defined number of eigenvalues
to be calculated.
- Results of eigenvalues are displayed (in descending order according to magnitude), and
branch/bus sensitivities can be displayed for each mode.
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15 Contingency Analysis
The new Contingency Analysis tool in DIgSILENT PowerFactory has been designed to offer a high degree of
flexibility in configuration, calculation methods and reporting options. Single- and multiple- time-phase
contingency analyses are available, both of which offer automatic or user-defined contingency creation based on
events, and the consideration of controller time constants and thermal (short-term) ratings.
Calculation Options for Contingency Analysis:
• Support of three calculation methods:
- AC load flow calculation

- DC load flow calculation
- Combined DC/AC calculation; i.e. full DC load flow calculation and automatic recalculation of
critical contingencies by AC load flow
• Single- and Multiple- Time-Phase calculations. Multiple time-phase contingency analysis facilitates user-
defined post-fault actions within discrete time periods.
• Generator Effectiveness and Quad Booster Effectiveness calculation:
This calculation feature assists the planner in defining appropriate measures for overstressed
components in critical contingency cases: During contingency analysis, the possible impact of individual
generator re-dispatch or transformer tap changes on overstressed lines is evaluated. Corresponding
reports are available that list the generator and quad booster effectiveness on a per-case basis.
• Ultimate Performance via Grid Computing: Possibility to perform the contingency analysis calculation in
parallel (on multi-core machines and/or clustered PCs)
Management of Contingencies/Fault Cases:
• User-friendly definition of contingencies (n-1, n-2, n-k, busbar) as ‘Fault Cases’ supporting user-defined
events to model post-fault actions (re-switching, re-dispatching, tap adjustment, load shedding)
• Clustering of ‘Fault Cases’ into ‘Fault Groups’ for efficient data management
• Special Operational Libraries to manage ‘Fault Cases’ and ‘Fault Groups’ for future re-use
• Automatic creation of contingency cases based on Fault Cases, considering current network topology
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Result File Management:
• Recording of results in (sparse) result file; accessible for any kind of export and/or customer-specific
post-processing
• Predefined and user-definable monitoring lists for recording of results; selection of individual
components, component classes and their associated variables to be recorded. Any available calculation
result for a standard load flow calculation is accessible during contingency analysis.
• User-defined limits for recording of results (thermal loadings, voltage limits, voltage step change)
Reports:
A wide range of standard reports is available, facilitating summary views or the presentation of results on a per-
contingency basis:
• Maximum Loadings Report
• Loading Violations (per case) Report
• Voltage Ranges Report
• Voltage Violations (per case) Report
• Generator and Quad Booster Effectiveness Report
Other key features:
• Tracing Facilities: Use of the new ‘Trace’ function to step through events in a multiple time-phase
contingency, while viewing updated results in the single-line graphic
• Support of component-wise Short-Term Ratings based on pre-fault loading and post-fault time
• Special “Contingency Analysis” toolbar for user-friendly configuration, calculation and reporting
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16 Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation
16 Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation

DIgSILENT PowerFactory incorporates the automatic calculation of the electrical parameters of any
cable/overhead line configuration starting from layout and geometric characteristics which are typically available
in manufacture’s datasheets. The calculation is applicable over a wide range of frequencies and supports the
step-up process of highly accurate line and cable models for harmonic analysis, frequency sweep and EMT-
simulation among others. The supported options are described below.
16.1 Overhead Line Parameter Calculation

• Any combination of line circuits (1-, 2- and 3-ph), neutral conductors and earth wires, with/without
automatic reduction of earth wires
• A flexible definition of tower types and tower geometries, including conductor sags, allowing a multiple
combination of tower geometries and conductor types that avoids entry of redundant data
• Circuit-wise, symmetrical and perfect transposition and user-defined phasing for the definition of any
non-standard transposition scheme
• Solid and tubular conductor types, including sub-conductors for phase circuits and earth wires
• Skin effect
• Equivalent impedance and admittance matrices in natural, reduced and symmetrical components
16.2 Cable Parameter Calculation

• Multi-phase single core and pipe type cable systems
• Flexible definition of cable layouts, including conducting, semi-conducting and insulating layers
• Compact and hollow core shapes, filling factor for stranded conductors
• Consideration of skin effect
Calculation of layer impedances and admittances in natural, reduced and symmetrical components, including
sheath and armour reduction, cross-bonding
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17 Distribution Network Analysis
17.1 Feeder Analysis

• Feeder Plots: Graphical display feature (Virtual Instrument, VI) to increase transparency in grid loading
and voltage profile analysis along the feeder. Displayed result variables are freely configurable. Full
interactivity is given via the VI to access all relevant data of the components belonging to the feeder.
• Schematic Visualization of Feeder: Automatic generation of single line diagram to visualize components
of the feeder with distance/index view.
• Feeder Load Scaling: A load flow calculation feature that allows the automatic adjustment of individual
bus loads to match a specified total feeder load. The selection of loads which are to participate in the
feeder scaling procedure is user-defined. This method allows for complex scaling scenarios with nested
and parallel feeders.
17.2 Low-Voltage Network Analysis

PowerFactory integrates enhanced features designed especially for the analysis of LV networks. These functions
enable the user to:
• Define loads in terms of numbers of customers connected to a line
• Consider load diversity
• Perform a load flow analysis that considers load diversity for calculating maximum voltage drops and
maximum branch current
• Perform cable reinforcement optimization to either automatically reinforce selected cables, or to provide
a report of recommendations
• Perform voltage drop and cable loading analysis
• Perform statistical calculations of neutral currents caused by unbalanced single-phase loading and load
diversity, to represent a realistic network
17.3 Stochastic Load Modelling

On the basis of defined ‘customer units’ the user may specify a number of customers connected to a line. Load
flow options are provided to define the load per unit customer according to:
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• Power per customer unit
• Power factor
• Coincidence factor for an infinite number of loads (i.e. ‘simultaneity factor’)
In addition, the user may select one of two methods for considering the stochastic nature of loads:
• Stochastic evaluation (theoretical approach, also applicable to meshed networks)
• Maximum current estimation (application of stochastic rules for estimating maximum branch flow and
maximum voltage drops)
The Load Flow with stochastic load modelling then provides maximum currents for each branch component,
maximum voltage drops, and minimum voltages at every bus bar..
The usual variables for currents and voltages in this case represent average values of voltages and currents.
Losses are calculated based on average values; the maximum circuit loading is calculated using maximum
currents.
17.4 Cable Reinforcement Optimization

PowerFactory’s Cable Reinforcement Optimization determines the most cost-effective option for upgrading
overloaded cables. The objective function is to minimize annual costs for reinforcing lines (i.e. investment,
operational costs and insurance fees). Constraints for the optimization are the admissible voltage band and cable
loading limits for the planned network.
• Optimization along pre-definable feeder
• User-definable library of available cable/OHL types with costs that can be used for reinforcement
• Consideration of:
- Admissible voltage band limits

- Maximum voltage drop limit at the end of the feeder
- Maximum admissible Cable/OHL overloading
• Various plausibility checks for final solution
• Calculated results: report of the recommended new cable/overhead types for lines and cost evaluation
for the recommended upgrading
• Report mode to propose cable/OHL type changes or automatic type replacement
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17.5 Feeder Tools

The PowerFactory Feeder Tools comprise a set of tools for radial systems to change voltage levels, phase
technology or to optimize phasing from a particular point downwards.
Voltage and Phase Technology Change Tool
• Automatic change of the voltage level and/or phase technology inside a pre-defined feeder
• Automatic replacement of type data (for transformers, lines, loads and motors) according to pre-
configurable type mapping tables – including automatic creation of new compatible types if
necessary
Auto-Balancing Tool
• Automatic balancing of feeders such that voltage unbalance at terminals is minimized
• Reconfiguration of phasing of loads, lines, or transformers and combinations thereof
• Supports fixed phasing elements
• Colouring modes to visualize phase technology before and after change
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18 Protection Functions
The basic functional model library of DIgSILENT PowerFactory’s protection analysis tool has been extended to
include additional devices such as CTs, VTs, relays, fuses and more complex protection schemes including user-
defined modelling capabilities. Additionally, there are specially designed interactive VIs (Virtual Instruments) for
displaying system quantities and, more importantly, for modifying protection settings in the graphical
environment. This last feature is especially useful, as coordinated settings between different protection schemes
can be modified via the cursor in the graphical environment, following which the settings in both the database
and the simulation environment are also updated.
All protective devices are fully-functional under steady-state and transient conditions, allowing device response
assessment under all possible simulation modes, including load flow calculation, fault analysis, RMS and
Instantaneous Values (EMT) simulation.
PowerFactory’s main protection features are:
• Extensive relay database
• Accurate steady-state relay checking via short-circuit and load flow (balanced & unbalanced)
• Precise dynamic relay checking with RMS and EMT simulations
• Consideration of current transformer saturation
• Diagrams for overcurrent and distance coordination:
o Time-overcurrent diagrams
o R-X characteristic diagrams
o Time distance diagrams
• Automatic Protection Coordination Wizard for time-overcurrent protection schemes
18.1 Protection Model Library and Functionality

The DIgSILENT PowerFactory protection analysis tool contains a comprehensive protection device model library.
All relays are modelled for steady-state calculations (short-circuit, load flow), RMS and EMT simulation modes.
The definition of relay types is highly flexible via block diagrams. For RMS and EMT simulation purposes, relays
may be extended and adopted to cope with user specific requirements via the PowerFactory DSL language The
features of the protection model library are listed below.
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Fuses are represented by their melting curves. It is possible to take minimum and maximum melting curves into
account.
Time-Overcurrent Relays for 1-phase, 3-phase, ground and negative sequence time over-currents.
Additionally, the relay characteristics can incorporate the following standards and solution methods:
• IEC 255-3, ANSI/IEEE and ANSI/IEEE squared
• ABB/Westinghouse CO (Mdar)
• Linear approximation, Hermite-spline approximation
• Analytical expressions via built-in formula editor and analyzer (DSL)
Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays for 1- phase, 3-phase, ground and negative sequence time over-currents.
Directional Relays for overcurrent, power, ground current, and any combination of time and instantaneous
overcurrent relays. Additionally, voltage and current polarization is used for the detection of negative and zero
sequence components considering also dual polarization. Optional: with voltage memory.
Distance Relays for phase, ground and zone distance protection. Provision is available for incorporating
overcurrent and under-impedance starting units (U-I or Z) as well as angle under-impedance.
Different characteristics are available for distance relay zones including:
• MHO, offset MHO
• Polygonal, offset polygonal
• Tomatoes, lens and circle
• R/X Blinders and quadrilateral
Support of various polarizations such as:
• Self-polarized
• Cross polarized (90ø connection)
• Positive, negative sequence polarized
• Optional: voltage memory
Zero sequence and parallel line compensation
Voltage Relays for under-voltage, instantaneous voltage, voltage balance and unbalance.
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Additional devices such as: Breaker Fail, Motor Protection, Generator Protection, Differential
Protection, Reclosing Relays, Low Voltage Circuit Breakers, and Out-of-Step Relays.
In addition to these protection functions and relays, DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides further devices and
characteristics for more detailed protection system modelling, such as:
• Current and voltage transformers that include saturation effects
• Conductor, cable damage curves, cable overload curves and inrush peak current modelling
• Transformer damage curves (ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.109-1985) and inrush peak current modelling
• Motor starting curves, cold and hot stall, in-rush peak current modelling, and any user-defined curves
All protection device models are implemented within the composite model frame environment. This allows users
to easily design and implement their own models, by utilizing the graphical user interface for constructing block
diagrams.
18.2 Output & Graphical Representation

Time-Overcurrent Diagrams
- Overcurrent curve adjustment using drag & drop
- Display of tripping curve tolerances during drag & drop
- User-defined labels
- Tripping times are automatically displayed for calculated currents in time-overcurrent diagrams
- Display of an unlimited number of overcurrent curves in diagrams
- Simple creation and addition of diagrams via single line graphics
- Display of motor starting curves, conductor/cable and transformer damage curves
- Balloon help showing name of relay, etc.
- Double-click on curves to change relay settings
- Additional axis for voltage levels
R-X Characteristic Diagrams
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- Display branch impedances with several options
- Automatic display of calculated impedances
- Adding relays with offset
- Flexible display of zones (starting zones, etc.)
Time Distance Diagrams
- Different methods for calculating curves: kilometrical or short-circuit sweep method
- Forward and/or reverse diagram
- Selectivity check of distance and overcurrent relays/fuses in same diagram
- Separate overreach zone representation
- Additional axis showing relay locations and busbars/terminals
- Selectable x-axis scaling (length, impedance, reactance, 1/conductance)
Single Line Diagram
- Colouring of switches according to relay locations, relay tripping times
- Display of relay tripping times in result boxes
- Additional text boxes for relay settings
Relay Setting Report
Relay Tripping Report
18.3 Overcurrent-Time Protection

The coordination of overcurrent-time protection is performed graphically using the current-time diagram as the
basis. Relay settings are modified using drag & drop to move characteristics. Short-circuit currents calculated by
the short-circuit command, are shown in the diagram as a vertical line. In addition, the corresponding tripping
times of the relays are displayed. Coordination between relays at different voltage levels is available. Therefore,
currents are automatically based on the leading voltage level, which can be selected by the user.
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18.4 Distance Protection

For distance protection coordination, two powerful graphical features are integrated. The first of these features is
the R-X diagram for displaying the tripping zone of distance relays and the line impedances. Several relays can be
visualized in the same R-X diagram. This can be useful for the comparison of two relays that are located at
different ends of the same line. The relay characteristics and the impedance characteristic of the connecting line
will be shown in the same R-X diagram. Following short-circuit calculations, the measured impedances are
visualized with a marker in the shape of a small arrow or cross. From the location of the marker the user can see
the tripped zone and its associated tripping time. For dynamic simulation, measured impedances of the relays can
be displayed, thereby visualizing the functioning of power swing blocking or out-of-step tripping relays.
The second powerful graphical feature is the time-distance diagram, which is used for checking the selectivity
between relays along a coordination path. The relays on a coordination path can be displayed in diagrams for
forward, reverse or for both directions. Consequently, it is very easy to check the selectivity of the relays along a
coordination path. Two different methods for calculation of the tripping curves are provided. These are the
kilometric and the short-circuit method.
• Kilometric method: The reach of the zones is calculated from the intersection of the given positive
sequence impedance of the lines, and the impedance characteristic of the relays.
• Short-circuit method: This is the main method for checking the selectivity. Short-circuits (user-defined
fault type) are calculated along the coordination path. The tripping times for the time-distance curve are
determined using the calculated impedances. The starting signal of a relay is also considered.
A special feature of the distance protection is the consideration of blocking signals or POTT (permissive over-
reach transfer tripping), PUTT (permissive under-reach transfer tripping), which are also taken into account. In
addition to tripping curves of distance relays, the curves of overcurrent relays can be displayed and coordinated
in the same diagram using the short-circuit method.
Both the kilometric and the short-circuit method consider breaker opening times in the calculation of tripping
times. The breaker opening time can be optionally ignored.
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19 Distribution Network Optimization

In order to reduce network unbalance and improve quality of supply, DIgSILENT PowerFactory incorporates
features to assist the user in distribution network optimization:
• Optimal capacitor placement
• Open tie optimization
• Cable reinforcement optimization
• Feeder tools for voltage/technology change
• Auto-balancing to minimize voltage unbalance
19.1 Optimal Capacitor Placement

PowerFactory’s Optimal Capacitor Placement determines the optimal locations, types and sizes of capacitors to be
installed in radial distribution networks. The economic benefits due to energy loss reduction are weighted against
the installation costs of the capacitors while keeping the voltage profile within defined limits. This feature
includes:
• User-definable library of proposed capacitor candidates together with annual installation costs
• Consideration of:
- Benefits due to loss reduction

- Voltage limits
- Maximum total investment costs
• Support of load profiles
• Calculated results: set of locations where capacitors should be installed, which type of capacitor(s)
should be installed at each site, and whether or not a switched capacitor is proposed.
• User-friendly presentation of results with fully-integrated post-processing features
19.2 Open Tie Optimization

PowerFactory’s Open Tie Optimization finds a loss-minimal switch configuration of the network, which results in a
radial topology while maintaining all thermal limits. This feature includes:
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• Heuristic algorithm which explores all potential meshes in the grid to evaluate the optimal tie-points to
open
• Consideration of loading limits
• User-definable section of the network where optimal open tie-points should be determined
• Report mode to propose switch status changes or automatic switch reconfiguration
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20 Harmonic Analysis Functions

The harmonic analysis functionality is ideal for applications in transmission, distribution and industrial networks
for filter design, ripple control signal simulation or for the determination of network resonance frequencies.
For analyzing the impact of harmonics in power systems, DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides two harmonic
analysis functions.
20.1 Harmonic Load Flow

The DIgSILENT PowerFactory harmonic load flow features the calculation of harmonic voltage and current
distributions based on defined harmonic sources and grid characteristics. It allows the modelling of any user-
defined harmonic voltage or current source, both in magnitude and phase including inter-harmonics. The
harmonic sources can be located at any busbar in the power system and may be implemented within any network
topology.
Harmonic current sources can be associated with any load, SVC (TCR injection), rectifier or inverter. Harmonic
voltage sources can be modelled using the AC voltage source model or the PWM AC/DC converter model. The
built-in rectifier models inject the spectrum of ideal 6-pulse rectifiers if no other injection has been defined.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory supports any type of characteristic harmonic, un-characteristic harmonic (even
harmonics etc.) and non-integer (inter-) harmonics. Unbalanced harmonic sources (e.g. single-phase rectifiers)
are also fully-supported. The analysis of inter-harmonics or unbalanced harmonic sources is based on a complete
abc-phase network model.
Because of the phase correct representation of harmonic sources and network elements, the superposition of
harmonic currents injected by 6-pulse rectifiers (via Y-Y and Y-D transformers leading to a reduction in 5th, 7th,
17th, 19th etc. harmonic currents) is modelled correctly.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory calculates all symmetrical and asymmetrical harmonic indices for currents and voltages,
as defined by relevant IEEE standards, including harmonic current indices and harmonic losses, such as:
• THD and HD ((Total) Harmonic Distortion)
• TAD (Total Arithmetic Distortion)
• IT product
• Harmonic losses
• Active and reactive power at any frequency
• Total active and reactive power, displacement and power factor
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• Network impedances at selected buses
• RMS values
• Unbalance factors
• Integer and non-integer harmonic order values
• Flicker Assessment:
- Pst, Plt (Short-, and long-term Flicker Disturbance Factors; continuous and switching operation)
- Relative voltage change value
Results can be represented:
• In the single line diagram (total harmonic indices)
• As histograms (frequency domain)
• As waveform (transformation into the time domain)
• As profile (e.g. THD versus busbars)
The frequency dependent representation of network elements such as lines, cables, two- and three-winding
transformers, machines, loads, filter banks etc. for considering skin effects is fully-supported.
20.2 Frequency Sweep

The frequency sweep performs a continuous analysis in the frequency domain. The most common application is
the calculation of self- and mutual network impedances for identifying the resonance points of the network and
for supporting filter design.
• All impedances are calculated simultaneously in the same run. Since DIgSILENT PowerFactory uses a
variable step-size algorithm, the calculation time of frequency sweeps is very low while the resolution
around resonance points remains very high (typically 0.1 Hz).
• Frequency sweeps can either be performed with the positive-sequence network model (very fast) or the
complete three-phase abc-network model.
• Calculation of self- and mutual network impedances
• Calculation of voltage amplification factors
• Impedance plots may be created in either Bode, Nyquist or magnitude/phase forms.
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In addition to common applications relating to harmonic distortion, PowerFactory’s Frequency Sweep function can
also be used for subsynchronous resonance studies. The calculation of damping and undamping torques is
supported by special scripts.
Network Modelling
The skin effect is considered by associating frequency characteristics with line or transformer resistances and
inductances. These characteristics can be specified by either setting the parameters of a polynomial expression or
by entering the characteristic point by point using tables. DIgSILENT PowerFactory uses cubic splines or hermite
polynoms for appropriate interpolation.
• Lines are modelled either by approximate PI sections or by the highly-accurate distributed

parameter line model that should always be used for long lines or high frequency applications. The skin
effect can be included in both line models.
• Filters can be specified by either ‘layout’ parameters or ‘design’ parameters. ‘Layout’ parameters are
typically the rated reactive power, the resonance frequency and the quality factor. ‘Design’ parameters
are the actual R, L, and C values.
In addition to the explicit specification of frequency dependent resistance or inductance via parameter
characteristics, overhead lines can be modelled by defining the tower geometry and cables can be modelled by
specifying the cable layout. In such cases, frequency dependent effects, such as the skin effect or frequency
dependent earth return, are automatically calculated and considered by the model.
20.3 Ripple Control Signals

DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides full support for analyzing and dimensioning ripple control systems. Series and
parallel coupling of ripple control systems can be modelled including all necessary filter elements.
• The level of the ripple control signal in the entire network is calculated and reported in the single line
diagram, the output window or the browser.
20.4 Filter Rating

DIgSILENT PowerFactory features a special, easy-to-use function for calculating the rating of all components of a
filter. All relevant voltages across all components are calculated and made available in the ‘Filter Sizing’ report.
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21 Optimal Power Flow

The PowerFactory Optimal Power Flow (OPF) serves as the ideal complement to the existing load flow functions.
Where the standard load flow calculates branch flows and busbar voltages based on specified “set points”
(active/reactive power generation, generator voltage, transformer tap positions, etc.), the OPF also calculates the
“best possible” values for optimizing a user-specified objective function and a number of user-defined constraints.
In this way, the OPF adds intelligence and consequently improves efficiency and throughput of power system
studies significantly.
Building on the load flow calculation, PowerFactory offers two calculation methods:
• AC optimization based on a state-of-the-art interior-point algorithm
• DC optimization based on linear programming using simplex methods, also supporting contingency
constrained optimization.
OPF in PowerFactory allows easy configuration of the optimization task via the simple selection of an objective
function, controls (i.e. system variables to be optimized), and constraints. The optimal solution for the selected
objective function is calculated under the consideration of a number of possible constraints with which the final
solution must comply. All controls and constraints can be flexibly-defined on a component level.
21.1 AC Optimization
Supported Objective Functions:
• Minimization of system losses
• Minimization of costs (based on arbitrary (non-linear) cost curves for generators and load tariffs for
external grids)
• Minimization of load shedding
Control Variables:
• Generator active power dispatch
• Generator reactive power dispatch
• Transformer tap positions
• Switchable shunts
• Load consumption (for optimal load shedding)
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Supported Constraints:
• Branch flow limits (loading)
• Voltage limits (min/max) for busbars/terminals
• Active power limits of generators
• Reactive power limits of generators
• Transformer tap changer limits
• Adjustable shunt limits
• Boundary flow limits (min/max limits for active and reactive power flow along any user-definable
boundary)
Since the OPF can dispatch the active power of generators considering reserve limits and considering fuel cost
minimization (which is based on non-linear fuel cost functions), the PowerFactory OPF is also a highly advanced
economic dispatch function.
21.2 DC Optimization
The DC Optimization builds on a sensitivity-based linear programming approach. Most notably, it allows a
contingency constrained optimization to be carried out for any predefined list of contingency cases. The
optimization simultaneously considers all contingency cases, and the solution is globally optimal and guaranteed
to be feasible over all contingency cases (i.e. not violating any constraints in any of the contingencies).
Supported Objective Functions:
• Feasibility check
• Minimization of costs (based on arbitrary (non-linear) cost curves for generators and load tariffs for
external grids)
• Minimization of generator dispatch change, i.e. finding a feasible solution with minimal re-dispatching
• Minimization of pre- to post-fault generator dispatch change (available for contingency constrained
optimization only), i.e. finding optimal dispatch for the base case and each contingency case such that
the change between the base case and each contingency case is minimal
• Minimization of pre- to post-fault transformer tap change (available for contingency constrained
optimization only), i.e. finding optimal transformer tap settings for the base case and each contingency
case such that the change between the base case and each contingency case is minimal
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Control Variables:
• Generator active power dispatch - for base case and all contingency cases
• Transformer tap positions - for base case and all contingency cases
• Load consumption
Supported Constraints:
• Branch flow limits (loading) – for base case and all contingency cases
• Active power limits of generators – for base case and all contingency cases
• Transformer tap changer limits – for base case and all contingency cases
• Boundary flow limits (min/max limits for active and reactive power flow along any user-definable
boundary) – for base case and all contingency cases
• Maximum number of tap changes per contingency
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22 Reliability Analysis
Reliability calculations are essential for the evaluation and comparison of electrical power systems in terms of
both design and operation. Although non-stochastic contingency analyses (i.e. n-1) are able to highlight obviously
unacceptable operational events, they cannot rank these events in terms of either frequency or duration. The
DIgSILENT PowerFactory Reliability Analysis tool incorporates standard reliability assessment features together
with sophisticated modelling techniques that enable all forms of reliability assessment to be carried out.
Failure models are defined using mean yearly failure frequency and repair duration data. For lines and cables, this
data is entered in per-length terms. Detailed models are available for generators that enable de-rated states to be
represented, with maintenance and common mode models also available.
Load forecast and growth curves can be imposed via time-varying load characteristics. Load models are
additionally available for hard-to-predict industrial situations, and each can be assigned its own interruption cost
using one of the following cost functions: cost/customer/interruption, cost/kW/interruption or cost/interruption.
All failure and load models can be represented either by the Markov method, where simple mean repair durations
are modelled, or by the sophisticated Weibull-Markov method, where repair duration variance is additionally
modelled. The Weibull-Markov model also has the unique property that annual interruption cost indices such as
load and process (industrial) interruption costs can be calculated both analytically and quickly. Consequently,
PowerFactory’s Reliability Analysis tool enables the comparison and justification of alternative investment
proposals on a financial basis.
The basic calculation method used is analytical state enumeration. This method is very efficient, produces exact
results and is flexible for addressing a wide range of reliability calculation problems. The network reliability
analysis can be carried out on the basis of a simple connectivity check (primarily intended for distribution
networks) or on the basis of AC load flow calculations which consider load curtailments due to overloading or
voltage constraints (for bulk power system analysis).
The approach combines fast topological analysis for fault clearance, fault isolation and power restoration, with AC
load flow and optimization techniques for addressing energy at risk, load transfer and load shedding.
Finally, the results of all reliability assessments can be presented in text format, as user-defined graphs, or within
the single-line graphics environment.
22.1 Failure Models

The failure models for network reliability assessment include:
• Failures of lines, cables, transformers, generators/external grids and busbars
• Independent second failures ("n-2")
• Common mode failures
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• Double earth faults
• Protection/circuit breaker malfunction
• Transient fault model (for momentary interruption indices)
In addition to the above-listed failure models, planned outages such as scheduled maintenance can also be
considered.
Special failure models can be used by various network components to share failure data. The failure models hold
stochastic failure information (mean yearly failure frequency for sustained, transient and earth faults on a per km
basis, as well as mean repair durations). PowerFactory’s user-interface allows for both an easy setup, as well as
for simple modification of input data for various studies.
The Maintenance feature simulates the effects of network reliability under predefined planned outage scenarios.
Maintenance of individual network components can be modelled on an hourly basis.
22.2 State Enumeration

Based on the network model and the given failure data, the reliability analysis generates and analyses the
resulting contingency cases.
In addition, the user can model load forecast and growth curves by imposing time-varying load characteristics.
PowerFactory has a very efficient handling of the reliability assessment over time with varying load data, through
the use of the following techniques:
• Clustering of load states in the state enumeration algorithm
• Analysing load variation correlations, thereby reducing the overall number of load states
• Using linear approximation techniques to improve performance in the case of large numbers of load
states
22.3 Failure Effect Analysis

The Failure Effect Analysis (FEA) simulates both the automatic and manual reactions to faults of installed
protection and of the system operators during each reliability assessment. The FEA can be checked and fine-
tuned in an interactive way to exactly match the real system and operator reactions.
The Failure Effect Analysis comprises:
• Automatic fault clearance by protection devices
• Automatic or manual fault isolation
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• Automatic or manual power restoration by network reconfiguration.

This includes sophisticated sectionalizing and strategic power restoration methods that operate in three
distinct phases:
- Phase 1: Sectionalizing by remote controlled switch devices

- Phase 2: Sub-sectionalizing of strategic areas
- Phase 3: Full system restoration
Sectionalizing supports serial or parallel switch actions (based on station access times).
• Overload alleviation by optimized generator re-dispatch, load transfer and load shedding, under
consideration of load priorities and the amount of load that is available for shedding.
• Under-voltage load-shedding
For classical bulk power system analysis, it is assumed that post-fault overloads may occur. A full AC load flow,
incorporating basic generator re-dispatch and automatic tap changing, is used to analyse post-fault system
conditions. Additional load transfer and/or load shedding will then be simulated.
In cases where it can be assumed that system restoration will not lead to any overloading, the overload
alleviation can be omitted and a fast network connectivity analysis is sufficient.
22.4 System Indices and Results

PowerFactory’s Network Reliability Assessment calculates all common reliability indices. Among others, the
following indices are available:
System indices (also available for user-defined feeders, zones, and areas):
• SAIFI, System Average Interruption Frequency Index
• CAIFI, Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index
• SAIDI, System Average Interruption Duration Index
• CAIDI, Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
• ASIFI, Average System Interruption Frequency Index
• ASIDI, Average System Interruption Duration Index
• ASAI, Average Service Availability Index
• ASUI, Average Service Unavailability Index
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• ENS, Energy Not Supplied
• AENS, Average Energy Not Supplied
• ACCI, Average Customer Curtailment Index
• EIC, Expected Interruption Cost
• IEAR, Interrupted Energy Assessment Rate
• SES, System Energy Shed
• LOLE, Loss of Load Expectancy
• LOEE, Loss of Energy Expectation
• LOLF, Loss of Load Frequency
• LOLD, Loss of Load Duration
• MAIFI, Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index
Load Indices:
• AID, Average Interruption Duration
• ACIF, Average Customer Interruption Frequency
• ACIT, Average Customer Interruption Time
• LPIT, Load Point Interruption Time
• LPIF, Load Point Interruption Frequency
• LPENS, Load Point Energy Not Supplied
• LPEIC, Load Point Expected Interruption Costs
• LPCNS, Load Point Customers Not Supplied
• LPPNS, Load Point Power Not Supplied
• LPPS, Load Point Power Shed
• LPES, Load Point Energy Shed
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• LPIC, Load Point Interruption Costs
• TCIF, Total Customer Interruption Frequency
• TCIT, Total Customer Interruption Time
Busbar Indices:
• AID, Average Interruption Duration
• LPIF, Yearly Interruption Frequency
• LPIT, Yearly Interruption Time
22.5 Special Features

The Network Reliability Assessment is fully-integrated into PowerFactory, thus profiting from the extremely
flexible data management and data handling for setting up individual studies.
22.5.1 High Flexibility

Each contingency case is created and analysed based on events (i.e. switch events, load shedding events,
generator re-dispatch events). By default, the events are created automatically by the reliability calculation
algorithm. This allows the user to analyse, adjust and fine-tune the individual cases in a very flexible manner. The
reliability calculation will then consider the user-defined events for the FEA instead of creating them
automatically.
22.5.2 Tracing of Individual Cases

The user can examine the results of a single fault by running the fault case of interest in the trace mode, a step-
by-step analysis that sweeps over the individual actions of the FEA. The switching actions and load
shedding/generator dispatch events created by the reliability calculation will then be applied to the network and
the results can be viewed and analysed after each time step.
22.5.3 Powerful Output Tools for Result Representation

Results can be viewed in a variety of ways:
• Formatted reports
• Tabular result views (integrated into the PowerFactory Data Manager)
• Graphical result representations
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• Various colouring modes
22.5.4 Contribution to Reliability Indices

Post-processing tools allow the calculation of individual components’ contributions to system indices. In this way
the user can study the impact of certain network components (such as lines/cables, transformers, etc…) on the
overall system indices. Likewise, loads can be grouped into load classes (industrial, agricultural, domestic, etc…)
and their contribution to, for example, energy indices can be evaluated.
22.5.5 Development of Indices over Years

Taking into account the evolution of the network model and the failure data over time, PowerFactory supports
the calculation and visualization of the reliability indices over years.
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23 State Estimation
23 State Estimation
The PowerFactory State Estimator provides an accurate real-time analysis of the full operating system based on
the information provided by selectively monitored data, e.g. that of an installed SCADA system. The objective of
the state estimator is to assess the generator and load injections in a way such that the resulting load flow
solution matches as closely as possible the measured branch flows and busbar voltages. The features of
PowerFactory’s State Estimation tool include:
• Flexible definition of external measurement devices in the network model supporting the following
measurement types:
- Active and reactive power branch flows

- Branch current (magnitude)
- Busbar voltage (magnitude)
- Breaker status
- Transformer tap position
• User-definable selection of system states to be estimated/optimized:
- Loads: Active and reactive power demand, or alternatively the scaling factor
- Generators and static generators: Active and reactive power generation
- Asynchronous machines: Active power generation
- Static Var Systems: Reactive power injection
- Transformers: Tap positions
• High-precision estimation of full system state that minimizes deviations from measurements
• Fast-converging non-linear optimization algorithms
• Observability check based on a novel sensitivity analysis approach
- Detection of unobservable system states

- Grouping of unobservable states in equivalence classes
- Detection of redundant measurement locations
• Innovative patch strategies for unobservable areas; usage of automatically created pseudo-
measurements
• Bad data detection in the loop
• Measurement plausibility checks as pre-processing, such as:
- Node sum checks for active and reactive power

- Check for consistent active power flow directions at each side of branch elements
- Check for unrealistic branch losses and unrealistic branch loadings
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23 State Estimation
- Check for negative losses on passive branch elements

- Check for large branch flows on open-ended branch elements
• Statistical report and colouring modes to visualize measurement qualities
• Fully featured, large scale AC/DC system representation
The PowerFactory State Estimator is supporting a variety of communication options such as OPC (OLE for Process
Control) or Shared Memory Interface for implementing data interchange with any kind of SCADA system.
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24 Dynamic Modelling Flexibility (DSL)

DIgSILENT PowerFactory features unmet flexibility in implementing user-specific modelling needs for stability
analysis (RMS & EMT) purposes. The fundamental level of flexibility level is provided by graphical object wiring
diagrams called Composite Model Frames. They provide a user-friendly means to configure functional block
relations (Slots) using object signal connections.
• Any existing PowerFactory object can be plugged into a Composite Model Frame Slot.
• Frames can be lumped and nested to any degree of complexity.
• Hundreds of objects such as power system components (e.g. busbars, generators, lines, transformers,
motors, voltage controllers, prime movers, power system stabilizers, motor driver machines, relays, relay
components, CTs, VTs, measurement files, FFT devices, real time clock, RMS signal transducer,
parameter identifiers, controllers, power plant control components, A/D converter, RPC links), result files
or display objects are at the user’s disposal.
• In cases where additional functions are required which are not included in the built-in model- and
macros-library, these can be created using the DSL language.
DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL) main features:
• Flexible definition of macros, functions and models, which is not limited to the use of predefined blocks
of a block-oriented simulation language (BOSL).
• DSL is a Continuous System Simulation Language (CSSL) featuring a complete syntactical description of
continuous linear and nonlinear as well as digital systems. DSL is dedicated to common control and logic
diagrams; it is a non-procedural language as the sequence of elements can be chosen arbitrarily.
• DSL syntax elements are algebraic and differential equations as well as intrinsic functions such as signal
limiting blocks, tables and curve approximation, delay, interrupt procedures, logical blocks, etc.
• Basic control elements such as PID, PTn or even complete physical subsystems such as HVDC valve
groups or excitation systems can be defined as macros or high-level functions.
• Automatic calculation of initial conditions utilizing various iterative procedures for initializing complex,
nonlinear equations of coupled systems.
• Provision of various formal procedures for error detection and testing purposes, e.g. algebraic loop
detection, reporting of unused and undefined variables and missing initial conditions.
• DSL models are considered by the PowerFactory EMT/RMS simulation. Multi-level modelling is provided
for the different steady-state descriptions and transient time domains (short/mid-term, long-term and
electromagnetic).
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• DSL models can be created by drawing a “block diagram”. Any “block” may contain another DSL model,
a macro or any sequence of DSL syntax. The DSL-editor will then generate the DSL description
automatically and will also provide direct model testing functions such as eigenvalue analysis or step-
response tests of the complete DSL model or of sub-models only.
DSL Implementation
The DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL) is fully-integrated into the PowerFactory program kernel via the
graphical interface.
• Signals: Specific input- and output signals defined for all PowerFactory objects as well as any variable
defined in a DSL model can be accessed in their corresponding read- or write- mode.
• Interrupts: Conditions derived by DSL models can cause interrupts to be sent to the simulation kernel
where they are scheduled within the event queue.
• Output and Monitoring: Conditions may trigger an output to be displayed in the output window and
stored in the simulation log file.
Advanced Features
• DSL models feature the direct interaction with external processes such as DAQ interfaces, SIMULINK
modules or other software systems via time-synchronized communication channels
• Support of OPC Client and shared memory communication
• Procedures written in C++ code can be directly linked via appropriate interface mechanisms
• Encryption of DSL models to conceal confidential data
User-specific C++ Code
The user has two options for combining the PowerFactory DSL modelling approach with externally developed
C++ code.
1. User-defined intrinsic functions can be linked via external DLL for extending the already broad range of
DSL standard intrinsic functions such as: “abs”, “sin”, “cos”, “exp”, etc. and DSL special functions such
as “lapprox”, “lim”, “limstate”, “delay”, “picdro”, “time”, “file”, “flipflop”, etc. User defined intrinsic
functions are to be linked to PowerFactory via the DLL “digexfun”.
2. Complete user-defined models of any modelling level, linked via the DLL “digexdyn” is supported for any
discrete system. Typical applications are digital control systems which are executed via clock-
synchronized calls, simulation models being implemented via difference equations, or models which incl.
their state variables and integration algorithms internally.
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25 Power System Dynamics
25.1 General Capabilities

PowerFactory’s high precision time-domain RMS- and EMT -simulation kernel, complemented by a comprehensive
model library and a user-definable, graphical modelling function (DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL)),
provides a flexible and powerful platform for solving both, system stability and electromagnetic simulation tasks.
Grid Modelling Capabilities
• Simulation of radial and meshed 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-phase AC and/or DC systems
• Modelling validity ranging from low-voltage (LV) up to ultra high-voltage (UHV)
• Distributed generation modelling and simulation capabilities
• High precision wind power models of various technologies
• Balanced and unbalanced grid loading conditions
• Simulation of railway systems
Advanced Simulation Models
• High precision models for both solid and salient pole synchronous machines, asynchronous machine
model including a doubly-fed induction machine model with integrated or externally connected PWM
converter.
• VSD (Variable Speed Drives) systems, PWM converter and other power electronic elements such as the
softstarter, inverter and rectifier. In general, all available power system elements are also supported for
stability simulations.
• General load models where load inertia, bus voltage and frequency dependence is represented; a special
lumped load model to accurately represent feeders containing a high percentage of motor load (RMS
only). The capability of modelling motor stall effects is included, and was developed on the basis of
comprehensive system tests.
• Generic wind turbine models with doubly-fed induction generator, direct driven synchronous generator
and asynchronous generator with static compensation (STATCOM).
• Manufacturer-specific high-precision wind turbine models are available upon request.
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• Large library of IEEE controller models covering prime movers, automatic voltage regulators (AVR) and
power system stabilizers (PSS).
• Support of the comprehensive DIgSILENT Protection Library in stability mode.
RMS Grid Representation
Based on a converged load flow, the calculation of initial conditions is carried out prior to the start of a dynamic
RMS- or EMT-simulation offering the following grid representation options:
RMS simulation only
• Positive sequence only - the classical RMS representation for stability studies
RMS and EMT simulation
• a-b-c phase RMS representation supporting unbalanced grid loading initialized by a balanced or
unbalanced load flow, featuring precise definition of any unbalanced grid fault condition including
single- and double-phase line interruptions. This system representation mode avoids tedious hand-
calculations of equivalent fault impedance and allows access to any a-b-c phase quantity for plotting
or precise modelling purposes (e.g. protection devices).
RMS Simulation Algorithms
• Highly accurate, fixed or variable step-size integration technique for solving AC and DC network load
flow and dynamic model equations. This is combined with a non-linear electromechanical model
representation to enable a high degree of solution accuracy, algorithmic stability and time range validity.
• A-stable simulation algorithm for the efficient handling of stiff systems. This is applicable to all or any
individually selected model featuring error-controlled automatic step-size adaptation, ranging from
milliseconds up to minutes or even hours, including precise handling of interrupts and discontinuities.
EMT Simulation Algorithms
• The calculation of initial conditions is carried out prior to the EMT simulation, and is based on a solved
load flow (symmetrical or asymmetrical). Consequently, there is no need for saving steady state
conditions being reached after transients are damped out aiming in simulation re-starting under steady
state conditions.
• Special numerical integration methods have been implemented in DIgSILENT PowerFactory in order to
avoid numerical oscillations caused by switching devices and other non-linear characteristics.
• Highly accurate, fixed or variable step-size integration technique for solving AC and DC network
transients and dynamic model equations. This is combined with a non-linear electromechanical model
representation to enable a high degree of solution accuracy, algorithmic stability and time range validity.
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Faults and Interrupt Handling
• The user can interrupt the simulation at any time, either manually, by a scheduled interrupt time or
automatically via interrupt conditions. When the simulation is interrupted, most PowerFactory commands
such as displaying or printing power flow results, checking the bus voltages, calculating eigenvalues or
analyzing the controller status, etc., can be executed.
• By activating predefined fault types, or by accessing and modifying PowerFactory variables, any type of
fault can be implemented. Typical faults are:
- Tripping of any power system element such lines, transformers, feeder loads or generators;
- Application and clearing of faults at substations or along lines;
- Opening and closing of circuit breakers – e.g. simulating load shedding, shunt switching,
starting/tripping of synchronous and asynchronous machines, or when simulating the
synchronization of isolated areas via synchro-check relays;
- Introduction of “Parameter Change Events” featuring the modification of any built-in and DSL
model parameter;
- Definition and introduction of inter-circuit events;
- Generation of message- and outage-events;
- Modification of integration step sizes;
- Event-driven modification of variables and signals either manually, via DSL models or by
reference to external measurement files.
Simulation Output Processing
• Any PowerFactory variable, or any quantity identified in the transmission network, built-in dynamic
models or DSL models, may be selected for simulation observation or for later plotting within x/t or x/y
diagrams or any other VI (Virtual Instrument) provided. In addition to these variables, the DSL algebraic
expression interpreter and logical expression evaluator can be applied to generate further signals or any
user-defined quantity.
• Plotting files may be retained for re-plotting in comparison with subsequent runs.
• Output window log of all simulation events, providing a detailed analysis of manually entered or
automatically initiated events.
• Simulation results are stored in a proprietary binary PowerFactory file format which can be directly
converted into COMTRADE files.
PowerFactory V14 70
Special PowerFactory Stability Simulation Features
• 1-click simulation utilizing PowerFactory project and study case definition
• Real-time simulation mode with user-defined real-time synchronisation periods (RMS only)
• Parallel and sequential synchronization for integrated simulation, e.g. for simulation certain grid sections
in RMS mode whilst others are simulated in EMT mode.
• Real-time inter-process signal communication via OPC link
• A/D and D/A interfacing capabilities (e.g. hardware-in-the-loop simulation)
25.2 Stability Analysis Functions
25.2.1 RMS Simulation with a-b-c Phase Representation

The a-b-c phase, steady-state component representation of the power system, features the fundamental
frequency analysis of any asymmetrical grid operation condition.
• Initialization via balanced or unbalanced power flow
• Simulation of unbalanced loading conditions in 1-, 2- and 3-phase AC and DC systems
• Simulation of any number and combination of unbalanced faults including single- and double-phase line
interruptions
• The a-b-c phase system representation mode avoids tedious hand-calculations of equivalent fault
impedance
• It also allows for accessing any a-b-c phase quantity for plotting or precise modelling purposes (e.g.
protection devices)
25.2.2 Long-term Stability

In many cases stability calculations must be run for long periods thus taking into account effects of slower control
systems such as boiler control, network exchange control or transformer tap-changer control. Other applications
are varying loads or applications of wind power where the impact of wind speed fluctuations must be analyzed. In
such cases, short-term and mid-term dynamics have already reached steady-state but slower transients are still
being observed.
• Long-term stability simulations based on adaptive step-size algorithms with accuracy-controlled step-size
adaptation ranging from milliseconds to several minutes without any decrease in precision or even
manipulation of transient behaviour.
PowerFactory V14 71
• A-stable simulation algorithm which fully covers fast transients as well as slow, semi steady-state
dynamics with high-precision event handling (stiff systems).
Typical Applications
• Voltage stability analysis considering effects of load variations, tap-changer control and reactive power
limits
• Long-term flicker analysis in cases such as fluctuating renewable generation or varying loads
• Secondary control analysis and optimization
25.3 Transient Motor Starting

PowerFactory’s Transient Motor Starting functionality analyses motor starting scenarios where the effect of a
motor starting on the grid frequency is negligible. In such situations, the typical questions to be answered are:
• What is the maximum voltage sag? (This is typically not the initial voltage sag at t=0)
• Will the motor be able to be started against the load torque?
• What is the time required to reach nominal speed?
• How will the supply grid be loaded and which starting options should be considered?
The Transient Motor Starting function makes use of the PowerFactory stability module by providing a pre-
configured shortcut for easy-to-use motor starting analysis. The motor starting is initiated by selecting the
respective motors within the single line diagram and initiating the motor starting calculation.
• A complete symmetrical or asymmetrical AC/DC load flow will be computed prior to the motor starting
event; pre-selected and pre-configured VIs are automatically created and scaled with full flexibility for
user-configuration.
• Consideration of high-precision, complex motor models with built-in parameter estimation. A

comprehensive library of low voltage, medium voltage and high voltage motors is provided.
• Typical motors supported are: single- and double cage asynchronous machines, squirrel and slip-ring
motors, double-fed induction machine, synchronous motors.
• Access to the model library for built-in motor driven machine characteristics (torque-speed
characteristics) with flexible user-modelling support.
• Support of various starting methods such as direct start, star-delta starting, variable rotor resistor,
thyristor softstarter, transformer softstarter, variable speed drives, etc.; start from any rotational speed.
PowerFactory V14 72
• Full flexibility in considering starting sequences.
Full representation of generators with exciter/AVR model support on the basis of built-in models (e.g. IEEE
models) as well as user-defined models utilising the DSL approach; consideration of protection devices such as
under-voltage protection, over-current protection, automatic restarting relays (EMR) or transformer OLTC.
25.4 Electromagnetic Transients (EMT)

DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides an EMT simulation kernel for solving power system transient problems such as
lightning, switching and temporary over-voltages, ferro-resonance effects or sub-synchronous resonance
problems. Together with a comprehensive model library and a graphical, user-definable modelling system
(DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL)), it provides an extremely flexible and powerful platform for solving
power system electromagnetic transient problems.
Any combination of meshed 1-, 2-, and 3-phase AC and/or DC systems can be represented and solved
simultaneously, from HV transmission systems, down to residential and industrial loads at LV distribution levels.
Standard built-in models include:
• Lumped and distributed parameter line/cable models; constant and frequency-dependent.
• 2- and 3-winding transformers and autotransformers for 1-, 2- or 3-phase systems, including stray
capacitances, tap dependent impedance and saturation effects. Flexible definition of non-linear
magnetizing reactance: two-slope, polynomial, flux-current values
• Passive RLC branches, capacitor banks and filters of multiple layouts
• Surge arresters, including calculation of energy absorption
• Voltage and current, AC-, DC- sources
• Impulse sources (to be modelled via DSL)
• VT, CT and PT models, including saturation effects
• Series capacitor, including MOV and bypass switches
• Discrete power electronic components such as diodes, thyristors, IGBTs
• HVDC valve groups (6- and 12-pulse Graetz bridge configurations) and other FACTS devices such as
SVCs, UPFCs, TCSCs and STATCOMs
• Synchronous and asynchronous machine, doubly-fed induction generator
• Circuit breaker models (to be modelled via DSL)
PowerFactory V14 73
• Stochastic switching (procedures to be implemented via DPL scripts).
The package provides a powerful user-friendly graphical environment for the evaluation of simulation results
characterized by:
• User-customizable plots for waveform visualisation, including filtering options, scaling, etc.
• Calculation of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
• Export capability to COMTRADE-Files, spreadsheet-format, CSV-files, WMF-files, etc.
25.5 Dynamic System Parameter Identification

Built-in system identification and general optimization procedures provide an easy and accurate method to
perform model parameter identification on the basis of system tests and field measurements. The PowerFactory
Parameter Identification tool is suitable for parameter estimation of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems,
which are described by any type of nonlinear DSL model. The identification procedure is fully integrated into the
graphical frame definition and block diagram, and also features parameter estimation for integrated models (such
as loads or generators) which form part of a power system model.
The optimization procedures provided are highly generic and can also be used for optimally tuning parameters
such as PSS settings according to defined model response functions.
25.6 PowerFactory Real-Time Simulators

The PowerFactory stability simulation
(RMS mode) can be optionally executed in
real-time offering a number of additional
applications.
The Real-Time Training Simulator is

integrated into existing SCADA systems to:
• train operator personnel to

precisely and efficiently respond
to abnormal system conditions,
thereby preventing further
system deterioration;
• locate and investigate insecure

operating conditions and
calculate required security
margins;
PowerFactory V14 74
• facilitate the operator in understanding phenomena such as basic system dynamics, system control and
stability and protection, which are typically too fast for the operator to observe
A report of a typical Real-Time Simulator application can be found at:

http://www.digsilent.de/?p=Company/Latest_News&id=2004-06-20_1
Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing is often required to develop, analyse and tune control systems for any kind of
turbine, generator or superimposed control systems such as a “Smart Grid Controller”. Applications include:
• Real-time simulation of typical grids, test systems or substations including generators, their control
systems and associated protection.
• Communication with existing hardware such as controllers or relays via OPC, shared memory or A/D
systems.
Simulation of grid disturbance scenarios, sensitivity analysis on grid operating conditions, tuning optimization of
controllers, investigation of control structures, etc.
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26 Small Signal Stability

The DIgSILENT PowerFactory modal analysis tool features small signal analysis of a dynamic multi-machine
system. System representation is identical to the time domain model. It covers all network components such as
generators, motors, loads, SVS, FACTS, or any other component used in the system representation, including
controllers and power plant models.
Analysis of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is appropriate for applications such as low-frequency oscillatory stability
studies, PSS tuning, determination of interconnection options and its basic characteritics, and is a natural
complement to the time domain simulation environment. It also allows for the computation of modal sensitivities
with respect to generator or power plant controllers, load characteristics, reactive compensation or any other
dynamically-modelled equipment.
PowerFactory’s Eigenvalue Analysis is very user-friendly, requiring minimal configuration of the command. Its
calculation steps are as follows:
• Based on a converged and adjusted power flow, the modal analysis starts with the calculation of the
system initial conditions. Alternatively, any interrupted status of a time domain simulation could be used
as the initial condition.
• The system A-matrix is constructed automatically for the complete system (including generators, general
loads, predefined system plant and controller models as well as DSL devices).
• System and model linearization - including user-defined models - is performed by iterative procedures.
Limiting devices are disabled automatically. The representation of the network model is equivalent to the
simulation model, allowing a direct comparison/validation between time domain simulations and modal
analysis results.
• Support of QR-algorithm as well as the Arnoldi-Lanczos method.
o Calculation of all eigenvalues based on QR algorithm
o Selective eigenvalue calculation:
 computation of a certain part of the eigenvalue spectrum: calculation of a user-

definable number of (closest) eigenvalues around a complex reference point
 based on the Arnoldi-Lanczos method
 recommended as a fast approach for higher order systems for which calculation of all
eigenvalues by QR algorithm is too time-consuming
• Calculation results include eigenvalues (together with oscillation information such as damped frequency,
damping, damping ratio, damping time constant, etc) and left and right eigenvectors. From
PowerFactory V14 76
eigenvectors, the individual machines’ controllability, observability, and participation factors are derived
with respect to each mode.
• Powerful post-processing tools for result visualization
o Tabular result representation of:
 Eigenvalues (including all oscillation information such as damped frequency, damping,

damping ratio, damping time constant, etc)
 Eigenvectors (individual controllability, observability, participation of individual

machines for any selected mode)
o Eigenvalue Plot
 Visualization of calculated eigenvalues in the Gaussian plane
 Various filter and scaling options
 Automatic determination of stability border, highlighting of stable/unstable eigenvalues
 Plot has interactive features that facilitate detailed analysis of individual modes;
convenient creation of phasor plots/bar diagrams for each mode
o Mode Bar Plot
 Bar diagram visualization of controllability, observability and participation factors of

individual machines for a given mode
 Various filter options (e.g. restriction to minimum participation, and/or individual

generators)
o Mode Phasor Plot
 Phasor diagram visualization of controllability, observability and participation factors of

individual machines for a given mode
 Various filter options
 Automatic detection and highlighting of clusters for convenient identification of inter-

area modes
PowerFactory V14 77
27 PowerFactory Interfaces
PowerFactory offers a number of mechanisms and options for interfacing with external applications such as GIS
and SCADA, or for a complete integration and background execution in “Engine Mode”. Depending on the
application, the user may choose from the options described below.
27.1 DGS Interface

DGS (DIgSILENT-GIS-SCADA) is PowerFactory’s standard bi-directional interface specifically designed for bulk
data exchange with other applications such as GIS and SCADA, and, for example, for exporting calculation results
to produce Crystal Reports, or to interchange data with any other power system software. DGS does not support
the exchange of PowerFactory execution commands.
• Available for PowerFactory Interactive Window Mode and PowerFactory Engine Mode
• User-specific definition of objects and object parameters
• Supported objects: elements, types and libraries, graphics and results
• Import and export of complete network models
• Import and export of incremental data for updating existing models
• Databases supported: Oracle, MS-SQL and ODBC System DSN
• File formats supported: ASCII Text (CSV), XML, MS-Excel and MS Access
27.2 OPC Interface

OPC (OLE for Process Control) is an asynchronous communication and data exchange mechanism used in process
interaction and is widely applied in SCADA and control systems. PowerFactory OPC-implementation assumes that
the PowerFactory software is executed as an OPC-Client while the OPC Server is controlled via the external
source. OPC server libraries are available from various manufacturers. An example of a freeware OPC-Server is
that available from Matrikon (“MatrikonOPC Simulation Server”).
• Supported of the PowerFactory Engine Mode
• OPC-Client/Server exchange of any PowerFactory object parameter as well as any signal
• PowerFactory listening mode to receive any data or signal from a registered OPC Server
• PowerFactory sending mode to write back any data or signal to a registered OPC Server
PowerFactory V14 78
PowerFactory Engine OPC Application

(Client) (Server)
OPC items (object parameters, object and model
Selected values *) signals - e.g. measurements or controller output
signals) are managed by the OPC Server. Changes
to these values are propagated to connected
clients.
Executed in the background, the PowerFactory

Engine listens for signals sent by the OPC
Server.
Received values are processed as *) communication is asynchronous,

PowerFactory input signals or parameters and so neither the server nor the client
considered by running calculations in an
waits for a response
execution loop. For example:
• Load Flow or online State Estimation

• Time Domain Simulation
Optionally, parameters or any output signal

can be associated with OPC items which are
sent back to the OPC Server.
Receives modified parameters and signals and
selected values returned *)
immediately propagates them to all subscribed
clients
27.3 Shared Memory Interface

DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides a high-speed shared memory communication interface that allows other
applications to use PowerFactory as a calculation engine.
• Supported of the PowerFactory Engine Mode
• Via the shared memory, modification of any object parameter, initiation of command execution and
access to any calculation result is supported.
• Option to trigger an update of the PowerFactory database
• The communication is based on a request/response interaction. PowerFactory acts as a server that waits
for requests. Each request must contain a command and can optionally contain input data and result
definitions.
• The synchronization between client and server is based on OS events.
PowerFactory V14 79
The PowerFactory shared memory request / response interaction
Request
Object data
contained?
Copy data to
PowerFactory
objects
Execute
command
Result
definitions
contained?
Fetch results
from
PowerFactory
objects and
include them in
reponse
Response
The PowerFactory shared memory client/server interaction
Shared Memory Application PowerFactory

(Client) (Server)
Writes data into shared memory (request):

• Commands event _REQUEST
• Input data (optional)
• Result definitions (optional)
Processes request:
• Reads input data from shared memory
• Executes commands
• Writes result string to shared memory
• Writes object data results into shared
memory (optional)
Reads data from shared memory (response):
• Status
event _RESPONSE
• Result data (optional)
PowerFactory V14 80
28 Interfacing PowerFactory
Interfacing and integrating power system software with other applications such as GIS (Graphical Information
Systems) and SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems is an important requirement. Utilizing
the implemented DGS, OLE and Shared Memory interfacing techniques, DIgSILENT PowerFactory features great
flexibility in supporting any level of interfacing and integration needs. The following sections summarize some
typical examples.
28.1 PowerFactory - GIS integration

PowerFactory – GIS integration is preferably implemented via the DGS-interface. As object and parameter
definitions at the GIS side usually reflect user-specific needs, standardized interfacing is only provided when a
standard application module/standard process model provided by the respective GIS manufacturer is in use. As
soon as user-specific object and parameter definitions are applied, individual object mapping will be required.
Implementation Options
• Unidirectional GIS to PowerFactory data transfer via DGS format definitions (CSV or ODBC)
• Bidirectional data transfer (e.g. via the PowerFactory shared memory interface) when running
PowerFactory in “Engine Mode” or “Hybrid Mode”, which features full integration of PowerFactory
analysis functions and additional graphic display options in the GIS system
PowerFactory V14 81
Characteristics
• Incremental data exchange utilizing PowerFactory’s user accounting, project management and merge
tools featuring GIS -to -PowerFactory team working
• Combines and merges several data sources via PowerFactory’s data handling capabilities, thereby
avoiding any middleware requirement
Application Aspects
• Sharing of data sources, thereby avoiding duplication of data entry and maintenance
• Utilizing key capabilities of PowerFactory and GIS while sharing data
• Amalgamating data from various sources at the PowerFactory level
As most applications require the merging of additional data such as customer load consumption, dispersed
generation infeeds and SCADA readings, PowerFactory – GIS integration is often handled as a project
implemented via clearly defined specification of data sources and overall workflow.
PowerFactory V14 82
28.2 PowerFactory - SCADA integration

Interfacing with SCADA gives direct access to dynamic and/or static SCADA data, allowing both real-time system
analysis and incident analysis from previous snapshots. As DIgSILENT PowerFactory already integrates topology
processing, interfacing can be done on a point-to-point basis using foreign database keys. In addition to the
option of exchanging data between SCADA applications and PowerFactory, a full SCADA integration of the
PowerFactory engine is supported when using PowerFactory OPC link features. Typical applications are operators’
access to calculations such as load flow, contingency analysis, etc., including real-time simulation for operator
training.
• Support of PowerFactory Engine Mode and Hybrid Mode
• SCADA – PowerFactory communication via OPC, executing PowerFactory as a client
• Direct 1-to-1 relation between SCADA network objects due to full substation topology support of
PowerFactory
• Utilization of SCADA manufacturer’s state estimation functions, or, if not present, PowerFactory’s
advanced state estimation features
• Operator’s access to all PowerFactory functions such as load flow, contingency analysis, optimal power
flow, spinning reserve allocation
PowerFactory V14 83
28.3 PowerFactory - Simulation Interface (SIMULINK, etc.)

Although PowerFactory offers great flexibility in controller modelling, some applications may require special
control toolboxes from the Matlab/SIMULINK software package. The PowerFactory – Matlab/SIMULINK interface
is a flexible and fully synchronized link for distributed simulation of linked models. The bi-directional
communication link is easily implemented via the PowerFactory Frame and Slot technique with a built-in RPC
interface block for Matlab/SIMULINK. A typical application example might be the simulation of a large network
with a number of conventionally controlled generation units together with a fuzzy-controller implemented at a
specific plant.
28.4 PowerFactory - A/D Signal Interfacing Capability

PowerFactory’s Frame and Slot technique utilizing the real-time capabilities of built-in blocks for data acquisition
has become the basis for the PowerFactory Monitoring system (PFM). The portable or cabinet-mounted Control
and Monitoring Units (CMU) along with different types of high precision Signal Units (SU), is featuring the
configuration of highly-flexible plant measurement and grid performance analysis systems. Typical application
aspects of the PowerFactory Monitor are system tests for simulation model validation, supervision of grid
connection conditions, load parameter identification, fault recording, power quality observation analysis or system
stability supervision.
Due to the superior flexibility in software setup, there is almost no limit in defining measurement and test
applications including closed-loop operation with A/D-interfaced controllers, relays or other simulators.
PowerFactory V14 84
29 PowerFactory Installation Options
29.1 PowerFactory Workstation License

PowerFactory Workstation License is a standalone solution which is shipped with a free single-user database
and is preferably installed locally, on the user’s hardware. This is the option with the fastest performance as
database access is directly managed via fast local hard disk I/O, thereby avoiding any LAN traffic.
Typical Single-User W orkstation I nstallation w ith local single-user database
Although it is technically possible to store the PowerFactory database on any network drive, this is not
recommended as it requires high-speed LAN capabilities and might exhibit less reliability regarding database
integrity when the LAN connection is unexpectedly interrupted.
Typical Single-User W orkstation I nstallation w ith rem ote single-user database
Multiple Single-User Licenses
DIgSILENT PowerFactory software offers a number of licensing mechanisms. The Workstation License is a
Single-User License and is operated via a local USB port hardlock. The hardlock is programmed to include those
functions licensed to the user. The locally attached hardlock is only accessible by the locally installed Workstation
License.
PowerFactory V14 85
Typical m ultiple Single-User W orkstation I nstallation
If you have purchased several Workstation Licenses, the USB hardlock installation is required on all computers
where the Workstation License is to be used. Of course, if PowerFactory is installed on more computers than
there are USB hardlocks available, only those installations can be used simultaneously where the USB hardlock is
plugged-in at that point in time.
29.2 PowerFactory Server License

PowerFactory Server License comes with additional features which are not available with the PowerFactory
Workstation license:
1. Provision of a License Server which can be installed centrally managing any independent number of
licensed functions. The License Server comes with only one single USB hardlock holding all licensed
functions. The License Server must be accessible for all PowerFactory installations via a network IP-
address.
2. Support of multi-user database operation, featuring the simultaneous access of all connected users to a
single database. The Server License comes with database drivers for both databases; MS-SQL and
ORACLE (the database servers themselves are not included).
3. The Server License can be executed in a Client-Server (Application Server) environment such as MS
Sever 2003/2005 or CITRIX, which has the advantage of centralized software installation and
maintenance – a typical requirement of modern IT infrastructures.
Multi-User License via License Server
The Multi-User License Server gives more flexibility than the single USB hardlock (holding all licenses). This
solution provides a license server which is to be installed as an MS Windows Service on any computer in a
network that is accessible from the users’ computers via an IP address. This computer could be one of the users’
computers but is recommended to be a separate computer located in a secured room.
Upon login, the PowerFactory software on the user’s computer connects to the license server via a LAN to access
the license. The license server administrator assigns certain PowerFactory functions to each user when the login
procedure is executed. This facilitates the purchase of the optimal number of licenses depending on users’ needs.
PowerFactory V14 86
Typical M ulti-User installation w ith License Server
An optional feature of the Multi-User License Server is the Floating License which allows the temporary transfer
of a user license from the license server to a local PC. This option is typically required when a user is travelling
with his/her laptop, thereby preventing him/her from accessing the license server. When downloading the floating
license to a local machine, the license will disappear from the license server and will move to the local PC until
the user reconnects to the license server. The floating license is time-limited and, if not reconnected to the
license server, will automatically “fly back” to the license server after a defined time.
Typical M ulti-User installation w ith License Server and Floating License Option
PowerFactory V14 87
Note: A clear advantage of the License Server is its ability to host a different number of licenses for certain
functions. This allows a more economical solution which considers the simultaneity of users. The
allocation of functions is made upon user login and not upon the execution of a certain PowerFactory
command. This philosophy is based on the notion that upon successful login and allocation of
functions, those functions should be available to the user throughout the entire PowerFactory session.
Multi-User Database
Centralized data handling is supported by a multi-user database featuring the simultaneous access of all
connected users to a single data source. Currently, database drivers for MS-SQL and ORACLE are available. This
execution option is designed for PowerFactory installations with a large number of users requiring access to the
same project data and, who would benefit from the PowerFactory team-working tools such as Master Project
management, Project Versioning, Project Deriving along with Project Compare- and Merge tools, which make
concurrent model building and data entry very easy.
Typical M ulti-User installation w ith License Server and M ulti-User Database
In the configuration shown above, the execution of the PowerFactory software will still take place on the user’s
local PC while the multi-user database resides on a special high-speed database server.
PowerFactory V14 88
Application Server
A further step often required in large companies with tens or hundreds of users is the centralized installation and
execution of the PowerFactory software, the database and the License Server. This Application Server installation
is currently supported for MS Server 2003/8 and other server add-ons such as CITRIX. The figure below shows a
typical example of such a centralized installation environment.
Typical Application Server I nstallation w ith a m ulti-user database
PowerFactory V14 89
29.3 License Overview

P ow erFactory License and I nstallation Options
Workstation Server Educational & Student / Private
License License Research License Use License
Local Installation [X] [X] [X] [X]
Application Server Installation [X]
Local Hardlock [X] [X]
License Server [X] [X]
Floating License (optional) [X]
Local Single-User Database [X] [X] [X] [X]
Central Multi-User Database [X]
29.4 Installation Requirements

PowerFactory requires no special hardware or additional software to guarantee good performance. However,
taking into account that solving power system analysis tasks is far beyond standard office applications, the
following hardware is recommended:
Workstation Licenses: 17-23” monitor with min. 1280x1024 pixel resolution

Intel/AMD CPU with 2.0 GHz or higher
1 GB available hard disk space (*)
(**)
0.5 -3 GB main memory available for the PowerFactory process
(*)
Required hard disk space will heavily depend on the number of projects
handled, number of objects (e.g. size of the network modelled), number of
scenarios, etc. Total disk space requirements are therefore determined
individually.
(**)
The required main memory capacity will heavily depend on the network size
and the type of calculations being performed. A typical memory requirement
would be between 0.5-1.0 GB exclusively for executing PowerFactory unbalanced
load flow, fault analysis and stability for a 5000-bus system.
Supported operating systems are Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista
and Windows 7.
Application Server: Application Server hardware requirements are similar to those defined for
workstation installations, taking into account that main memory requirements will
be duplicated according to the number of simultaneous users. In addition, the
number of CPUs is correlated with the number of simultaneous users.
Supported operating systems are MS Windows Server 2003/8 and CITRIX.

Multi-User database support is available for MS SQL 2005/2008 and Oracle Server
10.x and 11.x with Client 11.1.
PowerFactory V14 90
30 PowerFactory Function Definitions and Prices
30.1 PowerFactory Function Definitions

PowerFactory function definitions refer to the latest issue of PowerFactory V14 Product Information to specify the
content of the PowerFactory software delivery.
Item PowerFactory V14.0 Functions V14 Product Information Section Reference

1 PowerFactory Base Package Included: Sections 3-17
Section 27.1
Not Included: Section 7.1:
PSS/E export,
CIM Import/Export
2 Protection Functions (Overcurrent-time & Distance) Included: Section 18
3 Overcurrent-Time Protection Included: Section 18.1-18.3 and 18.5
Not Included: Section 18.4
4 Distribution Network Optimisation Included: Sections 19.1-19.2
5 Harmonic Analysis Included: Sections 20.1-20.4
6 Optimal Power Flow I (reactive power optimization) Included: Section 21.1
Active Power Controls disabled
7 Optimal Power Flow II (OPF I + economic dispatch) Included: Sections 21.1-21.2
8 Reliability Analysis Included: Sections 22.1-22.5
9 State Estimation (SE) Included: Section 23
10 Stability Analysis Functions Included: Section 24, DSL Crypt excluded
Sections 25.1 (EMT excluded)
Section 25.2.-25.3, 25.6 and 28.3
11 Electromagnetic Transients (EMT) Included: Section 24, DSL Crypt excluded
Section 25.1 (RMS excluded)
Section 25.4
12 Transient Motor Starting Included: Section 24, DSL Crypt excluded
Section 25.3
13 Small Signal Stability (Eigenvalue Analysis) Included: Section 24, DSL Crypt excluded
Section 26
14 Dynamic Parameter Identification Included: Section 24, DSL Crypt excluded
Section 25.5
Stability Analysis Functions required
15 DSL Crypting Option Included: DSL Crypt (Section 24)
16 PSS/E Export (*.raw, *.seq, *.dyn) Reference: Section 7.1
17 CIM Import and Export Reference: Section 7.1
18 OPC Interface (Ole for Process Control) Included: Section 27.2
19 Shared Memory Communication Included: Section 27.3
PowerFactory V14 91
30.2 PowerFactory Prices

The integrated PowerFactory v14 software is offered as Base Package with optional functional extensions allowing
the user to configure the PowerFactory installation according to his specific needs. The Base Package itself is
covering a comprehensive collection of core functions for integrated analysis of transmission, distribution, and
industrial systems, most modern generation technologies (wind power, photovoltaic, microturbines, etc.) and
Smart Grids.
Base Package 100 nodes 250 nodes 500 nodes unlimited

Edition max. max. max. no. of nodes
Workstation Edition € 3.900,- € 6.100,- € 9.800,- € 10.900,-
Server Edition € 5.070,- € 7.930,- € 12.740,- € 14.170,-
Indicated prices do not include any tax and shipping.
Prices of functional extensions can be requested from DIgSILENT and respective International Representatives.
PowerFactory V14 92
31 The DIgSILENT Company
31 The DIgSILENT Company

DIgSILENT GmbH is a consulting and software company providing specialized services in the field of electrical
power systems for transmission, distribution, generation and industrial plants. DIgSILENT develops the leading
integrated power system analysis software PowerFactory covering the full range from standard to highly
sophisticated and advanced applications including real-time simulation and performance monitoring systems for
system testing and supervision.
DIgSILENT GmbH is staffed with experts of various disciplines

relevant for performing research activities, consulting services,
user training and educational programs and software
developments. Special expertise is available in many actual
fields of electrical engineering for the liberalized power
markets and latest developments in power generation
technologies such as wind power and dispersed generation.
DIgSILENT GmbH founded in 1985 is a fully independent,

privately owned company located in Gomaringen, Germany
where the new offices are in operation since early 2002.
DIgSILENT continued expansion by establishing offices in

Australia, South Africa, Italy, Spain and Chile allowing to better
serve the world-wide increase in its software products and
services.
DIgSILENT has established a strong partner network in many

countries such as Mexico, Malaysia, UK, Switzerland, Colombia,
Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, India, China,
Norway, Russia, Finland and Venezuela. DIgSILENT has
software installations and conducted services in more than 110
countries.
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9
72810 Gomaringen / Germany
Phone: +49-7072-9168-0
Fax: +49-7072-9168-88
E-mail: mail@digsilent.de
PowerFactory V14 93
32 History of the DIgSILENT Software
32 History of the DIgSILENT Software

1986 First commercial product for UNIX operation systems (Version 1.0 - 6.0)
1989 First version for Personal Computer (Version 7.0, SAA standard)
1992 First version for Windows 3.1 and Windows NT (Version 9.0)
1993 Start of DIgSILENT re-design project using latest software technologies (C++,
object-oriented data base, composite models, etc.)
1994 First fully integrated power system analysis software for Windows (Version
10.2) integrating: load flow, fault analysis, RMS stability, eigenvalue analysis,
protection coordination, harmonic analysis and optimal unit commitment
1995 Version 10.31 - for Windows 95 and Windows NT with high degree of
compatibility to the Windows standard (last release of the original DIgSILENT
software).
1997 Release of the universal model kernel for mixed, arbitrarily meshed 1-,2- and
3-phase AC systems and DC systems.
1998 First release of the new generation software Version 11:

DIgSILENT Pow erFactory integrating load flow, fault analysis, RMS/EMT
stability, eigenvalue analysis, harmonic analysis, protection coordination,
reliability.
1999 Presentation of the DIgSILENT Pow erFactory M onitor (PFM/DSM)

featuring: system monitoring and fault recording, load measurement and
identification, supervision of connection conditions, etc.
2000 Completion of re-implementation of the version 10.31 features (load flow,

fault analysis, RMS stability, electromagnetic transients, eigenvalue analysis,
harmonic load flow, protection coordination, network reduction, optimization,
reliability, cable ampacity, distribution features, etc.)
2001 Release of PowerFactory Version 12.0

2003 Release of PowerFactory Version 13


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Protection Coordination * Distribution Network Optimization * Harmonic Analysis * Optimal Power Flow

Basic Software Features & Calculation Functions

Advanced Functions and Features

2 PowerFactory Overview .................................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Functional Integration and Applications ...................................................................................................... 8

2.2 PowerFactory Software Concept ................................................................................................................ 8

3 Network Models .............................................................................................................................. 11

3.1 Grid Representations and Power Equipment ............................................................................................. 11

3.2 Built-in Calculation and Integrated Modelling Functions ............................................................................. 15

3.3 Load and Generation Profiles ................................................................................................................... 15

4 Data Management ........................................................................................................................... 16

4.1 V14 Standard Data Model ........................................................................................................................ 16

4.2 Data Organisation ................................................................................................................................... 17

5 Network Diagrams & Graphic Capabilities ...................................................................................... 19

6 Results and Reporting ..................................................................................................................... 22

6.1 Text Reports........................................................................................................................................... 22

6.2 Spreadsheet Reports (Tabular Views)....................................................................................................... 22

6.3 Reporting in Network Diagrams ............................................................................................................... 23

6.4 Result File Management .......................................................................................................................... 23

6.5 Plots and Diagrams ................................................................................................................................. 23

6.6 Additional Features ................................................................................................................................. 25

7 External Data Format Support ........................................................................................................ 26

7.1 Standard Data Formats ........................................................................................................................... 26

7.2 DIgSILENT Data Base Level Exchange (DGS)............................................................................................ 26

8 DPL- DIgSILENT Programming Language ....................................................................................... 27

9 PowerFactory Modes of Operation .................................................................................................. 29

9.1 Standard Windowing Mode ...................................................................................................................... 29

9.2 Engine & Hybrid Execution Mode ............................................................................................................. 29

10 Power Flow Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 30

11 Fault Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 33

11.1 Supported Standards............................................................................................................................. 33

11.2 Complete Method/Multiple Faults ........................................................................................................... 34

11.3 Fault Analysis Results (all Methods)........................................................................................................ 35

12 Network Reduction ....................................................................................................................... 36

12.1 General Features .................................................................................................................................. 36

13 Voltage Stability Analysis .............................................................................................................. 37

13.1 PV Curves ............................................................................................................................................. 37

13.2 Q-V Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 37

14 Load Flow Sensitivities .................................................................................................................. 38

15 Contingency Analysis .................................................................................................................... 39

16 Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation .......................................................................... 41

16.1 Overhead Line Parameter Calculation ..................................................................................................... 41

16.2 Cable Parameter Calculation .................................................................................................................. 41

17 Distribution Network Analysis ...................................................................................................... 42

17.1 Feeder Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 42

17.2 Low-Voltage Network Analysis ............................................................................................................... 42

17.3 Stochastic Load Modelling...................................................................................................................... 42

17.4 Cable Reinforcement Optimization.......................................................................................................... 43

17.5 Feeder Tools......................................................................................................................................... 44

18 Protection Functions ..................................................................................................................... 45

18.1 Protection Model Library and Functionality .............................................................................................. 45

18.2 Output & Graphical Representation ........................................................................................................ 47

18.3 Overcurrent-Time Protection .................................................................................................................. 48

18.4 Distance Protection ............................................................................................................................... 49

19 Distribution Network Optimization ............................................................................................... 50

19.1 Optimal Capacitor Placement ................................................................................................................. 50

19.2 Open Tie Optimization ........................................................................................................................... 50

20 Harmonic Analysis Functions ........................................................................................................ 52

20.1 Harmonic Load Flow .............................................................................................................................. 52

20.2 Frequency Sweep.................................................................................................................................. 53

20.3 Ripple Control Signals ........................................................................................................................... 54

20.4 Filter Rating .......................................................................................................................................... 54

21 Optimal Power Flow ...................................................................................................................... 55