P128 CEmarking Versao Atual

ECCS TC9
Manufacturing and Erection Standards
Guide to the CE Marking

of Structural Steelwork
1st Edition, 2012
Guide to the CE Marking
of Structural Steelwork
Nº128, 1st edition, 2012
Published by:
ECCS – European Convention for Constructional
Steelwork
publications@steelconstruct.com
www.eccspublications.eu
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Copyright © 2012 ECCS – European Convention for

Constructional Steelwork
ISBN: 978-92-9147-104-1
Printed in Multicomp Lda, Mem Martins, Portugal
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Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork | iii
PREFACE
PREFACE
The CE Marking standard for fabricated structural steelwork, EN 1090-1: 2009

'Execution of steel structures and aluminum structures: Part 1: Requirements for
conformity assessment of structural components' has been cited in the European
Commission's Official Journal (OJ). The Applicability Date is 1st of January 2011,
followed by a 42 months co-existence period. This means that CE Marking of
fabricated steelwork can start and will become mandatory in all EU member and
EFTA member states from 1st of July 2014.
TC9 is the technical committee within ECCS responsible for making
recommendations concerning technical specifications for manufacturing and
erection. The committee has prepared this publication to provide practical
guidance on the CE Marking of structural steelwork in accordance with the
Construction Products Directive (CPD), the Construction Products Regulation
(CPR) and the transition period between CPD and CPR.
It is hoped that this publication will assist the steelwork contractors, their
purchasing clients and supply chain including stockholders, part fabricated
products (curved steel), proprietary products (purlins, cellular beams etc.)
designers, specifiers and construction managers.
The European members of ECCS - Technical Committee 9 are at present the
following:
R. Simões CMM - Portugal Full Member

A. Feliz Cruz CMM - Portugal Full Member
M. Henriques CMM - Portugal Full Member
P. Yrjölä FCSA - Finland Full Member
U. Kalamies FCSA - Finland Full Member
T. Harju FCSA - Finland Full Member
D. Stavinoha CCSA - Czech Republic Full Member
A. Casteleiro ASCEM - Spain Full Member
K. Myhre NSA - Norway Full Member
T. Grinde SBI – Sweden Full Member
M. Lepsien DSTV – Germany Full Member
O. Schreiber DSTV – Germany Full Member
B. Beek SNS – The Netherlands Full Member
F. Vasquez SNS – The Netherlands Full Member
iv | Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork
PREFACE
O. Schreiber DSTV – Germany Full Member

M. Cook SNS – The Netherlands Full Member
F. Vasquez EGGA Corr. Member
A. Nussbaumer SZS – Switzerland Corr. Member
D. Moore BCSA – United Kingdom Guest
Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork | v
ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
CC Consequences class
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CEV Carbon equivalent value
CPD Construction Products Directive
CPR Construction Products Regulation
CVN Charpy V-notch
ETA European technical approval
EXC Execution class
FPC Factory production control
HAZ Heat affected zone
IIW International Institute of Welding
ITC Initial type calculation
ITT Initial type testing
IWE International welding engineer
IWS International welding specialist
IWT International welding technologist
MPCS Manufacturer provided component specification
NB Notified body
NDT Non destructive testing
NPD No performance determined
OJ Official Journal
PC Production category
PPCS Purchaser provided component specification
pWPS Preliminary welding procedure specification
RWC Responsible welding coordinator
SC Service category
WPQR Welding procedure qualification record
WPS Welding procedure specification
WQMS Welding quality management system
WQT Welder qualification tests
Energy Efficiency of Light-weight Steel-framed Buildings | vii
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PREFACE iii
ABBREVIATIONS v
CONTENTS vii
1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1
1.1 Objective 1
1.2 Scope 1
1.3 Overview 1
2. CE MARKING REGULATIONS 3
2.1 Construction products directive 3
2.2 Harmonised standards 3
2.3 Certification 4
2.4 CE Marking 5
2.5 Future developments 5
3. CE MARKING STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL STEELWORK 15
3.1 Basis 15
3.2 Scope 15
3.3 Definitions 15
3.3.1 Constituent products 16
3.3.2 Component specification 16
3.3.3 Kits 16
3.3.4 Design brief 17
3.3.5 Structural characteristics 17
3.3.6 Load bearing capacity 18
3.3.7 Evaluation methods 19
3.3.8 Preparation of the component specification 20
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CONTENTS
3.3.9 Use and location 21

3.3.10 Reaction to fire 22
3.3.11 Dangerous substances 22
3.3.12 No performance determined 22
3.4 Requirements 23
3.4.1 General 23
3.4.2 Durability 23
3.5 Evaluation methods 24
3.6 Evaluation of conformity 24
3.6.1 Initial type testing 24
3.6.2 Factory production control 26
3.6.3 Attestation levels 27
3.6.4 Product testing 27
3.6.5 Laboratory testing 28
3.6.6 Design control 28
3.6.7 Certification of the FPC 29
3.6.8 Welding certification 29
3.7 Marking system 30
3.7.1 General 30
3.7.2 Classification and designation 30
3.7.3 CE Marking 31
3.7.4 Affixing the CE Marking 32
3.7.5 Packaging 32
4. EUROPEAN FABRICATION STANDARD 33
4.1 Status and scope 33
4.2 Documentation 34
4.3 Constituent products 34
4.4 Tolerances 34
4.5 Welding 35
4.6 Surface treatment 36
5. WELDING QUALITY MANAGEMENT 37
5.1 Welding as a ‘special process’ 37
5.2 Control of welding 37
Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork | ix
CONTENTS
5.3 Technical instructions 38

5.4 Competence of personnel 38
5.5 Implementation 39
6. RESPONSIBLE WELDING COORDINATORS 41
6.1 Welding coordination 41
6.2 Tasks for welding coordinators 41
7. TRACEABILITY 43
7.1 Introduction 43
7.2 Inspection documents 43
7.3 Requirements 43
7.4 Batch or type traceability 44
7.5 Welding 45
8. SUPPLY CHAIN ISSUES 47
8.1 Introduction 47
8.2 Manufacturers 47
8.3 Importers 47
8.4 Distributors 48
8.5 Stockholders 48
8.6 Steel processors 49
8.7 Special products and processes 49
8.8 Transition period 50
9. EXECUTION CLASS 51
9.1 General 51
9.2 Application to buildings 51
9.3 Wider application 51
10. FACTORY PRODUCTION CONTROL (FPC) 53
10.1 Introduction 53
10.2 FPC system 53
10.3 System requirements 54
10.3.1 Personnel (Clause 6.3.2, EN 1090-1) 54
10.3.2 Equipment (Clause 6.3.3, EN 1090-1) 54
10.3.3 Structural design process (Clause 6.3.4, EN 1090-1) 55
10.3.4 Constituent products used in manufacture 55
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CONTENTS
10.3.5 The component specification (fabrication drawing) 56

10.3.6 Product evaluation 56
10.3.7 Non-conforming products 57
11. ROUTES TO CERTIFICATION 59
11.2 Assessment of the WQMS 59
11.3 Assessment of the RWC 60
11.4 Surveillance audits 62
12. IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGNERS, SPECIFIERS AND
CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS 65
12.2 Designers and specifiers 65
12.2.1 Roles 65
12.2.2 Constituent products 65
12.2.3 Fabricated steelwork 66
12.3 Construction managers 66
REFERENCES 69
APPENDIX A – FROM PRODUCT TO COMPONENT. WHO DOES EN
75
1090-1 APPLY TO?
APPENDIX B – ROUTES TO CERTIFICATION AND CE-MARKING 77
APPENDIX C – DOCUMENTARY EXAMPLES 79
APPENDIX D – GNB-CPD:SG17 GUIDANCE ON FPC ASSESSMENT 87
APPENDIX E – GNB-CPD: AG CHECKLIST FOR INSPECTION OF FPC 95
APPENDIX F – ECCS/TC9 CHECKLIST FOR FPC INSPECTION 105
Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork | 1
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

1.1 Objective
The objective of this document is to provide practical guidance on the CE Marking

of structural steelwork in accordance with the Construction Products Directive
(CPD), the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) and the transition period
between CPD and CPR. The guidance is for steelwork contractors, their
purchasing clients and the constructional steelwork supply chain including
importers, distributors, designers, specifiers and construction managers.
1.2 Scope
The guidance in this document applies to the CE Marking of structural components

that are manufactured from carbon steel as welded or non-welded fabrications.
The components may be CE Marked individually or collectively as a kit.
It applies to components intended for installation in construction works to be built in
the EEA (EU member states and EFTA member countries excluding Switzerland).
It can also be applied, with some modification, to components to be used in other
construction applications including bridges, or to structural components
manufactured from stainless steel or steel castings.
As explained in this document, CE Marking is applicable to the manufacture of
structural steel components (steelwork contractors and stockholders with service
centre), that is to the operations undertaken by steelwork contractors in the
fabrication of structural steelwork rather than the erection of structural steel frames
on site.
1.3 Overview
With respect to the CPD and CPR, CE Marking applies to manufactured structural
components placed on the market individually or as a kit of components and
intended for use in any form of construction works (except marine and offshore).
The basis of the regulatory regimes applicable in EEA is explained in section 2.
Components manufactured from structural steel may be CE Marked once they
demonstrate compliance with the relevant harmonised European Standard or an
ETA (European Technical Approval) using the appropriate system of attestation.
The European Standard relevant to structural steel components is EN 1090-1 and
this document came into force 1. January 2011 and is mandatory in all EU member
and EFTA member states on 1. July 2014.
EN 1090-1 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1:
Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components defines the
manufacturing controls needed to ensure that structural steel components meet
the necessary technical requirements that are defined in EN 1090-2 Execution of
2 | Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork
OVERVIEW
steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 2: Technical requirements for

steel structures. The contents of these standards are explained in sections 3 and
4.
Special provisions apply if welding is used in steel component manufacture, and
these are explained in sections 5 and 6.
The fabrication of structural steelwork is an assembly process that uses
constituent products (i.e. steel sections, fasteners and welding consumables).
Some of these products, such as curved beams, may be part-processed but not
ready for incorporation into the construction works until after further fabrication.
Sections 7 and 8 explain how CE Marking applies to these supply chain products
and the requirements applicable to the fabrication process necessary to ensure
sufficient traceability.
EN 1090-2 introduces the concept of “Execution Class” that enables specifiers to
select the level of manufacturing quality management appropriate to how safety
critical the component will be in the construction works. This is explained in section
9.
As structural steel components are safety-critical, CE Marking to EN 1090-1
requires that the component manufacturer’s factory production control (FPC)
system is independently assessed and certified by a body notified to the European
Commission by the appropriate agency. A manufacturer may employ any suitable
notified body (NB) to undertake initial inspection and continuous surveillance of its
FPC. Sections 10 and 11 explain this and what manufacturers need to do. Further
guidance issued by the European Group of Notified Bodies is included in Appendix
D and E.
Section 12 explains that, whilst CE Marking of structural steel components is
relevant primarily to manufacturers, it also has implications for designers – whether
as specifiers of the construction works requirements or as drafters of the
manufacturing specification.
The general guidance in this document applies to structural steelwork used in
building construction. It can also be applied, with some modification, to
components to be used in other construction applications.
CE MARKING REGULATIONS
2. CE MARKING REGULATIONS
2.1 Construction products directive
The Construction Products Directive (CPD) came into force in 1988 and introduced
the concept of CE Marking for all construction products permanently incorporated
in to ‘construction works’. This includes steel products such as steel sections,
bolts, welding consumables and fabricated steel components that are used in
buildings, bridges, highways or other civil engineering projects. The CPD is a piece
of European legislation that is considered as one of the ‘New Approach’ Directives,
though the CPD differs in certain significant ways from the typical New Approach
Directive. Like all New Approach Directives the CPD was created to remove
barriers to trade by providing a common set of ‘tools’ across Europe to address the
different rules on construction products in the various member states; specifically
the CPD establishes the following framework:
- A system of harmonised standards (sometimes referred to as hENs);
- An agreed system for demonstrating the suitability of products;
- A framework of certification bodies (known as Notified Bodies); and
- The ability to CE Mark products.
A detailed guide is: The Construction Products Directive – A practical guide to
implementation and CE marking, authored by Adam Pinney and Stephen Rein, two
UK experts who have acted as consultants to CEN and the European Commission
in this area.
As the CPD relates to public safety, enforcement is by means of a criminal
prosecution against the company and relevant employees.
2.2 Harmonised standards
The CPD lists six ‘essential requirements’ that apply to all civil engineering works,
these are listed below:
1. Mechanical resistance and stability;
2. Safety in case of fire;
3. Hygiene, health and the environment;
4. Safety in use;
5. Protection against noise;
6. Energy economy and heat retention.
These essential requirements are derived from a comparison of what public safety
provisions, are included in the building and construction regulations of the EU’s
member states. In essence, meeting the provisions should ensure that the
products meet the regulatory requirements of all EU member states. These
essential requirements are implemented in the member states´ national regulation.
For steel products and ancillaries only mechanical resistance and stability, safety
in case of fire and Hygiene, health and the environment apply. The harmonised
product standards break down these general requirements into specific
CERTIFICATION
measurable properties termed essential ‘performance characteristics’ (e.g. yield

strength, toughness and load bearing capacity) and establishes the values to be
met.
The harmonised product standards establish common test methods and reporting
styles for declaring the essential characteristics of a product in the information
accompanying CE Marking – for example the required yield strength of nominal
S275 steels reducing with thickness. They also define the test methods and the
testing frequency if sampling is to be adopted.
For steel products the main harmonised product standards are:
- Steel sections and plates – EN 10025-1;
- Hollow sections – EN 10210-1 and EN 10219-1;
- Preloadable bolts – EN 14399-1;
- Non-preloadable bolts – EN 15048-1;
- Fabricated structural steelwork – EN 1090-1.
Providing the attestation of conformity procedures have been complied with, then
CE Marking is possible after the harmonised standards are cited in the Official
Journal (OJ) and the date of applicability given on the NANDO website has
passed.
(See http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newapproach/nando/index.cfm?fuseaction=cp
d.hs)
The Commission and much of Europe consider CE Marking is compulsory once
the date of the end of the coexistence with national technical specifications has
passed: the date is also given on the NANDO website.
For EN 10025-1 the date of applicability was 01/09/2005 and the date for the end
of the coexistence period was 01/09/2006 giving a year’s transition period for
manufacturers to implement CE Marking against the standard. For EN 1090-1 the
date of applicability was 01/01/2011 and the date for the end of the coexistence
period is 01/07/2014 giving a 42 month transition period for manufacturers to
implement CE Marking.
On the 1st of July 2013 the CPD will be repealed and replaced by full CPR, and
CE-marking will become mandatory for all construction products covered by a
harmonized standard (EN 10025-1, EN 10210-1, EN 10219-1, EN 14399-1, EN
15048-1, EN 13479, EN 10088-4 and EN 10088-5) or a European Technical
Assessment in all EU member states and EFTA member countries.
2.3 Certification
The CPD gives four different systems (with two additional sub-systems) for
attesting that a product conforms to the performance characteristics given in the
harmonised standard (this is called attestation of conformity). The system which
applies to a product is published as a Commission Decision in the OJ and is also
given in a mandate from the European Commission to CEN and is chosen on the
basis of the nature of the product, its intended end use and the role it plays in the
structure. In the case of structural steelwork this is covered in mandate M/120 for
structural metallic products and ancillaries that also covers rolled steel products,
fasteners and welding consumables.
Safety critical products like structural steel components and fabricated structural
steelwork are at attestation of conformity system 2+. This means that the
manufacturer is not allowed to fix the CE Marking without having a suitable factory
production control (FPC) system in place that a notified body (NB) has certified as
being able to produce products that comply with the relevant harmonised standard
after initial inspection and subject to continuing surveillance audits.
For a body to be a NB it must be notified as an FPC certification body by a
member state to the Commission and to other member states. This notification
confirms the NB as competent to do the tasks expected of it and that it meets the
criteria set out in Annex IV of the CPD. This notification is against each specific
harmonised standard, and once this is done the NB can undertake the tasks for
which it has been notified.
2.4 CE Marking
The CE Marking signifies that the products are in conformity with the relevant
harmonised technical specification (e.g. harmonised standard) and that the
relevant conformity assessment procedures have been complied with: hence the
product has the declared essential characteristics in the information accompanying
the CE Marking.
The CE Marking itself is a symbol that shows purchasing clients, the authorities
and others that the product complies with the CPD. In the case of steel products
(such as sections, bolts and fabricated steelwork) the CE Marking is a warranty
from the manufacturer that the product is in conformity with the relevant
harmonised standards and meets any threshold values required by the
harmonised standard and has the values declared in the information
accompanying the CE Marking.
CE Marking and its accompanying information is a legal declaration by the
manufacturer on matters concerning health and safety about how the product
performs in an intended use and its impact is less about changing what the
manufacturer has to do, and more about placing greater onus on the manufacturer
to get it right. To that end the manufacturer needs to satisfy a notified body about
the adequacy of its FPC system to avoid producing non-conforming product.
2.5 Future developments
The European Commission will replace the Construction Product Directive (CPD)
by the Construction Product Regulations (CPR) with the aim of further improving
the free trade of construction products in the European Union and simplifying the
CE Marking process.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Unlike a European Directive, a European Regulation is enforceable as law in all

member states without the need for national legislation. A consequence of
replacing the CPD with a European Regulation is that CE Marking will become
mandatory in all EU member states and EFTA member countries.
The following articles in the CPR came into force on 24th of April 2011, which was
20 days after the CPR was published in the Official Journal of the European Union:
- Definitions (Article 2);
- Technical Assessment Bodies (Articles 29 – 35);
- Notifying Authorities and Notified Bodies (Articles 39 – 55);
- Standing Committee on Construction (Article 64);
- Reporting to the Commission (Article 67);
- Entry into force (Article 68);
- Product areas and requirements for TABS (Annex IV).
The new regulation places legal obligations on Manufacturers, Importers and
Distributors and on those companies in the supply chain who either place a
product on the market under their own trademark or modify a construction product
already placed on the market so as to change its essential characteristics. When
the regulation becomes law it will have implications for all parts of the structural
steelwork supply chain including the fabrication services provided by steel
stockholders and steel benders.
The definitions given in the CPR for manufacturer, importer, distributor and
authorised representative are given below together with a brief explanation of the
legal requirements imposed on each party.
Manufacturer
'Means any natural or legal person who manufacturers a construction product or
who has such a product designed or manufactured and markets that product under
his name or trademark'
This definition applies to steelwork contractors who either fabricate or design and
fabricate constructional steelwork and sells the product under his own
name/trademark to his client (usually the main contractor). It also applies to those
companies that manufacture proprietary products such as purlins, decking, cellular
beams, structural bolts etc. and place these products on the market under their
own name/trademark.
The manufacturers must ensure:
Table 2.1: Manufacturer’s requirements

No. Manufacturer’s requirements
1. Draw up a Declaration of Performance (DoP)
Affix the CE Marking to the construction product, a label attached to it,
2.
the packaging or the accompanying documentation
3. Draw up technical documentation describing all relevant elements
related to the required system of assessment and verification of

constancy of performance
4. Keep technical documentation and the DoP for 10 years
5. Put in place and maintain a certified Factory Production Control system
All products must bear a type, batch or serial number. This can be on
6.
the product, the packaging or the accompanying documentation
All products must bear the name and address or trademark of the
7. manufacturer. This can be on the product, the packaging or the
accompanying documentation
All products must be accompanied by safety instructions. These must be
8.
in the appropriate language.
Identify non-conforming products and either put them right or withdraw
9.
them from the market
Upon a 'reasoned' request provide national authorities with all
10.
information necessary to demonstrate conformity with the DoP
Distributor
'Means any natural or legal person in the supply chain, other than the
manufacturer or the importer, who makes a construction product available on the
market'
This applies to bolt suppliers, steel stockholder and those companies that buy and
sell construction products.
The distributors must ensure:
Table 2.2: Distributor’s requirements

No. Distributor’s requirements
1. Act with due care in relation to the requirements of the CPR
2. The product bears the CE Mark
3. The product is accompanied by the appropriate documentation
4. The product has the safety instructions in the appropriate language
5. The manufacturer and importer have complied with their requirements
They do not put products on the market that do not conform to the
6.
requirements
Where the construction product presents a risk the distributor shall inform
7.
the manufacturer or the importer and the market surveillance authorities
That storage and transportation of the product do not jeopardise the
8.
performance of the product
9. Take corrective action and/or withdraw non-conforming products
Upon a 'reasoned' request provide national authorities with all information
10.
necessary to demonstrate conformity with the DoP
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Importer
'Means any natural or legal person established within the Union, who places a
construction product from a third country on the Union market'
This applies to those companies that import construction products such as steel
sections, structural bolts from manufacturers based outside the European Union.
The importers must ensure:
Table 2.3: Importer’s requirements

No. Importer’s requirements
1. Only place construction products on the market that comply with the CPR
Assessment and the verification of constancy of performance has been
2.
carried out by the manufacturer
3. The manufacturer has drawn up the technical documentation
4. The manufacturer has drawn up the DoP
5. The product bears the CE Marking
6. The product is accompanied by the required documentation
Not place on the market construction products that do not conform with
7.
the regulations
8. Place his/her name and address on the product
9. The product is accompanied by the safety instructions
Storage and transportation do not jeopardise the performance of the
10.
product
11. Carry out sample testing
12. Take corrective action and/or withdraw non-conforming products
13. Retain records for 10 years
Upon a ‘reasoned’ request provide national authorities with all information
14.
necessary to demonstrate conformity with the DoP
Article 13.6 states that ‘Importers shall, when deemed appropriate with regard to
ensuring the accuracy, reliability and stability of the declared performance of a
construction product, carry out sample testing of construction products placed or
made available on the market, investigate, and if necessary, keep a register of
complaints, of non-conforming products and of product recall, and shall keep
distributors informed of any such monitoring.’ This requirement will apply to all
those companies importing construction products from outside the European
Union. The interpretation of this requirement is unclear. One view is that sample
testing is only needed when non-conforming products are found. Another view is
that importers must carry out sample testing on a regular basis to ensure the
accuracy and reliability of the performance characteristics of the products they are
putting on the market.
Authorised representative
‘means any natural or legal person established within the Union who has received
a written mandate from a manufacturer to act on his behalf in relation to specific
tasks’
The authorised representative is appointed by the manufacturer to act on its behalf
to carry out some of the tasks necessary to comply with the CPR. For example
affix the CE Marking, draw up the DoP and act as a contact point for the national
authorities. However, the authorised representative cannot take responsibility for
the factory production control system. This remains the responsibility of the
manufacturer. Also the authorised representative is not the same as a
manufacturer’s commercial representative because such a company plays no part
in ensuring the product complies with the CPR. An authorised representative must
be established within the European Community and because it is working under
the authorisation of the manufacturer there must be a written agreement between
the two parties.
The conditions under which an importer/distributor becomes a manufacturer

Article 15 of the CPR gives the following conditions under which an
importer/distributor becomes a manufacturer.
‘An importer or distributor shall be considered a manufacturer for the purpose of
this Regulation and shall be subject to the obligations of a manufacturer under
Artucle 11, where he places a product on the market under his name or trademark
or modifies a construction product already placed on the market in such a way that
conformity with the declaration of performance may be affected.’
This requirement lists two scenarios under which an importer or a distributor is
considered a manufacturer. The first of these is where an company buys a product
made by someone else and places it on the market under his own name or trade
mark (for example a CE Marked steel section may be placed on the market by a
steel manufacturer). In this case even though the company does nothing to the
product to change its declared characteristics the company becomes the
manufacturer and is subject to requirements for the manufacturer set out above.
This is sometimes called ‘badge engineering’.
The second scenario is where a company buys an already CE Marked
construction product (e.g. a CE Marked steel section), modifies that product (e.g. a
service centre may part fabricate the steel sections before selling it to the
steelwork contractor) and places it back on the market. Under this scenario the
company becomes the manufacturer of the modified construction product. The
company is entitled to assume that the original manufacturer has correctly CE
Marked the product and can pass on the un-modified performance characteristics
without repeating the Initial Type Testing (ITT) on the basis that the company has
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
do nothing to change these characteristics. However, the company will have to

perform further ITT for those characteristics that have been changed (e.g. any
drilled/punched holes must conform to the essential tolerances given in BS EN
1090-2; similarly shot-blasting and painting the section will affect the durability and
reaction to fire).
Basic requirements
Table 2.4: Types of requirements

Modifications in the vocabulary in order to differentiate clearly with ‘’New
approach’’
CPD CPR
Essential requirements Basic requirements
The CPR replaces the six ‘essential requirements’ with the following ‘basic
requirements for construction works’:
1. Mechanical resistance and stability;
2. Safety in case of fire;
3. Hygiene, health and the environment;
4. Safety and accessibility in use;
5. Protection against noise;
6. Energy economy and heat retention;
7. Sustainable use of natural resources.
The first six ‘basic works requirements’ are similar to the six ‘essential
requirements’ given in CPD (see section 2.2). The changes consist of
supplementary requirements:
The 3rd is extended to comprise “throughout the life cycle” and “safety of
workers”.
The 4th is extended with “accessibility” and "use for disabled persons”.
The 6th is extended with “energy-efficient”, during “construction and dismantling”.
The 7th requirement is new and reflects the European Community’s drive for a
more sustainable built environment. The wording of this requirement in CPR,
Annex I is: The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such
a way that the use of natural resources is sustainable and ensure the following:
a) Recyclability of the construction works, their material and parts after
demolition;
b) Durability of the construction works;
c) Use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the
construction works.
The basic requirements for construction works shall constitute the basis for the
preparation of standardisation mandates and harmonised technical specifications,
e.g. EN 1090-1. The essential characteristics of construction products shall be laid
down in harmonised technical specifications in relation to the basic requirements
for construction works.
Declaration of performance
Table 2.5: Types of declarations

Modifications in the vocabulary in order to differentiate clearly with ‘’New
approach’’
CPD CPR
Declaration of Conformity (DoC) Declaration of Performance (DoP)
The CPR requires a Declaration of Performance (DoP) to be provided for all

construction products that are covered by a harmonised standard and for a CE
Marking to be fixed to the product, the packaging or the commercial
documentation. The harmonised standards for structural steelwork are listed in
section 2.2.
All of these standards were published prior to the CPR coming in to force and
therefore don’t fully conform to the requirements of the CPR. In particular Annex
ZA of these standards requires modification and in due course these annexes will
be changed. In particular the format of the DoP and the CE Marking are different
under the CPR.
Under the CPR the DoP is effectively a data sheet for the construction product that
contains information about the manufacturer, the construction product, its intended
uses and the declared essential performance characteristics of the product. The
essential performance characteristics are given in the relevant harmonised
standard. The information to be included in the DoP is outlined in Annex III of the
CPR. A complete list is given below.
1. Unique identification code of the product type:
2. Type, batch or serial number or any other element allowing identification
of the construction product as required under Article 11(4):
3. Intended use or uses of the construction product, in accordance with the
applicable harmonised technical specification, as foreseen by the
manufacturer:
4. Name, registered trade name and contact address of the manufacturer
as required under Article 11(5):
5. Where applicable, name and contact address of the authorised
representative whose mandate covers the tasks specified in Article 12(2):
6. System or systems of assessment and verification of constancy of
performance of the construction product as set out in Annex V:
7. In case of the declaration of performance concerning a construction
product covered by a harmonized standard:
(name and identification number of the notified body, if relevant)
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Performed Under system

(Description of the third party as set out in Annex V)
And issued
(Certificate of constancy of performance, certificate of conformity of the
factory production control, test/certificate reports – as relevant)
8. In case of the declaration of performance concerning a construction
product for which a European Technical Assessment has been issued:
(name and identification number of the Technical Assessment Body, if

relevant)
Issued
(reference number of the European Technical Assessment)
On the basis of
(reference number of the European Technical Document)
Performed
(description of the third party tasks as set out in Annex V)
And issued
(certificate of constancy of performance, certificate of conformity of the
factory production control, test/calculation reports – as relevant)
9. Declared performance
Essential
Performance Harmonized technical
characteristics
(see Note 2) specification (see Note 3)
(see Note 1)
Notes to the table:

1. Column 1 shall contain the list of essential characteristics as determined in
the harmonised technical specifications for the intended use of uses indicated
in point 3 above;
2. For each essential characteristic listed in column 1 and in compliance with
the requirements of Article 6, column 2 shall contain the declared
performance, expressed by level or class, or in a description, related to the
corresponding essential characteristics. The letters “NPD” (No Performance
Determined) shall be indicated where no performance is declared;
3. For each essential characteristic listed in column 1, column 3 shall contain:
a) Dated reference of the corresponding harmonised standard and, where
relevant, the reference number of the Specific or Appropriate Technical
Documentation used;
b) OR
Dated reference of the corresponding European Assessment Document

where available and reference number of the European Technical
Assessment used.
10. The performance of the product identified in points 1 and 2 is in conformity
with the declared performance in point 9.
This declaration of performance is issued under the sole responsibility of the
manufacturer identified in point 4.
Signed for and on behalf of the manufacturer by:
(name and function)
(place and date of issue) (signature)
Appendix C illustrates an example of a Declaration of Performance (DoP) under

the CPR.
CE Marking
The CE Marking under the CPR is simpler and consists of the CE Marking followed
by the last two digits of the year in which it was first affixed, the name and the
registered address of the manufacturer, or the identifying mark allowing
identification of the name and address of the manufacturer, the unique
identification code of the product-type, the reference number of the declaration of
performance, the level or class of the performance declared, the reference to the
harmonised technical specification applied, the identification number of the notified
body, if applicable, and the intended use as laid down in the harmonised technical
specification. Appendix C illustrates an example of a CE Marking under the CPR.
Transitional arrangements
Article 46 of the CPR states construction products which have been placed on the
market in accordance with the Construction Products Directive (CPD) before 1st
July 2013 are deemed to comply with the requirements of the CPR. The Article
goes on to say that a DoP may be drawn up on the basis of a Certificate of
Conformity (or Declaration of Conformity) which has been issued before 1st July
2013 in accordance with the CPD.
CE MARKING STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
3. CE MARKING STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL

STEELWORK
3.1 Basis
The basis of CE Marking is that the manufacturer warrants that its products meet
specified performance characteristics that are defined as essential to the
application of the products in the field of construction. In order to do this the
manufacturer needs to:
Know the requirements in terms of defined essential performance characteristics
and required values to be met. For structural steel components these
requirements are defined in clause 4 of EN 1090-1.
Use specified test methods that can evaluate whether products conform to the
specified requirements. For structural steel components these evaluation
methods are defined in clause 5 of EN 1090-1.
Implement a system for controlling regular production. For structural steel
components the system for evaluation of conformity is defined in clause 6 of EN
1090-1.
Mark its products in the correct way using a suitable classification and designation
system. For structural steel components the marking system is defined in clauses
7 and 8 of EN 1090-1.
These four aspects of EN 1090-1 Execution of steel structures and aluminium
structures – Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural
components are explained in detail below.
EN 1090-1 is one of a suite of harmonised European Standards dealing with
structural metallic products and ancillaries. All harmonised standards include an
Annex ZA and the implications of this are explained in detail below.
3.2 Scope
EN 1090-1 deals with the manufacture of load bearing components and kits of
components for use in structures. The components can be made of steel that is hot
rolled, cold formed or produced with other technologies. They may be produced of
sections/profiles with various shapes, flat products (plates, sheet, strip), bars,
castings, forgings made of steel or aluminium materials, unprotected or protected
against corrosion by coating or other surface treatment, e.g. anodising of
aluminium. The standard does not cover conformity assessment of components for
suspended ceilings, rails or sleepers for use in railway systems.
3.3 Definitions
Some important principles may be drawn from the definitions given in clause 3 of
EN 1090-1.
DEFINITIONS
3.3.1 Constituent products

The scope of EN 1090-1 acknowledges that the fabrication of structural steelwork
is an assembly process that uses constituent products such as steel sections,
fasteners and welding consumables. Importantly, the application of EN 1090-1
relies on using the harmonised product standards for these constituent products.
For instance, EN 10025-1 Hot-rolled products of structural steels – Part 1: General
technical delivery conditions is a harmonised standard and it requires that steel
products produced to the standard possess defined levels of strength – e.g. as
S275. These strength values then underpin the evaluation of the load bearing
capacity of a component produced to EN 1090-1.
In welding standards such as EN 1011 Welding – Recommendations for welding of
metallic materials, constituent products are referred to as parent materials or
parent metal and weld metal.
3.3.2 Component specification

EN 1090-1 applies to both series and non-series production. These terms are
explained by Pinneys & Rein in their practical guide. Although fabricated steel
components are generally bespoke, being one-offs or to a limited number typically
of less than 10 identical items this may be series or non-series production1.
Whether a component is made in series or non-series production, specific details
are required before manufacture can be undertaken. The document giving all
necessary information and technical requirements for manufacture is termed the
component specification. For structural steelwork the suite of relevant component
specifications would comprise the fabrication drawings.
One principle to be observed in CE Marking is that the manufacturer should be
clear and not confusing in its declarations. The simplest way this can be achieved
is to start from a definitive component specification and then to warrant that the
component has been made in accordance with that specification. This procedure
differs little from how steelwork contractors have been used to satisfying their
purchasing clients and the national building regulations.
3.3.3 Kits
A kit is defined as a construction product when it is a set of at least two separate
components that need to be put together to be installed permanently in the works.
For a “kit” to come within the scope of the CPD, the following conditions must be
satisfied:
- The “kit” must be placed on the market, allowing a purchaser to buy it in one
transaction from a single supplier;
- The “kit” must have characteristics that allow the works in which it is
incorporated to satisfy the essential requirements, when the works are subject
1
For example, a manufacturer making bridges or bridge components of all sizes and shapes, where no two are ever the
same, is still involved with series production. This is because the work is making bridges/bridge components. If the
manufacturer were asked to make a steel door and this was not part of normal production line then that would be non-series
production. If the manufacturer did not normally make purlins but then made several of a common type as a special order
then that would also be non-series production. For a definition of series manufacturer see note 17 in Guidance Paper M.
to regulations containing such requirements.

It is thus possible to consider structural steel components as a kit when they are
supplied as components of a whole building project or as defined phases of the
whole project. Two CE Marking options are thus open to the steelwork contractor:
- To apply CE Marking to the individual components as they are delivered from
the manufacturing works, using the component specifications issued for
manufacture as the reference;
- To apply CE Marking to a defined set of components as a kit, using as a
reference a collection of component specifications linked to, say, and erection
marking plan or delivery list.
Generally the steelwork contractor will also be the manufacturer and hence this
distinction is not generally an issue. However, if the steelwork contractor alters
components or a kit supplied by another manufacturer, or adds to such a kit in any
way and then relies upon CE Marking as a demonstration of conformity then the
steelwork contractor becomes the manufacturer of that kit or those components.
3.3.4 Design brief

Fabricated steel components are generally bespoke because they are made for
specific projects. The term project specification is used for the specification
prepared for a specific building project. With respect to those parts of the
construction works described in the project specification as structural steelwork, it
is anticipated that the engineer who is responsible for the design of structural
members will prepare design drawings that include all information necessary for
the completion of the fabrication drawings.
If the design and detailing of connections are not provided, it is necessary for the
steelwork contractor to undertake the design work in preparing the details needed
for the component specification and for the fabrication drawings. This design work
will be undertaken to what EN 1090-1 terms a design brief which would in essence
comprise design calculations and design drawings.
3.3.5 Structural characteristics

EN 1090-1 defines some of the essential performance characteristics as structural
characteristics. These are governed in part by the design approach used to
evaluate them and refer to:
- Load bearing capacity;
- Fatigue strength; and
- Resistance to fire.
The essential performance characteristics itemised in EN 1090-1 that are not
defined as structural characteristics are:
- Tolerances on dimensions and shape;
- Weldability;
- Fracture toughness;
- Reaction to fire;
- Emission of radioactivity; and
- Release of cadmium.
DEFINITIONS
- Durability.
The extent to which these essential characteristics may depend on the constituent
products used in manufacture can be identified by checking the essential
performance characteristics itemised in the harmonised standard for the
constituent product. For instance, EN 10025-1 includes the following essential
characteristics:
- Tolerances on dimensions and shape;
- Elongation;
- Tensile strength;
- Yield strength;
- Impact strength;
- Weldability;
- Durability.
The tolerances relevant to a constituent product continue to apply to components
manufactured from such products, unless EN 1090-2 (which is invoked for such
requirements by EN 1090-1) specifies more stringent criteria. Elongation is not
directly specified as an essential characteristic in EN 1090-1, but the evaluation of
structural design characteristics will depend on assumptions about elongation. For
instance, Eurocode designs apply to steels with minimum elongation of 15%.
Steel products to EN 10025-1 are designated with a steel grade, e.g.S275, which
signifies both the permitted range of tensile strength and the minimum yield
strength. To the extent that these values are affected by subsequent processes
used in manufacture (e.g. welding, hot or cold bending, or thermal cutting used in
fabrication), EN 1090-2 specifies restrictions on how these processes may be
used.
EN 1090-1 defines fracture toughness and impact resistance as the same
requirement. EN 10025-1 refers to the impact strength of steel products which is
assessed using Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact tests, and EN 10025-1 defines
weldability in terms of chemical composition using the carbon equivalent value
(CEV). Both these characteristics may be affected by subsequent processes used
in manufacture of steel components, especially in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of
the parent metal during welding. Thus EN 1090-2 specifies particular requirements
for the CEV of steel products that may be welded, as well as the minimum CVN
and maximum hardness permitted in the HAZ and the weld metal.
3.3.6 Load bearing capacity

The determination of the load bearing capacity of a structural component can be a
complex issue as it may involve, for instance, member design for buckling,
connection design for bearing, crushing etc. as well as an understanding of the
behaviour of welds and mechanical fasteners such as preloadable bolts. Prior to
the advent of a harmonised standard for structural steel components, steelwork
contractors and/or their purchasing clients have been undertaking such design
evaluations on all steelwork projects. It is not the intention of the CPD to change
this way of working or to place unnecessary impediments in how such design
matters have been undertaken in meeting the existing national regulations for
building construction etc.
Parties undertaking design in support of developing the component specification
should not expect to alter their ways of working. The only supplementary change is
that the manufacturer undertaking (some of the) design work has the option of
including a warranty on that element of the design when declaring that the
component meets the component specification (see the optional methods for
preparing the component specification explained below).
The simplest way of looking at the issues associated with load bearing capacity is
that the component derives its capacity from that of its constituent products and
the way those are assembled. Typically the shape and yield or tensile strength of,
say, a steel beam determines its load bearing capacity – and values for safe loads
are given in member capacity tables. What the manufacturer is charged with is that
the processes used in fabrication do not impair the properties of the “plain”
member.
EN 1090-1 requires the manufacturer to address how structural characteristics are
dependent on the manufacturing characteristics of the product. Most importantly
for load bearing capacity in quasi-static building construction, this depends on the
yield strength of the constituent products, and, as noted above, this can be
affected by subsequent processes used in manufacture such as welding. Hence,
the manufacturer needs to observe the provisions of EN 1090-2 with respect to
welding and to have a suitable welding quality management system (WQMS) in
place. This enables the manufacturer to be confident that any impairment of the
yield strength of, say, parent materials in the HAZ is within defined limits as
evidenced by the limits on hardness etc. measured during the testing in support of
the WPQR.
Then, in effect, the manufacturer may declare the equivalent of load bearing
capacity by warranting that the component has been made in accordance with its
component specification (i.e. fabrication drawing) on which appears the grade,
shape, configuration etc. of the constituent products from which load bearing
capacity can be evaluated by calculation to, say, the Eurocodes.
3.3.7 Evaluation methods

In most harmonised standards, essential characteristics are evaluated by physical
testing to a supporting European Standard. For instance the test method specified
in EN 10025-1 for evaluating impact strength is EN 10045-1 Charpy impact test on
metallic materials – Part 1: Test method (V-and U-notches). Physical testing is
applicable to products of a standard or standardised type but is not easily applied
to bespoke products. Whilst the safe load bearing capacity of a lifting beam might
be established by a physical test, such non-destructive proof load testing of
bespoke structural components is impractical; and it may be impossible to
establish fatigue strength or resistance to fire by other than destructive testing.
Hence, EN 1090-1 allows measurement of geometry and/or structural calculations
to be used as evaluation methods, as well as structural testing supported by
calculations.
DEFINITIONS
3.3.8 Preparation of the component specification

EN 1090-1 includes an informative Annex A that provides guidelines for
preparation of the component specification. The annex distinguishes the following
typical cases:
Manufacturer provided component specification (MPCS). This case is typical
of steelwork contracting in general whereby the structural design may be
undertaken by the steelwork contractor. In this case EN 1090-1 allows two
options:
Option 1: The manufacturer only declares the geometry and the material
properties of the component. The manufacturer “attaches” the component
specification to the component and provides a CE Marking that warrants that the
as-manufactured component complies with its component specification. The
manufacturer provides no warranty that its design work has been undertaken
according to the design brief. This option is called Method 1 in EN 1090-1. If
this is the option that the manufacturer always uses then this limitation should
be clear on the scope statement on the manufacturer’s declaration of
conformity.
This method may be used by distributors who modify a product already placed
on the market in such a way that conformity with its original CE Marking is
affected. It is presupposed that the structural design in this case will be
performed by the purchaser,
Option 2: In this case, the manufacturer declares not only the geometry and the
material properties of the component but also the structural characteristics (such
as load bearing capacity) resulting from design of the component. The
manufacturer needs to undertake the design. The manufacturer thus includes in
the CE Marking a warranty that its design work has been undertaken according
to the design brief.
This option is called Method 2 in EN 1090-1 and assumes that such a design
brief would be wholly based on the relevant parts of the Eurocodes. This would
be particularly useful for manufacturers of standardised products, such as cold-
formed purlins, intended for sale throughout Europe. Then the product could be
supplied against a component specification showing dimensions and giving
constituent material properties, together with an attached data sheet giving, for
example, Eurocode-based load bearing capacities in relation to spans and
fixings. The parameterisation would need to cater for National Annex values
adopted for the nationally determined parameters (NDPs) allowed by the
Eurocodes. This method is typical for a steelwork contractor who undertakes
both the design work and the manufacturing of steel components.
There is also an alternative Method 3b that allows CE Marking of structural
characteristics to a design brief, carried out according to other design provisions
than the Eurocodes. The structural design calculation is based on the
purchaser´s or the manufacturer´s design brief to meet the clients order. This
method thus allows CE Marking of components with design values evaluated at
least in part to, say, an American standard provided that this is explicitly agreed
in the purchasing client’s order. For instance, the component may be designed
to the Eurocodes for static design, but to the AISC code for seismic design
resistance. It should be noted that Method 3b is not applicable to products
placed on the European market where the purchaser is not known in advance of
product delivery. In such cases it is imperative that component specification is
clearly linked to the design basis used for calculations.
Purchaser provided component specification (PPCS). In this case the
manufacturer undertakes no design and simply provides a product that meets
the fully definitive PPCS together with the necessary supporting documentation.
In EN 1090-1 this is called Method 3a. Components to be supplied to a PPCS
are based on the purchasing client`s fully detailed fabrication drawings and
component specifications for the manufacture of the components.
This method is also typical of a steelwork contractor subcontracting fabrication
to another fabricator/supplier. The purchasing steelwork contractor will usually
require the components to be supplied with appropriate CE Marking, which will
mean that the subcontract fabricator/supplier must have a suitably certified FPC.
Summary:
Method 1: The manufacturer only declares geometry and the material properties of
the component, not the structural characteristics (structural design).
Method 2: The manufacturer declares both geometry and material properties +
structural characteristics (structural design) of the component.
Method 3b: The manufacturer declares both geometry and material properties +
structural characteristics of the component, but according to other design
provisions than the Eurocodes.
Method 3a: The manufacturer only declares geometry and the material properties
of the component based on the purchaser client´s component specification and
fabrication drawings.
3.3.9 Use and location

In the case of a PPCS the use and location for use of a component are known in
advance. However, for a MPCS there is an important distinction to be made
between components made for a use and location that is known in advance and
those whose use and location are unknown at the time the component is placed on
the market. For design to the Eurocodes under Method 2 (Option 2) above, EN
1090-1 describes the former case as Method 2a and the latter case as Method 2b
(see EN 1090-1; ZA.3.3; note 3). Under Method 2a the relevant NDPs in the
National Annex for the location and use will be known. Under Method 2b the
structural performance characteristics for the component will be “application
neutral” (e.g. off-the-shelf products). Hence a product data sheet containing, say,
load-span tables for such a component would need to be carefully drafted to avoid
a potential purchaser/user making a mistake about, say, the component’s load
bearing capacity that is “safe” in the actual location and use decided by the
purchaser/user.
DEFINITIONS
3.3.10 Reaction to fire

Reaction to fire refers to issues such as surface spread of flame, and steel
constituent products are classified as Class A1 with respect to reaction to fire. No
further documentation is required to support this classification for a steel
component manufactured to EN 1090-1.
There is currently no harmonised standard covering how reaction to fire for
coatings applied to steel components shall be declared. EN 1090-1 anticipates that
this will be dealt with by specifying the applied coating in the component
specification, and providing supporting information using the coating
manufacturer’s product data sheet as evidence of the coating’s properties. In due
course, a standard format for declaring the properties of applied coatings is likely
to be prepared as the basis for CE Marking such products supplied for use in
construction.
3.3.11 Dangerous substances

The CPD requires manufacturers to declare whether their products emit
radioactivity or release cadmium. In general, EN 1090-1 requires no testing for
these dangerous substances if the steel component is manufactured from steel
constituent products and is not coated. If the steel is coated the manufacturer may
have to make a separate declaration concerning the coating as with reaction to
fire.
3.3.12 No performance determined

Unless an essential characteristic is regulated in the European member state
where the component is to be used, a manufacturer’s CE Marking may state “No
performance determined” (NPD – not to be confused with a National Annex NDP)
for that characteristic. For instance, structural steelwork intended for building
construction where fatigue is not a factor in design. It would then be in order to
state “Fatigue strength – NPD”. The manufacturer may however wish to declare
performance characteristics not regulated in certain member states for marketing
purposes or for economy reasons to facilitate easier movement of products within
all member states.
In Annex ZA of EN 10025-1, for instance, some essential performance
characteristics are noted as “threshold values” (a minimum value below which the
product is not fit for use). Where performance characteristics for structural steel
components are declared using the properties of constituent products which are in
turn based on threshold values, then the restriction still applies that “NPD” cannot
be stated for those characteristics as a minimum or threshold value must always
be met.
Although EN 1090-1 allows NPD to be declared for weldability for non-welded
components, it should be noted that the harmonised standards for most constituent
steel products include weldability as a threshold value (e.g. see EN 10025-1). In
such cases, whether the steel component is welded or not, NPD may not be
declared for the component if the declaration relies upon properties transmitted
from those of its constituent products.
All the examples of CE Marking given in Annex ZA of EN 1090-1 state that NPD is
to be declared for release of cadmium, and emission of radioactivity. In practice,
steel products do not emit or release either dangerous substance, and hence
rather than NPD it is practical to declare “No release of cadmium” and “No
emission of radioactivity”.
3.4 Requirements
3.4.1 General
The basis of how the essential performance characteristics defined in EN 1090-1
are specified as requirements for manufacture of a steel component is as follows:
- Steel components are manufactured from steel constituent products with
essential characteristics that are defined in the harmonised standards for those
products;
- The manufacturer incorporating those products into a structural steel
component needs to ensure that:
- Incoming materials to be used as constituent products comply with the relevant
specification by documentary check supplemented by re-testing if necessary
(see section 8 on how this affects the supply chain);
- The use of those constituent products in manufacture meets the necessary
traceability requirements (see section 7);
- The modification of the essential characteristics of the constituent products by
the processes of steel component manufacture, such as by welding, is
controlled to meet the requirements of EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures
and aluminium structures – Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures
(see section 4 below which explains the content of EN 1090-2 in detail);
- Structural characteristics are established by suitable design calculations and/or
physical testing.
3.4.2 Durability
The CPD requires that the durability of the essential characteristics is established.
It should be noted that the durability required is related to the essential
performance characteristics identified in the harmonised standard.
As there is no applicable direct method for testing durability, EN 1090-1 introduces
the following principles to establish the durability of a steel component. The
durability depends on the constituent products. The essential characteristics of
steel constituent products are immune from degradation over time with the major
exception that atmospheric corrosion can impair cross-sectional dimensions.
Some products use structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion
resistance, for which the required chemical composition is specified in the relevant
supporting standard. Otherwise, durability is defined in terms of the corrosion
protection applied to the surface of a steel component.
The selection of a method for protecting steel components from corrosion is
covered by EN 1090-2. This allows the indirect evaluation of durability in terms of
EVALUATION METHODS
the classified exposure of the component linked to specified requirements for

surface protection in the component specification.
It is arguable that in two other respects – fatigue and fracture – the properties of
constituent steel products are less than permanently durable as over the longer
term steel can be susceptible to failure due to externally applied cyclic stresses or
low temperatures. As both these properties are explicitly defined as essential
structural characteristics in EN 1090-1, the issue of durability can be addressed by
declaring values that are related to the stress cycling or working temperature as
relevant.
3.5 Evaluation methods
The evaluation methods to be used are related to the manufacturing requirements

to be evaluated that are derived from the essential performance characteristics
defined in EN 1090-1. A combination of three methods is included in EN 1090-1
and the harmonised standards for constituent products:
- Physical testing – used for example to establish fracture toughness of steel
materials using the CVN impact test;
- Measurements of geometry – used for tolerances on dimension and shape,
and covered in EN 1090-2;
- Structural calculations – which may be used to evaluate load bearing capacity,
fatigue strength and resistance to fire.
EN 1090-1 allows the use of physical testing instead of or in support of
calculations. For instance, the supplementary rules in the Eurocodes for the design
of steel cold-formed members and sheeting specify testing procedures to be used.
EN 1990 Eurocode – Basis of structural design defines various types of test and
specifies the proper statistical methods for the evaluation of test results.
It is also worth noting that EN 10025-1 relies wholly on physical testing and
measurements of geometry to establish conformity and the introduction of
structural calculations as a third evaluation method in EN 1090-1 is linked to the
fact that it covers bespoke products and non-series production.
3.6 Evaluation of conformity
3.6.1 Initial type testing

The general principles behind the evaluation of conformity are the use of initial
type testing (ITT) and factory production control (FPC). The basis of ITT is:
- A manufacturer develops a product type;
- What might be termed prototype examples of the new product type are tested
to establish their properties against the essential performance characteristics;
- The new product type is commissioned into production and representative
samples from new production are tested to establish that the production
methods used can produce conforming product.
Thus ITT is necessary at the commencement of production of a new product type

including production using new constituent products, and at the commencement of
new or modified methods of production.
As EN 1090-1 applies to the manufacture of bespoke non-series components that
may be unique examples of their type, it is impractical to apply the simple concept
of ITT described above. Hence, the concept of initial type calculation (ITC) is
introduced as a conformity evaluation method. What this builds on is the wealth of
physical testing undertaken in research laboratories that has been codified into the
design rules that underpin the ITC. Thus even a unique example of a structural
component is built up in the calculations from what might be termed sub-types –
for instance the behaviour and bearing resistance of an end plate in a bolted
connection.
ITC is built up wholly on what might be termed “historical data”, and EN 1090-1
allows historical data from both ITC and ITT to be used. This reduces the amount
of type testing that the manufacturer needs to perform. However, the application of
historical data needs to be carefully considered when, say, test results obtained in
support of a product meeting British Standards are extended to meet a European
Standards. EN 1990 provides the statistical basis for using such prior information.
The steel constituent product standards, such as EN 10025-1, measure the
essential performance characteristic of weldability in terms of chemical
composition as a carbon equivalent value (CEV). Welding to EN 1090-2 builds on
this concept of weldability by applying the concepts behind ITT in the methods
used to evaluate conformity of welded components, as follows:
- A manufacturer wishes to develop a welding procedure specification (WPS)
and defines parent and weld materials, welding process, joint design and
preparation, welding position and technique etc. in a preliminary welding
procedure specification (pWPS);
- Using the pWPS as the reference document, the manufacturer carries out a
welding procedure test, which is then subjected to destructive and non-
destructive tests (NDT) to specified standards. The results of the testing and
the actual welding parameters used are recorded in a welding procedure
qualification record (WPQR);
- The WPQR is used to support application of the WPS in practice and the
qualification of other WPS to be used in production within a defined range of
essential variables, for example material type/thickness, joint types, welding
position etc.
The fact that the WPS may be used over a range of actual welds that differ
somewhat from the initial type tested is an example of the allowance in EN 1090-1
to extend application of ITT to other situations in a “family”. The range of
qualification allowed in the welding standards defines how big the family may be,
which in terms of parent materials is done using steel groups cited in EN 1090-2.
EN 1090-2 also builds on the ITT concept with respect to using a qualified WPS in
production as it specifies that the first five joints made to the same new WPS must
meet quality levels comparable to those in the procedure test when subjected to
NDT. This establishes that a WPS can produce conforming quality when
EVALUATION OF CONFORMITY
implemented in production. Thereafter the NDT on production welding is reduced

to sampling as part of FPC.
EN 1090-1 restricts the application of a given ITT programme to a production of
components within a defined Execution Class (EXC). This concept is explained
further below, but it has a particular implication for production welding in that
requirements for the welding quality management system (WQMS), the methods of
qualification, the extent of FPC testing and the production quality levels required
differ for EXC2, EXC3 and EXC4. For EXC4, EN 1090-2 requires production welds
to meet a higher quality than that established by ITT in the WPQR.
3.6.2 Factory production control

Factory production control (FPC) is needed to establish that a manufacturer can
produce conforming product in regular ongoing production. In essence what the
manufacturer does is to establish the key control checks during the ITT phase and
then to sample test actual production to compare it with necessary quality levels
established by ITT. FPC is thus used to prove that products conform to the product
type, given that ITT has been used to prove that the product type meets the
required essential performance characteristics.
As FPC is based on sampling, the frequency and extent of sample testing is
defined in the harmonised standard. For products to EN 10025-1, this can be
specific to a lot or cast (type 3.1 inspection certificate) or non-specific (type 2.2 test
report). Specific testing is required for all steel products except those of the
following qualities: S275JR, S275J0, S355JR or S355J0 (see section 7 for
overruling of these requirements in EN 1090-2).
As EN 1090-1 covers bespoke non-series production the required number of
samples is specified as only one (i.e. the component may be its own unique type)
when applied to calculations of structural characteristics, dimensional
measurements, and the checking of CEV and CVN values for the constituent steel
products. More extended sampling is required when the conformity evaluation is
established by physical testing rather than calculation.
In practice, production to EN 1090-2 as a supporting standard for EN 1090-1
means that many requirements relating to production are specified. As noted
above this has particular application to the use of NDT to establish that production
continues to produce conforming welds treating further joints welded according to
the same WPS as a single continuing production lot.
In many ways FPC may be seen as a sub-set of the controls necessary in a quality
management system based on EN ISO 9001, and EN 1090-1 allows (but does not
require) an FPC conforming to EN ISO 9001 to be used as the basis for the
required system.
The detailed requirements for the FPC are explained in section 10, and it should
be noted that the system is defined in terms of written procedures, regular/routine
inspection (i.e. quality control) supported by competent personnel and suitable
equipment for production and testing.
3.6.3 Attestation levels

Attestation of conformity is the term used to define the whole system needed to
ensure that only conforming products are placed on the market. This allocates
certain tasks to the manufacturer and others to an independent organisation that
the manufacturer appoints to certify defined aspects of its operations as meeting
the required standard.
Certification organisations themselves need to be certified as being suitably
competent to undertake their allotted tasks. Their competence is established
against ISO/IEC 17021 Conformity assessment – Requirements for bodies
providing audit and certification of management systems and the scope of
competence of the organisation is certified by the national accreditation body. This
certification is then used by the competent national authority (relevant government
department) to notify the European Commission and the certification organisation
then becomes a notified body (NB).
Depending on the attestation level which has been chosen by the European
Commission, the NB may be involved as a third party in certifying:
- The FPC system, as is required for all structural steel components and
explained below with respect to EN 1090-1. This is system 2+ and it permits
the manufacturer to issue a Declaration of Conformity related to its products.
The role of the NB under system 2+ is defined as that of an inspection body
rather than that of a certification body as the latter implies that product or
product type certification is involved (as below);
- The product type by involvement in the ITT/ITC. This would be system 1+ and
would result in the NB issuing a Certificate of Conformity related to the
manufacturer’s product types; or
- The products themselves. Outside of the CE Marking requirements, EN 10025-
1 allows this option for certain higher quality steels whereby the purchaser’s
authorised inspection representative or the inspector designated by the official
regulations endorses the declaration that the products supplied are in
compliance with the requirements of the order.
The attestation level specified for all structural steel components is level 2+ which
allocates the tasks as follows:
- Tasks under the responsibility of the manufacturer: ITT, FPC and product
testing;
- Tasks for the NB: Certification of the manufacturer’s FPC on the basis of both
initial inspection and continuous surveillance.
3.6.4 Product testing

EN 1090-1 specifies the amount of product testing by the manufacturer as follows:
- Checking those essential dimensions that are critical to use of the component
on each component or a suitable sample if components are manufactured
under similar conditions. The requirements for dimensions that are essential
are listed as essential tolerances in EN 1090-2;
EVALUATION OF CONFORMITY
- Checking the manufactured components against the component specification

with respect to the requirements for surface treatment for corrosion protection
as specified in EN 1090-2;
- Checking that the inspection documents for constituent products conform to
the required values for CEV, CVN, and yield, proof or tensile strengths as
specified in EN 10025-1 or other relevant harmonised standards for steel
products;
- For design undertaken by the manufacturer, verifying that the calculations
used to develop the component specification are relevant and have been
carried out in accordance with the design brief;
- Checking that manufacturing processes that affect structural characteristics
are being undertaken to EN 1090-2. This is relevant to processes that may
alter the essential performance characteristics of constituent products. Hence,
EN 1090-2 specifies the relevant procedure and production testing for welding,
bending, and thermal cutting.
3.6.5 Laboratory testing

The possibility for third party endorsement of the product type is comparable to
third party endorsement of actual laboratory test results (as opposed to
endorsement that the system for control of laboratory testing has been checked
within the scope of the FPC endorsement). In terms of EN 10025-1 laboratories
undertake material tests to establish CEV, CVN etc., and the system for control of
laboratory testing requires;
- A direct check of the performance of the manufacturer’s own laboratory within
the scope of the FPC;
- Accreditation of the laboratory under EN ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements
for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (or equivalent) with
the accreditation being specific for the tests carried out; or
- Direct assessment of an external laboratory by the NB.
In terms of EN 1090-1 there are similar requirements that treat laboratory testing
as part of the manufacturer’s FPC. For EXC2 and above this applies to tests
associated with welding, and a competent examiner or examining body is required
to verify the WPQRs, to witness welder qualification tests (WQTs) and to endorse
the WQT certificates. These responsibilities are distinct from those of a possible
project-specific third party inspection authority that may be appointed.
3.6.6 Design control

As noted above, control of design is seen as part of FPC to the extent that the
manufacturer chooses to warrant the design work it undertakes to develop the
component specification from the design brief. The NB is not required to verify the
content of the design or that the component specification complies with the design
brief as this would be equivalent to product type certification to attestation system
1.
The NB is required to certify during initial inspection and continuous surveillance

that suitable design control procedures are in place (e.g. for revising drawings),
and that design work is being undertaken using suitable equipment and other
resources (e.g. suitable computer programmes and latest copies of design codes).
During initial inspection the NB is also asked to certify that that design work is
being undertaken by suitably competent personnel with defined job descriptions.
3.6.7 Certification of the FPC

EN 1090-1 defines those aspects of the FPC that must be certified by the NB.
During initial inspection these relate to checking whether the resources (premises,
personnel and equipment) are adequate for the manufacture of steel components
to EN 1090-2. This also comprises:
- Checking that the FPC has procedures for checking conformity and handling
procedural non-conformities and non-conforming product;
- Evaluation of job descriptions (e.g. based on an organogram) and
requirements for competence of personnel (e.g. for welding operators and
responsible welding coordinators).
During continuous surveillance the NB:
- Uses sampling to check that the manufacturer is undertaking the specified
product testing described above that is associated with execution work;
- Checks that the FPC procedures for checking conformity and handling
procedural non-conformities and non-conforming product are being operated
properly.
3.6.8 Welding certification

Specifically for those manufacturers who use welding and following the initial
inspection, the NB is required to identify the scope of certification of the FPC in
terms of the welding processes and parent materials covered. The manufacturer
can establish the basis for this scope by using its portfolio of WPSs, WPQRs and
WQTs as those documents underpin the operation of the FPC for welding. In this
regard it is required that for each main welding process the manufacturer shall
have available welder(s) with suitably qualified welding procedures and welders.
As the NB also needs to confirm on the certificate which Execution Class is
relevant to the manufacturer’s FPC for welding, the NB needs to assess the
welding quality management system (WQMS), the methods of qualification, the
extent of FPC testing and the production quality levels and to relate these to the
Execution Class using the requirements specified in EN 1090-2 (see section 5).
Unless the scope of certification is limited to EXC1, the Responsible Welding
Coordinator (RWC) also needs to be identified on the certificate. The certification
of the FPC for welding may be identified within the general FPC certificate or
issued as a separate welding certificate (according to Table B.1 in EN 1090-1).
Although it is not required, it may also be agreed between the manufacturer and
the NB that the WQMS is certificated according to the appropriate level of EN ISO
3834. If the manufacturer already has its WQMS certified to EN ISO 3834, then
MARKING SYSTEM
this may be relied upon as relevant when the NB issues the general certificate for
the FPC.
During continuous surveillance, the NB is not specifically required to re-certificate
the FPC for welding, but in practice re-certification of the FPC will include a review
of the WQMS. The NB also has the authority to undertake a surveillance audit if
circumstances change. In this respect, the manufacturer is required to inform the
NB of changes that could affect the validity of the certificate, such as:
- New or changed essential facilities;
- Change of Responsible Welding Coordinator;
- New welding processes;
- New essential equipment.
3.7 Marking system
3.7.1 General
The basis of the marking system is that the component shall be identifiable against
the relevant essential performance characteristics that are to be warranted by the
manufacturer as complying with the requirements of EN 1090-1. This requires that
the component is linked uniquely to its component specification, and if this is in the
form of a fabrication drawing the information required by EN 1090-1 can be given
on the drawing.
In addition, EN 1090-2 specifies certain requirements related to traceability (see
section 7) and identification methods applicable to component manufacture, and
links these to the marking necessary for correct use of the component in terms of
erection.
Most often bespoke non-series steel components are supplied to a given project
for eventual erection as a complete structural frame for, say, a building. In such
cases the components may be seen as a kit, and the marking can be done on a
collective basis for them all. Typically this might be done using the erection
marking plan as a central reference point to define the kit, and then to attach the
necessary CE Marking information to the whole kit via the marking plan. This
method has an obvious extension for steelwork contractors undertaking design-
and-build projects and who wish to warrant the design as well as the manufacture
of all the components by reference to the design calculation sheets.
3.7.2 Classification and designation

EN 1090-1 requires that the Execution Class relevant to its manufacture is given
on the component specification.
The requirements for dimensions that are essential performance characteristics
are listed as essential tolerances in EN 1090-2. For some essential tolerances,
such as those for cylindrical and conical shells, more than one class is specified. In
which case, the component specification needs to identify the class that is relevant
to the component.
3.7.3 CE Marking
EN 1090-1 includes an informative Annex ZA related to the application of the CPD
to structural steel components. It is informative as it pertains to application of
national regulations which cannot be made mandatory by a European Standard.
Instead the framework is given in the informative annex which is then mandated in
practice by the appropriate regulations in each European member state.
The annex links together the following elements of the required CE Marking
system:
- The FPC certificate issued by the NB (as described above);
- The declaration of conformity made by the manufacturer. This is a document
that the manufacturer prepares and maintains which then entitles the
manufacturer to affix the CE Marking. It must be signed by an appropriate
employee of the manufacturing company, and is the basis for criminal
proceedings if the regulators believe that the CE Marking has been wrongly
applied by the manufacturer. Appendix C illustrates an example of a
declaration of conformity;
- The CE Marking of the component. This includes the CE Marking symbol
(literally the letters C and E in a particular type style and size) as well as other
information as illustrated in Appendix C.
EN 1090-1 allows the CE Marking to be done on one of four templates linked to
the preparation of the component specification via the four methods (see section
3.3.8) defined in EN 1090-1 as follows:
- By reference to component geometrical data and the material properties of
constituent products with NPD for structural characteristics determined by
design (Method 1 using MPCS Option 1);
- As above but including values for structural characteristics determined by
design to the relevant Eurocodes (Method 2 using MPCS Option 2);
- As above but including values for structural characteristics determined by
design to the purchaser’s design requirements (Method 3b using MPCS
Option 2); or
- By reference to component geometrical data and the material properties of
constituent products with a cross-reference to the purchaser’s design but no
specific values for structural characteristics determined by design (Method 3a
using PPCS).
At the present time CE Marking under the CPD is not mandatory under the
national regulations implemented in the UK, RoI, Finland, Sweden and Norway.
Most often CE Marking of structural steel components to EN 1090-1 applies to
non-series production intended for a bespoke project-specific application that is
known in advance of the manufacture. In such cases, even if CE Marking were
mandatory or adopted voluntarily, it would be reasonable to apply EN 1090-1 to
the final completed component that is directly ready for site assembly and/or
erection. Whether the steelwork contractor as manufacturer of the completed
component requires CE Marking to be used by its supply chain (see section 8)
then depends on how the manufacturer wishes to exercise FPC. Clearly the
steelwork contractor will require most constituent products to be CE Marked, but
MARKING SYSTEM
might control the operations of some sublet suppliers undertaking steel processing
within the purchasing steelwork contractor’s own FPC system. This has particular
relevance for the WQMS and the control of welding by sublet suppliers.
3.7.4 Affixing the CE Marking

The CE Marking may be located in one of the following places:
- on the product or its label;
- on the packaging; or
- in the manuals or other supporting commercial literature accompanying the
product2.
It is likely that for bespoke project-specific items the CE Marking would be located
on the fabrication drawings that comprise the component specification. The
component itself then only needs an identity mark (such as the piece marks in use
currently) that links it unambiguously to the relevant drawing, perhaps via a
delivery list or marking plan as currently.
For series items, such as proprietary purlins, it is more likely to be placed on the
product label. For steel products it is generally on the inspection document (e.g.
type 3.1), and for fasteners and welding consumable it is generally on the
packaging.
3.7.5 Packaging
In principle the importance of packaging for a product with CE Marking is that the
manufacturer produces conforming product “ex-works” and the obligation on the
manufacturer is to use packing that is sufficient to preserve the essential
performance characteristics for a reasonable time reflecting the period until the
purchaser is ready to install the product in the construction works.
For structural steel components, the context is somewhat different, as the
components are nearly always “made to order”, and the essential performance
characteristics are largely unaffected by exposure during the period between
leaving the manufacturer’s works and being installed on site. Furthermore, in
“bespoke” cases a steelwork contractor would be liable to rectify any damage that
the component received before it was finally handed over as part of the
construction works.
For these reasons, EN 1090-1 is largely silent about packaging requirements, and
EN 1090-2 includes the requirements for rectification of any damage sustained in
delivery or erection.
2
In this context “accompanying” means “unambiguously linked to”, it does not mean that the commercial literature has to
physically be attached to the product.
EUROPEAN FABRICATION STANDARD
4. EUROPEAN FABRICATION STANDARD

4.1 Status and scope
EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 2:

Technical requirements for steel structures is not a harmonised standard but it
supports the application of EN 1090-1 by providing the technical requirements
relevant to manufacture of steel components. This is analogous to EN 10045-1
being a supporting standard giving the test methods for CVN in support of the
harmonised standard for steel products EN 10025-1 etc. As well as building on
these test methods used to establish the characteristics of constituent products,
EN 1090-2 includes its own test methods for such items as measuring geometrical
dimensions of components. It also makes reference to other test methods in
further supporting standards such as those specifying requirements for welding.
The scope of EN 1090-2 is wider than simply the technical requirements for
manufacture (e.g. by fabrication including welding), as it also covers all execution
requirements for steel structures including erection. Erection and other operations
(such as bolting) that take place on a project site where the construction works are
being built are not relevant to the CE Marking process which merely assumes that
the works will be otherwise properly designed and built3.
In addition, the scope of EN 1090-2 is much wider than the individual National
Standards that it will replace as it includes requirements for all types of steel
structure: buildings, bridges, towers, masts, chimneys, shells, sheeting in carbon
manganese steels up to S960, cold formed steels up to S700 and stainless steels.
It applies to structures subjected to fatigue or seismic actions.
Despite this extremely wide scope, the requirements related to steel structures
used in building construction may be very close to those in previous national
standards and national building regulations.
With respect to CE Marking the relevant clauses of EN 1090-2 are as follows:
- Documentation (clause 4 and Annex A);
- Constituent steel products (clauses 5, 12.1 and 12.2);
- Geometrical tolerances (clauses 11 and 12.3 and Annex D);
- Welding and other fabrication operations (clauses 7, 6 and 12.4);
- Surface treatment for corrosion protection and durability (clauses 10 and 12.6
and Annex F).
With respect to their application as requirements for EN 1090-1 these clauses form
three groups as follows:
3
Potentially there could be situations (such as on a major stadium, power station or bridge project) where a substantial
amount of “manufacture” takes place on the construction site. Arguably this is outside the scope of the CPD as the
fabrication (assembly and welding) work is not undertaken in a works/factory covered by the manufacturer's FPC
certification. It would, however, generally be the case that the WQMS and the RWC's scope of responsibility would include
such site-based operations anyhow. In special circumstances where the site facility existed for a long enough time, it would
be possible for those facilities to be certified by the NB, and hence for CE Marking to be applied to the “components”
produced from those facilities.
DOCUMENTATION
- Those associated with inspection, testing and corrections (in clause 12 of EN

1090-2) that support quality control of product conformity;
- Those associated with documentary controls (in clause 4 and 5) that support
quality assurance of product conformity; and
- The rest which underpin the procedural controls of processes of fabrication.
It is assumed that clauses 8 and 12.5 on mechanical fastening, clauses 9 and 12.7
on erection and Annexes E, G, H, J, K and M generally have little or no relevance
to the CE Marking of structural steel components.
4.2 Documentation
EN 1090-2 uses the term execution specification for the set of documents covering
technical data and requirements for a particular steel structure. This includes the
portfolio of component specifications that are the key documents referred to in EN
1090-1.
Annex A of EN 1090-2 lists all those requirements that may need specifying for a
particular project and hence for specific components. Annex A.3 lists several that
are indexed to the choice of Execution Class. The application of the concept of
Execution Class is explained in section 9 below.
In terms of documentation and as part of FPC, the manufacturer should review the
extensive list of supporting standards given in clause 2 of EN 1090-2 to ensure
that its library contains up-to-date versions of those relevant to its scope of
operations.
4.3 Constituent products
Section 3 above explains the concept of constituent products. The manufacturer

needs to know that it is using the right products and to ensure that its
manufacturer’s processes do not impair those properties that underpin the
declared essential characteristics of the finished component. Many of the
requirements in EN 1090-2 for traceability and welding relate to these needs.
4.4 Tolerances
Those geometrical tolerances that are essential to the evaluation of the strength of
a component (e.g. straightness required to avoid premature strut buckling) are
defined in EN 1090-2 as essential requirements. It is those and only those
tolerances that the manufacturer warrants when CE Marking under the CPD. As
noted in section3 above, it is necessary to choose which class applies for some
essential tolerances and to include this in the component specification.
It should be noted that EN 1090-2 also gives requirements in two tolerance classes
for what are termed functional tolerances. The functional tolerances are outside
EUROPEAN FABRICATION STANDARD
the application of the CPD to structural steel components, but they are relevant to
the contractual obligations that the manufacturer has to its purchasing client. Thus
the manufacturer may choose to link the component to the relevant functional
tolerance class by showing this information on the fabrication drawings.
4.5 Welding
EN 1090-2 covers fabrication requirements in clauses dealing with preparation of

constituent products, assembly and welding. The implications of EN 1090-2 for CE
Marking of welded structural components are widely discussed throughout this
document as welding is a special process and has the most relevance to the
potential impairment of the properties of the constituent products. Similar
procedural restrictions apply to other processes used in manufacture that have
such a risk if not properly controlled (e.g. hot or cold bending, or thermal cutting
used in fabrication).
In EN 1090-2 the conceptual principle is that welding of a given type (as defined by
a given WPS) may be considered as a single continuing production lot in quality
management terms.
EN 1090-2 includes a National Foreword that explains that whilst the Service
Category (see section 9) differentiates between quasi-static (SC1) and fatigue
(SC2) applications, this is too coarse a differentiation with respect to the control of
weld quality in fatigue. EN 1090-2 uses the quality levels in EN ISO 5817 in four
steps as listed below:
- EXC1: Quality level D;
- EXC2: Quality level C generally;
- EXC3: Quality level B (i.e. as required for WQTs and WPQRs);
- EXC4: Quality level B+.
Whilst the levels above may be partly suitable for use in the manufacturer’s WQMS
to establish, prequalify and certificate the general quality level of the
manufacturer’s welding operations, they are incomplete as follows:
- Using informative Annex B of EN 1090-2, “low consequences risk” structures
in CC1 (see section 9 for explanation) that are designed for fatigue are in
EXC2 and hence the suggested quality level is C generally. This quality level is
unsafe for any but the most modest levels of fatigue, and reduced
consequences do not compensate for inappropriate specification;
- The EXC4 level is impractical as it requires the manufacturer to demonstrate
the general capability of meeting quality level B+ which is more stringent than
that required for WQTs and WPQRs. The only way of assuring a quality level
above the prequalification standards is to undertake 100% testing on the
(minority of) welds which the designer specifies as demanding such a high
standard and individually assess them for acceptance;
- The conclusion from the above is that the specifier needs to identify the fatigue
demand placed on individual welds subjected to dynamic loads and to decide
the acceptance criteria that are relevant on a fitness-for-purpose basis using
SURFACE TREATMENT
fracture mechanics based on the function of the component and the

characteristics of the imperfections (type, size, location). Whilst this procedure
is allowed by EN 1090-2 after nonconformities are identified, it is more
sensible to start with a properly classified set of values. This is available in ISO
10721-2 which specifies a suite of acceptance criteria appropriate to a series
of fatigue classes. These acceptance criteria should be used by specifiers in
fatigue applications rather than relying on the coarse SC2 categorisation.
4.6 Surface treatment
As explained in section 3 above, for structural steel components there is no

applicable direct method for testing durability of the essential characteristics
defined in EN 1090-1. Provided it can be protected from corrosion, there is no
tendency for the properties of steel to decay over time; it is stable chemically and
does not creep.
Hence, the simplest ways to ensure durability are to make the component from
stainless or weather-resistant steel (e.g. with improved atmospheric corrosion
resistance), or to protect its surface from atmospheric corrosion by paint,
galvanizing or sprayed metal. In terms of declared characteristics, it is simple
enough in principle to specify the required surface coating and the surface
preparation necessary in the component specification and for the manufacturer to
warrant that the component conforms to its component specification. This is the
basis that EN 1090-2 provides, allowing the manufacturer to check the
manufactured components against the component specification according to the
specified testing requirements for surface preparation and treatment.
It is less simple to warrant that the component is durable for a specified time as
this involves a simultaneous specification of a corrosivity category for the expected
environment in the intended component application and a measure of the durability
of the surface protection material.
Thus, a direct warranty on the durability of the steel component would be
dependent on a warranty on the durability of the surface coating material. Even
though there are standard tests that can be used to establish the long term
performance of, say, paints, none of these yet form the test standards supporting
harmonised product standards for paints. In this circumstance, EN 1090-2 allows
purchasing clients and steelwork contractors to agree the execution specification
for surface in performance terms in more prescriptive terms and for this to be used
to develop the component specification. NB! Specified environmental class and
chosen coating treatment according to ISO 12944 is no warranty of the coating.
WELDING QUALITY MANAGEMENT
5. WELDING QUALITY MANAGEMENT

5.1 Welding as a ‘special process’
For many years welding has been classed as a ‘special process’ as defined in EN
ISO 9000 and it is widely recognised that welding normally requires continuous
control and/or that specified procedures are followed since the end result may not
be capable of being verified by testing. In light of this, a fundamental requirement
of CE Marking is that the manufacturer using welding needs to implement an
appropriate welding quality management system (WQMS).
The CE Marking fabrication standard, EN 1090-2, states that all welding shall be
undertaken in accordance with the quality requirements of the relevant part of EN
ISO 3834 which identifies the controls and procedures required. Determination of
the relevant part of EN ISO 3834, and the stringency of requirements, is ultimately
dependent on the Execution Class declared by the manufacturer for its product.
With respect to the WQMS, EN 1090-2 invokes EN ISO 3834 Quality requirements
for fusion welding of metallic materials as follows:
- EXC 3 and 4: Comprehensive quality requirements to EN ISO 3834-2;
- EXC 2: Standard quality requirements to EN ISO 3834-3;
- EXC 1: Elementary quality requirements to EN ISO 3834-4.
EN ISO 3834 is not a quality system standard to replace EN ISO 9001. It can be
used independently but it is often best used to complement EN ISO 9001
requirements. It is also important to note that, whilst some steelwork contractors
may choose to have their WQMS certified by a certification body independently of
the notified body, the standards for CE Marking do not require this. Compliance
with the requirements of EN ISO 3834 can be verified by the notified body during
assessment of a steelwork contractors FPC system. Routes to certification of the
FPC system are described in section 11.
The basic principles of a welding quality management system to EN ISO 3834 are
focused around the requirements of the principal welding-related activities, in
particular:
- Control of welding as a special process;
- Technical instructions for production; and
- Demonstration of personnel competence.
5.2 Control of welding
A manufacturer may have several people involved with the control of welding, but
the manufacturer needs to identify a Responsible Welding Coordinator (RWC) with
overall responsibility for all welding activities.
Whilst specific requirements for the RWC are detailed in section 6 the appointed
person would develop and implement documented procedures to control such
aspects as:
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS
- Identification, qualification and production of welding procedures and welder

qualifications;
- Availability, suitability and maintenance of equipment;
- Identification of product requirements (contractual and technical);
- Production planning;
- Storage and handling of parent metals and welding consumables;
- Operation and performance of inspection activities;
- Identification and traceability of the product and work in progress; and
- Correction of non-conforming product.
5.3 Technical instructions
EN ISO 3834 requires the steelwork contractor to have written technical

instructions, procedures and specifications that demonstrate and ensure that the
welding control system is effective. The standard identifies the typical documents
necessary to demonstrate control of all welding related activities. These include
instructions and procedures for the following:
- Reviewing contract/technical requirements;
- Subcontracting;
- Qualification of procedures and personnel for welding and inspection;
- Storage and handling of consumables;
- Equipment maintenance / calibration;
- Production / inspection plans;
- Repair procedures;
- Traceability records; and
- Documentation control.
5.4 Competence of personnel
Personnel competence in welding process control is the cornerstone to an

effective WQMS. This is reflected in EN ISO 3834, by setting out the standards
required for qualification of welders and welding operators, inspection personnel
and perhaps most importantly, those responsible for welding coordination.
Dependent on the size of company, control and coordination of welding might be
undertaken by more than one person. However the RWC must have overall control
of and be competent to make decisions and sign documents which affect product
quality, whereas other personnel might only be qualified to undertake specialised
welding coordination tasks such as control/issue of welding consumables,
verification of materials etc.
In allocating welding tasks and responsibilities the steelwork contractor must
identify criteria for competence in terms of qualification, experience and training for
each position. The manufacturer must also ensure that the competence of all
welding coordinators, especially the RWC, is adequate for their allocated tasks.
WELDING QUALITY MANAGEMENT
5.5 Implementation
Application of the appropriate WQMS is left to the discretion of the manufacturer,

who can make use of PD CEN ISO/TR Quality requirements for fusion welding of
metallic materials – Part 6: Guidelines on implementing ISO 3834. The
manufacturer’s choice should be based upon its current orders, the declared
Execution Class and, where possible, its future market (orders).
RESPONSIBLE WELDING COORDINATORS
6. RESPONSIBLE WELDING COORDINATORS

6.1 Welding coordination
The coordination of welding activities is vital if a manufacturer wants to

demonstrate control of the process and give confidence to purchasing clients of
the quality of its welded product.
EN 1090-2 states that, with respect to the welding operations being supervised,
welding coordination shall be maintained during the execution of welding for all but
Execution Class 1.
The term Responsible Welding Coordinator (RWC) is used to identify the person
who is competent to supervise the manufacturer’s welding operations as
demonstrated by the RWC’s technical knowledge and experience for the range of
products being manufactured.
The level and scope of technical knowledge and experience required may thus be
linked to the scope of certification of the manufacturer’s FPC in terms its Execution
Class, the welding processes and the parent materials covered. As noted above,
this can be established using the manufacturer’s portfolio of WPSs, WPQRs and
WQTs as the RWC must be competent to coordinate the development of those
documents.
6.2 Tasks for welding coordinators
All manufacturers should nominate at least one Responsible Welding Coordinator

(RWC) with overall responsibility for establishing and monitoring welding activities
and for taking action when welding has not been carried out correctly.
When nominating RWCs, the manufacturer should identify clearly the tasks and
responsibilities that will be allocated to them and ensure that they are suitably
qualified and experienced to do the job and competent to make decisions and sign
documents which affect product quality.
EN ISO 14731 Welding coordination – Tasks and responsibilities gives guidance
on the essential welding related tasks that need to be considered. These might
include, but are not limited to:
- Review of contractual/technical welding requirements;
- Ensuring welding personnel are appropriately qualified;
- Suitability of welding and associated equipment;
- Development/qualification of welding procedures;
- Writing welding procedure specifications (WPSs);
- Production planning;
- Storage and handling parent materials;
- Control of welding consumables; and
- Inspection and testing before, during and after welding.
TASKS FOR WELDING COORDINATORS
Welding coordinators thus need the ability to detect and assess defects, to instruct
repairs and know how to avoid defects, as well as having knowledge about the
relevant standards, regulations and specifications to be observed.
With respect to the welding operations being supervised EN 1090-2 specifies the
technical knowledge requirements for welding coordination personnel based on the
three categories given in EN ISO 14731:
- B – Basic;
- S – Specific;
- C – Comprehensive.
The required category is determined by the manufacturer’s declared Execution
Class, the type/grades of steel used (given in terms of steel groups and reference
standards) and limiting thicknesses. RWCs may demonstrate that they have
sufficient technical knowledge by presenting evidence that they meet the
recommendations prepared by the International Institute of Welding (IIW).
However, these recommendations are generic and thus cover a much wider scope
that is well in excess of that required for many steelwork manufacturers. (See also
section 11.3)
Lack of personnel with IIW qualification among steelwork contractors is a problem.
Consequently many countries have developed more focussed methods for
assessing the technical knowledge and experience of welding coordinators
(generally courses/trainings). EWF (European Federation for Welding, Joining and
Cutting) has published a Guideline called Dedicated Knowledge for Personnel with
the Responsibility for Welding Coordination to comply with EN 1090-2. Minimum
Requirements for the Education,Training, Examination and Qualification. It covers
level B (Basic) and level S (Specific) in EXC2 according to Table 14 in EN 1090-2.
Only the EWF Authorized National Body can select and qualify training
organisations.
TRACEABILITY
7. TRACEABILITY
7.1 Introduction
It is essential to have a suitable traceability system in place to enable checks to be

made that the correct steel component has been delivered and/or erected and that
it is made from the correct steel sections and fittings. The guidance given in this
document is based on the traceability requirements given in EN 1090-2.
7.2 Inspection documents
EN 1090-2 gives traceability requirements for both the material delivered to the
workshop or construction site and for the flow of material through the fabrication
shop. Both of these requirements are explained below.
Traceability of the essential characteristics of steel sections and other steel
constituent products in terms of the material properties is important and only
certain inspection documents (often referred to as “test certificates”) provide
sufficient details. For products to EN 10025-1, this can be specific to a lot or cast
(type 3.1 inspection certificate) or non-specific (type 2.2 test report). EN 1090-2
requires type 3.1 inspection certificates for all structural steels except those of the
following qualities: S235, S275 J0 and JR (only type 2.2 test report is required).
Note: According to EN 10025-1 table B.1 a type 2.2 test report is required for
structural steels ≤ S355 J0 or JR. However EN 1090-2 table 1 (footnote a)
overrules this and requires type 3.1 inspection certificate for structural steel grade
S355 J0 or JR (EXC 2, EXC3 and EXC4).
7.3 Requirements
EN 1090-2 gives general recommendations for checking that supplied constituent

products comply with the relevant product standards given in EN 1090-2 and
match those on the purchase order. These general requirements apply to all
Execution Classes. For Execution Classes 2, 3 and 4 the standard gives specific
requirements for distinguishing between different steel grades where different
grades and/or qualities are processed through the fabrication shop at the same
time. For Execution Classes 3 and 4 the standard requires all constituent products
to be traceable at all stages from receipt to handover and incorporation in the
works. Batch or type traceability may be used unless traceability of each product is
specified by the purchasing client. The requirements in 5.2 of EN 1090-2 are:
The properties of supplied constituent products shall be documented in a way
that enables them to be compared to the specified properties. Their conformity
with the relevant product standards shall be checked in accordance with 12.2.
BATCH OR TYPE TRACEABILITY
For EXC3 and EXC4, constituent products shall be traceable at all stages from
receipt to hand over after incorporation in the works.
This traceability may be based on records for batches of products allocated to a
common production process, unless traceability for each product is specified.
For EXC2, EXC3 and EXC4, if differing grades and/or qualities of constituent
products are in circulation together, each item shall be designated with a mark
that identifies its grade.
An interpretation of the above for each of the four Execution Classes is given
below.
Execution Class 1 – does not require traceability only control of the incoming
material against the purchase order. This includes steel sections, fasteners,
subcontracted fabrication, coating products and items delivered directly to site
such as decking and purlins.
Execution Class 2 – requires control of incoming material against purchase
order as described for Execution Class 1 and constituent products to be marked
where more than one grade/quality is in circulation. This applies to steel
sections and plate, and fasteners delivered to the workshop.
Execution Classes 3 and 4 – requires control of the incoming material against
purchase order as described for Execution Class 1, marking of constituent
products where more than one grade is in circulation and all products to be
traceable at all stages from receipt to handover after they have been included in
the structure (this includes activities on site). Unless traceability for each product
is specified by the purchasing client then batch or type traceability may be used.
7.4 Batch or type traceability
Batch or type traceability means nominally identical items do not need to be

distinguished; hence, backwards traceability is limited. This type of traceability can
be achieved by carrying out a paper check of the order against the delivery note
and a physical check of the steel sections and other products against the order
when the steel sections and products are delivered.
Traceability through the workshop can then be achieved through a combination of
shape and location within the workshop – i.e. serial size and weight can be
obtained from the shape of the section and the grade and job reference can be
obtained by storing different grades in different locations. Alternatively a colour
coding or marking system can be used to distinguish between different grades,
sections and project jobs. The steel quality (or sub-grade) is the most difficult
property to trace through the workshop and it may be possible generally to limit
steel sections purchased and used to a single sub-grade (e.g. J0). Where other
sub-grades are used these can then be treated as specials and alternatively
marking systems can be used.
EN 1090-2 distinguishes between the documentation required to support the
required traceability of completed components sent to site from that required for
constituent products explained above. In both cases suitable supporting
TRACEABILITY
documentation is required, and this will be in the form of a component specification

when components are ready for delivery to a project site.
7.5 Welding
EN 1090-2 does not require that individual welds be identified against the qualified
welder who welded them. However, the manufacturer’s WQMS needs to provide a
comparable level of batch or type traceability. Hence, the welding coordinator
would need to be able to demonstrate that the WQMS ensures the following in
terms of traceability of welding for all except EXC1:
- The portfolio of WQTs held by the manufacturer is up-to-date with respect to
the scope of welding operations being undertaken;
- On a sample basis at any stage during certification of the WQMS, the conduct
of the work is traceable to the extent that welding personnel with suitable and
valid qualifications are assigned to appropriate welding tasks;
- Work instructions issued to welders are appropriate to the joint configuration
and material to be welded;
- Work instructions issued to welders are traceable back to an appropriate WPS
that is supported by an appropriate and valid WPQR.
SUPPLY CHAIN ISSUES
8. SUPPLY CHAIN ISSUES

8.1 Introduction
The CPD applies to all construction products that are permanently incorporated
into a structure. For the steel construction industry this means steel sections and
plate, hollow sections, preloadable bolts, non-preloadable bolts, purlins, sheeting,
decking and fabricated steelwork. It also applies to those manufacturers, importers
and distributors who modify a product already placed on the market in such a way
that conformity with its original CE Marking is affected. This last range of products
includes proprietary products such as cellular beams, part-fabricated products
such as curved steel sections and modified and/or re-tested steel sections. It also
applies to steel sections that are shot blasted and painted as this will affect the
durability of the section. Clearly this has implications for all parts of the steel
construction supply chain.
Within the supply chain, organisations can be categorised as a manufacturer, an
importer or a distributor. Importers and distributors may be subjects of the CPD: If
they change the essential characteristics of the products they become
manufacturer. The ‘Blue Guide’ introduces the concepts of importer and distributor
and so their roles are also mentioned here4. It is also possible for some
companies to be placed in different categories for different products. Knowing
which category one falls into is very important as the CPD places different
responsibilities on each category.
8.2 Manufacturers
A manufacturer is defined as any person or organisation that is responsible for

manufacturing a product to be placed on the EU market. A manufacturer may also
design the product. This includes steel manufacturers who place steel sections on
the EU market, steelwork contractors who place fabricated steelwork on the
market, purlin, sheeting and decking manufacturers.
8.3 Importers
An importer is a person within the EU, responsible for placing products on the EU
market (e.g. a bolt supplier where the bolts are imported having been
manufactured outside the EU). If the importer puts the products on to the EU
market and its name appears on the product then it becomes a manufacturer with
all the responsibilities of the manufacturer. If, however, the importer brings already
4
Further information on the role of the importer and the distributor is contained in the Pinney & Rein reference.
DISTRIBUTORS
CE Market products on to the EU market with the original manufacturer’s name still
on the product and does not change the product in any way then it is a distributor.
8.4 Distributors
A distributor is a person or organisation which stores and distributes a CE Marked

product that has already been placed on the EU market. Some steel stockholders
fall in to this category. The distributor does not alter the product in any way nor
does it put its name on the product. However some stockholders re-test steel
sections or plates in order to establish improved CVN values. This process
changes the declared properties of the product and the stockholder then becomes
a manufacturer.
Although distributors do not have any responsibilities under the CPD they do have
a duty to ensure that the correct CE Marking is associated with the correct product
and that clearly non-compliant products are not placed on the EU market.
The issue of an organisation buying a CE Marked product changing some of its
declared properties and putting it back on the market is worth exploring further with
reference to certain parts of the steel construction supply chain. For example some
steel stockholders offer a service to steelwork contractors which involve modifying
the original CE Marked steel section. In this case the stockholder is a
manufacturer. Steel benders provide a service which bends the original steel beam
modifying some of declared properties. In this case the steel bender can either be
a manufacturer or a sub-contractor.
8.5 Stockholders
Steel stockholders generally purchase steel sections which have been CE Marked
by the steel manufacturer to EN 10025-1 for I and H sections, EN 10210-1 for hot-
finished structural hollow sections and EN 10219-1 for cold-formed structural
hollow sections. Sometimes these sections are drilled and/or blast cleaned and
painted by the stockholder before being supplied to the steelwork contractor. All of
these activities are fabrication activities which are covered by the CE Marking
standard EN 1090-1. For example it is important that the holes are drilled in
accordance with the tolerances given in EN 1090-2. Stockholders who provide
these services will therefore need to extend the CE Marking for the modified steel
sections in accordance with the fabrication CE Marking standard EN1090-1. This
will require initial type testing (ITT) and the setting up a certified factory production
control (FPC) system as described in section 10.
Sometimes stockholders re-test steel sections to re-evaluate fracture toughness.
Fracture toughness is one of the performance values declared on the CE Marking
by the steel manufacturer. Therefore a change to the product’s original
performance values for fracture toughness will require the section to be re-CE
Marked. The stockholder will therefore have to perform ITT for the change in the
SUPPLY CHAIN ISSUES
performance value for fracture toughness and set up an appropriate FPC system.
In this case setting up an FPC system cannot be based on the original steel
production process as the stockholder has no control over the raw materials or the
production process. The FPC system will be based on documentary controls and
testing of the finished product. The laboratory testing will need to be checked by
the NB as described above.
8.6 Steel processors
The fabrication of structural steelwork is an assembly process that uses

constituent products such as steel sections and some of these products, such as
curved beams, may be part-processed but not ready for incorporation into the
construction works until after further fabrication. The manufacturer of a steel
component that is to be directly placed on the market needs either to be confident
that the part-processed constituent products being used in fabrication have
properties that conform to the standards for the original steel product manufacture
(for example EN 10025) or to have a declaration from the steel processor of the
changed performance characteristics.
Processes of bending or curving a steel section may change some of its
characteristics, the most obvious being its fracture toughness. The changes to the
performance values will depend on the amount of bending and for small strains the
changes will be so small that the original performance values may be relied upon.
For higher strains the curved section will need to be CE Marked with its new
performance values. The process of bending a section will not change all of the
originally declared performance values. For those unaltered values the steel
bender is entitled to assume that the CE Marked product has been correctly tested
according to the appropriate standards and therefore the performance values can
be passed on without repeating the Initial Type Testing (ITT) and tests included in
the FPC of the steel manufacturer.
Bending a steel section is a fabrication activity and it is therefore suggested that
bent or curved steel sections are CE Marking according to EN 1090-1. This will
require setting up ITT for those characteristics whose performance values are
changed by the bending process and an FPC system to control the bending
processes.
Similar issues arise with respect to some operations undertaken by steel service
centres (e.g. thermal cutting) and by manufacturers of cellular beams and plated
profiles.
8.7 Special products and processes
EN 1090-2 anticipates that there will be circumstance where steel products etc.
other than those listed as structural steels etc may need to be used in the
construction works. Examples include proprietary products not covered by a
TRANSITION PERIOD
European (EN) or International Standard (ISO) and without a European Technical

Approval (ETA). Other examples would be products such as engineering steels
that are covered by an EN or a national standard but which are not cited in EN
1090-2; such steels might be used in complex structural components as machined
connectors.
The general rules for manufacturers to follow in such circumstances are as follows:
- It is not allowed to use CE Marking on a product that is not covered by either a
harmonised standard or an ETA under the CPD;
- It is important in all cases for the manufacturer not to confuse the market with
CE Marking that might be misconstrued.
EN 1090-2 covers such special products and processes as, although it supports
EN 1090-1, it is written for wider application. Hence, in potentially ambiguous or
uncertain circumstances the manufacturer needs to be clear in the CE Marking
documentation what is covered by the CE Marking and what is not. The execution
specification includes the component specification (fabrication) and provides a
definitive reference in this respect. The fact that such products are not covered by
a harmonised standard or ETA does not prevent them being specified for and used
in construction works.
8.8 Transition period
During the transition period between the date of applicability and the end of the co-
existence period, organisations in the supply chain may continue to place non-CE
Marked products on the market even in those countries where CE Marking is
mandatory. Then in those countries at the end of the co-existence period the only
non-CE Marked products that can be placed on the market are products that had
already been manufactured before the date of applicability published on the
NANDO website. Potentially, this allows steelwork contractors to use up their long-
standing stocks of, say, fasteners indefinitely.
EXECUTION CLASS
9. EXECUTION CLASS
9.1 General
Informative Annex B of EN 1090-2 provides guidance for the determination of

Execution Classes (EXC) based on reference to consequences classes (CC)
defined in EN 1990, service categories (SC) and production categories (PC)
defined in EN 1090-2.
SC relates principally to whether a component is designed for fatigue or for quasi-
static actions only. EN 1090-2 recommends that PC1 is limited to non-welded
components and welded components manufactured from steel grades below
S355. In practice the distinction between PC1 and PC2 makes no practical
difference to most structural steelwork.
There is now a proposal to move the informative Annex B to Eurocode 3 as a
normative Annex X. This has been done to make it clear to the designer that it is
his / hers responsibility to determine the EXC. The draft of Annex X has a
simplified matrix for determination of execution classes, similar to the example in
section 9.3 below.
9.2 Application to buildings
Following the recommendations of EN 1090-2, the CC in EN 1991-1-7 can be used

as a guide to determine the CC in EN 1990 as follows:
Table 9.1: Consequences class of EN 1991-1-7 vs EN 1990

Consequences class (CC) in Consequences class (CC) in
EN 1991-1-7 EN 1990
Class 1 (except domestic buildings) Class 1
Classes 2A or 2B (also including
Class 2
domestic buildings of 4 stories and below)
Class 3 Class 3
9.3 Wider application
EN 1090-2 defines EXC as a classified set of requirements specified for the

execution of the works as a whole, of an individual component or of a detail of a
component. In practical terms it is expected that the all components and details in
the works as a whole would generally be classified with the same EXC.
However the engineer may choose a lower EXC for less critical (lower
consequences) parts of the structure, e.g. small stairs, ladders etc. The engineer
may also choose a higher EXC for more critical (higher consequences) parts of
WIDER APPLICATION
structure, components or connections instead of choosing a higher EXC for the

whole structure. This assessment should only be done by a competent engineer.
In terms of wider application, the following list provides examples for determining
EXC:
- EXC1 – Farm buildings;
- EXC2 – Buildings;
- EXC3 – BridgesEXC4 – Special structures (structures with extreme
consequences of structural failure requiring special controls, such as
structures in industrial plants handling extremely hazardous materials and
located near centres of population).
FACTORY PRODUCTION CONTROL
10. FACTORY PRODUCTION CONTROL (FPC)

10.1 Introduction
CE Marking requires the manufacturer to operate a certified factory production

control (FPC) system certificated by a Notified Body (NB). An FPC system is a
management control system that focuses mainly on the manufacturing operations
although procedures for controlling design operations can be included. It aims to
ensure that the quality of the product (be it a steel section, a bolt, a purlin or
fabricated steelwork) is consistently maintained to the required specification. An
FPC system is very similar to EN ISO 9001 system and can be regarded as a
subset of EN ISO 9001.
A typical FPC system consists of regular maintenance and calibration of
equipment, frequent checking to ensure product conformity and the management
of non-conforming products. FPC is all about producing products with the same
declared characteristics time and time again.
For CE Marking of fabricated structural steelwork, steelwork contractors and those
organisations involved in fabrication activities need to set up an FPC system that
complies with the requirements given in EN 1090-1. The need for suitable FPC
extends to steel stockholders that offer certain fabrication services, steel benders
and those organisations that produce proprietary steel products (see section 8).
FPC will include the procedures for controlling manufacture as described in EN
1090-1. It may also include the procedures for controlling design and/or the quality
of the welds and (excluding EXC1) a Responsible Welding Coordinator. In general
based on the activities undertaken, there are four possible FPC systems and these
are listed in the following table:
Table 10.1: FPC Systems

FPC systems
Activities
A B C D
Manufacturing Yes Yes Yes Yes
Design No Yes No Yes
Welding No No Yes Yes
RWC No No Yes Yes
10.2 FPC systems
FPC system A – applies to those organisations that have no welding activities and
are not declaring design characteristics – e.g. manufacturers of purlins, decking
etc.
FPC system B – applies to those organisations that have no welding activities and
wish to declare design characteristics – e.g. manufacturers of purlins and decking
who wish to make their safe load tables part of the CE Marking.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
FPC system C – applies to those organisations that carry out welding activities
and do not wish to declare design characteristics – e.g. this category will apply to
the majority of steelwork contractors even though they may be carrying out all or
part of the design.
FPC system D – applies to those organisations that carry out welding activities
and wish to declare design characteristics – e.g. some manufacturers of
proprietary products (cellular beams) may wish to declare design values as part of
the CE Marking. This system will also apply to those steelwork contractors wishing
to declare design values as part of the CE Marking.
10.3 System requirements
The following list includes the manufacturing and design procedures that should be
covered in a typical FPC system to meet the requirements of EN 1090-1. The
activities associated with managing and controlling the welding processes and the
requirements for the Responsible Welding Coordinator are given in sections 5 and
6 respectively.
It should be noted that FPC systems in other product standards (EN 10025-1 for
the manufacture of steel sections and EN 14399-1 for the manufacture of
preloadable bolts etc.) differ from the one described below.
10.3.1 Personnel (Clause 6.3.2, EN 1090-1)

Document the responsibility, authority and the relationship between personnel that
manage, perform or verify work affecting the characteristics of your steelwork. This
is best done by developing an organogram which names key personnel, their
function and the lines of communication.
The system should also describe the measures to ensure that personnel have
adequate qualifications and training for the range of steelwork the company
fabricates and the Execution Classes/s used.
10.3.2 Equipment (Clause 6.3.3, EN 1090-1)

All weighing, measuring and testing equipment that may have an influence on the
characteristics of the steel frames/members must be calibrated, regularly
maintained and inspected. Each company will need to decide the inspection
procedures and the frequency of inspection.
Manufacturing equipment (cutting, sawing and drilling equipment) must be
regularly inspected and maintained to ensure that it remains sufficiently accurate
and that its use, wear and failure does not cause significant inconsistency in the
fabrication process.
The procedures should document the frequency of inspections and maintenance
and for how long this information should be retrained.
10.3.3 Structural design process (Clause 6.3.4, EN 1090-1)

In the case where structural design is carried out by the steelwork contractor and
design characteristics are declared as part of the CE Marking, the steelwork
contractor needs to establish procedures to control and verify compliance with the
design brief, for checking calculations and for ensuring the competence of the
individuals responsible for the design. With respect to building steelwork an
appropriate checklist for design control may be as follows∗:
The Steelwork Contractor should have established procedures to control and verify
the contract requirements for design. These may include:
- A design plan defining the principal design activities in a logical sequence, the
type of design output and target dates to meet the programme requirements
and allocation of design responsibilities;
- Procedures for controlling design variations, changes and concessions that
take place during the contract including procedures for controlling revisions to
the design brief and the issue of revised fabrication drawings;
- Design of the structure so it can be safely erected, bearing in mind that the
designer who is responsible for preparing the structural design must take
account of safety and stability aspects of the erection method statement;
- Design documentation, production and checking procedures (verification);
- A check that software used in the design has been validated;
- Procedures for the acceptance of general arrangement drawings and
connection design calculations by the designer who is responsible for the
structural design and specifies the structural characteristics relevant to
manufacturing in the component specification;
- Handling and transportation requirements for unusually shaped or large
components to ensure stability during movement;
- A formal documented review of the design before issue for connection
calculations and associated detail drawings.
10.3.4 Constituent products used in manufacture

Constituent products are defined as materials or products used in manufacture
with properties that enter into structural calculations or otherwise relate to the
mechanical resistance and stability of the structure and/or the fire resistance,
including durability and serviceability. For most manufacturers (i.e. steelwork
contractors, stockholders, etc.) this will include the following range of products:
- Steel sections (open and closed), plates and strip;
- Structural bolts;
- Cladding, sheeting, purlins and side rails;
- Welding consumables;
- Painting and galvanizing;
- Castings, bearings.
∗
Adapted from the BCSA’s Commentary on the Fourth Edition of the National Structural Steelwork Specification for
Building Construction.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Identify the range of constituent products used in your factory. Develop and
implement a written inspection procedure for checking and recording that the
constituent products coming in to your factory conform to the specification, and
that traceability of the constituent products through the factory conforms to the
requirements for traceability given in EN 1090-2 (see section 7). Retain the
documentation related to the constituent products for the period of document
retention.
10.3.5 The component specification (fabrication drawing)

The component specification is defined as a document or documents that give all
the necessary information for fabricating the structural steelwork. For the majority
of manufacturers this will be a fabrication drawing. In addition to all the usual items
on the drawing (e.g. dimensions, steel grade, weld size, tolerance class, surface
preparation grade and treatment, etc.) the drawings should include a reference to
the Execution Class and the Service Category (see EN 1090-2). Service Category
is defined in EN 1090-2 as ‘Category that categorises a component in terms of the
circumstances of its use’. In simple terms this means the steelwork is designed for
fatigue or not. For the majority of manufacturers the steelwork will not be subject to
fatigue.
Develop and implement a written inspection and test plan for checking and
recording that the fabricated steel frame/members conform to the component
specification – i.e. make sure you have made what you said you were going to
make. This will generally be covered by the quality manual and only requires a
project-specific quality plan if requested by the purchasing client. In those cases
Annex C of EN 1090-2 gives a checklist for the content of a quality plan for
structural steelwork with reference to the general guidelines in ISO 10005 Quality
management – Guidelines for quality plans.
Prepare the fabrication drawings from design information/specification.
10.3.6 Product evaluation

The list of declared characteristics for fabricated steelwork from EN 1090-1 is
given below:
- Tolerances on dimension and shape;
- Weldability (as CEV for constituent products);
- Fracture toughness (as CVN for constituent products);
- Load bearing capacity;
- Fatigue strength;
- Resistance to fire;
- Reaction to fire (as Class A1);
- Dangerous substances;
- Release of cadmium and its compounds;
- Emission of radioactivity;
- Durability (given with respect to the requirements for surface treatment for
corrosion protection as specified in EN 1090-2).
If the manufacturer also undertakes the responsibility for the design he has to
evaluate all the characteristics above. If he only produces he needs only to
evaluate those characteristics that are highlighted in bold. The manufacturer will be
declaring the evaluated characteristics on his CE Marking (see also section 3.3.5).
10.3.7 Non-conforming products

Set up a written procedure that states how your company will deal with non-
conforming products (i.e. steel frames/members that do not comply with the
specification). This procedure must comply with the principles of EN 1090-1 as
amplified by the requirements of EN 1090-2. Non-conformities must be recorded
when they occur. Records of non-conformities must be retained for the period of
document retention.
ROUTES TO CERTIFICATION
11. ROUTES TO CERTIFICATION

11.1 Introduction
For safety critical products like structural components, the manufacturer is not
allowed to fix CE Marking without having a factory production control (FPC) system
in place which has been certified by an approved notified body. This requires a
notified body to assess and satisfy itself that the manufacturer’s FPC system is
able to produce products that comply with the relevant harmonised standard. Once
satisfied, the notified body will issue the manufacturer with an FPC certificate. If
the manufacturer undertakes welding, the NB may issue either a separate welding
certificate or include the required scope of welding certification in the FPC
certificate. These certificates enable the manufacturer to produce a Declaration of
Conformity, and the Declaration of Conformity permits the manufacturer to affix CE
Marking to its products, provided that the products fall within the scope of
certification given on the certificate(s) issued by the NB. Examples of all
documents are given in Appendix C.
For fabricated steelwork the FPC system must comply with EN 1090-1 and satisfy
the relevant requirements of EN 1090-2 where invoked in EN 1090-1. A typical
FPC system suited to EN 1090-1 can be conveniently split in to three distinct parts.
These are:
Part 1 is that part of the FPC system controlling the manufacturing and, if
relevant, design operations. These activities are given in EN 1090-1 (see
sections 3 and 10).
Part 2 is that part of the FPC system controlling the welding operations. These
activities are referred to in EN 1090-2 and are described in the relevant part of
EN ISO 3834 (see sections 3 and 5).
Part 3 is that part of the FPC system dependent on the competence of the
Responsible Welding Coordinator in terms of the RWC’s technical knowledge
and experience. The level of technical knowledge required is linked to the
Execution Class and the role of the RWC is described in EN ISO 14731 (see
sections 3 and 6).
As explained in section 3, the NB will need to satisfy itself that all three parts of the
FPC system comply with the harmonised standard EN 1090-1 before it issues an
FPC certificate or a welding certificate. Part 1 will always be assessed by the NB.
For Part 2 there are two ways in which the manufacturer can demonstrate to the
NB that its welding operations are properly controlled. Similarly there are a number
of options available for demonstrating the competence of the RWC. The different
options available for Parts 2 and 3 are described below.
11.2 Assessment of the WQMS
The manufacturer can demonstrate that its welding operations are properly
controlled in accordance with the relevant part of EN ISO 3834 by providing
ASSESSMENT OF THE RWC
independent (third party) certification of its WQMS to the NB for review.

Independent certification typically acceptable to the NB would normally be issued
by an Authorised National Body for Company Certification.
Alternatively the NB can assess the manufacturer’s WQMS as a part of the
manufacturer’s FPC system. Under this option the WQMS is an embedded part of
the FPC system. The certification of the FPC for welding may be identified within
the general FPC certificate or issued as a separate welding certificate. A separate
certification explicitly according to EN ISO 3834 is not required but may be agreed
between the manufacturer and the NB.
More information on FPC assessment with respect to EN 1090-1 and on
assessment of the WQMS in particular may be found in a guidance document
issued by the Structural Metallic Products Sector Group 17 of Notified Bodies for
the Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC (GNB CPD SG17) entitled
Guidance for the FPC assessment according to Annex B of EN 1090-1. This
document is included in Appendix D.
11.3 Assessment of the RWC
Assessment of the relevant competence of the RWC requires the NB to:

- Assess the RWC’s experience. This can be demonstrated by employment
evidence over at least the last four years;
- Assess the RWC’s technical knowledge. There are three ways in which this
can be demonstrated and these are explained further below;
- Check that the manufacturer’s FPC has defined a suitable role and has given
the RWC suitable responsibilities to enable the RWC to coordinate the
manufacturer’s welding operations. This requires the NB to know the scope of
certification of the welding operations for which the manufacturer is seeking
certification;
- Assess whether the RWC is acting competently in the defined role. This can
be done in parallel with the NB’s assessment of the manufacturer’s WQMS by
questioning the RWC about the manufacturer’s portfolio of WPSs, WPQRs and
WQTs. Also, during this technical interview the RWC will need to demonstrate
to the NB the ability to detect and assess defects, to instruct repairs and know
how to avoid defects, as well as knowledge about the relevant standards,
regulations and specifications to be observed.
There are three ways in which the RWC can demonstrate the necessary technical
knowledge. In the first two routes described below the RWC can either be a
subcontractor or a member of the manufacturer’s staff.
Route 1
The first and simplest approach is where the RWC has an appropriate International
Institute of Welding (IIW) qualification. In this case the RWC will need to supply the
NB with evidence of this qualification. Clearly this qualification is portable and is
not specific to the RWC’s current employer or post, but the level of this
qualification (Basic, Specific or Comprehensive) must match the scope of the

RWC’s employer's WQMS.
The relationship between the IIW qualifications and the levels referred to in EN
ISO 14731 is as follows:
- Comprehensive requires a level of technical knowledge of all tasks and
responsibilities in welding fabrication – International Welding Engineer (IWE);
- Specific requires a level of technical knowledge that is sufficient within a
selective or limited technical field – International Welding Technologist (IWT);
- Basic requires a level of technical knowledge that is sufficient within a limited
technical field involving only simple welded constructions – International
Welding Specialist (IWS).
IIW qualifications are valid indefinitely and are fully portable within and beyond the
steelwork industry.
Route 2
In recognition of the fact that some welding coordination functions do not require
the breadth of knowledge provided by the IIW qualifications some member states
have developed national courses to educate RWC´s relevant to their welding
operation works in the fabrication (see section 6.2).
Route 3
The third route is available to those manufacturers working within a limited scope
of operations and whose RWC is a directly employed member of staff. The
assessment may differ from NB to NB but it is likely to involve an assessment of
the individual’s competence based on experience. . A suitably qualified welding
specialist acting on behalf of NB will interview the RWC focussing on the RWC’s
knowledge and competence to fulfil the job specification during discussion. As part
of the interview process, the candidate may also be required to complete a
technical question paper tailored to suit the manufacturer’s declared product range
and welding activities. A successful assessment would lead to company-specific
qualification of the nominated RWC who would be embedded in its WQMS and, as
such, not transferable should they decide to leave.
The table below is a summary of table 14 in EN 1090-2 showing the required level
of technical knowledge relates to welding processes and the grades and
thicknesses of parent materials for building steelwork in EXC2.
SURVEILLANCE AUDITS
Table 11.1: Technical knowledge of RWC

TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE OF RWC
Scope of welding operations Maximum parent metal thickness t (in mm)
being supervised t ≤ 25(1) 25 < t ≤ 50(2) t > 50
Welding of S235 and S275 steel
Basic Specific Specific
products
Welding of S355 steel products Basic Specific Comprehensive
Welding of S420 steel products
Specific Specific Comprehensive
(N, NL, M, ML)
Welding of S420 steel products Specific Comprehensive Comprehensive
(1) Column base plates and endplates ≤ 50mm.
(2) Column base plates and endplates ≤ 75mm.
11.4 Surveillance audits
To maintain its declaration of conformity, the company’s FPC system is subject to

regular surveillance audits. The interval between these audits is related to the
Execution Class. For EXC1 and EXC2 surveillance audits will take place one year
after the initial assessment, two years after that and then every three years. For
EXC3 and EXC4 the audits will take place at yearly intervals for the first two years,
the third audit will be two years after that and then every three years. The table
below shows the relationship between Execution Class and audit inspection
intervals:
Table 11.2: Period of inspection

Intervals between inspection of manufacturer’s FPC
Execution Class
after ITT (years)
EXC1 and EXC2 1–2–3–3
EXC3 and EXC4 1–1–2–3–3
In periods where the interval between surveillance is two or three years audits the
manufacturer must make an annual declaration to the NB that none of the
following changes have been made:
- New or changed essential facilities;
- Change of RWC;
- New welding procedures, change to the type of parent material and associated
WPQRs;
- New equipment, where it affects the declared characteristics.
There is no formal requirement for the FPC system to be re-certified at each
surveillance audit as it is merely a conformation that the manufacturer still has the
FPC system under control as was the case at the initial inspection. Thus the FPC
certification does not have an “expiry date” as such. However, it is likely that the
NB will wish to state the date of the next required surveillance audit in accordance
with intervals stated in EN 1090-1 and this is shown in the example documents in
Appendix C.
IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGNERS, SPECIFIERS AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS
12. IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGNERS, SPECIFIERS AND

CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS
12.1 Introduction
CE Marking already appears on some construction products and CE Marking in

general has been with us for many years. Most of the manufactured products that
we buy have CE Marks on them. It is therefore important that all parts of the supply
chain, including specifiers, designers and construction managers are aware of their
responsibilities and the benefits of CE Marking.
In essence CE Marking is a warranty by the manufacturer that the product meets
certain minimum public safety requirements. CE Marking for fabricated steel will be
a legal requirement in all European countries by 1st of July 2014.
For fabricated structural steelwork CE Marking applies both to the steel constituent
products (steel sections, structural bolts, purlins, cladding and propriety products
such as cellular beams) and to the fabricated steelwork itself. This imposes
implications on the designer when specifying steel components, designing the
structure and when choosing an appropriate steelwork contractor. It also has
implications for construction managers.
12.2 Designers and specifiers
12.2.1 Roles
For building steelwork there may be two design roles that are fulfilled separately.
One role is allocated to the engineer who is responsible for the design of structural
members and will prepare design drawings. The engineer may be appointed by the
purchasing client, or on design-and-build projects the engineer will be appointed by
the steelwork contractor.
The design drawings and the associated project specification will form the design
brief that includes all information necessary for the design of connections and
completion of the fabrication drawings. The latter design work is often undertaken
by designers and detailers working for the steelwork contractor.
The completed fabrication drawings and associated project specification agreed
between the engineer and the steelwork contractor comprise a portfolio of
component specifications for the structural steelwork to be manufactured.
12.2.2 Constituent products

CE Marking is already in place for steel products such as rolled steel beams to EN
10025-1, and their inspection documents (test certificates) are now endorsed with
a CE Marking. Similarly structural bolting assemblies to EN 14399-1 and EN
15048-1 now have CE Marking on their packaging.
One of the benefits of CE Marking is that it includes technical information in the
form of the product’s declared characteristics (in the case of steel sections one of
the declared properties is its grade – e.g. S275). Hence the CE Marking can be
CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS
seen as a technical data sheet. The information given in the CE Marking together
with the appropriate harmonised standard gives the information needed for the
specifier to judge whether the product is suitable for a particular intended use in
terms of the requirements in the building regulations related to materials and
workmanship. Furthermore because CE Marking is a legal requirement in most
European countries specifiers can have confidence in the declared characteristics.
Another benefit of CE Marking is that there is only one set of requirements and
procedures with which to comply. The various national regulations are eliminated.
As a result the product no longer has to be adapted to the specific requirements of
the different member states, such as the Ű-Marking scheme used hitherto in
German building construction.
Designers and specifiers are therefore strongly advised to keep abreast of the
developing CE Marking standards (called harmonised standards) for construction
products and to specify CE Marked materials and products where appropriate.
12.2.3 Fabricated steelwork

The new European fabrication standard introduces the concept of Execution Class
(EXC) for steel structures. The choice of EXC is a design issue and sets the level
of quality required for different types of structure. EXC can be applied to the whole
structure, part of a structure and individual details. Recommendations for
determining the EXC are given in EN 1090-2 and it is linked to Consequences
Class (risk to life and the environment), Production Category and Service Category
(static or fatigue). The link between Consequences Class and type of structure is
still being discussed with national authorities but it is likely that a simple
relationship between EXC and type of structure will be the basis (see section 9.3).
The designer will need to specify the Execution Class for each structure. This also
has implications for choosing a steelwork contractor. Under the CE Marking rules
for fabricated steelwork each steelwork contractor will be assessed against a
chosen Execution Class and will only be able to use CE Marking on its products for
certain Execution Classes. Therefore a steelwork contractor will need to be
selected both on the ability to do the job and on the Execution Class related to its
certified manufacturing facilities.
12.3 Construction managers
Construction managers have a duty of care to ensure that the correct CE Marking
is associated with the correct product and that they are not using clearly non-
compliant products that have been placed on the EU market. This means
developing a purchasing system that requires CE Marking of products and
checking that the appropriate CE Marking is on products are delivered to site. CE
Marking standards are continuously being developed for new and existing
products, therefore construction managers need to keep abreast of these
developments and update their procedures accordingly.
IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGNERS, SPECIFIERS AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS
When choosing a steelwork contractor construction managers need to select one

with the correct certified Execution Class.
Fabricated steel components are often bespoke products made to a particular
purchasing client’s order and specification and designed for a particular project
site. It is current practice for the purchasing client to select the steelwork contractor
rather than choose an off-the-shelf product. On this basis CE Marking might seem
to add little, however this would be wrong as CE Marking does add the following:
- The regulatory imperative from the Construction Products Directive ensures
attention is given to key public safety concerns;
- The requirement for certification of the manufacturer’s FPC provides
assurance of comparable and appropriate controls across the market place;
- The declared characteristics can be relied upon as being accurate;
- A consistent technical language is used by authorities, specifiers and
manufacturers to describe the characteristics of products.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Standards:
EN 1011 Welding – Recommendations for welding of metallic materials
EN 1090-1 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for
conformity assessment of structural components
EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 2: Technical requirements
for steel structures
EN 1990 Eurocode – Basis of structural design
EN 10025-1 Hot-rolled products of structural steels – Part 1: General technical delivery conditions
EN 10045-1 Charpy impact test on metallic materials – Part 1: Test method (V-and U-notches)
EN 10210-1 Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels – Part 1
Technical delivery conditions
EN 10219-1 Cold form welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels – Part 1
Technical delivery conditions
EN 14399-1 High strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading – Part 1: General
requirements
EN 15048-1 Non-preloaded structural bolting assemblies – Part 1: General requirements
EN ISO 3834 Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials

Part 1: Criteria for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements
Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements
Part 3: Standard quality requirements
Part 4: Elementary quality requirements
PD CEN ISO/TR Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials – Part 6: Guidelines
on implementing ISO 3834
EN ISO 9001 Quality management systems – Requirements
EN ISO/IEC 17021 Conformity assessment – Requirements for bodies providing audit and
certification of management systems
EN ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
REFERENCES
EN ISO 14731 Welding coordination – Tasks and responsibilities
ISO 10005 Quality management – Guidelines for quality plans
Other publications:
EWF Guideline Dedicated Knowledge for Personnel with the Responsibility for Welding
Coordination to comply with EN 1090-2. Minimum Requirements for the Education,Training,
Examination and Qualification. EWF – 652r1 – 11sv – 0.
The Construction Products Directive – A practical guide to implementation and CE marking, Adam
A. Pinney and Stephen J. Rein, published by AuthorHouse, Milton Keynes, 2007.
Guidance Paper ‘L’ Application and use of Eurocodes
Directive 89/106/EEC Construction Products Directive (CPD)
Regulation (EU) no 305/2011 Construction Products Regulation (CPR)

REFERENCES
Guide on the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork | 15
MAIN SECTIONS
APPENDIXES
FROM PRODUCT TO COMPONENT. WHO DOES EN 1090-1 APPLY TO?
APPENDIX A – FROM PRODUCT TO COMPONENT. WHO

DOES EN 1090-1 APPLY TO?
CE marking ‘area’ according

Only if the importer puts the Manufacturers of base materials to EN product standards
products on the EU market with its
name it becomes a manufacturer
with all the responsibilities. They don’t alter the product and
don’t put their name on the
product.
Importers Distributors
CE marking ‘area’
according to EN
1090-1
They purchase steel products

Distributors
which have been CE-marked
(Stockholders) by the steel manufacturer.
•Sometimes steel products are
drilled, blasted and/or painted
before being supplied to the
Steel processors: steelwork contractor.
sub-contractors All of these activities are fabri-
cation activities covered by the
CE marking standard EN
1090-1.
•Sometimes they retest steel
products to re-evaluate
They fabricate and prepare fracture toughness (which is
constituent products, not ready one of the performance values
for incorporation into the declared on CE marking by
construction works until after the manufacturer.)
further fabrication. Initial type testing (ITT) +
The manufacturer of a steel Fabricators of structural steel Factory production control
component needs to be components and kits (FPC)
confident that the part
processed have properties
This includes steelwork
conformed to the standards of
fabricators and contractors who
the original steel. Processes of
place structural steel
bending or curving a steel
components and kits on the EU
section may change some of
market, including purlins,
these characteristics.
sheeting and composite.
Initial type testing (ITT) +
Initial type testing (ITT) +
Factory production control
Factoryproduction control
(FPC)
(FPC)
BUILDING SITE
ROUTES TO CERTIFICATION AND CE-MARKING
APPENDIX B – ROUTES TO CERTIFICATION AND CE-

MARKING
Start
Already have certif ied Develop procedures for

ISO 9001 (QMS)? NO Factory Production
Control (FPC) system
YES THEN
Already have certif ied ISO Appoint an employee

3834 (WQMS) and NO Employ or subcontract to attend RWC course
NO
employ IWE/IWT as IWE/IWT as RWC? relevant for the EXC and
RWC? pass the examination
YES YES YES THEN
Develop procedures f or welding management control and

inspection
THEN
Implement FPC and WQMS

(incl. WPQR and WPS)
THEN THEN
Apply to steel member

association or Notified
Body f or a pre- audit
THEN
Apply to NB f or certif ication and FPC (including WQMS and RWC)
THEN
Award of certif icates f or CE Marking (includes FPC and Welding Certif icate)
THEN
Annual surveillance of Factory Production Control system1
THEN
General note: Before adopting this scheme it is essential to become familiar with EN 1090 part 1 and 2.
NOTES:
1. Surveillance intervals (years) of the FPC after the initial inspection for EXC2: 1-2-3-3... and EXC3: 1-1-2-3-3...
DOCUMENTARY EXAMPLES
APPENDIX C – DOCUMENTARY EXAMPLES

Example of Declaration of Performance (DoP) under CPR:
No. 1234
Type: ABCD
Intended use/s: Structural steel construction components

and/or kits for use in building and civil
engineering works
Manufacturer: Joe Bloggs Fabrications Limited

1 Somewhere Lane,
Overthere Hill,
Anywhere A12 3BC
Verification of constancy: System 2+
Notified Body: Steel Construction Certification Scheme

4, Whitehall Court
Westminster
London
SW1A 2ES
Notified Body No: 2773
SCCS has performed (i) initial inspection of the manufacturing plant and factory
product control and (ii) continuous surveillance, assessment and evaluation of
factory production control and issued factory production control certificate 2273-
CPR-XXX and Welding certificate 2273-CPR-XXX.
Harmonised
Essential
Performance technical
characteristics
specification
Tolerances on dimensions
EN 1090-2, tolerance class 1 EN 1090-1: 2009
and shape
Weldability EN 10025-2, S275 EN 1090: 2009
Fracture toughness/
S275JR (27J @ 20C) EN 1090: 2009
impact resistance
Load bearing capacity NPD EN 1090: 2009
Fatigue strength NPD EN 1090: 2009
Resistance to fire NPD EN 1090: 2009
Reaction to fire Class A1 (steel only) EN 1090: 2009
Release of cadmium and
NPD EN 1090: 2009
its compounds
Radioactivity NPD EN 1090: 2009
Surface preparation
according to BS EN 1090-2,
Durability Preparation grade P3. EN 1090: 2009
Surface painted according to
BS EN ISO 12944.
.
The performance of the product identified above is in conformity with the declared
performance identified in the table. Signed for and on behalf of Joe Bloggs
Fabrications Ltd by:
_______________________________________________
(name and function)
___________________________ ___________________________
Place and date of issue (Signature)
Example of CE Marking under CPR:
11
JBFL
Joe Bloggs Fabrications Limited
1 Somewhere Lane, Overthere Hill, Anywhere A12 3BC
Structural steel components for portal frames for a

Warehouse in Bradford – Project Ref No. 123(1)
123-CPR-0001
Execution Class 2
BS EN 1090-1: 2009
2272
Structural steel components and kits for use in building and

civil engineering works
Example of FPC Certificate under CPD:

Example of Welding Certificate under CPD:

Example of Declaration of Conformity under CPD:

Example of CE Marking under CPD:
JBFL
1 Somewhere Lane, Overthere Hill, Anywhere A12 3BC
2273
11
123-CPD-0001
BS EN 1090-1: 2009
Structural steel components for portal frames for a

Warehouse in Bradford – Project Ref No. 123(1)
Essential Characteristics:
Tolerances on dimensions and shape: EN 1090-2, Tolerance

Class 1
Weldability: See component specification - drawing No. ABC
Fracture toughness/Impact resistance: See component

specification drawing No. ABC
Load bearing capacity: NPD
Fatigue strength: NPD
Resistance to fire: NPD
Reaction to fire: All structural steelwork is Class A1. For surface

paint see manufacturer’s data sheet (ref)
Release of cadmium and its compounds: NPD
Emission of radioactivity: NPD
Durability: Surface preparation according to EN 1090-2,

Preparation grade P3. Surface painted according to EN ISO 12944,
see component specification drawing No. ABC for details.
Additional information:
Manufactured: In accordance with component specification
No. ABC (2) and EN 1090-2: 2008 to Execution Class 2.
(1)
Provided all the components have the same essential characteristics as listed above, they may be grouped so that
the same set of information as listed here may be ‘attached’ to all components using, say, a marking plan.
(2)
This may be the component mark number referenced to a drawing.
Example of Inspection Certificate with CE Marking:

GNB-CPD: SG17 GUIDANCE ON FPC ASSESSMENT
APPENDIX D – GNB-CPD: SG17 GUIDANCE ON FPC

ASSESSMENT
GNB-CPD: AG CHECKLISTS FOR INSPECTION OF FPC
APPENDIX E – GNB-CPD: AG CHECKLISTS FOR INSPECTION OF

FPC
ECCS/TC9 CHECKLIST FOR FPC INSPECTION
APPENDIX F – ECCS/TC9 CHECKLIST FOR FPC

INSPECTION
ECCS/TC9 Checklist for initial inspection of the factory production
control FPC according to EN 1090-1
Company Name:
Address:
Notified Body:
Reference FPC documents (version):
Inspection date:
Signature (FPC responsible) Signature(s) (Notified Body)

Table F.1: Checklist for FPC inspection

To be completed by the
To be completed by the
Questions / requirements manufacturer: Comments, E1)
Notified Body: Audit results
references
1 General
1.1 For which product/product
family has a FPC been
established and an initial
type testing of the product
been carried out?
1.2 EXC 1
In which execution class - EXC 2
(EXC) wants the company to
operate? EXC 3
EXC 4
1.3 Has the initial type testing According to Table 1
(ITT) been carried out? Use of historical data
(Reference: Clause 6.2 and Other, specify which
Table 1 of EN 1090-1) Attach documentation.
1.4 Does the manufacturer A FPC system conforming to

Yes
already have a certified the requirements of EN ISO
No
quality management system 9001 and made specific to
If “Yes”; Is FPC for products
(e.g. EN ISO 9001)? the requirements of EN
to be certified a part of the
1090-1 shall be considered
quality management
to satisfy to the
system?
requirements, but a quality
Yes
system doesn’t need to be in
No
accordance with EN ISO
If certified, attach
9001 to satisfy the
documentation
requirements to FPC.
1.5 Does the manufacturer have Yes
a FPC system to document No
the production process from Remarks:
purchasing/delivery of the
parent materials to the
delivery of the finished
products?
1.6 Is this FPC manual Yes
maintained when No
appropriate? Remarks:
1.7 Who is responsible for the Name:
FPC? What place does he /
she has in your Attach documentation.
organization? Show by
example:
- Organizational chart
- Responsibility matrix
- Job Description,
- Education.
1.8 Which declaration method is Method 1 (see ZA3.2 in
used? EN 1090-1)
Method 2a (see ZA3.3)
Method 2b (off-the-shelf)
Method 3a (see ZA3.4)
Method 3b (see ZA3.5)
2 Special process "design" (see Table B1 of EN 1090-1, left column)
2.1 Yes
Will the design be a part of No
the certification? If “No” go to Clause 3
Remarks:
2.2 Is the design carried out for Members and joints
members and joints, or joints Joints only
only? Remarks:
2.3 Is the design carried out by Own staff
own staff and/or outsourced By subcontractor(s), in this
to a subcontractor(s)? case who:
2.4 How will fabricator ensure
that subcontractor(s)
conform to structural design
requirements in EN 1090-1?
2.5 Who is responsible for the
Name:
design?
2.6 Yes Yes
Is the qualification of the staff
No No
stated?
Present documentation: Remarks:
2.7 Yes
Is there a job description for
No
each of the designers?
Present documentation:
2.8 What standards and design
codes are used?
2.9 How is the design done? Hand calculation
Software, specify which:
Specify also equipment:
2.10 Is there established design Yes Yes
procedures? No No
(inclusive design Remarks: Remarks:
assumptions, methods,
calculations and software,
supervision/checking and
corrective actions in case of

non-conformity)
2.11 Is the structural steelwork for Own

own member state market or Other
for other member state Remarks:
markets?
2.12 If other, is there procedure Yes
for ensuring that the design No
comply with the national Remarks:
provisions of the member
state(s) where the building is
to be constructed?
2.13 Is the documentation Yes
retained in a specified No
period? (EN 1090-1, Clause Remarks:
6.3.4)
3 Tasks related to production (see Table B.1 of EN 1090-1, right column)
3.1 Subcontractors
3.1.1 Are subcontractors used? Structural steelwork
Yes / No
Welding works
Yes / No
Steel bending
Yes / No
Corrosion protection (e.g.
painting, galvanizing,
metallizing etc.)
Yes / No
Mechanical connections
Yes / No
NDT
Yes / No
Supervision of production
(eg. welding coordinator)
Yes / No
Heat treatment
Yes / No
Other:_________________
Name and adress of the
subcontractors:
3.1.2 Are guidelines and selection Yes
criteria for subcontractors No
established? Remarks:
3.1.3 Are subcontractors required Yes
documents made available? No

Remarks:
3.1.4 Are subcontractors FPC Yes
certified according to EN No
1090-1? If not, how will Remarks:
conformity with essential
requirements in EN 1090-2
be fulfilled?
3.1.5 How is the subcontractor’s E.g. attach certificates and/or
suitability determined? other documentation.
3.2 Special process “welding“
3.2.1 Who is/are Responsible Name(s):
Welding Coordinator(s)?
3.2.2 Is the Responsible Welding

Employed
Coordinator employed or
Hired
hired?
3.2.3 Which qualifications do the IWS/EWS, number: Suitable number?
Responsible Welding IWT/EWT, number: Yes
Coordinator(s) have? IWE/EWE, number: No
(Required level (B, S, C), Suitable qualification?
depending of EXC, material National approval RWC Yes
and thickness according to level B, number: No
Table 14 and 15 in EN 1090- National approval RWC For qualifications other than
2. level S, number: EWS/IWS, EWT/IWT,
National approval RWC EWE/IWE, and National
level C, number: approval RWC B/S/C there
will be a technical
Other qualifications, questioning and a written
number: examination about:
Welding processes
Present documentation or Welding consumables
submit before inspection. Materials
Construction
Calculation
Production
Testing
Classification according to
EN ISO 14731:
B: S: C:
3.2.4 Is the RWC authorized to Please attach Yes
carry out necessary actions documentation. No
in accordance with EN ISO Remarks:
14731? E.g.:
Position in organization
Job description
Responsibility matrix
Other documentation
(assignments,
announcements)
3.2.5 How are the duties and Please attach Yes
responsibilities for welding documentation. No
inspectors determined? E.g.: Remarks:
Responsibility matrix and
Job description
3.2.6 Are there sufficient welders Please attach a list of Is the number of certified
and/or operators with available operator- and/or welders / operators
appropriate qualifications? welders certificates. appropriate?
Yes
No
Appropriate qualifications?
Yes
No
3.2.7 Is there an updated list with Please attach Yes
specification of essential documentation. No
production and testing Remarks:
facilities in the welding
technical production?
Examples:
- Welding current sources
and other machines
- Equipment for seam
welding and surface
preparation and cutting
including thermal cutting,
- Facilities for preheating and
heat treatment after welding,
including equipment for
temperature control,
- Jigs and welding
equipment,
- Cranes and handling
equipment used in
production,
- Personal protective
equipment and other safety
equipment, which is directly
related to the applied
production process,
- Drying ovens, quivers, etc.,
for welding consumables,

- Facilities for the cleaning
of surfaces,
- Facilities for destructive
and non-destructive testing
(NDT)
3.2.8 Is the operational system for Yes
the intended scope sufficient No
and appropriate? Remarks:
3.2.9 Yes
Are there plans for
No
maintenance of the facilities?
Remarks:
3.2.10 Yes
Is it ensured that defective
No
devices are not used?
Remarks:
3.2.11 Which welding processes Please specify the process
are used? numbers.
3.2.12 Are welding procedure Yes
specifications (WPS) No
available for the applied Remarks:
welding process? Please state welding process
- Arc welding (EN ISO numbers (with description).
15609-1)
- Laser welding (EN ISO
15609-4)
- Resistance welding (EN
ISO 15609-5)
- Arc stud welding (EN ISO
14555)
- Friction Welding (EN ISO
15620)
Other:
3.2.13 How are these welding Please state the welding
procedures qualified? procedure qualification
- Welding procedure records (and standards).
qualification records (EN ISO
15614)
- Pre-production welding
test (ISO 15613)
- Standard welding
procedure (ISO 15612)
- Previous welding
experience (ISO 15611)
- Tested welding
consumables (ISO 15610)
Other:
3.2.14 Are welding tests according Yes
to EN 1090-2 required and No
available? Remarks:
3.2.15 Are also work instructions Yes
used in addition to welding No
instructions? Remarks:
3.2.16 Yes
Is there a suitable production
No
plan?
Remarks:
3.2.17 Are inspections and tests Yes
before, during and after No
welding performed in Remarks:
accordance with the contract
/ rules?
3.2.18 Is the condition of control Yes
and test given in an No
appropriate manner? E. g.: Remarks:
- On the component,
- The accompanying
document.
3.2.19 Is heat treatment before Yes
and/or after welding carried No
out? (If "No"; questions about
heat treatment are left out)
Remarks:
3.2.20 Is the responsible for the Yes
process to carry out heat No
treatment determined? Remarks:
3.2.21 Is the pre-heating performed Yes
according to written No
procedures? E.g based on: Present documentation:
- Parent material
- Component
- Execution standards /
specifications
3.2.22 Is the post-weld heat Yes
treatment performed No
according to written Present documentation:
procedures? E.g based on:
- Parent material
- Component,
- Execution standards /
specifications
3.2.23 Is a procedure in place for Yes
production, control and No

archiving of quality-related Remarks:
documents? E.g.:
- Material inspection
documents (e.g. inspection
certificate 3.1)
- WPSs,
- WPQRs,
- Welding Certificates
3.3 Special process "Assembling with mechanical fasteners"
3.3.1 Are the employees for the Yes
execution of mechanical No
connections sufficient trained Remarks:
and qualified?
3.3.2 Does the equipment meet Yes
requirements of Clause 8 of No
EN 1090-2? Remarks:
3.3.3 Which tightening methods
are used?
3.3.4 Yes
Are there written
No
procedures?
Remarks:
3.3.5 How are the produced
connection tested?
3.3.6 How are the inspection
results documented?
3.4 Special process "NDT"
3.4.1 Who is responsible for the Name:
selection of NDT methods? (specify qualification)
3.4.2 Is NDT (in addition to visual No
inspection) used? Yes. If yes, specify which:
Penetrant Testing (PT)
Magnetic Particle
Testing (MT)
Radiographic Testing (RT)
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Other:______________
3.4.3 Is the staff sufficient qualified Please attach documentation Yes
for the NDT? (See EN 1090- of qualification. No
2, Clause 12.4.1) Remarks:
3.4.4 Is the existing test equipment Please include the inspection
Yes
for NDT appropriate? E.g. and test equipment list.
No
shown on an inspection and
Remarks:
test equipment list
3.4.5 How is the test equipment
checked?
3.4.6 Are there procedures for Yes
NDT testing? No
Remarks:
3.4.7 Have any requirements for Yes
post-galvanizing inspection No
been defined? Remarks:
results documented?
3.5 Special process “Corrosion protection”
3.5.1 Which methods of corrosion
protection are used?
3.5.2 Where the corrosion, Yes
protection is carried out by No
the steel contractors, are the Remarks:
steel contractor employees
properly trained and
qualified? (See EN 1090-1,
Clause 6.3.2)
Is the requirements met,
when necessary, classified
according to type of coating
systems (metal, bridge, etc.)
3.5.3 Do the equipment meets the Yes
paint and metalizing No
requirements in EN 1090-2, Remarks:
Clause 10? E.g.:
- Facilities
- Mechanical pre-treatment,
- Steel,
- Manual application,
- Automatic application,
- Determination of dew point,
- Measurement of coating
thickness.
3.5.4 Are there process Yes
descriptions for corrosion No
protection? Remarks:
3.5.5 Is the prescribed procedures Yes
carried out? No
Remarks:
3.5.6 How is the applied coating
controlled?
results documented?
4 Calibration, verification and validation

4.1 Is the measurement, Yes
monitoring and testing of No
equipment calibrated, Remarks:
verified and validated? For
example:
- Responsibilities,
- Processes.
(For conditions, see ISO
9000 and for welding, see
ISO 17662)
5 Manufacturing of constituent products
5.1 Are there any inspection Please provide examples. Yes
documents for the parent No
materials, welding Remarks:
consumables, screws,
corrosion protection, etc.?
5.2 Is traceability and associated Please attach procedure for Yes
documentation taken care identification & traceabilty. No
of? (EN 1090-1, Clause Remarks:
6.3.5)
5.3 How is the steel components
marked from the delivery to
the construction site?
5.4 Is there a procedure for hot Yes Yes
forming? No No
Subcontracted Subcontracted
Name and adress of the Remarks:
subcontractors:
Remarks:
5.5 Is there a procedure for Yes
flame straightening? No
(if EXC3 and/or EXC4) Remarks:
5.6 Is there a procedure for cold Yes Yes
forming? No No
Subcontracted Subcontracted
Name and adress of the Remarks:
subcontractors:
Remarks:
5.7 Are there a procedure cutting Yes
and a procedure for checking No
its accuracy? Remarks:
5.8 Are there a procedure for Yes
holing and a procedure for No
checking its accuracy? Remarks:
6 Storing of constituent products

6.1 How are the constituent
products stored (also
supplied by the customer)?
6.2 Are the labeling / Yes
identification and traceability No
maintained throughout the Remarks:
period of storing and
production? E.g.:
- A system for labeling,
- Control documents
(including inspection
certificates)
7 Component specification
7.1 Does the component Yes
specification have the No
required information? Remarks:
E.g.:
- Execution class,
- Steel grade and quality,
- Dimensions and
tolerances,
- Preparation grades,
- Acceptance criteria for
welding / quality levels,
(inspection and test plan)
8 Assessment of products (performance in Table ZA.1 in NS-EN 1090-1)
8.1 Permitted deviations on dimension and shape
8.1.1 Do the requirements for Yes
tolerances meet the terms in No
Clause 11 and Annex D of Remarks:
EN 1090-2?
8.1.2 How are the tolerances for
dimensions and shape
checked and documented?
8.2 Weldability
8.2.1 What materials are used and
how is the weldability
secured in the welding
process?
8.3 Fracture toughness (for steel) / impact resistance
Note: Performance characteristics of fracture toughness and impact resistance are identical and
are given as fracture toughness at a specified temperature.
8.3.1 Does the material inspection Please provide examples. Yes
document have information No
about the value of fracture Remarks:

toughness and the test
temperature?
8.4 Load capacity (Only relevant for declaration of structural characteristics. Reference: En 1090-1
Clause ZA.3.3). See Clause 2 of this checklist.
8.5 Fatigue strength (Only relevant for declaration of structural characteristics. Reference: En 1090-1
Clause ZA.3.3). See Clause 2 of this checklist.
8.6 Resistance to fire
8.6.1 Is products produced with Yes
requirement for fire No
resistance? Remarks:
8.6.2 If "Yes", which method is
used for classification?
(Reference: EN 1090-1,
Clause 5.7)
8.7 Reaction to fire
8.7.1 Is it a requirement to Yes
document the characteristic No
reaction to fire? Remarks:
8.7.2 If documentation for Yes
classifying the characteristics No
of the fire according to EN Remarks:
14782-1 is required, is this
available?
(Reference: EN 1090-1,
Clause 5.8)
Note: The components of
steel fall under Class A1 of
the European classification
with respect to the properties
of fire, and does not require
further documentation.
Galvanized steel is also
class A1.
In the case of coated
components it should be
documented that the
component has a fire
classification that meets the
requirements for its use and
function. Classification shall
be made according to EN
13501-1.
Coating applied to
components made of steel
for durability or other

purposes may have other
properties related to fire than
Class A1. Information on
organic coated steel sheet
properties to fire is given in
EN 14782 and EN 14783.
8.8 Release of cadmium and its compounds
Reference: Normally, components of steel is declared with: NPD "No Performance Determined"
8.9 Emission of radioactivity
Reference: Normally, the components made of steel is declared with: NPD “No Performance
Determined"
8.10 Durability
See Clause 3.5 "Special process “Corrosion protection” of this checklist.
9 Non-conforming products
9.1 Are corrective actions Yes
established / how is non- No
conforming product handled Remarks:
for specified requirements?
E.g.:
- Identification,
- Responsibility,
- Repair instruction
- Repair
- New testing,
- Actions to prevent
repetition of non-conforming
products
1)
E = Result, 0 = not relevant, 1 = satisfied, 2 = partly met, but accepted, 3 = partly met, not accepted, 4 = not
satisfied.

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ECCS TC9

Manufacturing and Erection Standards

Guide to the CE Marking

Nº128, 1st edition, 2012

All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be

ECCS assumes no liability regarding the use for any

Copyright © 2012 ECCS – European Convention for

Printed in Multicomp Lda, Mem Martins, Portugal

The CE Marking standard for fabricated structural steelwork, EN 1090-1: 2009

R. Simões CMM - Portugal Full Member

O. Schreiber DSTV – Germany Full Member

3.3.9 Use and location 21

5.3 Technical instructions 38

10.3.5 The component specification (fabrication drawing) 56

1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

The objective of this document is to provide practical guidance on the CE Marking

The guidance in this document applies to the CE Marking of structural components

steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 2: Technical requirements for

2.2 Harmonised standards

measurable properties termed essential ‘performance characteristics’ (e.g. yield

2.5 Future developments

Unlike a European Directive, a European Regulation is enforceable as law in all

The manufacturers must ensure:

Table 2.1: Manufacturer’s requirements

related to the required system of assessment and verification of

The distributors must ensure:

Table 2.2: Distributor’s requirements

The importers must ensure:

Table 2.3: Importer’s requirements

The conditions under which an importer/distributor becomes a manufacturer

do nothing to change these characteristics. However, the company will have to

Table 2.4: Types of requirements

Table 2.5: Types of declarations

The CPR requires a Declaration of Performance (DoP) to be provided for all

Performed Under system

(name and identification number of the Technical Assessment Body, if

Notes to the table:

Dated reference of the corresponding European Assessment Document

(name and function)

(place and date of issue) (signature)

Appendix C illustrates an example of a Declaration of Performance (DoP) under

3. CE MARKING STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL

3.3.1 Constituent products

3.3.2 Component specification

to regulations containing such requirements.

3.3.4 Design brief

3.3.5 Structural characteristics

3.3.6 Load bearing capacity

3.3.7 Evaluation methods

3.3.8 Preparation of the component specification

3.3.9 Use and location

3.3.10 Reaction to fire

3.3.11 Dangerous substances

3.3.12 No performance determined

the classified exposure of the component linked to specified requirements for

3.5 Evaluation methods

The evaluation methods to be used are related to the manufacturing requirements

3.6 Evaluation of conformity

3.6.1 Initial type testing

Thus ITT is necessary at the commencement of production of a new product type

implemented in production. Thereafter the NDT on production welding is reduced

3.6.2 Factory production control

3.6.3 Attestation levels

3.6.4 Product testing