Bearing Pressures and Cracks Bearing Pressures Through a Slightly Wave: Surface or Through a Nearly Flat Part of a Cylinder, and Related Problems of Cracks By H. M, WESTERGAARD,* CAMBRIDGE, MASS. The task is undertaken of determining the bearing pressures, and the stresses and deformations created by tnem, in rome cases that differ from those considered by Hertz! in his clasrical study of contact. Thus two solids are examined which, before loading, are in contact along f row of evenly spaced lines in a horizontal plane, as indi cated in Fig. Ma). Between there lines the surfaces have ‘a separation defined by a nearly flat cosine wave. A uni- re on top of the upper solid ereates contact ig of a row of strips, reduces the sepa- ids between the strips, as suggested in Fig. 1(8), and creates contact pressures distributed as indicated in Fig. l(c), with vertical rises in the diagram vf pressure at the edges of the strips. Ata greater load the width of the strip becomes equal to the wave length, Notation, ay rectangular coordinates, y vertiea! ne = corresponding polar cvordinstes 2 ae iy = re = complex variable 4 = fonction of =, Equation Ul], defining the stresses by Equations (4) to [6] derivative and first and second is Equations {2} normal restos and shearing strest in the di- egral of Zy rections of 7 and 9 isplacemnents in the directions of 2 and y displacement » at y = 0 initial separation of two surfaces Young's models, modulus of elasticity. in Shear, aud Povsson's ratio = Airy’ stress function r = forse on slie paralel to the 2,y-plane one unit ‘hick, measurable in pounds per inch favoraye pressure of tension, measurable in pounds per square inch hhocirantal distances on axis of = constants el a ‘exerios oF a Coxesuex Vanianis Usp as Sonos Fexoriox ‘A tress function will be applied of a type which was introduced bs Carothers? in 1920 and, evidently independently, by Nédai* i 1821, Hoth expresued the signiGewnt values in terms of buz- monic functions, and both made use of the following fect: A larmonie function of = and y can be obtained as the zeal part Gordon Kay Professor of Civil Enginooring and Dean of the Grathate Schoulof Engivooring, Mareard Unioseety. Mem. AS ALE, TPresated by title at the Jornt Moctiag of The Applied Mechanics aod Hyotoute: Divinioos of Tue Aatentcan Society OF Mcwanioat Byeinzens, hac, N. June 25-20, 19 Dicussion of this paper should be acdronsed to the Secretary a SME, 20 West ath Strect, Now York, Ne Voz nnd will be a ed wats Angus" 10, 190 for publication ab w later date, Dis- Clason received after the slorig dace wil be geturned, Neve. Statements and opinions advanced sh pepers are to be undertood se individual expressions of thelr authors, and Hot thems altho Society land the contact is complete. At still greater loads the stresses increase as if the two solids were one. The pro- cedure by which this problem is solved is demonstrated frst by showing its easy application to some well-known cases, especially Hert2’s problem of cizoular cylinders in contact.# Further applications are to a noncircular cylinder rest ing on a solid with a flat top, with an initial separation of the surfaces varying as the fourth power of the distance from the initial line of contact; to partial contact of two surfaces which are initially plane, except that one of them has a ridge or several parallel ridges; and to tome related problems in which two, parts of the same body are partially separated by the forming of one or more cracks. ReZ or the imaginary part ImZ of an analytic function Z of the complex varisble 2 = 2 ++ ty, with Z being written in the forms Za Ue) = 22+ iy) = Rees smZ 1) In the present applications st is expedient, as dane by Mace Grogor# to vee the function 2 itsolf as stress function. ‘The further functions 2’, Z, and Z aro the derivative and fst sand second integrals of Z, 90 that ‘The properties of derivatives are noted dReZ _ dimz oe Oy Ina restricted but important group of eases the normal sizes fund the shearing strese im the directions of z and y can be stated in the form oe RAZ YO ee cece ell ay = RZ 4 lz"... 18) fay = — WReZ? ee e + Heinrich Herts, Crelle'a Journal far die reine und angscanite Mothemctit, vol. 92, 1881, p. 166 (alo ia his Gesammelte Werke, ol 1, 1805, p. 155). Bee, for example "Theor of Elawcity.” by 5/Timorhenko, MoGraw Hl Book Con lnc, Now York, N.Y 1081, pp. 330-350, ‘Plano Strain: The Direct Determination of Stress,” by S. D. Carotbers, Proreedings of tho Royal Society uf London, aeriew A, vo. 57, 1020, pp. 110-128, especially p. 120, er dia Spanmungavertelueg in einer durch eine Einelkratt by Ay Nédni, Der Baungerieur, tol. 1921, pp- 11-16, especialy p. 12.” Nadal apaiied the function expres curvatures and ties of elatie labe, ‘The curvatures and {ints con bo sterpreved ae slvetcn through Au" sree funetion The Potersia) Function Method for the Siluiion of Two-Dic ‘menaional Stress Probes,” by C. W. MacGregor, Teuns. American ‘Matlemetical Society, vol. 8, uo 1, duly 1085. pp. 177-286. Delaatten rechtsekigen Platt. awAso By referring to Equations (8) it is observed that theve strese satisfy the to eon fons of equilibsium of the form be, eer bet by ‘Tuo limitation of this type of solution appears in Equation: [d} to [6 which require that ° wv 8) With deformation in the direstion perpendicular to the 2 x plane prevented, the displacements & and y in the dircctions of = fad y are defined by the formulas 2G = (124) Re — ylmZ oo... A8) 2Gy = 20 — 4) Im — yRez eee eee [10] eo. 6, and ty = aby For, itis found that thee displacements define the stresses in Equations (4) to [6] through Hooke's lnx, which ean be stated in the forza #(% 42) )ana oy (24 fa(E +B] 2G +2) elt ‘A el obervation fom Bauatlon 10] is that the value of aaty = 0% 13) tis noted, furthermore, that the Airy funetion deGning the stress by the equations ae OF ae Shen gy aed =a 8 Bm REZ + pln i) In alice parallel tothe ,y-plane one unit thick the total vet force transmitted between two points i the increase ofthe deriva tive SE am rez + vlna, (a5) between the paints, Similarly, the total horizontal force trans- mitted between to points i tho increase of aF fay = yRez. uo) between the points. Ismmopvcrony Arruicariox ro Rovssneso's Pron ‘Te semiinnto eld y 2 0, with y postive downed undo Conieatin, “Th uneon 2 = Plc) soot i gre = Etgesen = £[ matzo + (0-3) tats Re = PO GDI 19) Aerrding to Equnlon {18} and (1) nm alc parle! the Zarplane and ono unit thik tho total vertical force transmitted between? = and @ = Ois—P. Iie concluded that Equation [17] represents the solution of Nousinesq's problem in to dic mensions for a normal pressure P concentrated at ¢ = 0. The familiar formulas for stresses and displacements are ablained JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS JUNE, 1989 readily by substituting from tons {41,15}, (5, (91, end (10) Rows oF Foners -Equstion (27) suggests consideration of two modifed functions yuations 117} and (18) Equse Pp Tain Ge Near £ = 0 both approach Z in Kquation [17]. Further inepee- tion shows that Z represents a row of equal presures P at # m0, 1, #2... -,and Zy represents a row of pressures P at = 0, = 2h wil, .ceandsr0% of pulls Pats = sh #31, + on the solid y 0. When y becomes great, Z; converges —P/l, making the stresses in Equations [4] to [6] con- ‘verge toward a uniform pressure P/l; while Z; converges toward ero, making the stresses converge toward 2er0, a3 they should under the selbalaneing load. Dastosstaariox mr Avriteation ro Henra's Paoaura or Two Cinevian Cyuixorns ix Coxract B= iF ot (ell) and y= — 120} ‘Thesolid y & Ois considered again. Asstress function is chosen z--#[ ve +s] eu we 2-2 [ vom rit tia AL y = 0 the shearing str r,, 0, and the normal stresses, faecording to Equations 14] and 5), ate both equal to Rez. ‘Accordingly deep = Oaty = O26 —a0rz > e....-[23) ee oy = —2P/x0") Vat — 2) aty=0, —asz quntion [88 Fauations (834 and (85) sro veeifed wy Equation [27| when mall compared with & Ye i noted that the initial separation of the two snefaces, 1 fore prosture is applied, = (6/21 cust2ee/M] = entine/2, Sama = 6-138 ‘The conclusions that were drasin continue to Kpply if the bo nearly fit pisfares in contact have e diffrent shape, as long *s the initial seperation is defined by Equations (95) Fig 1 ilustrates this ease, Fig. 2 shows some results obtained from Equations [30] and (35), Nonemevian Cruwonn Wire Neary Fost Barrow BE ler + vie — 09 40 ton) Apia the wie y 0, eet for sumer feet vale oly wing ) 138) Yeni ali 2 a Equation [82] is found to converge toward Z in Bawation 2], whieh represents Housitcey's problem. Apsin, at dis lunes greot compared with a the stress are as itt Roussnies 5 probtec, und the total liad on the slice ane unit wide fe P, Avy © Ooaly the interval —a°< 2 < ns osded; the pressures ste —IteZ AL = 8 the prossure i Ae thine he avernce, that is, Ine than the averages. the mxiinua pressure oeeus ab sone distauice from the eenter of te toad. These pressures ean be prrdured by contact of two edd Thr required initial reparation ¢ is computed by considering the interval a <2 0 in the two forms. = tps = Pine). ey [2] The value of a will dopond not only on p bat also o: the eight and ebirpnest of the ridge. Fig. 3) shows the rated problem of w numberof equal parsl- Jel ridges with spacing l. The corresponding stress function is ron] ‘aorer whieh gives. hs, 431 JUNE, 189 ahsweep | | La “ (ct Fia.8 Contace Bumwaey Inimiacuy Ber Sunracen Wau Hoses penpries et PPTs | i: | iio, Flo. Inznnsat Case Tenens ac Crace Fig. $ shows an interns) erack whieh bas opens fram 2 ~~ at = ander the iallence of an averuge tension p. The function Za silo solvos the problem, Z converges towatd 9» whea 2 becomes cumuevielly greut, AL y = 0 one finds outtide the crwth the teusio, baa} ee = piv] = (a'/2 (33 ‘and within tho Ieogth of the erack the opentog 1009 yg . a ate 2 Taz ; Viet 2) [40WESTERGAARD—LEARING Pl FSSURES AND CRACKS wie, chows tuacshape ofthe erark tobe elliptic, The concentra tir stese and the infinite slope dqy/dz at z = a are subject 1» the usunl snterpretation applicable to singularities. A univ forn: horizontal compressive strest p may’ he superposed without, astuching the seniainiog features of the solution. Equation [44] suggests examination of the function 24) oN — Biarg fm At numerically great values of y this function converges toward and defines a uniform tension p. At y = 0 the funetian accounts for a system of erucks, each of length 2a, with eenters at = = 0, #2, #2. ‘The function Zz eae 4s] with Z as in Equation [48] or (47), secounts for a emnck or system of cracks at y ~ 0, ereated bya liquid pressure p in the cracks as the only load aide onerso enrree Fs.) shows a rnc opto ya wedge exerting prizes P. see ro func : wr Vi ee writs a a ee eee ea tere eae lg Wear eluadars Se ee eae ee ee ee ae ee ee re eee ears eee OS ror coe ec and %=— I9jt80) ‘+ 'Stregtes at a Crack, Sign of the Crask, and the Bending of Ree inforeed Concrete.” by H. SM, Werteaard, Journal American Cone ote Inst November December, 2063, of, Proceedings, vol. 80, 1994, pp- 83-102. Contains an ahalysia ofthis feature of cracks Ass. ta Gre (GIS 05 oom: x () IG I Wn Fia, 6 Cascx Oreszo ay Weve An intemal erask whieh bas beoa opened between z = —a anil t= @ by a wedge exerting the pressure P at 2 = 0 is ace counted for by the stress function. 4% = Po/teeV/at— 0) +511 ‘This function shows coneentration of tension at z = +e, and vanishing stresses at great distances from the erack. If a ex- temal pressure is superposed, of the magnitude p defined by Equation (42), Z in Equation (51 wil be replaced by Z in Equa- tom }40), and the concentration of tension is replaced by moder ate compressive strosses. Concuvpma Counce Itikemy toadd further exumples. ‘Those that have been shown indicate a type of problem to which the method that was used lends itso