A Survey of Reservation Based Smart Parking System
Darman1, Andri Purnomo2, Fauzi Yuniary Rachman3
123
Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering Department,
Mercu Buana University, Jakarta
Email: darmandarsosumarto@gmail.com1, andrimte30@gmail.com2, fauzistruggle@gmail.com3
Abstract— Nowadays with the increasing number of vehicles in
big cities and more decreasing of parking space, many driver
cars are difficult to get the parking lots especially during peak
hours. When driver car go to somewhere or building, they do not
know whether there is an empty parking slot or not at their
destination. It can be problem when driver car arrive at any
destination but the parking slot not available. Previously, a lot of
research has been done to find out the availability of parking
space to overcome the problem of limited parking area. In this
paper we provide an overview the concept of smart parking
technology with different approaches. Then we dedicate the latest
development about smart parking infrastructure. We describe
technologies around monitoring the availability of parking lots,
parking reservations. The parking system handles various
technologies, and the categories of those techniques are given.
Additionally we propose smart parking system with reservation
based on camera analytic approach to recognize the unauthorized
reserved car in the future research.
Keywords— Smart parking Systems, Smart parking
Technologies, Sensors, Smart parking services.
I. INTRODUCTION
Traffic congestion caused by vehicle is an alarming problem
at a global scale and it has been growing exponentially. The
parking problem in big cities, especially the mega-cities, has
become one of the key causes of the city traffic
congestion, driver frustration and air pollution. Searching for
a parking space is a routine (and often frustrating) activity for
many people in cities around the world. This search burns
about one million barrels of the world’s oil every day. As the
global population continues to urbanize, without a well-
planned, convenience-driven retreat from the car these
problems will worsen. So researchers are recently turned to
applying technologies for management of parking area by
designing and implementation of a prototype system of
smart parking that allows vehicle drivers to effectively find
the free parking places. In the future the demand for the
intelligent parking service will increase because the rapid
growth in the automotive industries. An effective solution to
this service can be provided by many new technologies.
Smart parking, allowing drivers to access parking
information through their smartphones. Many cities have
been launching their smart parking projects and apps, yet still
very few drivers can really benefit from them. That is because
this technology still has to be improved from different
perspectives: the robustness of sensor devices, the stability
and timeliness of sensor networks, the quality and agility of
urban service.
In this paper, firstly we give an overview about the concept of
smart parking system, their categories and different
functionalities. Then we make a survey of the Smart parking
research and implementations. We describe the technologies
around parking availability monitoring, parking
reservation and dynamic pricing and see how they are utilized
in different settings. Finally a theoretical comparison is
presented to show advantages and disadvantages of each
different smart parking systems and a comparison of
technologies used in every system.
II. SMART PARKING SYSTEM
Smart Parking systems typically obtains information about
available parking spaces in a particular geographic area and
process is real-time to place vehicles at available positions .It
involves using low-cost sensors, real-time data collection, and
mobile-phone-enabled automated payment systems that allow
people to reserve parking in advance or very accurately
predict where they will likely find a spot. When deployed as a
system, smart parking thus reduces car emissions in urban
centers by reducing the need for people to needlessly circle
city blocks searching for parking. It also permits cities to
carefully manage their parking supply. Smart parking helps
one of the biggest problems on driving in urban areas; finding
empty parking spaces and controlling illegal parking. This
implies M2M technologies aims rightness/safety as well as
convenience.
The numbers of vehicles on the road are increasing
tremendously [1]. Smart parking is a parking garage system
that utilizes various technologies to efficiently manage
the garage [2]. Many cities have been starting smart
parking projects. Smart parking is a way to help drivers find
satisfied parking places efficiently through
information and communications technology, especially for
on-street parking. Smart parking can also be defined as a
parking system that helps drivers find a vacant spot using
sensors that detect the presence or absence of a vehicle, and
finally direct incoming drivers to available locations.
Smart parking systems can be categorized into many systems:
parking guidance and information system (PGIS), transit
based information system, smart payment system, E-parking
and automated parking [2]. Every System uses different
Technologies to detect the presence of car in the slot, the
author in [3] divided vehicle sensors and detector system into
two main categories: intrusive and non-intrusive sensors.
 • Intrusive sensors are sensors which are installed in
holes on the road surface, by tunneling under the road
which leads to invasive procedures of installation.
Examples of intrusive sensors: Active infrared
sensors, Inductive loops, Magnetometers, Magneto-
resistive sensors.
• Non-intrusive sensors can easily be installed and
maintained and does not affect the surface in the
process. Non-intrusive sensors encompass microwave
radar, passive acoustic array sensors, passive infrared
sensor, RFID, ultrasonic and video image processing.
III. SURVEY ON PARKING SYSTEMS
Cities noticed that their drivers had real problems to find a
parking space easily especially during peak hours, the
difficulty roots from not knowing where the parking spaces
are available at the given time. Even if this is known, many
vehicles may pursue a small number of parking spaces which
in turn leads to traffic congestion. Various approaches and
researches are made to overcome the difficulties of parking
Area. As a result, many systems and technologies are
developed for parking.
The author in [4] present the design and implementation of a
smart parking system based on wireless sensor networks that
allow vehicle drivers to find the free parking places. The
scheme is based on WSNs, Embedded Web-Server, Central
Web-Server and Mobile phone application. The driver can
detect the state of the parking slot using mobile devices thanks
to sensor node in each parking slot which detect the state of
this one and report it to embedded web-server and finally the
information is sent to central web-server using Wi-Fi networks
in real time.
This paper [5] present an invention that could be applied to
monitor and manage vehicles in a parking garage by
informing drivers about the number of available parking
spaces and in which area should they be directed to. The scheme
is based on the modification of the original WSN and use of
RFID and ZigBee technology. To evaluate other meaningful
metrics such as time etc. The information obtained from each
sensing node is processed collaboratively in two manners either
in distributed or centralized manner.
The objective in [6] is to design an intelligent parking
guidance and information system with ARM8 microcontroller
which can run on an embedded system. The author also
introduce an important feature like fetching the above said
status of the parking slot on the web or internet and status can
update particular time. The webcam finds the free slots for
parking. It can capture slots at a time and display it on touch
screen LCD. It will display red color box on LCD if any car is
present in the slot. If the slot is free it will display empty slot
number on the LCD. If any person wants to book the slot, send
slot number through SMS. The controller receives the slot
number information through GSM. After receiving the
information the controller keeps the slot free.
The implemented prototype model is based on image processing
technique [7]. The system captures and processes
the image of parking lot and produces the information of the
empty car parking spaces.
Drivers in big cities wasted time searching for the available
parking spaces which increase traffic and pollution. To resolve
this problem Yee H.C & al [8] have proposed a smart and secure
parking reservation system based on GSM technology.
This system is divided on two modules parking lot monitoring
and security reservation module. The contribution of this work is
the use of password in and out. The main hardware and software
functions in this system are Pic Microcontroller, Visual Basic,
LCD to inform the driver if the password is wrong, motor driver
which control the barrier gate it is active when the password is
wright, and finally the GSM which play the role of interface
between the user and PC.
The author proposes [9] a monitoring parking space system
using wireless technologies. The system is divided on two
modules: monitoring and master modules in order to help drivers
finding vacant parking slot. The presence of vehicles is detected
by the use of digital infrared sensors which is interfaced with
the microcontroller. The ZigBee will receive the status
information and master module will check for the vacant places
in parking.
Every day vehicle drivers have to find a vacant parking space
especially during the rush hours. It is time-consuming and it is
leading to more traffic, and air pollution. Singh, H. & al [10]
presented a solution based on secure vehicle parking
management and reservation scheme using wireless
technology. The system is divided on three modules: monitoring
module, parking lot reservation module, and security module.
In [11], the authors proposed an automated parking system using
Bluetooth as a means of access which is a wireless technology
standard for exchanging data over short distances. This system
uses a mechanical system that transports vehicles to and from
parking lots without intervention of the driver. When the driver
enter to the parking the vehicle is placed on a movable platform
he starts his Bluetooth and start the parking process, the
Bluetooth reader fetches the user’s Bluetooth id and stores it in
database, the ARM microcontroller compares the ID with
numbers stored. In the case of new vehicle the parking process is
initiated in the other case the vehicle which has already been
parked needs to be retrieved and the retrieving process is
started.
The integration of networked sensors and RFID technologies
[12] is considered in an automatic car park management.
Authors proposed a scalable and low cost car parking
framework (CFP). These include driver guidance, automatic
payment, parking lot retrieval, security and vandalism detection.
In this paper the author proposes the clustering of a bunch of
sensors and the use of hybrid wireless communications instead
of mote in every spot which have a lot of drawbacks in
terms of cost and energy consumption. The implementation
of CPF includes 3 parts: parking manager, gate manager
and parking spots manager.
The author in [13] presents a wireless system for locating
parking spots remotely via smartphone. This system automates
the process of locating an available parking spot and paying
for it. The sensors detect if there is a car in the parking spot, if
the car is located no action occurs but if the spot is available
the wireless sensor node transmits the location to the servers at
each parking area. The servers send the details to the back-
end. Once user is within 2 km of the parking the server
determines the closest available parking spot and sends
location to the user.
An agent based coordination network between drivers and car
parks is proposed [14]. .the prototype is designed through the
MaSE methodology. The system considers 3 criteria for driver
demand: negotiation of parking fees, the distance from the
current location to the chosen car park and finally park’s
booking and reservation. The negotiation algorithms are
employed to bargain on parking prices and to calculate the
shortest path for driver.
In this study [15]. The author designs an automatic smart
parking using internet of things which enables the user to find
the nearest parking area and the available slot in that area. The
architecture of the parking system consists of several
components: centralized server, Raspberry PI, image capture,
navigation system, display device and user device. The cloud
[based IOT architecture contains cloud service to store
information about status of parking slots and the centralized
server which stores smart parking system information. The
driver can access and map the status of parking slots from any
remote location through web browser. But in [16] the author
introduced a smart parking system using cloud-based
platforms as a service (Paas). The (Paas) provides the tools and
services needed to create smart parking solution. We distinguish
two types of Paas: IOT middleware platform as back-end data
platform and front-end dashboard platform for virtualization and
reporting. The IOT middleware contains 3 modules: data
storage module, device management module and processing
module. The utilization of Paas has resulted in the creation of
faster smart parking system which has a lot of benefits.
The author in [17]designs a prototype for IOT based car parking
management system for smart cities using infrared sensors,
RFID and IOT. This prototype offers a lot of services: finding
parking space availability, IOT maintains the database
of parked vehicle through a shared server, booking slots and
finally theft management. It has also some advantages: less
human interaction, increases flexibility and security. This
system consists of different modules: online booking, parking
entrance system, parking exit system and parking management.
In the study [18] discribe a smart parking system reservation
system is developed in such a way that users book their
parking spots through short message services (SMS). The SMS
sent will be processed by a wireless communication
instrumentation device called micro-RTU (Remote Terminal
Unit). This micro-RTU will reply the confirmation of booking
by giving the details of reservation like password and lot
number. The password will be used to enter the parking area
and valid for a certain period of time.
The system is fully automated with the use of the Peripheral
Interface Controller (PIC). This microcontroller is capable in
storing information of empty parking spaces, provide
passwords as well as allowing or denying access to the parking
area.
In study [19] author investigates the problems of car parking
system in Malaysia and proposed a Wireless Mobile-based Car
Parking System using low cost SMS service. The
implementation of SMS service into the car parking system
enable drivers to receive information regarding the availability
of car parking spaces. In this system, the drivers can resend
SMS to request for new assignment of car parking spaces if
they fail to get the previous assigned destination. This paper
demonstrates the design and implementation of Wireless
Mobile-based Car Parking System (WMCPS) using SMS
services by Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithm in finding the
nearest parking space for drivers
In study [20] Author proposes a vehicle detection algorithm,
named Peak-Valley Algorithm (PVA), based on the Wireless
Sensor Networks (WSN). By measuring the disturbance of the
Earth’s magnetic field, when a vehicle passes through a
Honeywell 3-axis sensor, the vehicle can be detected. A large
number of experimental data have been collected and analyzed.
The system can perform in real-time with detection accuracy as
high as 98.68% for vehicles. Especially, it can effectively solve
the fluctuation problem caused by temperature drift in the
baseline tracking method.
In study [21] Author using a WSN to build an efficient and
smart parking system for vehicles. The application will use
light sensors to automatically determine the use of parking
spaces in a parking area and calculate billable parking time
while also providing a useful overview of occupied and free
parking spaces to vehicle operators. Such a system can provide
increased driver comfort and reduce costs in parking space
operation by allowing drivers to easily decide on where to
park, while the used components only generate low costs for
the operator.
In study [22] Author propose system with make the drivers
easier to park the vehicles and also overcome traffic
congestion. Drivers can initiate request using reservation app in
the android mobile to determine the availability of the parking
slot. If the slot is available a driver can reserve a slot through
online payment system. The propose system also enables
drivers to cancel the reserved parking slot. Amount will be
refunded after cancellation charges. Thus a low cost prototype
for smart parking with reservation is proposed using sensor,
Arduino and android in cloud platform.
In study [23] Author proposed smart parking has been focused
due to the development of indoor position technology. There
are several smart parking systems for garage. But there are two
major problems in these systems. The first one is the detection
of parking space occupation, and the second one is space
navigation.To solve these two problems, we propose a smart
parking system combining WiFi and wireless sensor network.
In this system, geomagnetic sensors are used to detect the
occupation of parking spaces, and WiFi is used for navigation.
A prototype system has been developed.
In study [24] literature review conducted for this paper offers
an in-depth review of the recent advances in sensing and
communication technology concerning parking systems. In
addition, this paper presents a survey and analysis of an
academic, qualitative literature review. It includes an in-depth
study of the selected topics and provides a step by step
implementation process. It reviews different smart parking
systems used for parking guidance and parking facility
management and gives an insight into the technical aspects and
specifications analysis of such systems that have been
published in academia during the last 15 years.
In study [25] Author provide an example of such opportunity,
by describing Park Here!, a novel mobile application that aims
at mitigating the over- head caused by parking spot seeking
operations in urban areas. Our solution targets common city
environments, where no per- spot sensors are available, and
there is no remote service allowing the reservation in-advance
of a parking spot. For this scenario, we propose a novel
algorithm for the automatic detection of parking actions
performed by the user, through the analysis of smart- phone
embedded sensors (accelerometer/gyroscope), and of the
Bluetooth connectivity. Once a parking event has been
detected, an adaptive strategy allows disseminating the
information over the target scenario, using a combination of
Internet connection to a remote server, and Device-to-Device
(D2D) connection over WiFi Direct links. Preliminary
experiments demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed
algorithm in correctly identifying parking events in an
automatic way, and hence in notifying information to other
potentially interested users.
In study [26] author provide classifications of smart parking
system as centralized assisted parking search (CAPS), non-
assisted parking search (NAPS) and opportunistically assisted
parking search (OAPS). In centralized assisted parking search
(CAPS), the information processing will lay on the central
processor (server). The server will collect information from a
sensor in the parking spot and take decisions respectively.
However, this centralized approach always has some
challenges.
In study [27] author provide classifications of smart parking
system as transit based information system (TBIS). The
Transit based information system (TBIS) provides guidance
for park-and-ride facilities. This system succeeds in
implementing, and it reduces the inconvenience of the users.
In study [28] author provide classifications of smart parking
system as E-Parking System. E-Parking is a system where the
SMS or the internet is used for efficient parking. This system
also includes a smart payment mechanism. For reservation
mechanism mobile phones or reservation centers are used.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) enabled mobile phones,
and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are also used by this
system.
In study [29] author provide classifications of smart parking
system as Car Park Occupancy Information System (COINS).
This system checks the vacancy for parking the car by video
sensor. The image-processing technique is used, and vacancy
information is displayed in a display panel.
In study [30] author provide classifications of smart parking
system as Parking Reservation System (PRS). PRS would
require the establishment of parking reservation operations
information centers, a communication system between the
users and the PRS, real time monitoring of the current parking
availability, and estimates of the anticipated demand. The
anticipated demand could be estimated based on the number of
people who reserved a space and the expected number of non-
reserved arrivals during the next few time periods that could be
based on historical arrival data. The users would be able to
reserve a parking space and receive a response from the PRS
through a variety of communication media such as telephone,
fax, or the web.
In study [31] author provide classifications of smart parking
system as Intelligent Transport System (ITS). ITS systems are
a set of information, communications and technologies for
vehicles and infrastructures focused on the transport. The
information can be offered by an accurate vehicle classification
using WSNs.
In study [32] author provide classifications of smart parking
system as Intelligent Parking Assist System (IPAS). This
system was designed for reverse parallel parking. It does not
require driver's attention, and it can automatically place the car
by guiding the vehicle appropriately. This system is also
known as Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS).
In study [33] author provide classifications of smart parking
system as Agent Based Guiding System (ABGS). An agent can
be any entity capable of perceiving facts through sensors and
acting upon the environment through effectors or exchanging
information. It has useful characteristics such as autonomy,
reactivity, adaptability, pro activity, and social ability. Such
characteristics are very suitable for problems with highly
dynamic and interactive behavior and are thus applied to
establish the automation mechanism in the parking negotiation
and guidance system in this study.
In (Table 1) we divided the parking system into 5 parts:
• Collection: relies on sensors to collect the real-time
parking.
• Deployment: deals with the communication methods.
• Urban Services: can be provided to the user once the
data storage and information monitoring are done.
• Connection: concerns the IOT layer which
maintains the database of the parked vehicles through
a shared server.
• IHM: means the technologies used as interface
between human and the parking system.
IV. DISCUSSION
From this two tables shown below (Table I, Table II), we can
see that only one smart parking system has used an intelligent
agent system. For that reason we will propose a multi-agent
parking system based on expert systems that offers many
services for the driver. Agent-based systems technology has
been hailed as a new paradigm for conceptualizing,
designing, and implementing software systems. Agents are
sophisticated computer programs that act autonomously on
behalf of their users, across open and distributed
environments, to solve a growing number of complex
problems. Increasingly, however, applications require
multiple agents that can work together. A multi-agent system
(MAS) is a loosely coupled network of software agents that
interact to solve problems that are beyond the individual
capacities or knowledge of each problem.
 TABLE I. Matrix Related Research

Collection Deployement Services Connection IHM

Researcher

Type of sensor WSN CON GY PY LR SE RE GM AC PM CC SP WA VICS

Yang, J.,
Portilla, J., & Light sensor WiFi WiFi-3G + + + + +
Riesgo, T.

Patil, M., & Reflection

Bhonge, V. N.
ZigBee + + +
sensor+RFID

P.DharmaReddy,
A.
CMOS
RajeshwarRao, GSM + + + +
Dr. Syed Camera
Musthak Ahmed
Al-Kharusi,
H., & Al- Camera + + +
Bahadly, I.
Rahayu, Y., &
GSM + + + + + +
Mustapa, F. N.

digital
Yee, H. C., &
infrared ZigBee + + + +
Rahayu, Y.
sensor

Infrared
A.Poojaa ZigBee GSM + + + + + +
Sensor

Singh, H.,
Anand, C.,
Bluetooth + + + + +
Kumar, V., &
Sharma, A
Karbab, E.,
Djenouri, D.,
ultrasonic
Boulkaboul, ZigBee Wifi-3G + + + + + + + + +
sensor,+RFID
S., & Bagula,
A
Orrie, O.,
Silva, B., & Sensor+RFID + + + + +
Hancke, G. P.
Chou, S. Y.,
Contract
Lin, S. W., & Agent + + + + + +
net
Li, C. C.

Basavaraju S
Pi camera WiFi + + + +
R.

Suryady, Z.,
Sinniah, G. R.,
Haseeb, S.,
ferromagnetic
Siddique, M. ZigBee + + + +
sensor
T., & Ezani,
M. F.
M.
Gandhi, B. M.
Infrared
K., & Rao, M. + + + + + + + +
sensor+RFID
K.

Darman, Andri
IP Camera WiFi GSM + + + + + + + + +
& Fauzi

GY:GUIDANCE PY:PAYEMENT LR:LOT RETRIEVAL SE:SECURITY

RE:RESERVATION M:GATE MANAGEMENT PM:PARKING MANAGEMENT USING SMARTPHONE
AC: AVAILABILITY CHECKING OVER INTERNET
CC:CLOUD COMPUTING WA:WEB APPLICATION SP:SMARTPHONE VICS:IN-VEHICLE SY (+) : THE TECHNOLOGY OR THE SERVICE IS USED
IN THE PAPER

V. FUTURE WORK
In the future work we will propose a dynamic smart parking
architecture based on multi agent systems. Our system will be
divided to different process:
• Communication module: It will concern the request
send by the driver to the system.
• Coordination module: at this level we find agents
which have the role of displaying information to the
user in a suitable manner taking into account
constraints of the device.
• Processing module: the main role of this module is
the processing of different queries sent by the user
e.g.: reservation, payment, check-in, check-out, etc.
• Data module: it contains data of the parking saved on
real time.
The contribution of our system will concern the data analysis
process which is the node of our system .For that reason we
will use different modern techniques such as Expert Systems
and SMA. We should integrate the two different technologies
together in order to achieve a system which is the most
efficient, reliable, secure and inexpensive. Expert systems
have a lot of attractive features:
• Increased availability.
• Reduced cost
• Reduced danger
• Permanence
• Increased reliability
• Explanation
• Fast and complete response at all times
• Intelligent Database
• Multiple expertise
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we define the concept of the smart parking
system, their Types and the classification of different
technologies. After we give a survey of different parking
systems which was implemented by many researches to resolve
the growing problem of traffic congestion, wasted time,
wasting money, and help provide better public service , reduce
car emissions and pollution, improve city visitor. The table
contains advantages and disadvantages of various parking
systems implemented by researchers. As a future work we will
propose a dynamic architecture based on multi-agent systems
and expert systems for smart parking management.
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