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Sadiku * RUR ASA PMB BE Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Hewes = Fifth Edition CG) i I ae tH Wi it China Machine PressBABE (CIP) BGR FEBS HEA (F598 5 Riz) / (38) WG ( Alexander, C. K.) $4; ROR. dt: PUT, 2014.7 (SbF SHS LEAR AAS) $408: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Fifth Edition ISBN 978-7-111-47088-5 Lt: IL Dil QB IL Hake IV. TM13 PERISH CIP BSE ( 2014 ) $8 131094 ABMALBIS: BF: 01-2012-8917 Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N. 0. Sadiku: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Fifth Edition (ISBN: 978-0-07-338057-5 ). Copyright © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including without limitation photocopying, recording, taping, or any database, information or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Heh, FRAT ERI Baixi (BU{ERE Baixi Su Alexander (9) BLteay He T ACSA 1, HAR 1 TA Shi, MEHR TEIR. TERN SAAR, BOTA REAR AN CL FAL YEA BA: Raghu Srinivasan, HSM RH. UR EAD A 4H; Lora Kalb-Neyens, JFMi4it; Curt Reynolds, iiH5468E; Joyce Watters, P*SR88HE; iS4T Margarite Reynolds, iit #. 5S 5 RAB RF HME 25 4 HRCA AC TRIAS HH IFIC SFT A 5a! Sh, DLE ASDA AYOD ARIAL TG AR ESE ETE HESI) « Alok Berry, #i8H§# A (George Mason University) Vahe Caliskan, (##/i§@ XZ MBF 4}HE (University of Illinois-Chicago) Archie Holmes, 9$27/EMZK*# (University of Virginia) Anton Kruger, 2742: (University of lowa) Arnost Neugroschel, #638 Hi A°# (University of Florida) Arun Ravindran, 6-65 WRI IEEE (University of North Carolina-Charlotte) SRI UAL TBE RR FZ A AR AY AE HH THR CR, A AN SAE PL HO, STM RTA FAB, Bt TRE HMR AHR A. Charles Alexander HK A HHI c. alexander@ ieee. org, Matthew Sadiku #)9-# U2UE sadiku@ieee. org. C.K. Alexander 5 M.N. O. Sadikucs SBE UR cow AEB BALA. 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RADAR TLE, KSMIRARMA TS. © FMS BSR LMR A. CK A 5 MNOSCharles K. Alexander 2 3 [5 ( % (RIN 53 FARM TK i (Fenn) L#ReT SHR LRRER, HERTS SMEMKRATT RLAYECE, 2002~2006 #, (LAE Fenn C#BEBE HK. 2004~2007 #F, ERA RICE AR AOEE, MLB, Sl, ATE SEMB ARH L (EAA ZINA, Case KF, Akron KF AMA KL Wh MIAH S we AZ). 1998~ 2002 4, HHI EE BE hs & TRADES AT REECE (2000 FA 2001) ARMARAS RAL Sit RHLAS AB Stocker lA] MH. 1994~ 1996 4, AEE MABE WAN ae AA AGH oe BS LS it LAE REE 1989~1994 4, (hi8{E Temple AF LF ABRK, IE 1986~ 1989 EE Temple APRA RAW ARM AEE. 1980~1986 F, fee AG RAAAER ER fir. 1972~1980 , HPA M MINAS AT A Ma HF 1977 EA AMMAR” MRS TAMAROMS. 1971~1972 F, HERARAC ETL RANBIR. 1h 1965 FRGERARAHASRILBSELS OL, Maps F 1967 An 1971 ERG RERASHRALAFHLS AL Fer. Alexander @LH 4% 23 TAR ABALMOBIA], GSE. BEM—LACAT]. HERG 8500 FRM RES, HAM APRE RD PE AR. HE HK 40 HE, fee HAL AUR RM, (thE 218 I-A 7 MK A MALAY (Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Problem Solving Made Almost Easy) #1 (Standard Handbook of Electronic Engineering) (85 i) SHWSMH. (hee T 500 ARO ALR AEH « Alexander t§-4:42 IEEE 09 @ fe tk (#3¢ A Ze 1997 4248 46 SEA AE AN CEO, 1993 46 Al 1994 4, AEE TEEE @ Wl (MAE, SPLISH (USAB) 321%. 1991~1992 4, fh IEEE AMEE ATLA BAS (RAB) Al USAB, (LBL AMM ARS A. (hited USAB 2 Hip ty a EMAL USAB TRESS WALA HE AAEM, LATE RAB AE LAB SS BA 221 USAB 2% He Gl Be FF BE A ase 1998, (HET LAB A CAH CA A RRR, IGF 1996 y ia PAI TAR SK. 1994, A “EAA WLR Gy RR HSA HE” BH IEEE I ASHKA. 1984 Seba T IEEE EEK RE, 1983 SE LET 7 IEEE RAB AHR DLE Att RAB O45 Ei ATA SFr fat 9 3 UH ER Matthew N. O. Sadiku i ¢(8) i LM TAP HHE. CERI T SRO IAE ZA. He Cee EN he ALIS I AE A ER MOR (Temple) AEE. tht MY OBA IH AIL We Arnie te AH TP Sadiku (4: Rit 170 RHEAIC L, MME 30 AB. 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AA KORY Ba RAPALA. BL. AA HAR A LH AHR? REWER AT HS Hk EE POR MR, RAE RMR HIE. RRA RA HH ATA. TIL, WAT AR, PR he BSE Bl ABR AMAT. KERTERR, PRAM ABD BTRERRATAALAREN EM, KEARRET ABR RL ETHER te. EMAL A AR Cn a ae ARR TM MTA A, BTWRR AM. HRD TRARA MRAM WERE APR E. RE RSIIUED RAR HHEPHSERERAAR. ASHR, RARAUAARHRHELALOHREHAR HERTS, EA ZACEARAMEORMRAMNE DER, RHRRSSER BH SGWKEHH, HLURLIBARPW AS, THRSRMLLAR. HURASH TA-+EEWSE. HHAEAWKY, BRAFURTERHRESH FRAME ROLRRRAR ERS R, CRMM BARE MRE eR HW, AHBSRARAREM, ERWHR-HE, ATNR-SEMFERK A Ae, HERA AAW ARR. 1.1 518 EL Bt SO Gs AL, Wk I 3 J wa A RAY GH a TR AE AB HAE LRA, MOLI LL. HERE ES aM TD A FAAS aE oy Seo PAH Es Bie SR AE a CE A BER Pd IB Ey BAIA AB A A PE oa eB te Te te AE A) Dy Bi Ae — AEE 9 EE AB REA, IEE Ae TM RE The BAR. PELL, BRAT HE BEERS — AFA BUS A tA AS TT SEU Hp ARE Fh BENG ASP LTA AH Ay AR Ar THY MEA PON BBC electric circuit) » FELT A AE TA ARAB SP Bk Ht (element),H1e RbM SG REAR THE SMe 7 A BE 1-1 a ao Bc Sh ae tk TAP EH: HLM. AT ASRS. He BAT I ath Sr HE = AT RULE. Bean He A, BRIT APL AR HY SE A a BRD 1-2 as 5a LB KOT OLA A. IRR A A. A A PAT SY BE BS Dr HH RATT A a a BE TOT FS is Bh A HD BA 9} BT OB AH SL 9 FATT. P-L 4} fe A Be TET ARR, ARTA AY He BE A AE SS 5 RAS A EFS Bk Meo Bi 9 AS TL Fs TD AP EB AE, SESE HB AS PRATER: HA 5 RU EL BAG 2B eM OTR J oy) 2 A A ‘Pe Asa 4 0 HL FD 89? +9V (DC) Reh aH BRA B12 Ke ATA FAIA: A. ALT HLT. OTE. DR ANA AR. TERE aK PERERA» FEMS AAR HER FAO Th AL. 1.20 ha fr fil FLING SES EA tT.» LE eT AE A 9 MRO» RIAL MA AAS EEE Ae RO RG UA ‘fil International System of Unit, SD, ¥ 1960 4F PRE RAW ERA. Boba SALA CoP MAS fic» hn HT HE Ss A Ae -1 B T AN s t ASA — 45 A A SA PAL 5 AP a 8 A 8 Ril APEASWTS-TMABAAM SH MH BORE BR HOTS RHR AMER RLS eI Ed m tie TH keg Hi) 6 5 a OHI A BAe FEA) K et wee) c _ BIE He M64] ed Bas 10 ts OE AH FT AA AF 10. HR A SR EO PE] 5 EA AD WR FR HR «BG 1-2 TR APA lO SEES BA, BAR JL ak4 8-ee ROS Hem Al — PAE Bs 600 000 000mm 600 000m == 600km. R12 Bm FRO RAR wars RRO AM WREAK aaes 10" RT) E 10 a a 10 we] P 10" i € 108 Ese) T 10> % = 10? we] G 10" C3 k ot 36 M 10? ACR) 5 10 ¥ k 10-8 OT) P 10 w h 10-4 Rar) £ 10! 1 de 10-8 wade] a 1.30 Fafa SABE 9475 AeA BL fd A SE A electric charge). 2 AMBER E92 me A CE HEE Frat AIM RY AEE SL hake BRIE ern aeme . RGLAAMAORFH MBE, BZEC(C). BRAD AE AER Oy BRE of SD BAT Ay AB Hoh WRF MARY TS FREAD FAY. AF TAR HA Fe HEM, FEHR APE IN 1.602% 10-"C, TE FAR YY FR os js FT TE ES A FE RA. KTM MBERU TS 1 AEH OFT AT EE AT A AL, CH A A & 1/1. 602 10-")=6. 24X10" PHF. PA» SEI HS FA fF GEL AA pC. nC a pC HRS ; 2. RSE ICH RET 1 «SI Pe AE EHH Fo APE e= — 1. 602 10 CRORE RAE 3. #4 18 A Claw of conservation of charge) LN, HA MEAR ME ME Bt. WLR fe Be ae ee eee eT LEA Res AO a. RARE ECR A. ORL AAP AT DLA — Mie BE a) BLE, TSE AER. MASE CH BEF DE A) BC MEDD Basan» BRSa se bbe 3 ah. TE MeL hr Ba TH a TAR Te B,C AS RP TM. AL ATE Hs i aA eo OD EAT NAL» A RL 1-3. eas, a ee 9 AY ALE HK Al 2 HX Benjamin Franklin(1706—1790) #8 th LAR TRA SUE tt OG Sh no AE Se BH 9S ek TT PA YAEL YS ARE AD Ac PE 8 A PP A 9 Al, AVA oe CE TE LA. ll ARI, — 4 Ae et a FE HH 0. SCH1e RAMS 5 A” RABIE RAH th — ARH ck, A, AA LEH RL » ARM IEEE 6 48K RAR BI area 248 (Andre-Marie Ampere, 1775—1836), o& Hl ME R fy B ER, RHASAMEA, WEI HR FRBHT RRA Le AMER. SSHETROER, CPRTAS, HMYHHSESHKEE HEART Hy. PU FA, RL a RT At TX. KHA-MERHAER, HR-MHAMBA HIER. ER HTPSRRE A. RAT RRR. ROMS r LWA EA SH eee sane FARIS BMA, Bir wy eds (A), TERE LE, GEE, ey g MUTT] ¢ ZH KRW: ap Jt, LMM A, HFA: 1A=1C/s RPSL. 1) PA RSP BR ABE Al to Bc ZT A HE, Bs Qa | ide a2) SUL. DAHL ME EOE MATRA HIE AE EOL, AAU EE RAE, LEVIS Be AEP PAS TS Ja XT] 8 A QOH SAE AS BLE Vi] EA, TRAP TE UO By ‘© A(direct current, dc). ARBRAEAMM ASL HRER 8A FR Bact RAVES: TO de on HE 7 aE Vd BE eA), DAC WY TN ES ie Be as NE DE ih UIE AE TE 9K obs hi we BK RGA. i Calternating current, ac) « 3 3 fe A ihe AE HS BY i) He TE ADA SE HL BH 2) PERE 4 DRAB. WAR LUA BSE fl He FTL ta 19 ik 17 SR FAD EPL HE. PA 1-4 SL OAS EEL hi AL HC a Be AL SE CHL Thi. AS AS BOLI HEF i HE AIG SK HA Ji So A Ok J SP A thse AOL AS i a V\__ L/L mina SY \/ ! He hi BE ATL 28 os J IE fil. HY. MUP 1-5 BF Mee PAZ. PA L-Sb PATHE TT HL HEN — 5A HY SSH ABBA Wd HE SA OY TE Be PE Pa Lea pik b> ebviMe aE6 -ee Hi O sap ey a) TERRE b> sti 1S BRAT GRED : 600 HFS i? WH: — ALF Ha RW 1. 602 X 10-"C, BB 4600 “Poe, F HH BH HE I — 1. 602 x 10-°CX 4600=—7. 369 X 10-"C, < “2 3) 1-1 HSE 6 000 000 ARF Birr AY He A SR: +9.612X10-¥C D i AM AMY LAT REIL g—5e sindne mC, HH 1=0. 5s MEAT. : i= a = for sindnt)mC/s = (Ssindxt + 20nt cos4nt)mA 4 t=0.5 it, i = Ssin2n + 10m cos2x = 0+ 10n = 31, 42(mA) < % M3) 1-2 1-2, MIE g=—C10—10e-*) mC, HB = 1. Os BT ALT SR: 2.707mA > WR Le AA REE = (3F —DA, HH t= 1s HH 2s ZARA RA Fe ter iB: Q= J ide = fae ae = (?-§)[, = @-»-(1-F)=5.50 < % BSI N-3 MRE RIAN HE A HE _ [fas O1 HH t= 0s 5 t= 2s ZIMA KOE NB. BR: 13. 333C 1.4 BE WSR, BAAN FR Mie ah, HERE ARE ET HP Se Be tg BES} He Bh H (external electromotive force, emf) MY HE SH, He BUH He Bh HF AE tn PY 1-3 PARA HAT. FB Pw (voltage) R & 42 ¥ (potential difference). HH a, b FR ZT AY A Fs EHS HE A A A A TAG SEBO HE CAD). EBA AURA: dw Se a.3) SUH, w ZR AEM, PERC g HH, AIRE ECC): WER ve fv. MA FEARAE CV) ALARA JE Dy 28 Be WL RAT HE, AD AC FA SH BEAR AY Alessandro Antonio Volta, 1745—1827) iii LA (ih 4 ir % HY. HSK CL. 3) AT AFR: 1V = 1J/C = 1N+m/C FEAR ( FRADE) IB BAM TT NORE, BARRHe RAMS 7 A2ea {K4$ (Alessandro Antonio Volta, 1745—1827), BX Al WE FR. CRATHPRERS ARNE ROEAB, ey KRPHETEAAA RA AHR RR. 18 Ow AR Se GRA, ET 1796 RR ate He A BS. UF 1800 FRAMFPRSR ERR HTH. RE-S PRATASRR, RERELEMEO RA RELONAT gone nae wh. Sm ER 1-6 RRAERF a, 6 MAZE AME AERA) LOE, ES (+) A (AT Ee MBB A Fa BH TR AO HE as AT A LSE BP RO RE: DR A HR RL vos (DMMP AO, Ka ve. HA PRS. Des Ue . (4) SMM, PA 1-7 tT A Re. Ta, Ba EOC +9) Vs 17d, MOM FRa(—OV, WAH, Miva, WK a Bo A OV AY (voltage drop); RA FRB, Mak b Bla A OV Ie KA (voltage rise). MRAZ, M Ba BUR 6 HEMP A FE S b Bl di a ALTE FT a a 20 * ~ p [] » ors ob 3b L—os a) b) FL6 ER uy MOH HE 17 AE 0g 9 Re LE ATF GE Bg OY A AS IS at EA Ae AL ES ARB AS SO Bes ‘he Fees FE 8 A ee) AS SH SL A EE, AA GA AD BOGS AEE BRS I ESAS FE LN FAS 1 A Be OC. GH ROH LE (HH TC Hy BE we SAV Pe a8 + GO Te EBA A PR RFE OR BOAR «PL MRC HL FS HG oA PS «TE A oe LP BR: Bit RAEN, MEREREREED AG RAAB 1.5 #SAem STAR A oD Je PG ASE A 5 ELA EG SS AR SHE SE BL Fidei, BRAY os BE a os “Bk A EW Wh A ACH 2h AR Cpower), HAAG HG AY AL, LOOW YT HOLE LE GOW MAT HUE ES JE ALA IT AURT RE THe A CE ia ZS SO BLE 3B) ABCD EF BY DR BE Hy FA 5 A jw AAT od ZH) AY BR a SF FAA HEAR RUA MOAT, BT (W)o TE RAR BOF RUN8 Re RREB RH, p ATR, MER COW); w WARM, AERA CDs ¢ WAT, BLED). HRA. DY, KA. 3) AKC. 5B: = dw _ dw , dg _ 1.6 oa aq a ate a.7) 01.7) PADDR p — PAE, PN BE At 5h FE (instantaneous power). At, 7 PE OB MSC BRE BE HS 2 J A ALK A A FRR. FRR TEA. GI BR RCH, RA, WIRD HA, MTC Be. EE fie tt DRA A Hh. fat Ay TEE? WE DYE TE Hh OE EA A OO PAR HE. A, i i Ailsa PRR Say SAHRA RE. ARIE : $ A Hs RHE HB TI AY HE RNG PA 1-Ba — CB ARAAF A (passive sign convention), HM XKSA A, ° F ESA FE AN TE BLA TOPE, CERAM Fp toi ah vi > 0, RAT RKAK, RMA 1-8b Him, p=—vir Rv< o 3° 0, RATA MMRH HR, pees oe HRRRATHO REEMA ERRS SAG, B p= 9 Bbw b) Riya toi; MRARRATAN BERR, WA p=—vi. R18 RASA RA BLO SL, ABM KIRSTEN ES. HORS Bt PAIN, ZEPA 1-9 Bra AP oa Be, Oy TE oa SC DA TE BALA RATE ABR + 12 W ADRs (EL ZE PA 1-10 fi i A AS PTE YE BAA SMTA, SELATCERAB AHH + 12W ADE. PLE Re — 12 W A RE eH + 12 ay We. RM: BB TE oh BR KO HY HR — — 3A 3a + = TJ = “ “v « [ wv - + + | a) p=4x3=12(W) b) p=4x3=12(W) a) pe-4x3=-12(W)b) p=-4x3=+12(W) FA 1-9 TEER CO Ry 12 A PA 1-10 0A SEH Ky 12 BB HE WSL, FEAT BRABUS UME SF He H FAS ZAR Claw of conservation of energy). Pitt. A (a a so A CA TN De=0 a.8) RCL. 8) FE WHEE + BEE AE SB A Rs HT UU HG, BSR CL. 6) ATA» IA to BE ZAN Bo Wa Za Te HRH1e RAMS 9 (9) BSAA, ARE. HE ZS ABCA + IME COW +h) yi EAE. FHP 1W + h=3600J SH MARA 2A AOTC THEE AT HL 10s, WORT HO DAG fe AA AE A Sh RE FADE HAE A 2. 3) FE PAT ed 1 HE B: UW aA: Ag = iat = 2X 10 = 20(C) HL FERED — Aw _ 2.3108 _ ve Ry = ap TCD < SSD 1-4 HELA g Ma RGN bE MY Ey — 30), FAP Ta AH LF a FEBE vs. (aq=6C, (b)g=— RB: (a)—5V (b)10V GOR YA SEC FF TE HB YH BE i i = Scos60nt A HACE wai FED: Ca)u=3i Vy Cb)v=3di/de Ve EP SEHE t= 3s IY RTE AE BC AY ne. Re: (AEH: v = 31 = 15cos60nt(V) TA AR p= vi = T5cos*60nt(W) E (= 3ms Bf, RH: p = T5cos? (60x X 3X 10) = 75cos*0. 18x = 53. 48(W) (Cb) HE FR ADE ADH AMOR A = v=3 # = 3(— 60x) 5sin60nt =— 900x sin6One(V) p = vi =~ 4500nsin60xt cos60ne(W) 46 t= 3ms I}, PORWR A: p=—4500xsin0. 18x cos0. 18% =~ 141 37. 167sin32. 4° cos32. 4° =— 6. 396(kW) < BS AEGIS, AUTRE, HUEY: (adv = 21 V.(b)o = (10+5f'ia)v. TESE Sms TCP BC SR: (a)17. 27W, (b)29.7W —4> LOOW HAHA ATHY 2h HP RE Ha fl J & o>? fw = pe = 100W X 2h X 60(min/h) X 60(s/min) = 720 000) = 720k] a w = pt = 100W X 2h = 200W + h < BSG 7a HEHE E 240V LEAN Ey ISA, TPL CTE 180K) ft ea be wf fa) ER: 50s10 Fe He a2em ee ee ew oh Se RRB 1884 ES 1884 HARES + oy HHH A RM JE (International Electrical Exhibition) BARA WHE HARES RM. RR-PRAR NER, —SEB RRA AREER, UST. BSOLECAELKALAHHR. ELA-TURE, 1884 RMSE HH, 15M + Lik + (Thomas Edison) KAKARSHEM, ERR ATR RRA DP BR. REE + HHH (Edward Weston HKRAMPRT LAR RI MAATS RHR A, THAR OKRAREREHERARS RW. HESS RHE OG HEH + WDA CPrank Sprague), X14 + Hf ¥ RCElihu Thompson) ¥l K ¥ 4] & & & BA (Brush Electric Company of Cleveland). AAA RMS fl, XB 4 Li FS (American Institute of Electrical Engineers, AIEE)F 10 9 7 HESHBATHRRASNAU. 1964 4, AEE 5 HAW LEI FS (Institute of Radio Engineers, IRE) & 3# i 2 J A 4% FL 4 Ji ¥ & (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE), 1.6 RRC TEM 1. 1S RATIO AY. TEPER A AEH CRB). oR A AR PC AH BL AAPA BA AT A oa Bl 7 a Yo, Ca 7 RE AE BEAT GAPE A ANTE: A (passive) AIA H (active) JME. AW TE MP AE MET fe RAT AEWA TOME ARE | FE TC PE HH BEL. LAE RLS OA Ad BL IEA. ACW ELIE TDR RIL OAT LTE. SH BE 0-45 A A, FA ART SAT SBIR, BCAA CBA ERED AL 97 A HE 9 7 ETS A A TE BSG» SAUAU A 7. GAG HE RO BAC SCD FG 8 RR AS 28 We UO BR LA a AOA J AL, GL PRE 1-11 a a#1% RAMS 11 NARS. HER, A lla AA 1-11b PAA SY eR, AR FAL L-La Sf AO A545 HAE Be as 3 HL SAL St, LAL A Mr J EB ESC Baa HT 56 FRY A EA SM AR, FEE Ma HAH AC ea Pes LAR RT EA EL Se 1-12 Bh, EP AS eR Ht i ATTA a = + —o v vo iC L_. a) AP dean te aR aE >) Peete BR (de) Ls, P11] Rar RA Re All? Ayah AS 3 ARG SE a oO ( BA) A i HH ow Hw HO TH SEAS Ha TC ES BRIE PS Ae MP 1-13 Pa AP RT a FEL BSR ef HS BR os PRE ESIC 5 EL SE RE J FS J TL AMER SER, SN: Ls FL FRA HA HL EUR CVCVS) 5 2. Ha Uc PE il Ha FR BR CCCVS) 5 3. HL HE Hil a EWR CVCCS) 5 4. Hib HEHE Hil a HBR CCCCS) . SEAS WATE RE ST VRE. GEA AR LA BB WH Bi 0 A PN FY vd Ea FR a BM 1-14 fas, Poa FWY Ha Fe 10d DP TEE CY i. ARIS RA. RSH ERM (LE 101 VOT ARE 107 AD, KAW ET FEU. MPIC AEE. APE PE SE HE WAY EAT A at FE URE FF SABE RHE C+.) PARA + TAL DHE RE HAT 3 ea A rr A B vi . ‘¢ v c + 101 L. = a) SHERI =) ARETE Alls 2RRHRAAS 1-1 os Bie ta yw EH FO THEA SALARY Wh SHE Ya ee) Ze A TR ST E+ A, HAE SPIE UE. ALE. LI UE. SABLA We BE IG 9 8 fE EB, AL WR DEAE AS ALY VA a ae PRS 5 LS ag MEP HAL TEE WL ART FFA TEL IE a HE LAS ait Ee aR SCH Ee > Foes SHE WF 5 RATT FR Ne Ce BE AE «TG AS Ae 9 DE J PSEA 1-15 9% O0AE I Be BR MBC A 2 A 2 CEH PIE, BERLIN 1-8 AIP 1-9 i as OF BOK OM EE REE. AEP py TE + SA HL ORDA EAE FT DA HE HY CORP BE SA Tbe HE AREA EY HD» DL 5) =—100(W) Rik hy oh IEE po Al py ET» LE BIE THA He PCF APY TE Ms FU: pr =12X5 = 60CW) Ri Hy hERae eR bs =8X6=48(W) RWW WF pe A PSN Oa FORCE pO PAE, PTAC ES py 9 He A HAIL, Py SVCUEAR EL TAT) © COCR 5 Fe, FE MARL J ABD Wot oe Bi 7 FBS i EB A 5) BH PALI TE MITE HE AY ELA po = 8X (—0.21) =8X (—0.2X5) =—8(W) RHE HY A WRB Hea BA HP 20 ery dh wa FRAO. 27 0) SE He BL SY A Bd 2 SE PRED, TP TOUR TCE ERI. HEAL bi + pr + ps + py =— 100+ 60 + 48-8 = 0 ERB SAR AG RCL. 8) — BC, BA Be HBR EH A < 20 SY 1-7 VESLRR 1-16 AY Hs Ble ae 1 HE iH EH A SR: p=—45W, p.=18W, ps=12W, p,=15W 1-15 1-7 116 #9178 11.7) BARBI PHF SER EA KT SB). RE. AE 4) aE, BE A) FH K 1.7.1 BREE FELL es SOY Be AN EMA TH Fi oh A — PE ML. PE RT RAR EP HE SAI He PAB AE Ds a ek + FES HL BRA AE of 9 oa FR SBT PR HH Sik FAL FAL LOL 9 BB RA CCRT) © at ESS A PI, CRT 9245 MF 1-17 Pra. $5 PAE ABLE aR IE wa FH OP Ha BEAR TE A TR], CRT ofa FR 9 BE A fe 9 BR DE F117 RAS ER AF te PRATT ALE Ch AeA BEAT TT VLBA | HLT ELE RE APG He. SO BUFR AR AR ARIAL CRT BEAHit RAMA 13 He. PD HORA REM HE A HF HOR EK, IE EA AL ME NE IIE DE LAO FR ME LF AAT PRE IIE» -HUIIEAN ARR RIG. GRRE, ap DUAL FF ACA ILE be" A neem FR: ROG HHPARTEAR- AME - eRRE AE HMB AF (University of Strasbourg) Hy # KR + Rak WA + HF B (Karl Ferdinand Braun, 1850—1918)F 1879 #RW 7 HH FARHAD. ARHR BAD SHERHORMERTHRAD RD, RAPE RAERRAR, CERHED OB LRAFADE. EAFAMRHATRAZ EE, LET AREA AMD eK @(Vladimir K. Zworykin, 1889—1982) Et 2 ee HAE RE, RHRAATISR HOR, LLERETARVERERPORERRRE, ATEAT RRB, € HHH TA MOL HE, AT OR FE, OR EAGT HO HEL FRR EB BAY LO" HE, HSA Bo FE BAW (SDK FAG AOE TE Ve. Rs: — hes FH Ay BD. e=—16X10"C i HM n PF LAE! g—=nes IHL: A = \< dg dn » 15 Lui a a aS 1.6 X 10°") X 10) % =—1.6X10*(A) 118 PRATER A JEP, RE RAR SF HN A. Mn 1-18 SOTA 5 PL PIG a8 ye An 9 AB ASA HA OEY CRT PR. PE RA EN p=Voi R ve = 2 = he = 25 00000) PAH 5 ir en AY Hey HE 25k V < BRS] 1-8 NR A EAGER 1 Ha FR Ae AF 10" ih ek — Ah 2 30KV HF HA. TR SR: 18mW 1.7.2 BERKS SPA Ni FELL He FAB ZS wa FD PTH BY Be A A Si He, Be 1 AR aH OR A DB RAN) AE ESE, BIA TA PEAT A we AE» VS PN lg BES MED" He Be TES TE OR Be. BL FES ET BLA IF RG SATA HEL DEAS DOT BEAR 5 AR 1-3 SPEAR AH RR AT Ri-3 RABRBSAMTHRES xnee eR KW xnee BMG H BKB 500 BEAL 120 mK 100 PF 100 - io _ 100 BEF OL a EOL 35. mee 25, ALE 5 EAEIEBL 1 ea 10 WA BL 8 i OL 4 eg 21 h-8 L OD SER — A GYRE HL BL 700K W + hy He RRA os Se ME eT AEE A SKA 45 FL A EAR Ee MH BRS 12. 00. 45. A SH— 100kW = h He 16 SE4h/kW + hit He. Zaft) 200kW + h # 10 384}/kW + hit Be. HALL 300kW + h He 6 E4}/kW + hit S. A: BRITE 45 FY ADS AR He AR 9 BR = F 12. 00 38—* 100kW + hX $0. 16/kW + h= $16. 00 Za fy 200kW + hX $0. 10/kW + h= $ 20. 00 FAH 400kW + hX $0. 06/kW + h= $ 24. 00 — A ty 8 8 He = $72. 00 EHH = $72. 00/(100+200+-400) = 10. 2 4/kW * h < LSID SASH 1-9 Pe MATT TTS, IRIE HE A OCB Ta) 9b AH PRBS FAY 350kW +h ait, HRA ST A PR. | RB: 14.571 Sb/kWeh 11.8 MAK FBP [in BLY) Se EAA EAS A), a SR AS A] WH. FPA THOR AG MEAN MAI, A HE A A Ae A) SERB BS. BAGH WI RAR, ZL + AAW ir BE iB A a] + Bi HY Le) LH a Sa A A +s FE RR PE HS HEL BA RR Hh OA HS AC A — BR Sit DOR lA = PEARY I AB BS SR I A HE HE 6. ARES? MR, MRR: BMI BER 8 RATAN. DAP EVEN BEAN 1, BAW OT BE Be Ta. GA AR A, ERT TEGRETOL 5 IE EA a A IS i HT) HB) 5 i] LR a A a I PIS Ye ve eS PETE A TR — Ab Ee FS Ti) 5 Hy Jk She 4 5 8 Aa OT SM EA AY DR Bh BE BE A THE AS i) LS A A} BHA» MB 9 YH ES HK AY. PERK — Be AB A BE 0) JE A HF A U) ZAT d , e UdS T i aY HK A Fs CAA VA AEB As SB DAS AS SAAR, DE — RT Be J] BL, HR AR APR 9 dE 2 Fi WOR SY 2. Bi HF a A) A A A 5 BA AT WG i) A) BS BI A OR SR EPP, BORE, EAB AY 25 mt i] IF iE Se 3 ET BL SB A 5 HEEL AHP Al A HE SRC A — Bg SSL AP Tad RELA AE FF AT AE Def eT Ss AS A OH HR AS. EET IX FTA A BE 5 A TG BE A iE FRA AE AAD TS 5 A A A TE AE A Pf IE HY PSpice, MATLAB LAB 3 fla — Bem PE 5 AE BET USHA AMY A: SS — ey FE SX — ae BFE Ae BL) ei A 2 EB TD TG JF A A AB AC AT ERK opensHI RAMS 15 FEE BY EH FE WE — FART 45 AA PA He BE IE) ELAR ALT tHE A, UR PH FAN 9 Dv IC, BE AT AT Be — A 4 ei SPR fia) MBE Pe BL LT LA TP Wea APE Ts A LY ARIS RO, SR AR EG BET A Se PEAR sR WC | Rie AS 5 A ae PAAR HE FETE > PA 2 TE SAT AE ST WO HLT VL Be RH TE A EE. AO Bk PER A fC A EEF SR A A RZ SEERA BE. ROPE AT BE Rae Hs TAB AR. DF tft FS BO 2 SS Hae EE WE ARP OT TE MY TE 5 RE J BUT LAUER A CPR AY AIBA. EF. BBE EAE AIR 6. ARE AE? MR. WAAR, AM, BER 3 RHR Fi. MIR ARCH, BARRA — MI. WIRES TAR, A TS. PRINT, BRIE ASE HL A Se ALE Hb A Ta, SYR Hs ER A. A TITS PRA FEN HAIE . Bomb EA HF +L a Ae RE OY BR ba EG — SAR A EAM FAP JUPAS) BYR be i 2 ie FE 2 ASV] AS, LS A BE HE HRS JL SAE AS i BOR A TF TTS ak — FFP LB TY SERA 1-19 HEE 8. He BELAY He HE. 2a 4a pio 3 BV Bi1-19 1-10 1-20 fal EYE 1. Pad aE Ge AA Lo a PRD YS, 3 HE FRE 7A SUA AR ST PEPE 5 1 AB HF FR ROR a i) FE EEF He Tr Ha: US Ta] FE | AT DAE 3 VF OR AS AE BR EL AGE BE ‘A AVE ORF OR AE EL kk AB ae A AF os EE A A HE] 1-20 fifa, TERE 2. Bil HY Ve BLY BS A AA 5 AT AG Se Lg BE ik DATO iz BER APE AY Ht. EL AG RF 1-20 iA» ROR ina MIRO ACE, ATLA AR ERS A] Aa ae HY Tal A SE J: HE 3. REST 4S A UT SRI Wh 5 — Da RABAT HE fe ET R= EU AS BARS 2a St 2A A HB A A OE A ER EE IE AD TS A JAS FL WTI. FRIAVL BAP A RAR A fa MT VA A iL» LT A EW Ta PAL TB SE Ae FEV ALA AT ERA ia BENS DG SUK Se AR SHOR A AAD 1-21 a 8 > RIDA RAP DE fi 7 A HAL, J a i yh (i) 7 te Re FL PE HE OR Fe oe aie Sv * +) 3v 4. eR SE HOR AE inn BRE (om) ta © 80 ) y BTA LL UY : UW ~ tea = te n= 8° toa = 8 PL 21 RAID a AP AE RAR A eG16 FF AED FRAVRH ov: SATA BI: (4v, — 20) +u, + (2v, +6) = 0 Ty =+UV, =t2V, ing = B= 2 = 0.2504) 5. DR At 4 BA tH 2S SR I A BE HES DAR FR AR ee HECK VL) a EB BR: a iy = 2HS 243 5 <1 25a iy +i, +i, =— 1,540.25 +1. 25 = OCHIE) oF KVL AF LB 1 —5+ iq + tia =— 5+ (— i X 2) + Cin X 8) =-—5+[-—(1.5) x 2]+ (0.25 x 8) =—54+34+2 = 0(RKiE) 4 KVL FF LB 2: — sq + tin — 3 =— (iz X 8) + Cis X 4) —3 (0. 25 X 8) + (1. 25 X 4) —3 245-3 = 0(RiE) Bik, BATE a les AGA FH TE HE. 6. AME? MR, MER, FMB R HHH. KAS EM. We. RE 80 BARE 025A, BLM PRB. SO BST 1-10 AL FAL LR Ae EL OR A AS AS 1.9 RRNA Fe Bit ea 5 PA Be C—O TH Ed a PARE Hl CSD A TBR ANA AL HDB EG Ad to SE ALT LA ARE SH th 0 eA Dit ES EH TF ak FE A BS A, HEL FE AE ABB oC a 65 JIT BE fe — dw ee Se SR EH APA EF JO HR Rs A Hk 4h aT Fs FE aD AR BR 8 dw ie 6. BEMIS AGT 1A, MRE TOPE FE ATE BREA. WU YAP ON TEHie RAMS 17 7, 4 SAL AY FS UR 5 FH SE BBE AT AA ke Se HAE A ss — SSA WER. FOVC EMME EAT A CE. Eka AE EA A 8. FEL A AA DAC RT LA A SER 5 YL i A SAE RY A dy Bi ft (ox (b) ff BWSR 1. LW fH) Js Ti Ga OL 7 AE BY DHE LOA, A i FE (a likv bio W122 Z3@108 Hetil. 9. HL AE (GPE ATH, Be AA HS AS BT ABE A FS 25a 1 SRIF ATA. (a) xt (b) "BEA C108 10? (107 (a10- 3 2.000 OOOV ft) sh, HE FA 10 A RE Hem. ATLL Ba: ()2mV (by2kV (o2MV (@2Gv 4 WR A bh LY Ha OC, HA, (ay xt (b) 5S MEAN MLE ee (b) 23 Co) REE (4) EE 6s HE AY BE AE AICI Ca RF (b) Bea oth (ARE 7 4A yet HERE — SE Ha 6s Je. BR MAE HY HB FE aC, aa 138 FB te LF BACAR Sb Be as BE HH? (a). 482107 (by. 24x 10" (2. 46 10" (4) 1. 628 10” 2 Soo fy He OF BC SE «OR LL 7 AF A) Hi: (ag ) = 3t+8)mC Cb) qd = (BF +40—2)C 3e'—5e "nC Osin120n¢ pC (e)q(t) =20e cos50t pC 3S ae a AF DH BN CH ie 5 OR HL TG Ht gC) (iD =3A, g(0)=1C (bi) = (e+ 5)MA, q(0)=0 ()i(t)=20c0s10r+n/6)pAy GO) = 2yC (d)iC) = 10e ™ sindOr Ay q(0)=0 4 HOSP i TE ABH HS EON 7A EPR 208 i BR: 1b); 2d) s 3Ce)s ACs 5(b)s 6CC)s 76a); 86c)+ 9(b)s 10¢d) be SEA CE — am A AUR CO =e A. HACE O 0 2 41) a+ LO 127 3816 17 1-28 i — 7 ee 7 a Yt KR p, =— 205W, p. = 60W. py = 45We p, = SOW . HPL AE 3 CAR BE Hh AY DH aR, 1-28 17 18 HSE 1-29 Pa PC PR A OR Ps 0.81 Leo 73 18 FL19 HSER 1-30 iran He BS HP aT, 130 38198 20 HITS] PAV, URETHRA. 1-31 3 20 AL 78 21 — Ft GOW MY IRATE AE 120V Ay EF, EF FE KN BL a BAT sa, BHBED, 22 40k A fA di G47 BEAU Ta JB 1. 7s, Hf RAHEEM RAS OEE. 23° 6 1. BkW f R7k 88 is BE 1Smin He FF — 3a fit HK, MIR Kee— Werk. FAL HS HY 10 DE/RW + hy HLTA 30 Fees BEN 24 FEAST] HY He PEC PR HE I 8. 2 Fe St/KW + hy MR — 4H HEB — RGA — A GOW AT HENS DM, 25 — FF 1. SKW ARG TAD LACAN 3. Smin HIF 4 Reaee 32 MAAR UE 20pA, HM tt oe US 15 A eG BE 33 — A BNA 2k A HH IE APSE 7 3ms, it HK te T Bb He oA He A 34 SEALIT ts BE — FN HE 9 9 MAT 1-32 if iH: (a) BTA FG A LAF BC Bt ym fie) ABH ABs Cb) fi As BS A FE HF 38 He RAMS HL, WRK EAA MOL, A C30 GF a ABR FH BRL 8.2 HSE /kW hy 26 ANA E AT os sO AB se HE JE 0. BA + CHE B+ AND). SCAG ATI Oh, HSE (a) HM HE OE A AE I Cs Cb) IR IE HR OV, UIE EAD DR BD? (co) HK HO FE eT 2 fe iAP Ey kW +h)? 27 FR S.A fe 48h a es OL A FH BE thE HBL AOR ELE Dy 10+ 2/2) Vy RYAN Aly BY. TR: @ FEAR, FAH th WEIS > 7 Cb) FELINE HN Ha AEE A? Co) FB 9 RGP/KW + hy, FEM HES >? 28 —F. GOW AYELARAT, # 120V 9H DE, We ERS OEE IE aT. HE a) SEL AAT 9 A Ls Cb) A Rs BR Ig 9. 5 SAE NEW + hy REIT TL HAE (365 K) (BB? 29 NALA DP HR A — A. HE RUA 5 A MR As AH OF A LF PMR; 20 Shp APH 2, 40 5b SPER 3. 15 heb PBR A. 45 Shep HAR 30 Sh 8P BOR 4 HP HR WO aE 1. RW, ThA 1.8kW, A ey HH 12 He SF/KW + hy EE ME ABA OT A HB 30 Fe MARIN AA BK He Jy SE Ae A BE aw : ARAM HS 6 —AP 250kW + h He $0.02/KW + h tS JEARHY KW + h fe $0. 07/KW + hit MUR — AAP — 4 As 2 436kW hy iTS BAA A MCR DRA 31 SABE 120W WIT SE HL ATA dh, GOW 19 AD Ha AL fe Sh, AW SR FA es eB bE A $0. 12/kW + hy HEP I We — AF i BE BE HMA MLTE DR. 1200W 4p 800W 200W 8 1012 2 4 6 8 10 1240) EF Gifs I MG 34 PL 1224 6 9 1-3220 HH He 35 MITEL 8: 00~8; 30 SMM RAMEE 1-33 ras, HHT i Bk aT Te BH RE ff) Ts Le i (Mw). P A E He] L— 3 3 8.00 805 810 815 8.20 825 8.306 1-33 Se AR 35 36 37 38 39 fs 1 9 HE DAK AT LA A +h ea. — “ER HEH MAY LE DR 160A +h, HH: (a) HK He MH TL He Ah i EE A Ds (Co) MFR BH ML Dim AY HH Rei BK? SE ZV Hy We FE ALT GE AOA + bh A OH Fer TES EEA a HB EE & > TL? HS 10hp( 3 A) HY HHH ALTE 30min AH 3 T BD fie it hp=746W), — Fr GOOW KATA A fy He BLE SE 4h FF HL. 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EREAHEERPG LAER EH —SEMRE. 18 FH REAM AMEAFER, PVE EMABEAM. HIRE L RF i + Kt (Robert Bunsen) > tf AH Hi FH HHH, F 1860 FRAT RR, FIG FRAT WKH. BREAK HEERERERER, EREAAELER. KER HERS tel ERE. © Pixtal/age Fotostock RF Wy TED KCL, (BEA AL HE iO, R=1, 25 oor) WEARER. Be EEE FEAL ABA ip) =O + +i +o (2.14) AER (2. 14) I ARSY 4B: gr) =a +n tq + (2,15) Sth, WO= Jide, grt ir(dt, ATL JH A 4 FP BER Be a A A UA BA AE EA, BE OM ES TALE. gr = O-r' =O» BATE HAT KCL fy ik ite.28 RH He FRA 2-16 PHAR, BEAN KCL AT: tat tit (is) =0 (2.16) BRAWN A. 2. i BRART AMAR, Ti, is RHHKAT AOR, BOM 83): atati satis (2.17) SR(2. 17) FT AE KCL AB K RAPAMBRLMNSTRABTAMBRZ A. YER, KCL HAF AAR MAE. BD KCL ARR. RT th B—TAS HT. CEST, AE ATTRA — AR BH AE. TEM 2-17 5 a BR a 5 MAC A) 2 oT SP KCL fe 7 fil 910 FD SD HEU EH Ea DO BT HE BER MEAT AR BAM. MPD 2-18 AFAR AY Hs Oe WAT LA EN A 2-18b Sem AY EUR. EWR @ Mob ML FL KCL BY PA 485 38) 2B Rs h+h=ht+h x Tr=h-h+h (2,18) SIKH Be AB BY fe £0 WB AST TA Te) BRAE Lh = Te» AS SU BR Se a PY AE AR BK wi A. Ir He "en di Os Os i > 4 Fs a) Rs Be “ a adi a B I=h-h+l > b) SPREE 216 WH KCL A || A217 KCL AER 218 FER HATE BR: ALGR AAA EB)ARIRAAMMHKREAA, MHEMALF RH, BEAR TEA FR EF fe Ht SREAB HER (KVL) LHEAASHS (ROM) LSBBEMKAMAS, KVL WF IER Jo. = 0 (2.19) = SH, My TL Bie oa SB Ha CT HA SC BBO) yo, JAS me ASL TP WA FAR) 2-19 or as FA oa BAR BL KVL, HP AYE 6 A Be TB TG A 3) AO HF Mi PA 5 SR ET BAT LE a — ARS A. SEAT TAT IU et YA aie wt ABE EAA HS aE th DA WL Or SE TL YB Zs HE ARE UE — ny Huy tony Sa, tus 5 BIR, BANGLE Et Or re Be SE SE, A GRU AY J Vy IE