009880-Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators For Culverts PDF

a i Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels 2 US Department of tonoorton Federal Highway ‘minirenon FHWA-EPD-86-|[o Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 14 September 1983 HYDRAULIC JUMe FORCED HYDRAULIC JUMP 5 7 S 4 eee cae sFAC fhe Purpose of this circular is to provide design information for analyzing energy dissipation problems at culvert octicte and in open channels. ‘The first five chapters of the eireviar ereweGe Seneral information to support the remaining design Ghapters. Design chapters VI-xI cover the general types of Gissipators: hydraulic jump, forced hydraulic jump. impact Grop structure, stilling well, and riprap. The design concept Bryeented in chapter I is illustrated in chapter 12, Design Sexection. in this chapter, the different dissipater types are compared using design problems wach of the information presented has been taken fron the piterature and adapted, where necessary, to fit highway needs Recent research results have been incorporated, wherevsr possible, and a field survey was conducted to determine the States present practice and experience ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, pais circular was prepared as an integral part of Demonstration broject No. 31, "Hydraulic Design of tnergy Dissipatore foc Thoexts and Channels," sponsored by Region 15.. ltr. Philip L prompson of Region 15 and Mr. Murray L. Corry of the Hydravlios Branch wrote sections, coordinated, and edited the circular Font wich Watts of the University of Idaho (on a year assign= font with the Hydraulics Branch), Mr. Dennis L. Richards of the Hydraulics Branch, Mr. J. Sterling Jones of the Office of Research, and Mr. Joseph N. Bradley, Consultant to the gyeraulics Branch, contributed substantially by writing sections of the circular. ur. Frank L. Johnson, Chief, Hydraulice Branch and Mr. Gene Fiala, Region 10 Hydrauli¢s Engineer, Supported the authors by reviewing and discussing the drafts ce ihe circular. Mr. John Morris, Region 4 Hydraulics Engineer Soplected research results and assembled a preliminary mandal eich was used as an outline for the first draft. "rs. Tanda L Gregory and Mrs. Silvia M. Rodriguez of Region 15 Word Processing Genter and Mrs. Willy Rudolph of the Hydraulics Pranch aided in manual preparation. Teg authors wish to express their gratitude to the many jhdividuals and organizations whose research and designs are incorporated into this circular.TABLE OF CONTENTS THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS Subject Chapter Preface and Acknowledgments... ++ ++ gable of Contents... +--+ ee ttt List of symbols... - + eee tert Metrication Conversion . +--+ ett I. Design Concept. +--+ eer ere Ir. Erosion Hazards . +++ este IIL. A. Erosion Hazards At Culvert Inlets Depressed Inlets-- +++ +> Headwalls and Wingwall . - + + Inlet Failures. eee ee t B. Erosion Hazards At Culvert Outlets - - ++ + types of Scour. +--+ eee Standard Culvert Outlet Treatments .. + + c. Riprap Protection .. ++ ++ culvert Outlet Velocity and Velocity on Mild Slopes se + ee ttre on Steep Slopes - +--+ se Flow Transitions . +--+ see A. Culverts in Outlet Control . - - Abrupt Expansion. - ee ss + ai vii qI-1 II-1 1-1 1I-2 11-3 1-3 1-4 1-5 TI-5 III-1 1I-1 XII-3 Iv-1 Iv-1 Iv-3 -v. vr. Design of Subcritical Flow Transitions Culverts in Inlet Control ...... Supercritical Flow Contraction... . Supercritical Flow Expansion... . , Estimating Erosion of Culvert Outlets . . Hydraulic Jump. 2... A. Nature of the Hydraulic Jump... . . 3. Hydraulic Jump Expressions... . . Horizontal Channels ......., Sloping Channels... 2... 2... 0... C. Sump Efficiency .........2, VII. Forced Hydraulic Jump and Increased Resistance A. Colorado State University (CSU) Rigid Boundary Basin... ... 1. B. Tumbling Flow in Culverts ..... C. Increased Culvert Resistance... . . D. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Type BE. USBR Type IIT... ......00. F. USBR Type IV... ......00. G. St. Anthony Falls (SAF) Basin . .. . VIII. Impact Basins Be contre: Costa ee B. Hook... ee... ee ee ee) Uae Rye i Ir Iv-6 Iv-18 IVv-18 Iv-25 vi-1 vI-1 vI-4 vi-4 vi-12 VI-16 VII-a-1 VII-B-1 VvII-c-1 VII-D-1 VII-E-1 VII-F-1 VII-G-1 VIII-A-1 VIII-B-1 VIII-c-1D. Forest Service (Metal) VIII-D-1 Ix. prop Structures 2+ eee rt 1x-1 stilling Wells A. Manifold Type se ee RT B. Corps of Engineers. - ++ errr X-B+1 eee eo oo xr. Design Selection. se +e errr XIT-1 Appendix A (Computation Forms) s+ + sss rs ttt acl ivNote: A a LIST OF SYMBOLS For specific definitions refer to each chapter. Cross-sectional area of flow Acceleration Width of rectangular culvert barrel Proportionality constant; subscript for critical conditions Diameter or height of culvert barrel Energy Froude number Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient Force Acceleration of gravity Energy head Vertical dimension Head loss (total) Friction head loss Distance, length, longitudinal dimension Momentum Mass Number Manning roughness coefficient; coordinate normal to flow direction Subscript for culvert outlet parameters Wetted perimeter Pressure DischargeYe Ym Yn Ye Discharge per unit width Hydraulic radius Reynolds number Radius; cylindrical coordinate Slope Slope of energy grade line Slope of the bed Slope of the water surface Top width of water surface Tailwater Depth Time variable; thickness dimension Mean velocity _ Volume Velocity at a point Transverse dimension; width Weight Depth of flow Equivalent depth = (A/2)'/? Hydraulic depth: area/top width (A/T) Normal depth of flow Critical depth of flow Side slope; stream bed elevation . water surface elevation viKinetic energy coefficient; inclination angle 8 Velocity (momentum) coefficient; wave front angle Y Specific weight A Small increment 8 Angle: inclination, contraction, central # Dynamic viscosity v Kinetic viscosity ® Mass density of fluid (1.94 slugs/eu. ft. for water) = Summation symbol 1 Shear stress Sonversion Factors for British to Metric Units moaweteton Factors for British to Metric Units Multiply By To Obtain inches 2.54 centimeters feet 0.3048 meters feet per second 0.3048 meters per second cubic feet per second 0.028317 cubic meters per second pounds 0.453592 kilograms viiU.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR CULVERTS AND CHANNELS Prepared by M. L. Corry, P. 1. Thompson FP. J. Watts, J. S. Jones, and D. L. Richards I. DESIGN concEPT The failure of many highway culverts can be traced to Unchecked erosion. Erosive forces which are at work in the natural drainage network are often. increased by the construction of a highway. Interception and concentra, necessary to employ an energy dissipating device. These gevices cover a wide range in complexity and cost and the particular type selected will depend on the assessment of Eng ekosion hazard. This assessment includes determining ghg ability of the natural channel to withstand erosive forces and the scour potential represented by the superimposed flow conditions. the purpose of this circular ie to oad in selecting and designing an energy dissipator which well meet the requirenents indicated by an erosion hazard agséesment. syecsy, Gissipators should be considered part of a larger design System which includes the culvert, channel protection require- Rents (both upstream and down), and may include a debris Gontrol structure. When viewed from this standpoint, mach Se fhe input data will be available to the energy dissipator gesign phase from previous design steps. For example, the Gelvert design should provide: the design discharge; outiet flow conditions--velocity and depth; culvert type--size Shape, and roughness; culvert slope; operating charactevistice-- perrormance curve; and the standard culvert outlet design utilized--projecting, wingwalls, headwall, aprons, ete. Much of the location data will also serve moré than one design segment in the overall process. Vicinity and contour A debeie Casential to culvert, dissipator and channel designs. 2 Gebris assessment is a necessary input to selecting both a Gebris control structure and energy dissipator. The allowable scour estimate, which is related to location, is a design as well as a selection parameter, I-1information generated as input and part of the energy dissipaq Tee design output will also be useful in subsequent design phases. The channel characteristics-—slope, cross section, Poemal depth and velocity, bed and bank materials along nommatne Flow characteristics at the dissipator exit, velocity “ha depth--are all essential to the design of channel protection. hese common data input and output requirements, although very important, are only one reason for considering the Silvert, debris control, energy dissipator, and channel protection designs as an integrated system. The interrela- eTonship of the various parts or individual designs within the system must be considered. For example, energy dissipators ths Change culvert performance and channel protection require- Can ice some debris-control structures represent losses not Ronmaily considered in the culvert design procedure; energy Biieipator requirements might be substantially reduced: Gissseecd, or possibly eliminated by changes in the culvert design and downstream channel conditions--velocity, depth cs*Znannel stability are important considerations in energy @issipator selection and design. the designer might also consider energy dissipator design ee oe ninisystem involving numerous energy dissipation as ones with overlapping selection criteria. A combination senGissipator and channel protection might be used to solve Specific problems. Figure I-1, "Conceptual Model-—aneray Sussipator Design," indicates the input, output, and the peeions steps in the energy dissipator selection and design process. As indicated on the flow chart, the process begins by considering the standard design terminal structures normally cyployed. The initial step is to determine the flow condi~ cmplover’ the exit of the standard transition outlet and using trees Gonaitions estimate the scour which might be expected poet e downstream channel were composed of unconsolidated sand. this estimate represents an extreme condition; but, by comparing ets ith the subjective judgment of the erodibility of the at wal material present in the channel, the designer is provided with a qualitative measure of the magnitude of the providedosion problem. ‘This input, considered along with jocan erehe long-term stability of the downstream channel Gata 8s discussed in the chapter on Erosion Hazards, enables the designer to reach a preliminary decision on energy dissipator needs. the decision may be that no protection is required; that quaimal protection and monitoring after each runoff event Tenededed; or that an energy dissipator or combination energy dissipator and channel protection is necessary~ I-2Throughout the selection and design process, the designer gould keep in mind that his primary objective is to protect the highway structure and adjacent area from excessive damage due to erosion. One way to help accomplish this objective is to return the flow to the downstream channel in a condition which approximates the natural flow regime. This also sipecour Computation indicates the need for an energy dis- Sipator, a logical next step is to investigate the possible Care OF reducing or eliminating this need by modifying the outlet velocity or erosion potential. This involves analyzing the effects of various alterations of the culvert charactecinvics=- ghanging slope, roughness, etc. These are discussed in the chapter on Outlet Velocity and design chapter VII. tng iminary energy dissipator selection is made by comparing the input constraints or design criteria--flow regime, debris problems, location, channel characteristics, allowable scour, etc.--to the attributes of the various energy dissipators, This process may result in the selection of several energy dissipator designs or combination of designs which substoy~ fially satisfy the design criteria. Each situation is unique, however, and compromise between the various elements of the pyStem and the exercise of engineering judgment will always be necessary. low transition design, the next step in the process, is an essential part of many dissipator designs. The Flow Zransition chapter provides guidance for the selection and design of this important appurtenance. Most situations fpgountered involve supercritical flow, indicating transi- fhe individual dissipator designs have been qualified as to their area of application. The attributes delineated include: Froude number range for best performance? discharge Pitocity or other limitations; possible maintenance, opera, tional, or location problems; maximum size; limiting characteristics such as culvert slope or shape. I-3the design output includes the detailed design information rng Sufficient data to make the final design selection or ont Saicate that a different design or designs should be Considered. Design selection is discussed and detailed Gesign problems and procedures are provided in the last chapter of the manual. The circular contains sections which discuss erosion hazards and provide guidance on velocity reduction, flow transition designe, as well as a procedure for estimating scour in ee e2g bed channel. The design of free hydraulic jumps oe various channel shapes and slopes is included along with energy dissipator designs which utilize forced hydraulic Jumps. The design of several types of impact basing» drop Peekiures, and stilling well or vertical flow devices are ecitd, ‘The last design chapter deals with the riprap basin- ‘Although it was not always possible, every effort has Peon ade te treat energy dissipator design as illustrated by the conceptual model. The weakest areas are the initial woe ue determination and the economic data necessary for the selection process. Throughout the circular, an attempt has been made to retate the designs to actual situations through example problems: Examples of the application of each type of energy. dissipator are presented in chapter 12. Each of the design chapters ore edes the best available design information to date- includes o manual should be considered as a dynamic framework within which material will be added and deleted as new information becomes available.NOISIG NOILISNVYL MOT t viM3i1Yo NDISIG HOLvdISSIG ADYINI 143A 1N9 Ni NOILW9IdIGOW ALI007aA t viva NOILV907 ALVWIIS3 4N09S J1avMOTIV aayinoay NOILO3LOHd ON SNOILVLNdWOO ¥NOOS TWHNLVN t “O13 ‘STTVMONIM NOISaq auvaNvIs NOILISNVYL MOT4 SNOISIG 1311NO GYVvaNVLs SOLLSIN3LOWYVHO T3aNNWHO NOISIG LY3ATNO viva LndNi NOISIG YOLWdISSIG AUNT - T300W TWnd3ONO9 FIGURE I-1 CONCEPTUAL MODEL Ins, _ dvudld . _ SadNLONYLS dOuG AONWLSISAY GASWAYONI aWnr OIINVYGAH G30uOS dW OMINVEGAH TWEALVN SNOISIO YOLVdISSIG ASYINA FIGURE I-1 CONCEPTUAL MODELONvE NODS 3 78ISSINY3d NIHLIM, ALIQOT3A\ AUL3INO3D TANNVHO TWeALYN Suis | AONSIDISA3 | Wid3L149 NOLLII1aS a3 1S3N038 NoIS3q LNaW3d4I0 YOLVaISSIG 40 4X3 LV SNOILIGNOD MOT4 (3AILV134) SOIWONODI Noisaq a311v130 vivd Lndino FIGURE 1-1 CONCEPTUAL MODELII. EROSION HAZARDS II-A - EROSION HAZARDS AT CULVERT INLETS Erosion from vortexes, flow over wingwalls, and fill sloughing at culvert inlets is generally not a major problem. There are some exceptions, however. For example, where a confined approach channel is not aligned with the culvert axis, some degree of protection may be required. The area of greatest potential damage is on the outside of a sharp bend where the flow must turn to enter the culvert. At design discharge, water will normally pond at the culvert inlet and flow from this pool will accelerate over a relatively short distance. Significant increases in velocity only extend upstream from the culvert inlet a distance about equal to the height of the culvert. Velocity near the inlet may be approximated by dividing the flow rate by the area of the culvert opening. The risk of channel erosion should be judged on the basis of this approach velocity It is essential that any protection provided also be adequate for flow rates less than the maximum design rate, since depth of ponding at the inlet is less and greater velocities may occur. This is especially true in channels with steep slopes where high velocity flow prevails. DEPRESSED INLETS Culvert inverts are sometimes placed below existing channel grades to increase culvert capacity or to meet minimum cover requirements. The depression may result in progressive @egradation of the upstream channel unless resistant natural material or channel protection is provided. Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 13 (II-A-3) discusses the advantages of providing a depression or fall at the culvert entrance to increase culvert capacity. Culvert invert depressions of 1 or 2 feet are usually adequate to obtain minimum cover, and may be readily provided by modification of the concrete apron. ‘The drop may be provided in two ways. A vertical wall may be constructed at the upstream edge of the apron, from wingwall to wingwall, II-1or where a drop may be considered undesirable, the apron slab may be constructed on a slope to reduce or eliminate the vertical face. Caution must be exercised in attempting to gain the advantages of a lowered inlet where placement of the outlet flowline below the channel would also be required. Locating the entire culvert fiowline below channel grade may result in deposition problems. HEADWALLS AND WINGWALLS Recessing the culvert into the fill slope and retaining the fill by either a headwall parallel to the roadway or by a short headwall and wingwalls does not produce significant erosion problems. This type of design decreases the culvert length and enhances the appearance of the highway by providing culvert ends that approximately conform to the embankment slopes. A vertical headwall parallel to the embankment shoulder line should have sufficient length so that the embankment spill cones remain clear of the culvert opening. Normally riprap protection of these spill cones is not necessary if slopes are sufficiently flat to remain stable when wet. Wingwalls flared with respect to the culvert axis are commonly used and are more efficient than parallel wingwalls. The effects of various wingwall placements upon culvert capacity are discussed in HEC Nos. 5, 10, and 13 (II-A-1,2,3). Use of a minimum practical wingwall flare has the advantage of reducing the area requiring protection against erosion. The flare angle for the given type of culvert should be consistent with the recommendations of HEC No. 13. If flow velocity near the inlet indicates a possibility of scour threatening the stability of wingwall footings, erosion protection should be provided. A concrete apron between wingwalls is the most satisfactory means for providing this protection. The slab has the further advantage that it may be reinforced and used to support the wingwalls - as cantilevers. It is not necessary to extend an inlet headwall (with or without wingwalls) to the maximum design headwater elevation. With the inlet and the slope above the headwall submerged, velocity of flow along the slope is low. Even with easily erodible soils, a vegetative cover is usually adequate protection in this area. 11-2INLET FAILURES Most of the inlet failures reported have occurred on large flexible-type pipe culverts with projected or mitered entrances without headwalls or other entrance protection. The mitered or skewed ends of corrugated metal pipes, cut to conform with the embankment slopes, offer little resistance to bending or buckling. When soils adjacent to the inlet are eroded or become saturated, pipe inlets can be subjected to buoyant forces. Lodged drift and constricted flow conditions at culvert entrances cause pressures which, while difficult to predict, have significant effect on the stability of culvert entrances. To aid in preventing inlet failures of this type, protective features generally should include full or partial concrete headwalls and/or slope paving (Figures II-A-1 and II-A-2). Riprap can serve as protection in some instances, but concrete inlet structures anchored to the pipe are safer. Preformed concrete or metal end sections may be used in lieu of the inlet structures shown. Metal end sections for culvert pipes larger than 54 inches in height must be anchored to increase their resistance to failure. The figures also show inlet designs which should be used if such protection is considered necessary for pipes smaller than 4 feet in height. Failures of inlets are of primary concern, but other types of failures. have occurred. Seepage of water along the culvert barrel has caused piping or the washing out of Supporting material. Hydrostatic pressure from seepage water or from flow under the culvert barrel has buckled the bottoms of large corrugated metal pipe arches. Good compaction of backfill material is essential to reduce the possibility of these types of failures. Also, where soils are quite erosive, special impervious bedding and backfill material should be placed for a short distance at the entrance, and further protection may be provided by cutoff collars placed at intervals along the culvert barrel or by a special subdrainage system. II-B - EROSION HAZARDS AT CULVERT OUTLETS Erosion at culvert outlets is a common condition. Determination of the flow condition, scour potential, and channel erodibility, should be standara procedure in the design of all highway culverts. 11-3The only safe procedure is to design on the basis that erosion at a culvert outlet and downstream channel is to be expected. A reasonable procedure is to provide at least minimum protection, and then inspect the outlet channel after major storms’ to determine if the protection must be increased or extended. Under this procedure, the initial protection against channel erosion should be sufficient to provide some assurance that extensive damage could not result from one runoff event. TYPES OF SCOUR Two types of scour can occur in the vicinity of culvert outlets--local scour and general channel degradation. Culverts are generally constructed at crossings of small Streams, and the majority of these streams are eroding to reduce their slopes. Channel degradation may proceed in a fairly uniform manner over a long length, or may be evident in one or more abrupt drops progressing upstream with every runoff event. The latter type, referred to as headcutting, can be detected by location surveys or by periodic maintenance inspections following construction. Information regarding the degree of instability of the outlet channel is an essential — part of the culvert site investigation. If any substantial doubt exists as to long-term stability of the channel, measures for protection should be included in the initial construction. Long term lowering of the stream channel through natural processes and local erosion at the culvert outlet may occur simultaneously. Local scour is the result of high-velocity flow at the culvert outlet, but its effect extends only a limited distance downstream. Natural channel velocities are almost universally less than culvert outlet velocities, because the channel cross section, including its flood plain, is generally larger than the culvert flow area. Thus, the flow rapidly adjusts to a pattern controlled by the channel characteristics. The highest velocities will be produced by long, smooth~ : barrel culverts on steep slopes. These cases will no doubt require protection of the outlet channel at most sites. However, protection is also often required for culverts on mild’ slopes. For these culverts flowing full, the outlet velocity will be critical velocity with low tailwater and the full barrel velocity for high tailwater. Where the discharge leaves the barrel at critical depth, the velocity will usually be in the range of 10 to 20 feet per second. rI-4STANDARD CULVERT OUTLET TREATMENT Standard practice is to use the same treatment at the culvert entrance and exit. It is important to recognize that the inlet is designed to improve culvert capacity or reduce headloss while the outlet structure should provide a smooth flow transition back to the natural channel or into an energy dissipator. Outlet structures should provide uniform redistribution or spreading of the flow without excessive Separation and turbulence. It may not be possible to satisfy both inlet and outlet requirements with the same end treatment or design. As will be illustrated in chapter IV, properly designed outlet structures aré essential for efficient energy dissipator design; and in some cases, may substantially reduce or eliminate the need for other end treatments. II-C_- RIPRAP PROTECTION Some energy dissipators provide exit conditions, velocity and depth, near critical. This flow condition rapidly adjusts to the downstream or natural channel regime; however, critical velocity may be sufficient to cause erosion problems requiring protection adjacent to the basin exit. Figure II-C-1 provides the riprap size recommended for use downstream of energy dissipators. The length of protection can be judged based on the magnitude of the exit velocity compared with the natural channel velocity. The greater this difference, the longer will be the length required for the exit flow to adjust to the natural channel condition. A filter blanket should also be provided, see reference II-c-1. 11-5II-A-l. Herr, Lester A. and Bossy, Herbert G., HYDRAULIC CHARTS FOR THE SELECTION OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Government Printing office, Washington D.C., 1965, 54 pp. (iydraulic Engineering Circular No. 5) Ti-a-2. Herr, Lester A, and Bossy, Herbert G., CAPACITY CHARTS FOR THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1965, 90 Pp. (uydraulic Engineering Circular No. 10) II-A-3,. Harrison, L. d., Morris, J. b., Normann, J. M., and Johnson, F. L., HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF IMPROVED INLETS FOR CULVERTS, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., August 1972, 150 pp. (Hydraulic Engineer Circular No. 13) Tr-B-1. Normann, J. M., DESIGN OF STABLE CHANNELS WITH FLEXIBLE LININGS, Federal Highway Administration, October 1975 TT-B-2. AASHTO, Highway Drainage Guidelines, GUIDELINES FOR THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CULVERTS, Vol. IV, 1975, 45 pp. q1-C-1, Searcy, James K., USE OF RIPRAP FOR BANK PROTECTION, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1967, pp. 43. 11-6ERS See | FIGURE II-A-1FIGURE II-A-2 11-8EXIT VELOCITY IN FEET PER SECOND ‘STONE WEIGHT, IN POUNDS 520 60 200600. 1000 2000 4000 19040100” 400 300 15007 2000 8599 28 ee 2 2 + 20 8 16 “ 2 10 } { FOR STONE WEIGHING 165 LBS. PER CU. Fr 8 6 ‘ 2 0 0 t 2 3 4 EQUIVALENT SPHERICAL DIAMETER OF STONE, IN FEET FIGURE IEC-1. RIPRAP SIZE FOR USE DOWNSTREAM OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS FROM REFERENCE IL-C-1, 11-9TIT, CULVERT OUTLET VELOCITY AND VELOCITY MODIFICATION RR OUTLET VELOCITY AND VELOCITY MODIFICATION Culvert outlet velocity is one of the primary indicators of spogton Potential. Outlet velocities are seldom less than to modity or reduce velocity within the culvert before conn pidexing an energy dissipator. Several possibilities exist, but the degree of velocity reduction is, in most cases, limited and must always be weighed against the increased costs which are generally involved. The continuity equation, 9 = AV, can be utilized in all gituations to compute culvert velocities, either within the parrel or at the outlet. Since discharge will generally be known from culvert design, determining the flow area wit1 define the velocity. CULVERTS ON MILD SLOPES GULVERTS ON MILD SLOPES Figure III-1, taken from HEC No. 5 (III-1), indicates the four types of flow for culverts on mild slopes, i-e., culverts flowing with outlet control. Figure ITI“1A indicates a condition where high tailwater Controls the culvert outlet velocity. In this case, outlet Velocity is determined using the full barrel area. with pbis flow condition, it is possible to reduce the velocity by increasing the culvert size. The degree of reduction is proportional to the reciprocal of the culvert arcs. Selecting several culvert diameters provides a specific example: CULVERT DIAMETER (£t.) 3 4 5 6 Percentage reduction of Outlet Velocity (V = 9/a) 448 368 | 318 For high tailwater conditions, erosion may not be a serious Problem. It may be more important to determine if tailweter will always control, or if the conditions shown in figures TII-1B, C, or D might occur under some circumstances. III-1When discharge is high enough to equal to the crown of the culvert condition shown in figure ITI-1B Velocity reduction is again illus example, In this case, however, if the increased culvert dimensio: below the culvert crown. When th: used in the continuity equation i: prink depth, which for this illus critical depth. Figures III-3 th for convenience in determining cr: shapes of culverts. Exampl A 3.0-foot CMP discharg, with tailwater of 2.0 From Pigure I1I-4 critic therefore, the barrel is flowing [rI-2 with 4/D=1, A/D*=0.785 and Changing to a 4.0-foot CMP, changi is less than D so de controls out) v = __100 7.98 and dc/D FULL = 7785(T6) v/v 1.16 from figure VII-C- FULL This is a reduction of about approximate 44 percent indic: 35 pe ated When culverts discharge as critical depth near the out: have no effect on the outle less than critical slope. Changi will change the depth at the outl ‘and will, therefore, not modify tl in fig let, cl velo The initial step is to compute no! the outlet channel, tables IiI-1 section facilitates normal depth Figures III-9 and 10 may be used let brink depths for rectangular Tespectively. These figures are 11-2 produce critical depth barrel, the full flow will occur. The outlet trated in the previous it is necessary to determine ns result in brink depth is occurs, the flow area s that associated with tration is assumed to be ough III-8 are included ‘itical depth for various ing 100 cfs, flowi: eet. ng full al depth (dc) exceeds 3.0 feet ful vel 1 to the end. From table 00/.785(9)=14.15 fps. es dg to 3.1 feet which let velocity. = 3.1 = .78 a 3 and V = 1.16(7.98) = 9.25 ercent instead of the in the previous example. jure TII-1¢ and D with hanging the barrel slope w: city as long as the slope is ng the resistance factor et an insignificant degree he outlet velocity. mal depth (tailwater) in and 2 at the end of this calculations with this, directly to determine out- and circular sections, dimensionless rating curveswhich indicate the effect on brink depth of tailwater for culverts on mild or horizontal slopes. values of o/sp*/? and Q/p°”* for use with figures TII-9 and 10 are included as table 111-3, When the tailwater depth is low, culverts on mild or horizontal slopes will flow with critical depth near the outlet. This is indicated on the ordinate of figures III-9 and 10. As the tailwater increases, the depth at the brink increase, at a variable rate, along the 9/sD*/? or o/p?/# curve, until a point where the tailwater and brink depth vary linearly, the 45° line on figures III-9 and 10, Using these figures, the effects of changing culvert size may be determined. For example, Q = 60 cfs (constant) TW = 24 inches (constant) D Dew gyp8/? Tw/D Yel! 42 22.9 2.6 +57 +83 48 32.0 19 +50 254 54 43.0 14 144 246 60 55.9 La 240 241 Yo/D - yo Yo A/D? A V=O/A D 1630 2.20 2.8 9 0526.4 9.4 42 +54 2.16 223° 0143 6.9 8.7 48 +4602.1 0 22300 01350 712 8.5 54 +41 2.05 2.2 0130715 8.0 60 Changing culvert diameter from 3.5 to 5.0 feet, a 43 percent increase, results in a decrease of only 15 percent in’ the outlet velocity, critical depth is larger than brink depth, determining brink Gepth in this manner is not conservative, but is acceptable, CULVERTS ON STEEP SLOPES CULVERTS ON STEEP SLOPES Tor the situation shown in A and B of figure 111-2, it is convenient to determine normal flow conditions by the use of Manning's equation. The charts and tables of reference III-1 provide rapid solutions under these circumstances. gncreasing the barrel size for a given discharge and Slope has little effect on velocity if the flow reaches Pomnai depth, as it will within most culverts on steep slopes. For example, using a 5-foot diameter concrete pipe with III-3constant slopes as a base, the velocity in a 3-foot pipe constant "93 larger and the velocity in an 8-foot pipe will tit} .o9 smaller. Less velocity change would be obtained for corrugated metal pipes. Some reduction in outlet velocity can be obtained by increasing Some veer of barrels carrying the total discharge. Reducing the flow rate per barrel reduces velocity at normal depth, fe the Flowline slopes are the same, Substituting two sralicr pipes with the same depth to diameter ratio for smaurge one reduces Q per barrel to one-half the originél 2 ta dea the outlet velocity to approximately 87, percent ratenat in the single-barrel design. However, this 13 percent reduction must be considered in light of the increased percent ihe culverts. In addition, the percentage reduction cost oes Gs the number of barrels is increased. For example, Gsing four pipes instead of three results in only an additional 5 percent reduction in outlet velocity. Furthermore: where high velocities are produced, a design using more barrels hay still result in velocities requiring protection, with a large increase in the area to be protected. outlet velocities can also be modified by substituting @ Cough barrel for a smooth barrel. For a 60-inch coneze re Pipe, n= 0.012, on a I-percent slope (So- 0-04), discharging oP ib0 cfs, Vp = 13-8 fps and Sg = 0.00325; using & com. pipe (n= 0.024) results in a critical slope of 0.015. Since Sc for the c.m. pipe is greater than the actual slope, rete is subcritical and the outlet velocity will be Gritical velocity or 8.5 fps. Manning's equation ¥ (1.49 R?/3s/2) /n shows that V varies as S 727m, For the Giical slope situation (R is a constant), doubling the SSughness results in a four-fold increase in critical slope. zoughr sing this method of velocity reduction, it should ween wehbered that changing the flow from supercritical be remeritical may result in a marked change in the headwater. substituting a "broken-slope" flow line for a steep, continuous Slope is not recommended for controlling outlet velocity. slope 36 cign is based on the assumption that the reduced Slope of the lower barrel will control depth and velocity, slope Séated by the Manning formula. Where the total fal* as indefet to outlet remains the same, a broken-slope flow fine reduces the outlet velocity only slightly. The initial efeeper slope will bring about a lesser depth and greater seeeetty at the break in grade, followed by @ small increase in depth in the lesser slope section. In supercritical IrI-4For Culverts on slopes greater than critical, rougher material will cause greater depth of flow and less velocity in equal Size pipes. Velocity varies inversely with resistance; therefore, using a corrugated metal pipe inste, 3-1. Federal Highway Administration, DESIGN CHARTS FOR TREN CHANNEL FLOW, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.c., 1961, 105 pp. (Hydraulte Design Series No.3). 711-2, Simons, D. B., Stevens, M. A., watts, F. J., FLOOD GRGTECTION AT CULVERT OUTLETS, Colorado state University, Fort Collins, Colorado, CER 65-99 DBS-MAS-FJW4, 1970, i1I-3. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, DESIGN OF SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES, 1974, pp. 197-156) III-5WATER A SURFACE. 111-6MITEREO END — SUBMERGED FIGURE IIF2 INLET CONTROL FLOW TYPES 11-7Yo IN FT. 12 in ao ct . {itt 4 TH t C CRITICAL DEPTH . A - t +- * pert Ct aI | CRITICAL DEPTH {RECTANGULAR SECTION ao ° 10 20 30 40 50 60 a. NB Yi ai RECTANGULAR SECTION! TT 8 HH LI 5 4 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 2QE FIGURE Ill-3 NB CRITICAL DEPTH . UREA) OF PUBLIC ROADS JAN. 1963 111-8 RECTANGULAR SECTION7 ] T 7 T CEs ia ial TT : | | { T y 4 | + —t 4 ae FP } > ty s. Ye GANNOT “ExceED ToP or pipe! _| Z is I I ota} | } i | ! Ltit |} | 70 40306070 30100 7 DISCHARGE-Q-CFS 6 ° ] | I 2 : : | : z 7 e | or mee] | a & 8 | | & om & + 8 Z [| 2 = F004 809. 808 700 800 sod 1040 S = DISCHARGE -a-CFS E z § & 4 ‘ Leer vol. | Let BH + Ye CANNOT EXCEED TOP OF PIPE 4 | | | 7500 2000 3000 000 DISCHARGE-Q-cFs ~ IGURE IIl- CRITICAL DE PTH BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS VAN.1964 Irm-9 CIRCULAR PIPE34 T T T LILLE TET | | | Try | [ea ee a jzalea 2 a al tery yt ft ala | | | | | {f+ i 1 | 1 { | am ee 11 t 1 I T 1 Ict ac SaT HEED TRF FEY | _ | l | lef _ | ami Cette t : 1 }t— t ‘at Ett [ \o {jt py { 1 | 4 4 Ree & im I I al ‘ t T 1 T T + ig : Py ty Eo I I | [ I \ pobttitiiaoo eo Mo 6D B00 3 DISCHARGE- Q-CFS 3 5 | 1 | | I 6 t tat t t ‘ | | [ | i + 1 5 7 t | | t | . | ryt) — | vg cannor EXCEED T9P OF PPE 3 | fast 2 ‘evar t | ‘oe aee se 1 | [Besta | CLT | Leo a03 B00 e-«*TOG_= 90D GOO NSO DISCHARGE-Q~CFS FIGURE III-5, GRITIGAL DEPTH OVAL CONCRETE PIPE LONG AXIS HORIZONTAL BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS JAN 1964 q1T-10T CANNOT EXCEED TOP OF PiPE| l i l l °, Ba 80 es EE % DISCHARGE-0-cFS 8 g 10 7 | 4H srr | | | DISCHARGE- Q- crs FIGURE Ill-6 CRITICAL DEPTH OVAL CONCRETE PIPE uu LONG AXIS VERTICAL BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS JAN. 1964GRITIGAL DEPTH - Ye FEET GRITIGAL DEPTH -y¢- FEET 20 18) os os oa 34 32 30 28) 26! 24 22 20 1s 16 14 12 10 os! os) I TLL PLL | | | | (Lee i in i | {\ iit \ | | 7 44 | ut | Litt i i | | i nee a r 7 T T T | \ LI | 4 f | | 4 1 \ ee tit : + t t i? { I { I see + i: + oo t ane |_| 1 | | 1 16 6 30 a0 30 0 DISCHARGE-Q- CFS C1 Baeee a LL LI To ! ro | £ | i im | : al | [ i) Ll Ye CANNOT EXCEED TOP OF PIPE [ 0 Go eo eo 14d O~«BO:~«OO BAO BAO DISCHARGE-Q-CFS FIGURE IlI-7 CRITICAL DEPTH STANDARD ©.M. PIPE-ARCH qII-12fe CANNOT EXCEED TOP OF Pipe. —} T CRITICAL DEPTH- Ye FEET 400 500 00 300 DISCHARGE-9-cFS ORITICAL DEPTH- ye FEET | | | 00 {1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200- Eaoc DISCHARGE-0-CFS FIGURE lI-8 CRITICAL DEPTH STRUCTURAL PLATE C.M. PIPE-ARCH IrI-13 BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS JAN. 1966,100 oP 1-7 vos iA Fars 0.65 - oe 0.60 0.55 30 0.50 25 0.45 0.40 0.35 15 0.30 1_ 10 0.25 0.20 os 0.15 rink depth 4 ight of box culvert PB width of barrel = : o 0.10 veo" ischarge 0.05 itwater depth ° po 0 07 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1.0 TwiD Figure 111-9 Dimensionless Rating Curves for the Outlets ‘of Rectangulars Culverts on Horizontal and Mild ‘Slopes from Reference 111-2 posccly1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 O80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 304 28, 204 0.50 0.45, 0.40 0.35 15 10, 0.30 0.25 os, 0.20 ap p> =o 0.15 0.10 9 * brink depth D = dia of culvert TW= tawater depth, $+ 0.08 0 _— _L 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Two Figure 111-10 Dimensionless Rating Curve for the Outlets Of Circular Culverts on Horizontal and Mild Stopes from Reference III-2 III-15“Table 11-1.-Uniform flow in trapezoidal channels by Manning's formula, From Reference 1-3 Values of west ory aan ser Jeera [e=ta2 a | mona | oons| corre | coas7 | ooze | soz | 20229) o0220 | 022) | oetta az | cons | son) oer | ootas | ‘coezo | oossr | oraz | ootst | conn | oraz a3 | oars | conrs | Sere | ‘Bocas | ‘d0e90 | ‘oocos | 0700 | aoros ) 20707 ) 00722 ce | vost | coves | 00860 | 009: | oro | oro: | oro2 | ores | oie | Gree og | oor | cones | ise | arse | corse | ory | ove | oro | ts) | oio0 os | oy) sr | Sime | ome | time | ov | ome | oz | oe) | oe a | oer | ores | tan | ome | sxe | oz | ons | one | ore) | oe a | gr00 | nec | ase | zea | ‘007 | ‘oz7 | 0275 | zz |) sr | ome to | 260 | 0204 | 000s | oo | aoe | ooze | ome | oot | once | ist yo | gmeg | geet | £508 | Save | tora | one | osey | oust | cue | Stor ay | gam | 242 | 8555 | foro | oust | ovr | oveo | otse | 226s | oore ee ‘0575 3g | 9n75 y Oe | Be8t | ont | sso | obra | one? | ose | asta | oe? se | osze | osso | oses | ocoe | ooze | oss | ove | 677 | 06% | ote ae | some | ose | oss | ere | ‘ooo | orm | oro | ome | S2e | coer | geez | ere | oor | ras | uve | 2000 | ozs | cons | aier | os te | seas | Sree | Sipe | ozz | onse | ages | 0° fea | 961 | “105 ta | ovo | 0009 | 0622 | oss | 2970 | 100 | tos | soo | 117 zo | cers | 07s | oose | oo | sor | soo | wo [ag | as | a8 zo | oma | ogre | 98? | foe fs |e. | azo) ze) 3 | ss 2 | cern | ote |g [oss faz fas |e [ae |e | te zw [oe | ty fs fame [ag [as [us [ae | ae | oe wm | omer | toe Lise [nde [age [es | 2 | ter] te | at me) ara | re |aao fae Jago fase [oe [oe | ug | ate ela [am 1ae [se [te los [os [ae | a | Ze we fe (a [as [tee fam | | ae |e | 3 | ae B pas | ae [te [ae |e [sez | ay) 28) 2 | Ser fae [La [tee [ss | aoe | are | 2s | ae) er Bee | eee | eerste ose |e elec Jee eal lace | aoe x jus | ae | jae | ae | a | ae | es | a | ae & fas | AZ |i | ae | ze [as | se | 28 |] 2 | Ste 2 [me [38 1s [oe | oe |e] a | at | oe | ae fae |e | Rs | ze | me | ae | ar | oe) me | Fe Vel Neat) coe tae ee ase [tana : a ja | ml | [ae | me | 2 | ae | ae | oe | ae x jo | me | | Se |r | on | me | ae | a | fee % jw | a | |e lat | se | ae | ee | me | pend 2a eaeeig | oeee /esonee |eace) ee oe) eel oe | eee Nr Nee |e | alee alee eli ae ae sel tess . wo la [a | 13s | ae [os ) am le |e | oe ay |e | 2 | | ee | Sen | aoe | ae | ae | Sh | oe 2 |= | ae |an |e | ae fae | we | as | de | ae az [mn | me | hh | ae | fo | sr] en] ee | ome | Spor df xe han 004, va ofthe autmption R= di ore convenient nd mare accurate han nterpoation 9 te we III-16Table H1-4.—Uniform flow in trape oldel channels by Manning's formula.Continued, from Reference I1t-3 a ro 2 eet [arta as | 286 303 ses | azz | ass | ser | sto | cas | ces as | 263 a3 ra ee) ee eS od) ae al es a7 | ar 32 47 | 457 | 49s | ‘530 | Ses | Goo | S36 43 | 310 333 432 | 475 | cov | ser | See | Soe | 238 49 | a7 345 ae | eee | oe | are! | oret | aee f s 50 | 295 386 463 | siz | ss6 | soo | 639 | 579 | a9 52 | 310 377 48 | me | s00 | ‘eas | Gao | Soe | 38 sa | 327 396 520 | 800 | eae | cos | Sas | Jo | 208 se | 343 aay ger | esr | 90 | ‘rae | fos | ace | 128 58 | 389 ‘aa coed ort || 200) ee coad |e asia lp foea ling co | a5 408 ped | ee es es le 62 | 30 492 97 | 703 | ear | corr | B60 | vos? | 128 4 | “aoe 516 pe eoer te aet erore |i ioset ee! [eas 65 | 42s sa gee | as | 951 | soe fous faz | ase se | aay 566 orf 908 f ror | ito | i20 fit | ES 70 | as? sor af 98 | or foaaz | rar faar | ars 72 | lana 817 ar |e tasted vanes eae (eta [pias 74 | laos as gz fron | sso Jase | tas | tae | 182 7 | 508 | 870 roy RBH es lay bee oe 7a | [528 ‘698 ae ce so | sez 725 49g f1ze J rao fase | tes | ses | oar ‘2 | ‘ss9 983 fae) tae etaret | treo al tinat terest ||sey se | Sie 782 ig fags | rsa fan | yar | oes | 382 6 | ‘sea 310 as as (ite ferme eos ey licen as | ‘tio 839 29 [rao | reo [vas | zor | dz | 380 20 | 627 en 4 tae fg [or Page | o2a7. fase dan 2 | eas aoe | 3 140 [tes | sae | 207 | dae | 33s | 33h st | ‘se2 gee [1 sas [x70 | tse | ote | 338 | 248 | 327 96 | ‘G80 960 J 125 | ise | y 203 | 227 | 250 | 395 | Ser 93 | ‘697 Ser faze / nse [res | an | 237 | des | 3ae | 382 ros | Jog | 293 [432 | ree [ses | 221 | 2a | 270 | 250 | a0r tie | gor | [49 [848 | rao fara | 2a | 293 | 322 | 292 | 297 iis | ae | 3 [tse | ser fase | as | Soe | as | a | sas tao | Ge | 12 [tf zm fase | ase [ase | 352 | 3% | a56 fo pst | 198 Yves | ass fam | 3 | Sas | dos | 208 | 88 t25 | sx | 145 fio | 252 | aoe 409 | 420 [acs | 67 790 | 80 | re [ate | 253 [38 490 | 400 | S42 | $30 435 [voz | rea |33 | doe [38 47 | 538 | S00 | aio tao [ior | re faas | ate [32 sie | sao | eas | sao vas] iy see _j26r | 339/348 560_| 620 | 698 | 962 IIT-17Table HEL =U inform flow in trapezoidal channels by Manning’ formal se Continued, from Reference 3. Values of — 2 esi seo | eeu | eee | esa] et peta | eer [ea iso Yo sss | see | 270 | geo] sas | sae} soe | oer | rie | is re P18 | 488 | 3a8 | gee | she | se | ose | ras | bie | 3 yes | rm | 208 | Ske | ata | siz | soe | 99 | zap) gm) 3 Be | ee | | SE cet te) ee a | a | vee | 132 | 222 | 382 | seo] sas | oor | soz | 9m | tor | 42 rx | 190 | 260 | 37 | age] oz | rar | ger | io | woe | 183 ws | 18 | 28 | Sas | sae] ceo | reo | os | woe | te | ioe ro | ra | 26 | Sis | sso] tor | ea | or | mi | ae | is ras | 148 | 2% | Sse | sor] 72 | sor] woe | ze | 82 | is ro) sz | 388 | feo | Gan | 7a7 | 946 | tro | 125 | 40 | 199 ao | re | az | aaa} ese | s2 | too | m2 | us | ee | f9 zoo over | 332 | $5: | ogo | 2 | x2 | ga | we | tee | 28 zo | 12h | 38 | saz | dos | soa | ze | as | tez | 18) | So 2 | 1% | 32 | S55 | ase | ira | 198 | 62 | we | 22 | Se zoo | 1m | 398 | Seo | ore | zs | 13 | 179 | a6 | m4 | o4 ‘aso | 207 | ase | 752 | wo | saz | we | we | 227 | 28 | Soe Bd |b eed 1) ey) ee | aed it ee es zoo | 21 | 220 | Bao | we | tes | or | ws | ze |e | oe zo | 228 | SB | seo | ss | we | 29 | wo |e | Be | 2) 22) S88 | cr | mo [tes | me | 2 | 26 | se | 7 ee el esa) cere te ceo [rs een et elas eco a s2oie |p es a) comes deeap Weta oa een cet ere lcs sep [22 | 13 (ie | mo | me | ms | ws | 2 | Bo | Sa Bae ceo altecon |/eioas fe ssoh | azo al tesa erst lnet2 hacen aoe geo | 30 | 8 [ier | ar | 36a | ass | see | ose | 74 | 17 pee ee lineet erate |p moe, eee |ecva: | cteeeleccye |e lies ao | aap | ioe [23 | wor | ses | seg | ee | geo [us | ote so | az [ues | 37 | sts | 73 | o2 |e [vs [us [a8 TTL-18Table 1N-2.—Uniform flow in circular sectors flowing partly full. From Reference It. © = aepthol fom (OF ischorg ec fest pr scan by Manning Yoomule © = Sameer of poe 1 Menning coeticient A srenot tow 15 = soe of the channel Bottom and of the water surface + yaa rahus 5 z o | | oo | age | aor 201 | coors | 0006 est | o4oa7 | 02521 | oz | yaaa os2 | oarar | ozse2 | caer | 13 953 | oazar | S202 | aos | 128 054 | oaazr | ode | 020 | 138 oss o2s0 | oa | 1336 O86 Sao | oan | tin oa e273 | O37 | 1206 ose ara | 035 | er O39 o2ms | oss | tam | 260 o26 | oa | sais ost ome | ome | 15s oonaty 882 ozaz1 | oaar | 170 Sots fr ozs | oa | hue 1862 ost eae | oma | tee ozs | ase |] 06s ozs | 060 | 1.105 oor? | 3a || oes 2200 | oases | tog. eox | 30 || oer ozs | S36 | toe pour | 37 |! ose ozs | oa | toe oes | 00 |} ose oa | oso | tor eos | 296 |] 070 ease | 62 | 1008 cous | a7 || oz ozs | ome | oases sows | 359 || oe oze7 | oaor | Oses cosy | aan | os ozs | as | ger ooss | 343 |] or ogee | oa | ost eosm | 286 |! o7s oso17 | oaze | oto some | 240 |! ore ooo | oa vor | 322 || O79 23031 | Saas eons | 33 || or o3oe | ost cows | 230 |] oe 3a | aa oor | 225 |} 020 oso | oass coses | 220 || oar aos | Oase ero | ate |] ae dam | e463 gio | 00 || as oso | Sse orss | 308 |] ose o5oa | S495 oe | 200 |] ons oso | oar 1886 || oe 3028 | ota 19s |] oar | Sra | cane | Saat tars || cas | o7as0 | osoor | O38 v0 |] oss | rasa | o2e0s | Sse 4287 | 090 | ores | ‘o2000 | o4se | ose 1760 |] 981 | o7sos | oases | Sass | S85 1724 |] 092 | oreo | dana | oagr | S87 tao |} 093 | overz | Ozer | ose | Ose) wees |] ope | oese | oases | ose | Secs 1822 |] 095 | 07707 | 2805 | o4s8 | osm 1500 |] 096 | oma | o2ez | Sige | Q3z! ts0 || 097 | ores | aver | oa | oie 3390 |[ o9@ | S71 | Oras | oaeo | oS 1800 || 099 | oat | o2ecs | oxes | O50 san |] 190 | 07854 | 02600 | ones | ones III-199 % jo oyoue HRKEE ors Seosds8 HRKR KH Annan Vana Be BBeois RHR R KM 10 sous Wououous TABLE III-3 VALUES OF BD?/* pp?/? BxD pps/? Bx D pp?/? 32.0 Tee 129.6 10x10 316.2 40.0 ex7 148.2 12x10 379.4 48.0 9x7 166.7 14 x 10 «© 442.7 56.0 10x 7 195.2 16x10 505.9 64.0 12x7 222.2 4x7 259.3 12% 12 ‘498.8 55.9 14x12 582.0 67-1 gx 8 1g1.0 -16x,12 665.1 78.3 9x8 Bose 18) x02 2 74e 2) 89.4 10x8 226.3 100.6 12 x8 271.6 14x14 733.3 uae. VA xe) 316.8 16x14 838.1 lex 14 942.8 88.2 9x9 243.0 oas) = 10) 219) 270.0 | 17se | 12) 10) 324.0 ng2e3). | 14h= eo) 378.0 147.0 176.4 vaLUES OF p?/? D p72 D pi/2 8.0 8 22.6 2 41.6 11.2 9 27.0 13 46.9 14.7 10 31.6 14 52.4 18.5 a) 36.5 15 58.1 vaLuES oF D°/? D 572 a ps2 5.0 55.9 9.0 243.0 5.5 10.9 9.5 278.2 6.0 88.2 10.0 316.2 6.5 107.7 10.5 357.3 7.0 129.6 11.0 401.3 5 154.0 11.5 448.5 8.0 181.0 12.0 498.8 8.5 210.6 12.5 552.4 111-20IV, FLOW TRANSITIONS pecially designed open channel flow inlet transitions (contractions) “are normally not required fox highway culverts. ee geSonomical culvert is designed to operate with an upstream headwater pool which dissipates the chaset approach velocity or therefore, negates the need for an appronch ayiy transition, The side and slope tapered inlets tee reference II-A-3), the jeeigned as submerged transitions and do not fest within fhe intended limits of open channel transitions discussed in this chapter. . gpanaii cross section with supercritical flow in’s steep channel (section IVv-B-1), Outlet transitions (expansions) must be considered in the gesign of all culverts, channel protection ang energy Sigsivators. Of interest to the highway engineer are the Sfandard wingwali-apron combinations which Jee abrupt expan- gions and expansions upstream of dissipator basins (chapter vir). Por nose applicable to culverts in inlet conteol (supercritical). For design, use section IV-A for culverts tn outlet control and section IV-B for culverts in inlet control. IV-A. CULVERTS IN OUTLET ConTROL SRVERTS IN OUTLET CONTROL uo t¥pes of design problems apply to culverts in outlet control: abrupt expansions and gradial transitions. ABRUPT EXPANSION ABRUPT EXPANSION U2 Jet Of water, which is not laterally constrained, piaves a culvert Flowing in outlet control, the water surface plunges or drops very rapidly (see figuee IV-A-1). As Iv-a-1FIGURE IV-1. TRANSITION TYPESthe water surface drops and the flow spreads out, the potential energy stored as depth is converted to kinetic energy or velocity. Therefore, the velocity leaving the wingwall apron can be higher than the culvert outlet velocity and must be considered in determining outlet protection, The straight line transition may also be considered an abrupt transition if the tané is greater than 1/3Fr. 8 g z 5 & < = = 5 2 — 5 a 8 3 ; xy i. =e see ro. FIGURE IV-A-1 DIMENSIONLESS WATER SURFACE CONTOURS FROM REFERENCE IV-A-1 Design Considerations A reasonable estimate of transition end velocity can be gbtained by using the energy equation and assuming the losses to be negligible. By neglecting friction losses, a higher velocity than actually occurs is predicted making the error on the conservative side. A more accurate way to determine apron end flow conditions is that developed by Watts (Iv-a-1). data have been converted to a family of curves relating the Froude number (Fr) to the avera ‘brink depth ratio (ya/yo), figures IV-A-4 and 5 and Pr or o//gD™ to YaWVo figures IV-A-2 and 3. These curves were developed for Fr from 1 to 2.5. This is the applicable Froude number range for most abrupt outlet transitions. Normally, low tailwater is encountered at the culvert outlet and flow is supercritical on the outlet apron. IV-a-3Water cannot expand to completely fill the section between the wingwalls in an abrupt expansion. The majority of the flow will stay within an area whose boundaries are defined by tand = 1/3Fr. As shown in figure IV-A-1, flaring the wingwall more than 1/3Fr--45° for example-~provides unused space which is not completely filled with water. Design Procedure 1. Determine the flow conditions at the culvert outlet: (Vo) and (Yo) (See chapter ITI). 2. Calculate the Froude number (Fr) = Vo/Vgyo at the culvert outlet. 3. Find the optimum flare angle (8) using tand = 1/3Fr. If the chosen wingwall flare (6y) is greater than (8), consider reducing Sw to 6. 4. Use figure Iv-A-4 for boxes and IV-A-5 for pipes to find the average depth downstream. The ratio ya/Yo is obtained knowing the Froude number (Fr) and the desired @istance downstream (L) expressed in culvert diameters (D). 5, Use figure IV-A-2 for boxes and IV-A-3 for pipes to find average velocity (Va)- Calculate the downstream width (W2) using: Wo = Wo + 2htan9. eee ee ee ee ee TWA] Tand = 1/3Fr Plb ie ee ee ee + Trae? if 6y>O use Ow in equation IV-A- 7. I£ 6 was used in equation IV-A-1, calculate downstream depth y2 using W2 and Va. This depth will be larger than ya since the flow prism is now laterally confined. If Ow was used, y2=yA and the average flow width is (Wa)=O/Vaya.. If Wa>W2, use W2 to calculate ¥2=0/VaW2. Example Problem Given: 5 x 5 RCB Q = 279 cfs L = 200 ft. Q/sp3/?= 4.83 So= 0.002 £t/£t. dc= 4.5 IV-A-4Wingwall flare oy = 45° with 10 foot apron Find: Flow condition at end of apron - y and v. Solution: 1. Find outlet velocity from figure 111-9 with Q/BD3/2=4.83 and TW/D=0 Yo/D =0.68 Yor0.68(5)=3.40 Vo=0/A=270/3.4(5)=15.88 fps 2. Find outlet Froude number Fr = Vo/V8¥o = 15.88//109.48 = 1.52 3. Find 6 tane 8 1/3Pr = 1/3(1.52) = 0.22 12.37 uu 4. Apron Length/Diameter = 10/5 = 2 Use figure IV-A-4 for average depth, ya. o~ Ya = 0.26(3.4) = 0.88 feet 5. From figure IV-A-2 the average velocity Va is: Va/Vo_= 1.2 Va = 15.88 (1.2) Va = V2 = 19.1 fps 6. Gyro use ow Wo = Wo + 2L tan (ey) 5°+ 2(10) (1.0) = 25 feet 3 0 7. 6w was used: Y2 = ya = 0.88 feet : Wa = Q/Vaya = 270/(19.1)0.88 Wa = 16.1 ft.< 25 ft, Alternate Solutions Using Energy Equation (1) Assume Wz = full width between wingwalls at the end of the apron W2 = Wo + 2b tan 45° = 25 feet [oo A2 = Way2 = 25 y2, V2 = Q/Ap = 270/25y2 = 10.8/y2 IV-A-5Zo + Yo + Vo*/2g = 22 + ¥2 + V27/2g + HE ig = 0 and zo = 22 3.4 + (15.88) 2/64.4 = y2 + (10.8/y2) 7/644 314 + 3.92 = yo + 1,81/y2 7132 = y2 + 1.81/y2? y2 = 0.516 feet, which is 41% lower than first solution ¥ = 10.8/0.516 = 20.9 fps 108, which is higher than first solution 2. Another depth approximation can be obtained if W2 is based on 6 where tan @ = 1/3Fr W2 = Wo + 2b tan 12.41 5 + 20(.22) = 9.4 feet Ag = 9.4y2, V2 = 270/9.4y2 = 28.7/y2 7.32. = ¥2 + 12.8/y2? 1.48 feet, which is 68% higher than first solution 28.7/1.48 = 19.4, which is 2% higher than first solution DESIGN OF SUBCRITICAL FLOW TRANSITIONS. Subcritical flow can be transitioned into and out of highway Structures without causing adverse effect if subcritical fiw is maintained throughout the structure. The flow cannot approach or pass through critical depth (yc). The range of Gepths to avoid is .9yc to l.lyc. In this range, slight Changes in specific energy are reflected in large changes in depth, i.e., wave problems develop. The straight line or wedge transition should be used if conservation of flow energy is required; such as in irriga~ {Son canal structures which traverses the highway. Warped and cylindrical transitions are more efficient, but the Gdditional construction cost can only be justified for structures where backwater is critical. Design Considerations Figure IV-A-6 illustrates the design problem. Starting upstream of section (1) where some backwater exists due ty the culvert, the flow is transitioned from a canal into then out of the highway culvert. The flare angle (6w) should be 12.5°, (4.5 to 1 or flatter) (VI~A~3). This criteria provides a gradually varied transition which can be analyzed using the energy equation. As the flow transitions into the culvert the water surface approaches yc. To minimize waves, y should be equal to or greater than l.lyc. In the culvert, the depth will IV-A~6increase and will reach y, if the culvert is long enough. gh the expansion (section"3 to 4), the depth incsoscoe nS Yn Of the downstream channel, section 4. Associated with both transitions are energy losses which ere nbroportional to the change in velocity head in the transitions. The energy loss in the contraction (Hc) is: Hue = Co(V22/2g-Vy*/2g) 2. + Iv=a-3 and in the expansion Hpe = Ce (V3*/2g-V4?/2g) 2 ek, see ee TVeAHG where Cc and Cg are found from table IV-a-1, TABLE IV-A-1, TRANSITION LOSS CORFFICIENTS (IV-A=4) SRANSTTION LOSS COEFFICIENTS Transition typ. Contraction Expansion So Co Warped 0.10 0.20 Cylindrical quadrant 0.15 0.25 Wedge 0.30 0.50 Straight line 0.30 0.50 Square end 0.30 0.75 ane depth in the culvert y3 can be found by trial and Channel ang the energy equation with y4=y, in the downstream gagnnel and assuming iigg=0 (see figure TV"A-6). The stream bed elevation is equal to 2. 24atyatVg?/2g+HIne +Heg=23+y3+V32/2g Hea=0, V3=O/W3y3, Vg= O/Wayg 2atv4tV4?/2g+Ce(V32/2g-V42/2g)=2g4y34V32/2y 24t¥ gt (1-Ce) V4?/2g=23 +¥3+(1-Cg) V32/2g 24a-23tvat (1-Ce) (Q/Mg4y4) */2G=y3+(1-Ce) (O/W3y3)2/2g. . Iv-aHs When known values are used in equation IV-A-5, the equation reduces to by trail and error.In a similar manner, y1 can be determined by assuming y2°y3 and Hg1=0. 2gtyotV2?/2cthLe +Herszity1+V17/29 2gty2+V2?/2g#Co (V2?/2g-V1*/2g) =21tY1tV1 7/25 zgtyzt (14Co) V2? /2g=21+¥ 14 (14Co) V1? /25 29-21 492+ (14Ce) (Q/Way2)?/2g-¥1t (14Ce) (o/Wiy1)?/2g - IV-A-6 These depths are approximate since friction loss were neglected. They should be checked by computing the water surface profile through the structure. Since the channel width is changing, the standard step method (Iv-A-5) should be used. standard Step Method of Water Surface Profile Computation The standard step method is a trial and error procedure for Zhmputing the water surface profile. The energy equation oonksed for the energy balance. Manning's equation in the following form: seetn2v2/2.22R1/9} 2 ee ee ts SIVA? is used to calculate the friction slope (Sf) at each section. The friction loss (Hf) can then be approximated over a small distance (AL) by calculating S¢ at both ends of the section and using the average (Sf). HesSeAL 2 ee ee ee TVAB ‘The head loss (HL) due to the contraction or expansion is normally calculated for the entire length of the transition ica) and then proportioned equally over the length tr HE= Hie (AL/Ep) oF Ure (AL/ig). + + +TV-Ac9 to aid in this computational procedure, the elevation of the water surface is designated (Z) where: geety ce ee ee ee ee tt TVOAT]O ana the total head (H ) at a section is equal to Heztytv?/2ge24V2/2g 2 ee 2 2 ee EVOATLL Iv-a-8an energy balance is written between section (K) of known Poand Vand @ section (x), a small distance (4L)_ upstream for subcritical flow or downstream foo Supercritical flow. ee ty 12 Ze Eund Hxy choose aL and assume a zy slightly larger than ak for subcritical or slightly smaller foe supercritical. This defines Px=7K*SOML ee ee tveana3 and YeTExm2x ee yoann With yx Known, Vx can be found by the continuity equation Gay. tix is determined from equation Iv-A-11 Using yx and Senat Gguation IV-a-7, s¢ is found at section X, (Sex. Since (S£)k was previously found for the Kroon section, the HE. Bguseias Calculated and used in equation TVsAtg ny fing He (guduation IV-A-9 provides HL. If we assumes 2x. correctly, Bx (equation IV-A-12) should be equal to Hg +H, If not, Tyoge gnother zx and repeat the procedure whew ‘equation yy Au}? has been balanced, and y and V aso known at section Sot pthe water surface computation proceads te the next Design Procedure 1. Find y4, and v4 knowing so, n, and approach geometry using Manning's equation or tablé TIT-3, 2. Calculate critical depth (yc) using yo=0.315(0/m)2/? which is valid for rectangular channel of toe figure 111-3, Compare Yo with y, to insure subcritical finn’ 3+ Choose transition type and cg and Ce from table rv-a-1, Petermine the minimum culvert width by assuming yg in the culvert and using equation Iv i-3° 5+ Knowing ye for the minimum width choose Y=l.lye to provide a culvert ‘that will have a flow depth conservatively Shave Yo. Recalculate Wj, round te nearest eoct dimension and recalculate 3. 6+ Calculate yj by assuming y2=y3 in equation IV-a-6. 7+ Backwater is equal to yi-y,. I£ the backwater exceeds ginal freeboard choose a larger culvert width arn calculate te yy ge ycduation IV-a-5 as reduced in step 3. Thea “Se ¥3_in equation IVv-a-6 as reduced in step 5, Iv-a-9with the flow conditions known, calculate the transition Tength (bp) using a 4.5:1 flare, L-4.5(W4-W3)/2 OF 4.5 (Wy-W2) /2 Calculate the water surface profile through the structute Gsing the standard step method which includes an evaluation of friction losses. Example Problem Given: Ten-foot wide rectangular irrigation canal on a slope (So) of .001 ft/ft. The canal is Gesigned to convey 300 cfs with a Manning's roughness (n) = .02. A rural highway will cross the canal requiring a 100 ft. long culvert. Find: the culvert and transition dimensions. Solution: 1. Assume normal depth at section 4 41 £t. from Manning Eq. by trial and error +68 Eps 4+V4?/2g=6.75 ft. petermine critical depth (yc) for section 4 20.315 (Q/'W) 2/2=. 315 (300/10) 2/9=3.04 £t. 3. Use straight line transition Ce=.5, Co=-3 IV-A-10Gaiculate minimum W3 using equation rv-A-5 and Yo=-315 (0/W3)?/3=y3 also 24~23=Solm=0 even if t=50 £t., Solp would only be.0s feet PAO S34 (1-Ce) (O/Waya )? /2G=y3+(1-Ce) (Q/W3y3)*/2g 0+6.4+ 5[300/10 (553) )°/29z¥3*.5(300)27 (Way3) 27 l2q) 6.4+.17=6. 6=y3+699/ (W373)? Try W3=4 ft. Y3=_ -315 (300/4)?72=5 6 ¥3*699/ (Wi3Y3)*=5.6+699/14(5.6)]?=7 #t. 36.6 ft. Try W3=5 ft. ¥3_ =.315(300/5)? =4,93 ¥3+699/ (W3y3)*=4.8+659/(5 (4.8) ]2=6 ft. <6.6 ft. eee fect oince divac 4 heen ea oo 2 +6 low ¥3=~315(300/4.4)? 7225 26 ¥3+699/ (W3y3)?=5.34699/[4.4(5.3)]? y3=5.3 ft. +6 ft. ok a008e y3=1-1yc to insure subcritical flow and recalculate W3, y3=1.1(5,3)=5.8 ft, 6 -6=5.8+699/[W3 (5.8) ]? - 8W3* (33.64) =699 W3=5.1 ft. Use wW3=5 £t, © -6=¥34699/ (5y3) ?=y3428/y52 . ae V3=10.43 Eps Assume y2-y3 calculate y1 using equation IV-a-6 22721 +¥2+ (14+Ce) (Q/Woy2) 3/29=¥1+ (1+Ce) (O/W1y1) 272g 045.7541. 3139003 (5578).12/64 491 41.5 (300/1094) $750 5-7542.2=7.95=y1418.2/y12 ¥1S7-6 £t. which is 1.2 ft. above yp Packwater of 1.2 ft. is all right since 2 feet of feeeboard is available. If backwater sac too high, Bear eg gSteP (4), choose another Wy to usec” §.6=y +699/(W3y3)2; solve for y3 then use equation IV-A-6 in step (5) ¥2t1.3(300/W2y2) 2/64. 4=y1+18.2/y72 For example try W3=6 feet: 6. 32699/ (6y3) *=y3419.42/y32 +07 feet $rgatds 3 {30076 (6.07) 12/64. 4-y1418.2/y? 7.44=y1+18.2/y)? y: +08 feet or .67 feet of backwater IV-A-119%. Iv-a-1. Iv-a-2. IV-A-3. Iv-A-5. IV-A-6. qransition length use 4.5:1 15 (Wy-Wg) /2=4.5 (10-5) /2=11.25 ft. use 12 ft. Calculate the water surface profile. watts, F. J., HYDRAULICS OF RIGID BOUNDARY BASINS, wet e’ pigsertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, August 1968 Blaisdell, F. W., FLOW THROUGH DIVERGING OPEN SHANNEL TRANSITIONS AT SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES , U.S. Department of Agriculture, SCS ‘Report-SCS-TP-76, April 1949 Hinds, J-, THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF FLUME AND WiONON TRANSITIONS, TRANSACTIONS, ASCE, vol. 92, pp. 1423-1459, 1928 u.s. Army, Corps of Engineers, HYDRAULIC DESIGN Oz ptoop CONTROL CHANNELS, Engineering and Design Manual EM 1110-2-1601, July 1970, pp. 20-26 Ippen, A. T.; MECHANICS OF SUPERCRITICAL FiOWs eee mranactions Volume 116, pp. 268-295, 1952 chow, V. T., OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULICS, 1st ed-, McGraw-Hill, 1959 IV-A-12LV-Al 39N343434 Wows 137100 YvINONVL934 MOla8 NOISNWdX3 LdNYAY HOS ALIIOT3A JOVYIAY Z-V-Al 3uNDId NOISNVdxa NI ALIQ073A 3yuaAy = "A Peng 4A374N0 4H3A7N9 AV ALI9073 = % MOTd 40 HLd30 JOVUaAY = YA oe sz oz st on so o Hia30 NIHR = 4 + i 1W3A7N9 40 HLOIM= g ALIQOT3A 0341830 01 39NVASIO = 7 zo % 7 4" Me n | 4 8 vt ars od 0009 A1NO. + 9 —_—~ SIAWYHO SIH :310N i T-A-13L-w-al 39Nadad ae woud La7LN0 HV 7NIHI9 M0138 NOISNWdXa 1dNHSv HOI ALIIOTIA JOVUAAV "! NOISNW4Xa NI ALIQOTAA 39VESAY ~YA, ‘L310 AHINTND LV ALIOTIA =", ‘MOT 40 H1d30 SOVUIAY =" 0, 1a MTHS = % a % | a cee | (2th west c— * ° ae ee i. nd ; | vb at Ty-Acl4M0138 NOISNY. ‘MO14 40 Hida0 3OVuaAY =¥4 Hid30 ¥Ntua = ° (a) 40 s3va.7nw nt aaunsvaw H1d30 O3UISI0 OL 3ONVISIO= 7 dld ¥O4 (0) = 4u3N7N9 40 HLOIM= @ 13710 143A71N9 YvINoNVLOaN dX] Landay YOd HiaaG JOVYEIAY PVA auNnOld Nn oz st o 0 + 1 ; : v0 — a | _ __—{ oa | a ns a | yo-ye 4+ Select L/h = 8.5 or 10 and compute L Compute Ly if alternate design is used 5+ Calculate w, and W2 from Equations VII-B-4 ana 5 ana arrange elements aS indicated in figure ViT-n¢3 6. Splash shields Ss Ror open channels hj = 2 inches minimum, hy = 1.25y, oo and -h3 = hthj. The splash shield length equals 172° VII-B-5 ipb. For culverts check jet clearance. Find h, from gquation VII-B-6. If D- f. Compute the modified shear number Py? Te 3, Determine scour coefficients from Table V-1. hu. Compute the desired scour hole dimensions from {hes Wer ber OF Vs} Dp DD 70 for circular culvert or 8 [her War bar Ya] = *(S) (t Ye Ye Ye Ye™ Te 316 for noncircular culverts. Example Problem Cohesionless Material Determine the scour geonetry--maximum depth, width, Length and votune of Fete ty proposed circular 30-inch C.M.P. discharging an estimated 50 cfs Seu Ting Full. The dowmatream channel is composed of @ graded gravel material. The duration of the peak discharge of 50 cfs is not known. Therefore, 2 peak flow duration of 30 minutes will be estimated. 2, the circular, 30-inch C.M.P. at 50 efs will have @ discharge intensity of DI. = 50 2 50. = 0.89 Kon apy? ¥9 (30)? 5.6725) 72 1 v64 The coefficients of scour obtained From Table V-1 aret a 8 8 Depth of Scour 1.49 50 wos. Width of Scour 8.76 0.89 10 Length of Scour 13.09 0,62, .o7 Volume of Scour 42.31 2,28 447 Scour hole dimensions: depth: h, 1.49 (0,89)0-50 (9,99) .03, hg = 3.27 Ft wath Hy = 0,76(0,89)0+89 (.09)-10, We = 15.5 Ft D Length: Lg = 13,09(0,89)0-62 (.99).075 Ly = 25.72 Ft Volume: Vs = 42.31(0.89)2-28 (99).17, Vg = 335.79 Ft The location of the maximum scour (Figure v-2) 8-4 (La) = 4 (25.72) = 10.3 Ft dowstrecm of the culvert cutle v7Example Problem Cohesive Material Determine the scour geonetry-maximun depth, width, length and valune of scour Determine iting circular, 24-inch C.M.P. discharging an estimated 40 efe when Flowing full. The downstrean channel is composed of @ sandy-clay materiel. 4, The duration of the peak, discharge of 40 efs is not known. Therefore, @ peak flow duration of 30 minutes will be estimated. 2. a. The average velocity at the culvert outlet is: V2 Q2 40.0 = 12.74 fps KOS poe, The sandy-clay material was tested and found to have a Plasticity Index (Pr) of 12 and a saturated shear strength (Sv) of 240 psi. the critical’ tractive shear can be estimated by substituting into Equation V-5 4 = 0.001 (240 + 180) tan (30 + 4.73(12)) 0.001(420) tan (50.76) = 0.51 1b/ft? The modified shear number Snpgy = (ev2) iss 2 Snpod = 1:24 kaze) 617.4 The experimental coefficients &, ® and © from Table V-1 sre a 8 ° Depth 286001810 width 3.55 1707 Length 2.82 «33.09 Volume 6293S v84, The scour hole dimensions are: 8 ° hg = @ +) t) = (a 316) = .86(617.4)-18 (.09)110; hg = 2614. X2 = 4.30 FE 3.55(617.4)-17 (,09)-07; Wy = 8.94X2 = 27.9 ft bg = 2.82(617.4)+33 (.09)-09; Ls = 18.92 x2 = 37.8 ft Ne = 62(617.4)-93 (.09)-23; ve = 140.323 = 1122.5 Ft oD 5+ Location of maximum depth of scour (Figure V-2) 0.4 Lg = 0.4(37.8) = 15.1 Ft downstream of culvert outlet v-9REFERENCES Bohan, 3. Pey "Erosion and Riprap Requirements at Culvert and Storm-Drain so eete. U’S, Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. F—LULUrUrt~t~—si—sS——S—r—UCS—Sss— Bart Mechanics and Foundations, Vol. 85, No. SM5, June: 1959+ Fletcher, 8. P+ ond Grace, J. L., "Practical Guidance for Estinat ing and Controlling Erosion at Culvert Outlets." U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Lamb, T. We end Whitman, R. V+» Soil echenics.” John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1969. HeGowen, M. J+) "Scour in Uniform Sand at Culvert Outlets.” Master Thesis Working Papers, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, April 1980. Nendoza, C.» "Headwall Influence on Scour at Culvert Outlets." Mester wengo2er sGlorade State University, Fort Collins, Coloredo, April 1980+ opie, T. Rey "Scour at Culvert Outlets." Master Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, December 1967. Ruff, J. F. and Abt, S. R-» "Scour at Culvert Outlets in Cohesive Bed — tetiais.” Prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, CER79-BOJFR-SRA61, May 1960+ ghaikh, As, "Scour in Uniform and Graded Gravel at Culvert Mutlers spain? Colorado State University, Fart Collins, Colorado, May 1980. 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HYDRAULIC JUMP NATURE OF THE HYDRAULIC JUMP NATURE OF THE HYDRAULIC JUMP The hydraulic jump is a natural phenomenon which. occurs when Sppercritical Flow changes to subcritical flow. This abrupt change in flow condition is accompanied by considerable ERrbulence and loss of energy. Within certain flow ranges, fhe hydraulic jump is an effective energy dissipation device which is often employed to control erosion at hydraulic structures, The Bureau of Reclamation (VI-1) has related the jump form and flow characteristics to the Froude number, figure Vict, The design and evaluation of stilling basins are based on these relationships. When the upstream Froude number (Fr) is 1.0, the flow is at critical and a jump cannot form. For Froude numbers greater than 1.0, but less than 1.7; the ppstream flow is only slightly below critical depth and the change from supercritical to subcritical flow wilt Gesult in only a slight disturbance of the water surface, On the high end of this range, Fr approaching 1.7, the down= ftxeam depth will be about twice the incoming depth and the exit velocity about half the upstream velocity. Waen the upstream Froude number is between 1.7 and 2.5, a roller begins to appear, becoming more intense as the Froude jumber increases. This is the prejump range with very dow energy loss. In this range, there are no particular stilling basin problems involved. ‘The only requirement pe that the proper length of basin, which is rather short, be provided. The water surface is quite smooth, the velocity fbroughout the cross’ section uniform, and the energy loss an the Zange Of 20 percent. The exit Froude number for many culverts falls within the range 1.5 to 4.5. Sn oscillating form of jump occurs for Froude numbers between 2.5 and 4.5. The incoming jet alternately flows near the bottom and then along the surface. This results in objection= able surface waves which can causé erosion problems domnstrocm. VI-1o Fr BETWEEN 1.7 AND 2.5 A - PREJUMP STAGE -uscillating jet Roller--. ; ma 2 — —T 5? oi Zp 2 bn te = a _ _ — oe Fr BETWEEN 2.5 AND 45 B- TRANSITION STAGE Fr BETWEEN 4.5 - RANGE OF WELL-' a 2 2 7 = > 52 4 ?: Pe, ee Fr HIGHER THAN 9.0 TIVE JUMP BUT 0- EFFEC ROUGH SURFACE DOWNSTREAM — V1 JUMP FORMS ENCE VI-I FIGUR RELATED TO Fr FROM REFER vi-2 = — Le 5 a et AND 9.0 BALANGED JUMPS“ane DINYUGAH Z:1A sun Did 40073 1V1NOZIUOH No — awnr anAvEGAHA well balanced and stable jump occurs where the incoming A Wel woade number is greater than 4.5. Fluid turbulence faveh ae ig coneimed Go. hey jumpyenda- ores toues nee ake is root tke downstream water surface is comparatively smooth. Samp energy loss of 45 to 70 percent can be expected. With Froude numbers greater than 9.0, a highly efficient Jump results but the rough water surface may cause downstream erosion problems. re ces crache nydraulic dump may bertntuatco es by use me he specific energy diagram, figure VI-2. The flow oe eee erthe jump at supercritical velocity Vi, and depth Yir has a specific energy of B = ¥1 * V12/29, the kinetic energy term, V*/2g, is predominant. As the depth of flow energy be through the jump, the specific energy feereatee. increascves ‘the jump at subcritical velocity with the potential energy y, predominant. the hydraulic jump commonly occurs with natural flow conditions The bYeh proper design can be an effective means of dissipating energy at hydraulic structures; | 12 designing energy Gisgipators which includes a hydraulic Jumps expressions Gor computing the before and after jump depth ratio (conjugate depths), and the length of jump are needed. BYDRAULIC JUMP EXPRESSIONS--HORTZONTAL CHANNELS he hydraulic jump in any shape of horizontal, channel is whe atively simple to analyze (VI-2), Figure Vi-3 indicates the centrol volume used and the forces involved. control cont ron one is before the jump where the flow is undisturbed, Sectcontrol section two is after the jump, far enough down- and confor the flow to be again taken as paralle’. Distri- seeeam Ge pressure in both sections is assumed hydrostatic. bution wage in momentum of the entering and exiting streis yee Sianeed by the resultant of the forces acting of the : centro] volume, i.e., pressure and boundary frictional forces. Control ne length of the jump is relatively short, the external energy losses (boundary Frictional forces) may be ignored ereheyt introducing serious error. The momentum principle - provides for solution of the sequent depth, ¥2v and down- erevam velocity, V2. Once these are known, the internal energy losses and jump efficiency can be determined by application of the energy principle. vi-4FIGURE Vi. HYORAULIC JUMP IN A HORIZONTAL CHANNEL. fhe Momentum function can be used in a general format for the solution of the hydraulic jump Sequent-depth relationship in any shape of channel with a horizontal floor. he momentum function is, M = 9?/ga + ay, At section 1 and 2 respectively, 2 = 92, E ON, + AW) = W/L +A +V1-1 or AiYa ~ Agya = (I/AQ - 1/a,)07/g. Letting the distance to the centroid from the water Surface = ky gives: Ay K,y, - AQKaY2 = (1/A2 ~ 1/A,)07/g. Rearranging and using Pr)? = Vy? /ay,= 9? /A,*oy) gives: A)Kyy) - AQKY9 = Fry7Ayy, (j/az-1). Dividing this by Ay) provides: = Prt. 5 KAV9/Ay¥) ~ Ky = Fry ?(1 eo euro pais is @ general expression for the hydraulic jump ina horizontal channel. For various channel shapes, the constants Ky and Kp and the ratio a,/A, may be evalucteds vI-5For rectangular channels: K. = Kg = 1/2 and ay/A2 ya/y2 and yot/yi? - l= 2rra*(1 - yi/y2)- pefining y2/y1 = J the expression for a hydraulic jump in pererizontal, rectangular channel is obtained: g?-1= aeryt(d- Wa) eee es VES Figure VI-4 is a plot of Bquation VI-3. For triangular channels Ky = Kg = A1/3A2 = yi?/y2” ana yo2/yi? = 2 = ara?) ~ y*1/y*al or yg? - 1 = 3Fr1?(1 - 1/0?) This gives: Fry= g2(g? - 1)/3(57 - 1) or pry= (3* + 8 + I7)/HT FVM 2 errs .VI-4 Figure VI-5 is a design curve for hydraulic jumps of horizontal triangular channels. ‘Two scales for the Froude number are trsangaeg on this figure. The upper scale defines the. Angicateimber ast Fre v/Yg¥m- where ym is the hydraulic depth, area/top width. ror a triangular channel ym = y/2 so the upper scale. is Fefset 1.414 units to the left of the_lower scale which Stfines the Froude number as Fr = V/VGy- he reason for using the hydraulic depth is that at > Froude funber of 1.0, y2/Yi = 1-0, irrespective of sectional shape. The hydraulic depth and the actual depth in a rectangular Sectien are identical so the additional scale is omitted from figure VI-4. vI-6IV-B. CULVERTS IN INLET CONTROL The design of transitions for culverts in inlet control requires transitioning supercritical flow. Supercritical flow is difficult to manage without causing a hydraulic jump or other surface irregularity; therefore, the full flow area should be maintained if at all possible. goth SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CONTRACTION SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CONTRACTION Zo,smoothly transition supercritical flow, requires a long structure and should not be attempted unless the structure is of primary importance. A model study should be used fo Getermine transition geometry where a hydraulic jump is not desired. If a hydraulic jump is acceptable, the inlet structure can be designed as shown in figure IV-b-1. This design, which must be accomplished in a rectangular ghannel, yields a long transition. the design approach is outlined in reference IV-A-4 and 5. ane jength (L) is defined by (Wy-W2), the channel contraction, and the wall deflection angle (dw): . te(W1-W2)/2tanew ee ree meetinimize surface disturbances, 1 should also equal 11+L2 where Tarwi/2tanBy we ee tebe? ba=W2/2tan(B2-8W) - ee ee LIEB tanOw =tan8i(/i+8Fry"sin’Bi-3) . 2... laveped —— sin 2173) 2tan?B1+/1+8Pr]*sin*B]-1 The transition design requires assuming a trial 6w which fixes L as defined by equation IV-B-1. This length is then checked by finding L1+L2. To determine L1, 61 is found from equation IV-B-4 by trial and error and then substituted into equation IV-B-2. 12 is calculated from equation IV-s¢5 with @2 determined from equation IV-B-4 by substituting 82 for 61 and Fr] for Fr2, 10 find Fr2 first calculate: Iv-B-1yo/yisWieOPrisinBI-U/2 eee eet IV-B-5. then Pr?=(yi/y2) (Fry ~(yi/2y2) (y2/yi-) (y2/y1t1) 7] .TV-B-6 Tf the trial Sw was chosen correctly L=j+L2. If not, choose Zhother trial $y and repeat the process until the lengths anech. The depth. (y3) and Fr3 in the culvert can now be matCulated using equation IV-B-5 and 6 if the subscripts are Gncreasea by 1;.i.e, y2/y1 is now y3/y2- To aid in the above increase ton, Eigures Tv-B-2 and 3 are @ graphical solution of © equations IV-B-4, 5, and 6. The above design approach assumes that the width of the channel (Wy) and the width of the culvert (W2) are known and L is {Gu by trial and error, If Wz has to be determined, the design problem is complicated by another trial and error process. Design Procedure 1, the flow conditions (yn, Vn, Fr) in the approach channel should be computed using table III-1 or other design sour Tg the channel is irregular, choose the trapezoidal section which best matches. 2. 1f the approach section is not rectangular, transition the nection to @ rectangular section with a bottom width (Wy) approximately equal to the average of the water Sutface top width (7) and the trapezoidal section base Siatn (b):) W =(T+b)/2. Compute the flow conditions (ynr Vn Fr) for this rectangular section. 3. Assume a trial culvert width W2- 4. Determine the contraction length (L) required to reduce WW to W2 by varying the contraction wingwall angle (dq) until L from equation IV-B-1 is equal to 11+h2 from equation IV-B-2 and 3. select trial Ow a. Calculate L using equation IV-B-1 b. Find 61, y2/y1, and Fry from figure IV-B-2 or 3. Tf greater accuracy is desired use equations IV-B-4, 5, and 6. c. Calculate L1 using equation IV-B-2. IVv-B-2a. Find 82, y3/yg, and Fra from figures IV-B-2 or 3 by increasing the subscripts shown on the figure by l. Again equations IV-B-4, 5, and 6 can be used. e. Calculate Ly using equation IV-B-3. £, Find the sum 1, +12 and compare with L: if L is smaller decrease 0y; if L is larger increase @y- Select a new trial 6y and repeat steps a thtough £ until Leb +22. g. Calculate ¥3 by multiplying the depth ratios: y3=vi (¥2/y1) (y3/¥2) + 5. Compare the depth y3 and width Wz to see if a culvert of regular dimension (i.e., 6x6, 7x6) results. If not, return to step 3, assume another Wz, and repeat the process until a more favorable combination of y3 and W2 is found. Example Problem Give: 9=300 cfs in a 6 foot bottom trapezoidal channel with 2:1 side slopes, So=.02 ft/ft and n=0.012. Find: Culvert size and transition dimensions Solution: 1. gn/b*/#s! /2=300 (.012) /6°/?.02! 2=. 2141 a/b=y,/b=.278 from table III-3 7 £t., Vp=19.2 fps Pev/vVg(A/tS=19.2//g(15.6/12-7)=3.05, =1 12.746)/2=9.4 ft. 10 ft. rectangular ghanng) Qn/b®??s!/2=300(.012)/10°/?.02'77=.0548 @/b=yp/b=.154 from table III-3 yy +54, Vp=19.5_ fps FEW ARG. 5/1GL 5Me2.77 3. Assume W2=5 ft. 4. ‘Try Oye15° for Frj=2.8 A. L=(10-5)/2tan15 8°, v3/ygn1-7¢ Fr3=1 EL Lg=5/2tan(58*-15°}=2.7 ft. v6 ft.> L Iv-B-33 a g 0° for Fr =2.8 L=(10-5)/2tanl0°=14.2 ft. 81=31°, y2/yy=1.6, Fr2=2.1 Lj=10/2tan 31°=8.3 ft. 82=39°, y3/y2=1.5, Fr3=1.5 L3=5/2tan (39°-10°)=4.5 Lj+ba=12.8 ft.< 14.2 ft. y3=1.54(1.5)1.6=3.7 ft. annoowD Try Oy=14° for Fr =2.8 A. "L=(10-5)/2tan 14°=10 ft. B. 8 =35°, yo/yj=1.8, Fro=1.8 C. Ly=10/2tan35%=7.1 ft. D. B2=55%, ya/y2=1.6, Pra=1.1 19=5/2tan(55e-14°}=2.8 ft. Lj+Ly=10 ft.=L, O.K. E Fr G. y3=1°54(1.6)1.894.4 ft, Use Oy=14°, y3=4.4 £t., V3=13.6 fps, Fr3=1.1 Llo ft. Since y3=4.4 ft. and W3=! will be satisfactory. IV-B-4 ft., a 5x5 box culvertGENERAL EQUATION FOR AHYDRAULIC JUMP IN AHORIZONTAL CHANNEL | ‘Area Ratios K Factors Channel Shape Rectangular J Ws 12 2 Triangular & 1M? U3 13 Parabolic er 199? 25 25 Circular See Table VI seo aso (2 +30 ‘Trapezoidal re Sue wf] . |Length of Jump Horizontal Channels. the length of the hydraulic jump is generally measured to the downstream section at which the mean water surface attains the maximum depth and becomes reasonably level. Errors may be introduced in determining Lj since the water surface is rather flat near the end of the jump. This is undoubtedly one of the reasons so many empirical formulas for determining jump length are found in the literature. The jump length for rectangular basins has been extensively studied and can be reasonably well defined for Froude numbers up to 20. This is not the case for nonrectangular channels. In these channels, there are side areas, roughly triangular in shape, which are not directly influenced by the upstream jet. The flow must expand in the lateral direction as well as vertical. This lateral expansion results in the formation of wings and as the channel side slopes increase (become flatter), return or upstream flow becomes stronger. The reverse circulation results in increased energy dissipation but longer jump lengths. It will, however, eventually prevent the formation of a stable jump and convert the flow into an oscillating jet. ‘The jump length curves presented for nonrectangular sections should not be extrapolated. ‘The curves and recommendations presented in this circular are based on a large number of observations by a number of investigators. while the length of the hydraulic jump in nonrectangular channels is still being actively debated, the recommendations presented are considered conservative if used within the indicated limits Figures VI-11, 12, and 13 may be used for the determination of jump lengths in rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, triangular, and circular channels, respectively. The circular channel curve (figure VI-13) is for the case where y is less than D. For the case where y» is greater than 6, it is suggested that the length be tafen as seven times the difference in depths, i.e., Lj = 7(yo-y1) Free jump basins can be designed for any flow conditions; but because of economic and performance characteristics they are, in general, only employed in the lower range of Froude numbers. At higher Froude numbers, the use of baffles and sills make it possible to reduce the basin length and stabilize the jump over a wider range of flow situations. viI-10Cases B and D will be considered in this section. Case C is not included since it is assumed that a horizontal floor begins at the end of the jump for Case D, making C and D, for practical purposes, the same. If the channel bottom is selected as a datum, the momentum equation becomes: Q(vo-V1) /g = -5b(y1?-y2*)cos@ + wsin® . . . . . .VI-1L ‘The momentum formula used for the horizontal channels cannot be applied directly to hydraulic jumps in sloping channels sinee the weight of water (w), within the jump, mst be considered. The difficulty encountered is in defining the water surface profile to determine the volume of water within the jumps for various channel slopes. ‘This volume may be neglected for slopes less than 10 degrees and the jump analyzed as case A. ‘The Bureau of Reclamation (VI-3) conducted extensive model tests on Case B and C type jumps to define the length and depth relationships. The procedures presented in this section are from those tests and apply to hydraulic jumps in sloping rectangular channels, only. Other channel shapes are not included because of their limited use and the difficulties involved in analysis. Model tests should be considered where other channel shapes are involved. Figure VI-15 indicates the relation between the Froude nurber, tailwater and upstream depth for various slopes, Case D. The small inset provides a relationship between tailwater depth for a continuous slope and the conjugate depth for a jump on a horizontal apron.. The inset indicates the addi tional depth required for a jump to form in a sloping channel. Case B is the more common jump encountered in sloping channels. In this case, the jump forms on both the sloping and horizontal parts of the channel. Sufficient tailwater depth should be provided for the front of the jump to be positioned at Section 1, Figure VI-14. Figure 16 indicates what occurs when the tailwater is inereased a vertical increment. When the tailwater is increased Ay, the front of the jump moves up the slope several times dy until the tailwater depth approaches 1.3(y2)+ At this point, the relationship becomes geometric; an increase in tailwater moves the front of the jump an equal vertical distance. Figure VI-17 provides the depth relationship for the Case B-type jump. Design rules are provided at the end of this section. vI-13gump Length. The length of jump for both Case B and Case D can be obtained from Figure VI-18. This figure is fos Case D type jump but it can be applied to Case & with negligible error. Figure VI-19 may also be used to determine the length of Case D type jumps. Tailwater-Jump Height. The major design concern should be to determine an-apron slope waich wit provide minimum excavation and require minimum concrete for the maximum discharge and tailwater condition. Once this condition is established, then the jump height~ tailwater relationship for intermediate flow condition can be checked. Generally, the tailwater for intermediate flows will be excessive for the jump requirements. This will not cause difficulty but will result in a submerged jump which provides a smoother water surface downstream and greater jump stability. Where the tailwater is found insufficient for the intermediate flows, the depth of the apron will have to be increased. It is not necessary that the jump form at the upstream end of the apron for inter~ mediate flows as long as the length of basin is considered adequate. The slope itself has little effect on the stilling basin performance; therefore, using this design approach gives the designer freedom to choose the slope he desires The design of sloping hydraulic jump basins required greater individual judgment than for the more standardized horizontal jump basins. The length of basin is judged on the basis of the downstream channel bed while the slope and shape of aprons are determined from economic reasoning. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations from the Rureau of Reclamation should be followed in the design of the sloping aprons: 1. Determine an apron arrangement which will give the greater economy for the maximum discharge condition. This is the governing factor and the only justification for using a sloping apron. 2. Position the apron so that the front of the jump will form at the upstream end of the slope for maximum discharge and tailwater condition by means of the information vI-14a oz sz 0 ‘TANNVHO MV TNONYL93U "WLNOZIMOH ~ ane DIINWEGAH PIA aUNDI as) *N iN au a1 7 t Te i) = s a _ al : a w ~ - @ uv IngN193Y = vI-l7b, PLAN FIGURE IV-B-1. SUPERCRITICAL INLET TRANSITION FOR RECTANGULAR CHANNEL FROM REFERENCE IV-A-4 W-B-S40 gee Ooi 16 ea tsa entail YI, FIGURE IV-B-2 SUPERCRITICAL INLET TRANSITION DESIGN CURVES FOR RECTANGULAR CHANNELS FROM REFERENCE IV-A-4 IV-B-6A FIGURE IV-B-3. SUPERCRITICAL INLET TRANSITION DESIGN CURVES FOR RECTANGULAR CHANNELS FROM REFERENCE IV-A-5 IV-B-7SUPERCRITICAL FLOW EXPANSION Supercritical expansion design has in part been discussed in section IV-A. The procedure outlined in that section should be used to determine apron or expansion flow conditions if the culvert exit Froude number (Fr) is less than 3, if the location where the flow conditions are desired is within 3 culvert diameters of the outlet, and if So is less than 10 percent. For expansions outside these limits, the energy equation can be used to determine flow conditions leaving the transition. Normally, these parameters would then be used as the input values for a basin design. Expansions Into Hydraulic Jump Basins The expansion shown in figure IV-B-4 is used to convert depth or potential energy at the culvert outlet to kinectic - energy by allowing the flow to expand, drop, or both. The result is the depth decreases, the velocity increases and the Froude number increases. The higher Froude number Fr results in a more efficient jump and a shorter basin FIGURE IV-B-4, DEFINITION SKETCH BASIN TRANSITION = IV-B-8The energy balance is written from the culvert outlet to the basin, section 1. Substituting 0/y1Wp for V, and solving for Q results in: QeviWpl2g (zo-zityor¥1) +Vo7]#/%. 2 ee eee TVET This expression has three unknowns y1, Wp, and 21. The depth y1 can be determined by trial and error if Wg and 2) are assumed. Wg should be limited to the width that a Jet would flare naturally in the slope distance L . WaTW, lower the basin to provide additional tailwater. Determine the elevation of the basin by trial and error. Choose trial basin elevation, 21 A. Choose basin width, Wp and basin slopes Sq and Sg. A slope of 0.5(2:1) or 0.33(3:1) is satisfactory for either Sp or Ss. B. Check Wp using equation IV-B-8 ©. Calculate yi by trial and error using equation IV-B-7 and calculate V1 D. Calculate Frj=V1//ayr E. Determine y2 using equation IV-B-9 with Cy corresponding to basin type F. Find z3 using equation IV-B-13 G. Calculate y2+z2 and 23+TW. If ygtz2 is greater than z3+TW, choose another z] and repeat steps 4A through G until balance is reached. Calculate Lr, Ls, and Lp using equation IV-B-10, 11, and 12. The horizontal distance downstream to the sill crest, L, is Lr+LstLp. Determine radius to use between culvert and transition from figure IV-B-5. IV-B-1. Meshgin, K., Moore, W. L., DESIGN ASPECTS AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIAL FLOW ENERGY DISSIPATORS, University of Texas at Austin, Research Report 116-2F, August 1970. IVv-B-10Example Problem Given: 10x6RCB, Q=417 cfs, So=6.5% Elevation outlet invert 29-100 feet V9=27.8 fps, Yo=l.5 feet Downstream channel is a 10 ft, bottom trapezoidal channel with 2:1 side slopes and n=.03 Find: | Dimensions for hydraulic jump basin Solution: 1. Vo=27.8 fps, Yorl-5 ft. Frg=27.8//g1.5= 2. Qn/b®/2s!/4=417(.03)/108/* (.065) */7=.1057 a/b=y)/b=-19, Yn=TW=1.9 ft., Vy=15.9 fps 3. ygeCyyy [/TF8FE71]/291.5([¥1F8 (4) 7-11 /2=7.8 ft. 4. Since y2>TW, 7.7>1.9, The basin is too high. 5. 4 ft. since yo-TW=6 ft. 5 ‘A. Wg=l0 ft., Sp=Sg Be Wp=Wot2 (29721) YSp7#1/3FroSp. Wp=10+2 (100-94) 5741/3 (4) «5 ic eee 9 441. Sy) +27, 3? Q=10y) [64.4(7.5-) : 472.8177? 12,2 ft.>10 ft. o.k. jive Try yy=l ft., Q=345-low 2b fel, Qee7ishigh 22 ft., Q=418-0K 171.22 (10)=34.2 fps D. 4.2/¥gl.22=5 24) E. ) Ygzle 22 (V1+8 (5-45) "-1)/2=8.81 F. [g=43(1.22)=53 ft. figure VI-11 Ips (29-23) /Sp= (100-94) /.5=12 ft, Zia [100- 112+53-94/.5) .065]/(.065/.5+1) 23=[100+8]/1.13=95.6 ft. G. ygtz2=94+8.8=102.8 ft. z24=95 .6+1.9=97.5 fe. 102.8>97.5 try 2 Wp=10 Et., Sp=Sg=-5 Oy, (64.4 (11. 5-v,)+772.8)? wl ft., Vy=37.9 fps IV-B-11D. Fr ,=37.9/¥g1.1=6.37 1[¥1+8 (6.37) 7-1] /2=! 3(1.1}=58 ft. 100-90)/.5=20 ft. 100= (20+58-90/.5) .065]/1.13 4.4 ft. G. y9+z9=9.37+90=99.4 ft. 37 Boy Ee 23+TW=94.441.9=96.3 £t since 99.4>96.3 try 21-85 ft. Try 23 A. 0 ft., Se! Be 0 ft. OK VA C. QFLOyy [64.4 (16. 5-y,)+772.8] ¥1=.99 ft., Vy=42.1 fps 2.1/%g.99=7.46 99 [v1+8 (7.46) *-1] /2=9.96 4(0.99)=63 ft. 100-85) /.5=30 ft. 100- (30+63-85/.5) .065]/1.13 2.9 5 ft. 4.8 ft. OK use 24=85 ft. 5. Lg=30 £t., Lp=63 ft. Lg= (23-22) /Sg=(94.8-85)/.5=19.6 ft L=30+63+19.6=112.6 ft. 6. Fro=4 from figure IV-B-5 yo/r=.1 & Aa eo he ee ee —113". — EXAMPLE PROBLEM SKETCH (IV-8) IV-B-12VII-C. ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS TO INCREASE CULVERT RESISTANCE NEAR THE OUTLET INCREASED RESISTANCE IN CIRCULAR CULVERT The methodology described in this section involves using roughness elements to increase resistance and induce velocity reductions. Increasing resistance may cause a culvert to change from partial flow to full flow in the roughened zone. Velocity reduction is accomplished by increasing the wetted surfaces as well as by increasing drag and turbulence by the use of roughness elements. Tumbling flow, as described in VII-B, is the limiting design condition for roughness elements on steep slopes. Tumbling flow essentially delivers the outlet flow at critical velocity. If the requirement is for outlet velocities between critical and the normal culvert velocity, designing increased resistance into the barrel is a viable alternative. The most obvious situation for application of increased barrel resistance is a culvert flowing partially full with inlet control. The objective is to force full flow near the culvert outlet without creating additional headwater. FIGURE VII-C-1. CONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS TO INCREASE RESISTANCE VII-¢-1Based on experience with large elements used to force tumbling flow, five rows of roughness elements with heights ranging from 5 to 10 percent of the culvert diameter are sufficient: Much of the literature relative to large roughness elements in circular pipes expresses resistance in terms of the friction factor, "f." Although there is some merit in using the friction factor, all resistance equations are converted to Manning's "n" expressions for this manual. The Manning equation for a circular culvert flowing full is Q=AV=(nD2/4) (1;49/n) (D/4) 2fog tle FLOR GALT RUS Gola g 600 oO dg Cation Assuming normal flow near the outlet and inlet control allows substitution of the bottom slope, Sg, for the friction slope, Sg. If the culvert flows less than full, it is usually expedient to compute full flow and to use a hydraulic elements graph, figure VII-C-3, to compute partial flow parameter: Designing roughness elements is basically a matter of manipulating equation VII-C-1 and figure VII-C-3 in conjunction with empirical graphs for determining "n" in roughened pipes. Wiggert and Erfle (VII-B-7) studied the effectiveness of roughness rings as energy dissipators in circular culverts. Although their study was primarily a tumbling flow study, they observed in many tests that they could get velocity reductions greater than 50 percent without reaching the roughness level necessary for tumbling flow. They did not derive resistance equations, but they did established approximate design limits. Best performance was observed when h/D was .06 to .09. Doubling the height, hy, of the first ring was effective in triggering full flow in the roughened zone. Adequate performance was obtained with four rings but with double spacing between the first two. However, the same pipe length is involved if a constant spacing is maintained and five rings used, with the first double the height of the other four. The additional ring should help establish the assumed full flow condition. Subsequent experience reported by the American Concrete Pipe Association (VII-B-8) indicated a need to consider lower values of h/D, and to establish approximate resistance VII-c-2From step 4 CR=0.42 N=15 Age7 so CpNAg=44.1<47.3 try 5-rows same h/ya and return to step 4. =1.4 feet b. L=8.4 feet g. Ag=7 sq. feet h. Cp=0.7 i. Lp=58 feet CBAEN =7(19) (0.38)=50.5>47.7 o.k. 6. Sketch basin and distribute roughness elements. W1/h=5/1. +57 between 2 and 8 o.k. 7. Since the design matches the downstream conditions, minimum riprap will be required. From figure II-C-1, place stone with 0.7 foot mean diameter in a 1.5 foot layer for. 10 feet downstream of dissipator exit. Design required filter from reference III-4. yII-1. Horner, 8. F., FLUID DYNAMIC DRAG, published by author, 2 King Lane, Greenbriar, Bricktown, N.J. 08723, 1965. VII-A-1. Simons, D. B., Stevens, M. A., Watts, F. J. , FLOOD PROTECTION AT CULVERT OUTLETS, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, CER69-70-DBS- MAS-Faw4, 1970. VII-A-11VII-A-2. Morris, H. M., HYDRAULICS OF ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STEEP ROUGH CHANNELS, VPI Bulletin 19, VPI and SU, Blacksburg, Virginia, November 1968. VII-A-3. Jones, S., FHWA IN-HOUSE RESEARCH “2 em VII-A-12(H4¢a0 WaLay) 1aNNYHO BY INDHID “WLNOZIUOH ~ dwn DITAYYOAH SIA BUND “a Sy $ VI-21 1a a>%he | (qidag jemay Buss) ° uvingwia(1430 Twnav) TaNNYHO TWwolOzadvuL “WANOZIUOH ob a on 8 = qwnr arn WUOAH GIA aUNOI as + ferred] (uidag jemay Buisp) ‘ywoozadvul ‘4 a vi-22(1430 9Y1NVHGAH) TANNVHO WOLOZdVEL "IVLNOZIYOH ~ dWne 9I7NVEGAN O11 3unOLd ordre So Ce nye a ome lee ze deme] Oe eT ere) WwalozadvuL 7 oO st vI-23‘aha wvinoui9au 30 sw Mgnt JO HLBHOY “144 36ND ay wo Saeaa es VI~24uy 100 100 50 2= SIDE SLOPE TRAPEZOIDAL PARABOLIC TRIANGULAR DO MOT EXTRAPOLATE. T | | 1 © Fy FIGURE VL12, HYDRAULIC JUMP LENGTH FOR NONRECTANGULAR CHANNELS. vi-2s 00Wy sof. FoR Yeo aL y=t274) — 10} 0 - 0 0 - T D0 NOT EXTRAPOLATE 0 Fy FIGURE VIB. JUMP LENGTH CIRCULAR CHANNEL WITH y, < 0. VI-260 2 20 10 Tan 030 025 020 a1 0.10 05, [| L_ CHEF | VA CTT Lp Py 7 : wee : + y | | | f- Tif L ih 7! i aa Lo aaneaarrarn se < ‘SLOPING APRONS Ly Sf ee = VW, FIGURE VI16, STILLING BASIN, CASE D, HYDRAULIC JUMP ON SLOPING APRON RATIO OF ‘TAILWATER DEPTH TO y,, FROM REFERENCE VI2 vI-28

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