: ATOMS, MOLECULES, e _ AND IONS we kun a cningWHAT'S AHEAD 24 The Atomie Theory of Matter Wobepn by ging rit ory ofthe oton of "anette of ater 22. The Discovery of Atom Structure 2.3. The Modern View of Atomie Structure snd tape 24. Atomic Weights encanto hs ant how 25. The Pevoic Table Weeramine the onanization ofthe denen no ‘hema say LOOK AROUND YOU. Not 26 27 28 29 ice the great variety of colo: Molecules and Molecular Compound nd how thr compotion se epost pal and lc fae Jons and lonic Compounds Erm ios We alos ok a ow tate pode {ae to pect he harger am na ae “mpi formule of compra ‘Naming Inorganic Compounds ‘betnce seamed cle! nmr an how {hsnomencatn apple to lorganic ‘Some simple Organic Compounds ‘Welnrodue some un ea a orga hom, wich isthe chemist ofthe eament aon 's, textures, and other properties in the materials that surround you— the colot ina gar den scene, the texture of the fabri c in your clothes, the solubility of sugar in a cup of coffee, the transpareny of window, The materials in our wold exit siking and secringly infite varies. ‘Wecan ls properties indifferent ways, but how do we understand snd explain teen? What enakey diamonds eersparent end hard whe table 8 rile an dinslves in water? Why does paper bam, ard wy does ‘water quench fies? The stactre and behavior of stom ate key tinder ‘Sanding both the physical end chemi] propersis of mate: Remarkably, he dives ofthese properties we se eround ws ess from only about 100 eiferet elements nd therefore abot 10 Figure 210 maherorts Tapatinent ont entering of berten, There ine preset stvol thea prices When the ‘Reaming teams ego, sent pst ps sgh rough the (os but soe ave satere. Figure 294. This w-calle “plum pudding” mode! named aftr a traditional English dessert, was very short lived, Tn 1910, Rutherford and his coworkers performed an experiment that dis- proved Thomson's madel. Rutherford was sdying the anges at which partes were defected, or salted as they passed through a thin gold foil, ‘nly 2 few thousand atoms thick (igure 2.10¥). Rutherford snd his eowork ‘rs discovered that alnnort all thew particles passed inet through the foi ‘without deflection. A few particles vere found to be deflected by approxi imately I degre, consistent with Thomson's plum pudding model. Just for the sake of eompleteness, Rutherford suggested that Emest Marsden, an un- dergraduate student working in the laboratory look fr evidence of scattering, at lange angles. To everyone's surprise, a small amount of scattering 35 0b Served at large angles, Some particles were even sattered Back inthe dsce- tion from which they had come. The explanation for these results was not Immediately obvious, but they were clearly inconsistent with Thomson's ‘lam-pudding model. By 191, Rutherford was able to explain these observations, He postulated that most ofthe mass af each gold atom in is fol and los positive charge reside na very smal, extremely dense region, which he called the aclews. He postulated! further that stot ofthe total volun ofan stom i emp space is ‘Which electrons move around the nucleus, Inthe enseatering experiment, not «a paricles passed directly through the fl bese they di not encounter the minute nucleus of any gold atom, they merely passed through the empty space ‘aking up the greatest par fall the ators inthe fi. Occasionally however, ‘ana partie came close to 2 gold nucleus. The repulsion between the highly ‘charged gold nucleus and thew parce was strong enough to deflect he les massive parties shoven in Pigure 2.11» “Subsequent experimental studies ld to the discovery ofboth postive par ticles (rotons) and neural particles (neu in the nucleus, Protans were d= covered in 1919 by Rutherford. In 1932 British scientist James Chadwick (1881-1972) discovered neutuons. We examine thse particles more dasaly it Section 23 Sour ofa parce23. The Modem View of Atomic Sucre 43 Wat happens to mos of he partis tha ste the old on Rather's x oo apts 2.3 THE MODERN VIEW “ OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE Since the tie of Rutherford physicists have ead mach about the dete composton of atomic nucle: inthe course ofthese discoveren, the st of t= fier that make up nucle! has grown tong and continues to increase, As chemists, however, ee can take avery imple view o he stom because only ‘Bre subetomic pertices—he proton, neutron, and electon-—have a Deane, cn chem behavion ‘ “Te charge of an electrons 1602 10°C and that of proton i +1602 10 C The quantity 1602 x 1-C ical the elecroneenage For conver imc, the changes of stoic and subatomic parties ae usualy exprewed 5 ‘lps ofthis charge rather than coulomb. Ths, he charge teseczon ‘nor and thst of the protons Nutone are nang td ae there gre 21 athens model avcallynevtral tic is how they rcv thelr name). ery stom ha ot eping t eteriog ua mer lcm and poo, stom be no et ler charge aren The gor ose Protons and neurons esi together nthe rceus ofthe tom, which, as ewan ems ck Base meso utherlord proposed, is extremely small The vast major ofan atoms vol. aystume each som emp sc, lume ls the space in which the electrons reside. The electrons are attracted tothe Cana esa a, ‘rotons the muceus by the elctrostate force tat ex between parties of fer vay ces god tees Spponte cetcl change In ster chapters we wll seta be stent of the Romer twp ang pats Strsetive forces between electors and nce can be wed to explain many of Se ws {he diferences beeen diferent elements la fan ates as 5 protons how mary econ does shave?) Where doth peo Atoms have extremely small masses. The massof the heaviest known atom, for example i approximately 4» 10 g Because i would be cumbersome 0 expres such small masses in grams, we use instead the atomie mass unt, foram One amu eguals1 6054 % 10™ g. The massesaf the proton and neu ‘eon aze very nearly equa, and both ate much greater than that of the electron: ‘A peoton has a mass of 1.0073 aan, « neuen 1.0087 aan, and an electron Sie x 10-tarmu, Because i would take 1836 electrons to equal the ease of 1 proton the nls antans mast ofthe mas of an atom. TaBle21¥ summa ibe he charges and mans ofthe sobatomic paren We wll Mave mare 9 ‘ay about atric mass in Seton 2. ‘Atoms are also extrerely small. Most atoms have diameters between 1 10" mand 5% 10m, or TOD-500 pm. A coneenient, although now, unit of length used to express stomic dimensions isthe angstrom (A): One Pate Chae Mass amd rtm Posse) cy Nectron None (neta) rg son Negaure (12) Se rt “Te Stain rth i conn an44 CHAPTER 2 Atoms, Molecules and ons angstrom equals 10~m, Thus atoms have diameters of approximately 1-5 A, ‘The diamete of chlorine atom, fr example, s 200 pm, oF 2.0 A. Bot picome tars and engstoms are commonly used to express te dimensions of atoms nd solecules 1 Saurus EXERCISE 21 | trang the Se ofan tom Dap EOSA Lew ner some id sarge ey ae no ine sboe te dst of poy . $e erin, mnie of ver (pie ee he inn peed wa ngs Aceon = 9 Treason Tati 66 lion iver i cou st side byte cou peony! “The dametar of carbon str is 14 A. (a Esp this amcor a plots {Bh tlow many cto taco be slgne by sana smugness ‘width of peel ine that sande? ™ ‘ansers 84pm (9113 © UFC sons The diameters of atomic nucle are approximately 10% A, only a smal fe ‘ian ofthe diameter ofthe alm as whole You ca appre the relative sizes (ofthe loc ad ts nucleus by imaging that if the hydrogen stom were alge ‘ss folball tivo, the nulean would be the size a small urble, Because {he ny machen caries tof the mass of alo itouch ssl Yon, ‘thas an inreible density om the oer of 109-10" gem A math al of ‘material of such density would weigh over2Sbilion tons! Astrophysics have ‘Siggestes tha the interior of cllapsed ste may approach his density. “An lla of the atm that incorporates the eae have sti cussed i shown in Figize212¥. The lactone which ake up sto he ¥0 ime of the stom, play the major ol in chemical esctions. The significance of representing the region containing the elacvons a an indistinct cloud wil be- come clea in ater chapters when We consider he energies and spt aerange- ‘ents of the electrons ‘Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and isotopes ‘What makes an atom of ane element diferent from an stom of another le- ‘ent? Ror example, how does an atom of carbon differ for an ston of oxy ten? The igen diference si their suelo compoisons. The stom ‘reach element Reve a chrociersic manber of protons: Indeed, ihe umber Tome |1-s1—|23. The Modem View of Atomic Sructare 45 Ayers BASIC FORCES hee ator be ores ken ature tan (2) ekcvomagnete (3) song mules (weak Stabe in pontn thar maa Cravtobons fs ‘sweet beech subsonic parler aso sll a hy a chemi signa bsrmagotios te trate or pale foes at act beteen ether elect cred ot maghete ets Eis mat ay ie ioe between wo charged pater ven by Culm a FUQ\Qult, whore Gy and Qs aye the mapatudes of he rg othe to prices the distance Between te ers, and constant determine by he wis for Q and eT Amepatve alos or te force inde ton whereas mor proto, cre Teche soe cata eulsin ‘would case the poten to fy apa a stronger sacer Tocca he strong mac rc the ten tget er Tis tone sts etn suomi pee nthe le Becket fer and hold the vores together stronger he pista owe Neate same vesence ‘Snippet ein cern psf aot Related Fsercey 830) and 239 of protons in the nucleus ofan torn of any particular element called that tlements atomic number Becsune an atom av no net electra charg, the ‘numberof electrons f contains mst equal the romber of prone. Al tors ‘of earbon or example, have sx protons and sx electons whereas all atoms of ‘xggen have eight protons and eight electrons. Thus, carbon has atomic mam bor, whereas oxygen has atomic tumber &. The atomic number of each cle- ‘ent Is sted with the name and symbol of the element on the inside font ‘over a the tent. ‘Atoms ofa given clement an diferin the numberof neutrons they contain nd conwequenly in tase, For example, moa aloms of carbon have sk neu {eons lthough some have more and some have les. The symbol IC (ead “carbon tele,” carbon-12) presents the carbon atom containing ik profons snd tx neutrons The elomic number i shown by the ebscrpt aed the super Script cle the aes number the total number of protons pls neutrs te som: Mass number number proton ps retry) ~N, ‘orc umber numer protons rectors) couse ll sms of given element ave dhe sme atomic number the sub scripts redundant and soften omits Th the symbol or esto 12 can Be represented simply as 2C. As one more example ofthis notation, atom tht contain sit pres and eight neutrons have & mass number of 14 and are represented as $C or 6 and refered to as carbon 14 ‘Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers (hats, same numberof protons but diferent umes of aeutons) are caledotopes ‘of one anather Several isotopes of ensbon are ised in Table 22. We will Xe © « 5 Be « ‘ ‘ ne . ‘ 3 Me & ‘ 46 CHAPTER 2 ‘Atoms, Molecules, an ons _gnerlly use the notation with superscripts only whan referring toa particular [Sotope ofan element mt SAMPLE EXERCISE 22 | Determining the Number of Subatomic Pats Iarome How many pots, newtens and electrons ain aa ton ofA (aaa sowwTion (a) Te supesxp 197 ge mass nm the sum of te rue of pots ples enmieuetens Accondng oe ntl mens pen gular on cove fd aw an atom ber of Casey an som of Au has 79 protons, Bccrong and 1)" sesrae (The stom number of oar Use inte he foot cove) 3 Thy alo oft element have 38 protons tn actors he seen 0 ape has = 38 52 nets sm Practice exencise How many tos, neutons and eens ae a (a 8 alo) an ator of Jantar a) 58 petans Scan and S2 estos) Spratng, electron nd awaens (SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.3 | Wing Symbos for Atoms Magnesivn haste pes, with se numbers 425, an 26 0 Wie the com ok cern eysbel apes enel eect athe Haw ny teen Pasi ofeach tee? sowuTION {aan omic amb a of mgr iin 2s ‘and 12 electrons. The thive isotopes are therefore represented by j#Mg, {2Mg, and fe eatin mente cierto ope Se me oe ee eed USSta D pete sm practice Exencise ‘Give the compete chem symbol forte atom at contains 82 protons 82 ae 2.4 ATOMIC WEIGHTS ‘Aton ae small piece of mates, so they have mat In this sti we wil dit ‘isn the masa sale used for atoms and inode the concep feo eh I Section 33 we will extend these concepts o show how atomic masses ae ‘used to determine the masses of compounds and molecular eights, “The Atomic Mass Scale Although scents of the nineteenth cntury knew nothing about subatomic paricles they wee aware hat tome of diferent elements nave efferent mass 5 They found, for example, that ach 100g of water contains I. gary fen and 859 g of cxygen. Thus, water contains B89/ILL ~ 8 tines as uch ‘xygens by massa hydrogen. Once slnlsts understood that water contains five hydeogen atoms foreach oxjen atm, they concluded tat an exygen ‘tor rust have 2% 8 = 16 Hines ts much sass as a hydrogen atm, Hyd tem the lights lor, was arbitrary anigned a ative mans of 1 (0 ut) ‘Atom masses of other rlements were a fins determined las this alse “Ts oxygen wat esigne an atomic mast of 16“Today we can determine the masses of naval atoms with abigh dazee of accuracy, For eample, we know that te 'H atom pas amass of 1.6735 10g andthe "0 atom has 3 mass of 656) 10"? g As we nled sn Section 23, convenial louse the fomic mass unt (amu) when dealing, ‘wih thee extenely small asses: Tamu = 166054 x 10 gand 1 g = 612214 x 108 ame ‘The atomic mass unig presently defined by assigning amass of exactly 12, {amu to an alom of the "C isotope of carbon. In these unis an atom has & ‘ase of 1.078 anu and an 0 atom hase mass of 159949 am, ‘Average Atomic Masses Mort elements occur in nature as mixtures of Wolopes We can determine the ‘vege tome mast ofan claret by tng the mares f i verous isotopes hd theirratveabundsnees. Netarlly curring carbon, for example, ce Posed nf 989% "C and 147%. MC. The mance ofthese otopes sre 12 m8 {exactly and 1300335 ami, reapectvely We eluate the average atomic mass ‘of caro from te fractional sbundance ofeach iofope an the mass of tt ‘eotope! (0.9895)12 ama) + (0.0107)13.00835 amu) = 12.01 ame “The aworage stoic mass ofeach element (expresed in atomic mass unt) Js also know as is atomie weight. Although the erm sora lomic mss ‘mare proper, the tem aoc weigh is more commen Te atomic weight ofthe ‘ements are listed In oth the periodic table and the table of clement inside the front cover of this text. Ajsive rt some tHoucat | prtcalaratar af hramim has «mas of 529 ame whereas he tm walght Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 24 Clating the Atomic Weight fan lement ‘fom etopleAonaces Natu ong rn 7570. Cl when ata of 496 a (ors Qe tm weal ofc sowuTion gna Se cage atm by mong he hun ofeach Average atomic mace ~ (27573)34962am) + (0202136948 am) ‘Thisanswer aes sense: The erage caicrnas of lisbetween fe mass of Be {ho totes ad erate vue of whch he moe sundae soz “The topes fallen occur nate: 72298), whih haan tome gf ross sme, (aabty wich hs an atomic mise of RSTO a and SL {phy whch sn ston nef Ta Ce ome wh a 24 ‘Atomic Weights ”48 CITAPTER 2 Atoms, Molcules, and fons ‘THE MASS SPECTROMETER hemo dtc and acute mens for determining atom {Cand molar weighs provided by the mas pec: leometer (gure 213¥) A gosous samples invduced ot A nd tortarded by asta of high-energy electors at 8 Co {Sto betvecs Ge eco ened Ge ata or tcc of the gas produce poitvely changed pate, oly with 2 Deg The Sued parle ae cekeated foward opstivly charged we gid (C) Alter the paler pase through the od they encounter two sts tat allow onl a rave bear of parties to pase Ths ben then pases be tween th poles ofa mage, whieh debate paris oa cred oth ach av cron are deleted by 2 agree {Eire 21) or ured parler whe sme cg, the eaten deficton depends on meth mare mass the patil the le the detection Te partes are erty beparted according other acs By changing the eng the mages Bad othe arleting vlegs on he nope Sey ceed charged parc evar mena Accelerating gt No ‘iam of Pe sao alc Ee la eel rer weg Nome EE ‘A figure 213 A mas spectrometer. latons re insosuced on ‘ete se fe speramcte a rion oom Com sich are then ert eugh a magn Te path ‘Sst wo topes ot age hy pas hgh thoun ‘rognee i Ag the specter bane to dete SCT ‘Seite hanic Nt id nah be eh A graph ofthe tenty of he ects ver pe sie ste ast clled ar cram Th mae tah chlorine tos shown nPgure2 4 reveals presence few istoen Anais of a spect gives bo De ‘puna ecard parle aching te decor and he ‘atre abundance abandons tected fom Sigel ition Knowing the atomic masts the abu fine ofeach apes ur toll the mom weight ‘fan clemen ar town in Spl sence 2 Masespecromeics are et extent say wo identy hemi compounds and wales matures! substances ‘Any enecle at loc hse can fal opr, orang ‘ayo pstivey changed agments. The ae specter estar te maul tse penta proc schema Tingorpen of the moles providing cs shot hem the toms wore connected the agua mee, Tas 8 thers might use th fecdgue Yo determine the molec at Sucre of analy symesied conpound 1 sere 8 Mette Cees 235 2342350), 236 293, end 296 Signa nti Tse ‘Ate (am) Medine, Ine tata sda Song vl esopert enone we Ine the eae sya iets ot tearing eect er, 2.5 THE PERIODIC TABLE Dalton’sstsmic theory set he stage fora vigorous growth in chemical experi= ‘entation during the esty 800 As the body of chemical observations gre nd thelist of known elements expanded, aterpts were made find regula Ditters in chemical behavior These elforscminated in the developanent of {he periodic ble in 1849, We wil have much to say about the period table in Tater chapter, but i i so lmportnt and useful that you should become ae ‘uainted with Kenow. You will quickly learn thatthe pero ale the mos ‘Hp loo ha hens uae for ogonzing and remenberng chemical ats ‘Many elements show very tong sriartis to one another, The elements Jaan (Li, soda (No) and potassium OK) areal so, very meactive metals,~ssos Sow oases 25 ‘The Period Table <4 Fgue 2.15 Arcansing te emus by atomic amber evel ” Petunia suds eas Be somite Po Samo sim Sense iced ae Hy “ees aio ALi | ne. oo eic|nlo]e |ne Fa eee ee rece 2 EE Eee alee a eee eelelele S122 (a leleletelale eels alee Tale el atelelzlalate lel ete efelfala lala (alate [ele [als [8 [a [se 7 Loe [mal [ius | re |e | sg | om | ts | att | Ds | Re eee] e ele elelal ere eee50. CITAPTER 2 Atoms, Molcules, and fons o— stem see Sen cnie meoree cece yahoo ea RZ esr ieee EEE Sea apc Scoot S22 oe ‘The horizontal rvs ofthe periodic tale are calle periods. The fist per ‘od consists of ony two ements, hyérogen (H) and helium (Fe), The second nd tied period, which begin wits ium (L) and sodium (Na, especvely, ‘onset of eight meats each. The fourth and fith periods comain ielernenia ‘The sth period hap 32 elements, but frit to tone page a hese elements (howe with stomie numbers 57-20 appear atthe boom ofthe tebe. The sev ‘nth and ne pero is incomplet, but alo has 14 os members paced 3 ‘ow at the boom ofthe table The versal column ofthe periodic table ae called groupe. The way is which the groups are nbeed is somewhat arbiter. Thee abelng schemes ae Jn common use, two of which are shoven in Figure 216. The top st of abols, ‘which have Aand 8 designations, widely need in North America, Roman no ‘eras rather than Arabic ones, ar often employed inthis scheme. Goup 7A, for example, i often labeled VILA. Europeans use a sim convention that ‘susibers the caluans om 1A Uwough 8A and then fro IB tough 8, tare- by ving the abe 78 (or VIB) instead of 7A tothe group headed by uorine (Phlnan effort to eliminate this confusion, the llemational Union of Pure and “Applied Chemustey (IUPAC) has proposed « convention that umbers the ‘rps rom 1 dough 18 with no Aor B designations, as shown inthe lower Se of labels she top of he table im Figure 216. We will we the tracionl Nosh American coneenson with Aric msmerals Hlements that belong t the sme group often exhibit simiaritis in phys cal and chemical properties For example, the "coinage metals”—coppe® (Cu), ‘ver (4g) and gold (Au) belong fo gtoup 1B. As thoi name suggest he folnage melas ere used thoughout the wrld to make colrs. Many other ‘70ups inthe periodic bl also have names a5 sted in Table 23¥. ‘We wll eam in Chapter and 7 that te elements ina group of the pei Je uble have slauar properties because they have the sme arrangement of leceons al the periphery of their atoms. However, we need at wait unt hes to make good use ofthe periodic abl afer all, cheats who kaw nothing ‘shout electrons developed the lable! We can use the table ay they intended ‘onlat the Behawor of elements nto aid in remembering many fac. Yoo ‘wl nd it hep to refer tothe period table frequent when studying the remainder ofthis hapten. xcept for hydrogen, all the elements on the lef side and inthe mide of ‘he periodic table are metallic elements, or metas. The majority of elements fre metal they al share characterise properties, such as lster and Nigh ‘lectrical and heat conductivity. All metals, with the exception of mercury (8) Sresolde a room temperature The metals are parted ram the mnametalic ements, o7nonmetals by diagonal sepike ine that runs om boron (8) 9 sats (At), as shown in Figure 216. Hydrogen, although onthe let side of ‘he period able ir nonmetal. At room temperature some ofthe nonmetal far gaseous, som ae slid and one hid, Nonmetalsgeeraly te rom ‘he metals in appearane (Figure 217 and in ther phys properties Many ofthe elements that fe along the line that separates meas from nonmetal, sich as antimony (8), have proper th fall Between those af meta sn ‘hose ofnonmetals. Thess elements are often refered tows metallos, Group ame Bement 2a “Alban earth metals Be, Mg Ca, Se, Ba, Ra ia Chasonens (5 6163 oA Hogs ECuaetat a [Nae gn or ae pes) He Ne Ar Ke Xe Re26 Molecules and Molecular Compounds $1 4 erm GLENN SEABORG AND SEABORGIUM oe to 190 the peril blend at wan een ember 2 Since hat ine, no set shad eter eee on he pera tube un Cle Sear. Seong igure 218m) Became a aaty member he ery de Parent the University of alors Bee 187 In [Strand Kecoleagues Eaton MMiln, Arte Rl an Jonsph Kenedy neceded in lng pon (0) a4 Droluct ofthe reaction between uumim and neurons ie See shut een ths type call malar eats Chapter 2 ‘Dur the period 1984 though 1858, Seabory and Me oworhem azo Hentosvarins produce of malt se tne ar eing the siments Raving stom nombens 95 tieough 102 AU dae lets ae vaioaive and ae ot found arate: canbe syns oly ia ace eee tm, Forth form detying the ements beyond ura um (he nur elements) MaNMan and Sabor, ‘Shae the 1551 Nol re chemi rom t9 91, Seong served 2 theca of the US. Aton Energy Commision (row te Depart of egy) in postin ne ad en port rin esting IW ft ented het be 10, Anoe eaty st Urhaleycoroorate at dover in 983 In 9, tohonar ‘Seaborgs many contioutns fo the dove af ne te res, the Ameri Chemical Secety proposed ha lamest flowe 218 clenn Sesbog (9129950) Theol ewe Sesto a Bert | {9 i «ca Comers tose ‘tan procsces ae oe numer be named sor wh append mb og Ate ren yout cotorény hou eran ySspes nenume sen Sr ame Wied 296 (Djcive rt some tHoucut Chori halogen. octet lenin the period able) Watts ym ‘bal (in wet prin and in what grup the srent Ice 0) What ee ‘orl ntmbert Ge chlvne etal rome I SAMPLE EXERCISE 25 | Using the Periodic Table ‘ico fe owe laments sald you enact how the renter {ty inchomiea and phys popes, Fla hi Ph gba cena eee eat SEAEayatesyerecmenors im PRAcTiceExeRCISE Late Na Godman Br omin) onthe period abe Give the atomic nuaber SEATS met etd Ram 2.6 MOLECULES AND MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS ‘ven though the atm isthe soll representative sample af an element only the nobles elements are normally found in oature a8 olated stoma. Most ‘mater s composed of molecules or tans, both of which are formed fom atoms. ‘We examine moleeules here anion Seton 2752. CITAPTER 2 Atoms, Molcules, and fons Figure 219 ottomle moteter s” @ Hydrogen. Onygen.O3 ps ” >» m% @ pee, ® w wnstliSco astifffo, ° ® ® ” ‘erm simple moles rea ‘ethane iomosra es subsunees compere thee potions, ‘Armolecule i an assembly of two or more ators ightly bound together ‘The resultant “package” of toms behaves in any wayt m8 single, distinc objec, sta ell phone composed of many part canbe recogized a 8 le objet We will can he forces that hol the stom together (he chemical fonds) in Chapters Band 8 Molecules and Chemical Formulas ‘Many lems are found in ature in molecular fora thats, two oF more of the sume typeof elm ase bound together For example the oxygen normally found in a cont of molecule tha conan bro cnygen atom, We represent this aleelar fren of exygen by the chemical formula Os (read “ch twa"). ‘The subscpl in the formula ells tht tro cxygen atoms are present in cach ‘molecule. A molecule tht made up of wo atom i called «diatomic mole: Cle. Onygen also ei in another molecular form know as exe Movers of czone consist of tice enygen atoms, making the chemi formula for ths Substance Oy Fven tough “normal” oxygen (03 and ezane (03 are both om posed only of oxygen atoms, they ext very efent chemi! and physica properties For example, Oi exsential foi, but Oy Is tox Of edarless, ‘whereas Os has a sharp, pungent sel “The elements at normally occur at diatomic melecules are hydeoge, ‘xy, itopen, and the halogens. Thee locators in the periodic abe ae Shows in Figure 2194, When we speak of the substance hydrogen, we meas “unless we expliily indicate otherwise, Likewise, when we speak of oxygen, sitrogen, or any ofthe Rlogens we ae eering to On Ny Fz Cl, By otf Thus the properties ofxygen an hydrogen sed in Table 1 ar thoae of Os nd i, Other less common forms of thes elements behave mach cifereily ‘Compounds that are composed of molecules contin more than ane type at stom and are called molecular compounds. & molecule of water, for example, onsste of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen stom and is therefore repee- Sented by the chemical formula HO. Lackof subscript on the O indicates one ‘stom of © per water molecule. Another compound composed of these same ‘ements (i diferent relative proportions) is hydrogen peroxide, HO. The properties af hydrogen peroue are very diferent om the properties of water “Several common molecules are shown in Figure 2204 Notice how the componton of each compound & given by its chemical formule, Notice ssa ‘hat thew substances are composed nly of nonmetal elements Mo male Larvabtoncs ht we wl counter conta ony mats Molecular and Empirical Formulas Chemical formulas that indicate the actual numbers and types of atoms in 3 ‘molecule are called molecular formulas. (The formulas in Figure 220 ae mole- ur formulas) Chemis ormulas that give only the relative numberof toms ‘ofeach ipe in a molcule are elle empireal formula, The subwcrips in an ‘rpirical formals realy the smallest posible wholember rain. The ‘molecalaeSormil os hydrogen pean i 0 for example wera i pire formula is HO. The molecular formals for ethylene fv Cyl ae26 Molecules and Molecular Compounds 53 empirical formula is CH. For many substances, the molecular formula and {elem formula are identical, asin the case of water, 1,0. “Molecular formulas provide more Iormation about molecules than da empirical formule, Whenever weknow the molecular formula ofa compound, ‘we cin determine ils enpieal formula. The converse is at ru, however If ‘we know the empirical formula of substance, we enaot determine i mole ‘lar frmela nist we have more information. So why do chemist Bother ‘with empirical formas? Av we wise a Chapter crtuin common methods ‘of analyzing substances ead to the empirical formula only Once the empl formala is koown, aditional experiments can give the information nee to conver the empirical forma to the molecular one Ih aden, there ae sub ances, suchas the mst commen forms of clrneta arbor that donot exist fs itolated molecules For these substances, we must ey empiri form Iie Thus all dhe common forms of elemental carbon are represented bythe ele ‘men’s chemical ynbal, whichis the ezpiial formule orl tbe forms Im saris ERC 26 | Rtg Empl and Moe Frm Wiehe cpa frm ort linge gy aan eo scr ence cree eed whose mola forms ie NO “s {3 Te uns nems oma he lit wine uber ie The igs lan a rm iorgucen wc al foals odo ese ols nlc la, NYO. isnt, nswer Hs Picturing Molecules “The molola formas of substance summarizes the composition ofthe sb stance but doesnot shove hove the stoms come together to orm the molec ‘The structural formula of a substance shows which atoms aze aached to ‘which within the molecule. For example, the structural formulas fo Wate, y- Grogen peroxide and methane (CH,) ean be weten a allows: XB 2 a WOR ow i Water Hydrognperowide — Metane ‘The atoms are epresnted by thir cheaal symbol and nes are used to xep- ‘eset he bonds that hold the stom together, 'A structural frame usally doesnot depict the actual geometry ofthe molecule thats the atl angles t which ets are pined together A struc: ‘ral formula can be writen as peer drei, however, pve some sense of trce-dimensanal shape av shown in Figure 221 “Scintnts lso rely on varon mods elpvisualive molecules al and stick modes show atoms as spheres and bonds as tcks Ths ype of model hes ‘he advantage of accurately representing the anges at which the atoms ae at- tached to one another within the molecule (Figure 221) Ina ball-and-stck Src formula H ada ii respective dawing eo Spaceling made ‘figure 221 olferent ‘retain fe methane 4) Finpecte emegy Saban ck ‘en an spacesting reach Repco tm ee ‘Bepenmetie Grn sides ‘prac bans rte feo he Eitcdendesattern be pare tne tna papest CHAPTER 2 ‘Atoms, Molecules, an ons -modo bal ofthe same size may represent al atoms othe rolative siz ofthe bulls may cell the rlaive sizes ofthe toms, Sometimes the chemical sy bols af the elements are superimposed on the balls, but often the aloms ae ‘ented simply by colo "Aspaceiling model depicts what the molecule would lok ike ifthe atoms were scald up i ie (Figure 2.21), Thee adele shw the relative izes of the toms, but the angles betteen atoms, which help define their molecslae peor ‘ey re oflen moredifclt ta ee than inballend-tick models, Asinbaland ‘stk model, the inte ofthe atoms ae sncatd by thir color Bu they ‘may ana abled wit he slments symbol. The sutra oul forthe subtance ene hown hee H a) wnat the nla forma for ethan? () Wht tei oe?) Watkin foliar ode! would mast any sow ans betes? 2.7 IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS The noleus ofan atom is unchanged by chemical processes, but some atoms can teaily gun lose eletrons electors are remove from or added 103 ‘eattal atom a charged particle called an ion is formed. Anion with positive charge is called a eation (pronounced CATon);a negatively charge on ‘alld an anion (AN 00, “To sce how ons ory, consider the sodium atom, whieh has It protons and 11 elo This atom easly sas on lecton. The resulung cation has i pro fans and 10 electrons, which means thas a net charge of + Neato Neon The net change on anion is epreented by 2 supercrpt. The supencrips 4:24, and 34 for instance, mean a net charge resting om the fs of ne, ‘i, and hee eects, respectively. The superscripts 2 and 3~ represent et charges resulng rom the gin of one, two, and thee elton, respoctve- Jy. Chlorine, with 7 protons ad 17 electrons, for example, can gain an electron {chemical reactions, producing the CI las @.@ oatoen crion nga meta ats ted oo ctr form ations, wrest tos ei gui electron fo form aio.27 I SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.7 | Wing Cheri Symbol for tons ‘Gise the hema symbol nding mass amber, or exc othe Solow ans tae i 2 rr Sasi sd 19 acter) hen fa a (a) The numer protons (2) te atamic number fhe cement By leing to Eur. The mas ume ofthis sotpe of nium 22 258 he sum of the protons ané Reon: Beene the on hs eee proton than ks, Kehoe net dupe Than thesyml oe eon ST (b)Byriering os pariadtane ors une lemens,wesee tha lS) at an ‘Som mumbe 9 18'Thas sem tom oon sar man conan le poor. e ‘te oid tat th on also hase autos, meng the tase numba 3 the ons 16 ig 2 ecase ten fur pron and 1 nat ot args 2 ‘Thus. themida orthe on™ ‘worn cumstnes ne awe sly sein pe Hoy many protons rear and lctone does the "Seon pace? ‘Annoer t potns esneune an Slee In dalton to simple ions, suchas Na* and CY, hese are polyatomic ions, sachs NH," ammonium on) nd SO, (lst on), These tes ons consist ‘of stom joined ae ina molecule, but they have 9" positive oF negative ‘charge We wil consider further examples of polyatomic ions in Seton 28, Tes important torealze hat the chemical properties of ons are very fer ent from the chee properties of the stoms fom which the ons ae detived, ‘The difference slike the change trom De Jekyll to Mr Hyde: Although a given to! and its on may’ be eseraly the same (plus or minus 2 few eects), {be Behavior ofthe fn s very diferent rom that ofthe toa. Predicting loniec Charges Many atoms gain rose electro to end up with thesame ruber of ete the able gat cloves to them in the peed tbl, The ember ofthe able gas family arechemaly very nonmctve ae form vecy few compound Wem deduce hat the besue teil aranements are very sable: Nea? tment an obi these sme sable rangements by losing oF guning elecors Tor example, the loss of one electron from an ator of sodium levee i the samemumr of lctone asthe neutral neon atom atomic number 10) Sima, ‘when chlorine airs an elec, tends up with 8 the same number of electors {sin erpon (camicruber 8), We wil use his sinplecbservaton wo explain he fmaton ofan unt Chapter 8 where we dacs chemical bonding Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.8 | Predicting the Charges of fons Pred the urge expected or tet abe bas and for he most sable souwrion ee eee ees eee eee eee Signer race ee cnyetanaat weertatenntocnt ee ee ee Sopaa aed eeuannte ree ssa wm reacrice exenct red the charge expected forthe mst leon of luna and (Borin Anawer 3 be Jon an Tonic Compounds 5556 CITAPTER 2 Atoms, Molcules, and fons uw 286A = wa" ae © [| Ee i [52 re | A tigure 222 Charges of ome enmanion. Notcetat events The periodic ables very useful or remeber te charges af ons espe ietatawaes mere nenreas cy thse ofthe elements on the lft and igh ses ofthe table. As Figure aspen cian tom aa” 3.224 hows, the charges ofthe ior relate simple way to thei postions in the table On the et sie ofthe table, for example, the group TA element (the skal meta) fort 1+ Ions and the group 2A elements (he altatine ts) frm 3+ fons, On the the side ofthe table the group 7A elements (he Faloges) frm 1= fons and the group 6A elements form 2 fons. As we ll see Iter inthe text, many ofthe ther groups donot lend temives ouch, Simple ules lonic Compounds ‘Aggeat del of chemical activity involves the transfer of elcirons from one ub stance to anaes we unt sa ns form when one or more electron fer rom one neta! stom to another. igure 229¥ shows shat when clement iti sallow to react with element chlorine, an eleton transfers rm 3 ‘eat sodiom stom fom neta eorne atom. Weare efit 3 Na ion an 5 Con, Beene objects of apposite choge tract, the Na" and the CT ions tigre 223 Theformaon tan Pie ether toform theconpound sodium corde (NaC), Som horde Tilowe223 Tee fermeton ofan which we know better as common table salt, an example of an onic com Siiranfomapessunestorion "pound, a compound that contain both positively and negatively charged lors ‘euinlSstomleserathetomaion of We can fen ell whether «compound soni eslstng of ons) ox mole: ANicionangacr on. @ arargerent cular ceinting of molecules) fon ss comnponiton. In gener ators ae opsion naniciadum dleie "etl ens whereas anor ae nonmetal fre Conse compos Sa Neutral Na ‘ao e e@ 2 186 “on ction & ® @27° tonsand lonic Compounds 57 se genenly combinations of mets and nonmetal, as in NaCl. In contrat, nour compounds ee general composed of nonmetal ony a8 in 2,0. [SAMPLE EXERCISE 23 | Identtyinglonc and Moleciar Compounds Which ofthe following compounds would you expec o be nie N20, NiO, sowwrion We would pri that Na0 and Ca ate onic compounds because ey ar com ‘ooo afa i embed wih nscale oe wo compocade oped [Ertl of nonmetal oe edited oct) tse mela compounds sm PRACTICE EXERCISE Which ofthe follwing compounds are molecule Cy eS, PO, POF Anneer Cyan 80, “Theos in onic compounds ar arrange in three dimensnal stratus. Thearrengerent of Na" and CI ion in NOC shen in Figure 223. Becsee thereisne discrete molecule of NaCl, we are abe to write only an empire or- mula fortis substance Infact only empirical formalas can Be writen for mast Jmic compounds Ager ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY LIVING ORGANISMS Site 2249 shows the ements tht ae esta ori Mave thn safe mae 9 met rani ompes uss elrent—onpzen, aon, aoe, eg, Po Por and sulle Rate (H:0) i the most common ee Pound in ving organs scaring fra at 70% oe Fe of mort cle Carson he mot pelt emer (5 ‘inthe sl cmponens cele Carb stare and ina vat vorty of anc molec in whch the aon sore ae bonded oer aon ame orto atoms of her ‘ements pinay #0, N, apd 8 Al prot or ea pecan the lloving rp of atoms ht ocr epeated (Riser an atom ors combinationfsloms suchas CH) cs 5848 sp ssw fs WPS] Y PSS ple PR PRS us ving ongnime Fie ar oe at re requ by all ‘vga Ca CT Mg Kan Na! Cat sn fot ‘nampa acess foe he formation f bore and oe he ett Bet Many ster leer ave ede non ery Stull quanto an conequenty an ied ine cements Forexampl, trace quanto coper are regen he it ‘ofhumans toad nthe yee of erage Figure 224 Blloglely cuenta elements The sovers ‘Tatar scalar ie sre seated or Re Sener the ‘vt srr cer ners eh, Testo abandant semen nen natn omer ‘eden on ace smn Gpelale| a] w peo le SA tA sk sa 7A ow ve [as [en] [a | oe [ee pa fiie | mL wpm] ow [Re58° CITAPTER 2 Atoms; Molcules, and fons Agee PATTERN RECOGNITION mean one sid at dang ate fountain of know edge chess cone ie deining om fey [erral pcs, To alco cogning pate and ian {ng rites and penersation i tht the patrny ed teralzatns fuse lean oF ng ero) Iran individu ats The peter rly ap geez Sted ted ogee de {eget Tey theft very ea sd problem Belg trie mead oa a evap or appcaton a «geet ‘le procedures teste. You ean avoid pital by ‘ourteang tilling gato theta he pc yo asi ay atone ene nd er Peet geht toute See ES how sete ond nes loge ene sn hw ple le ewe nctiey truapesteete euro SS olcnremt nos etapa macenepicird cage henekne rents SEPSIS T Seam veg sos de Soest Encl na a dene td Shes indeed ey do yu verted ends He SEitntat catartlorananperta acer as Joule ad Oe on ele acy pec Foam ads We con readily write the empirical formula for an ionic compound if we ‘know the charges of he fons of which the composind i composed, Cherie ‘compounds are aways electrically neutral. Cansequenty, the fons in an onic ‘ompoung always accurin such rai that thet postive carge equals he {otal negative charge. Thus theres one Na" toone CI (giving Nec, one Ba {o two Cl” (pving BaC), and s orth "Bs you consider these and aber examples you wil se that he charges cn the Zation and anion ee eal the subscript on each fon wil Be 1 I he ‘charge are not equal, the charge on one tan (thou it ign) wil coe the subseript onthe eter fon For example, th oni compound Formed rom Mi, ‘Grhih forms Mg?” tans) and N (whieh forms Nios) s MEN Mee XN Mans Wy dont we wie the formula for the compound formed by Ca! and O' as noe 1 saris e898 210 | Ung nc charge o Wit Empl fom anecens Wa gt spi rm tgs by AP and RSS Sea {0 Te Crow quid oa he ha foe A, Tas Er A sa mpi we hare fe ati Ca Gene Ed Satalngnise gt 3 Tah aes Se {0 Tho NOs" sare needed to alm the change of ane Me™ Th the fora Shdghos inthe he mor tne ent stration NOY” ma been ‘est rss tat cab et spl oa snc sm practice Exencise Wille the empl formyl for the compounds formed by the following ine GO Na nd ROE za aad S045 te and COs * Arsen) NP (9) 2804 1 FeICOas28 Naming inorganic Compounds 59 2.8 NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Te abain information about a particular subtanc, you mist know ts chemi cal formula and name, The nates and formlas of compounds are essential vo: ‘bilary in chemistry. The system sed in naming substances is called ‘hemical nomenclature fom the Latin words nomen (ame) and caare eal, "There are vw more than 19 millon known chemical substances, Naming, ‘em al would be «hopelessly complicated askiFeach Nada spel name in dependent of all ethers. Many important substances that have been known fo" ‘lang tie, suchas water (H,0) and ammonia (NH), do have individual, ti Siinal amas (s-aled “common” names). Foe most substances, however, ‘we rly oma systemate set of rales that lead 9 en informative and unigue ‘ame fr each tubtanc,srame based on the composition ofthe substance “The rules for chemical nomenclature are based on the division of ub ances into categories. The Major division i Between organic snd inorganic compounds, Orgone compounds contain carbon usually 19 combination with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur All others are inorganic compounds. Barly ‘hemists sone organic compauins ith plants and animals they 35 acinted inorganic compounds withthe nonving portion of ovr worls.AI- ‘hough this distincion between living and noniiving matter is no longer pertinent, the clasifaton between organi an inorganic compounds cntin- tes tobe useful In ths ston we consider the base rule for aming norgen- ‘compounds, and in Seton 29 we will inoduce the names of some simple ‘rgane compounds, Among inorganic compound, we will cosider thie cal ‘ies oni compounds, molecular compounds and acids Names and Formulas of lonic Compounds Recal rom Section 27 that onic compounds usualy consist of metal ins com bined with nonmetal ions. The metas form the postive ions, andthe non ‘metals form the negative lns. Le’ examine the naming of positive ions, then ‘be naming ofacgative ones. Alle that, we wil consider how lo put be names ofthe fone loge t identy the compete oni compound. 1. Positive fons (Cations) (a) Cation ome rom ctl atoms ace he some ames the metal Nat sedismion Zn!" incfon APY aluinorion Tons formed from a single atom ae called monatomic ions. (b> if taco for ferent ction, the postioe hare ited by Roman rumen in porentese fling th name ofthe mea: Fe seo ion co! copert on Fe omen CC copper ion Tons of the sme clement that have diferent charges exhibit diferent roperis sich s ifferent colors Figure 225»), "Moto he meals tht can form more than one ston are aston ‘eas, element that cco inthe mile blck of element Fm Grow {ito group 2Bin the periodic fable. The changes of these ons ae ind ‘ted by Roman numeral The metals that form only ope cation age those of group TA (Na, K" and RB") and group 28 (Mg™, Ca Se", and Bo"), as well as AP Group 3A) and two tansiion-metal ions ‘Ag" (group 18) and Zn” (group 28). Charges aronot expressed expic ity when naming these ls, However if thee is any doubt in your rind ehether « metal forms more than one eation, use a Roma ie rer to incest the change iis never wrong 0 do o, eventhough it aay beunmecctry. Van oder method til widely wed for distinguishing between 0 Sferetly change one of 3 metal apply the ending ou or se 2 tn ewe seater ‘Sven at wn teen cage ae Stee, eee Sincere SSesecpieaeeten faeceeere seams rermcgicecesten™ Seo esorg ae0 CHAPTER 2 ‘Atoms, Molecules, an ons “These ending represent the lower and higher hanged ions, respective- Iy They ereaddd to the rot ofthe elements Lata name Fe fersion Cat exprousion Fe felon CaP eapriion| Although we will nly rarely se these older names in this ot, you might encounter them elsewhere Cation fore fom nonmetal tos ce nar hat end Sum NHj ammonisnion 0" ydronam ion “These wo fan are the nly fons ofthis ind tha we wll encounte se ‘queny inthe text. They are both polystome: "The vast majority of (htine are mansion eal io. “The names and formulas of some common cations are shown in “Tle 2.64; they a7e also ineladed ina table of common fons i the ‘back inside cover ofthe text. Te fons liste on the let side in Table 21k are the monatomic tons that donot have variable charges Those listed on the right sie ae einer polyatomic cations or cations with ‘variable charges. The Hg ion is unasual beceuse this metal on is hot monatomic. tis called the mercury) Ion because it can be thought of as two Hp lons bound together. The cations that you will ‘encounter most frequently ate shown in Boldface, You should learn these cations Bs. Way Is x0 mamed using. 2 Roman numeral: chrom oe, wheras C40 is rated witout Rar ares the ne ean Oe 2. Negative lons (Anions) (a) The mars f mona anions ar firma by replacing the ending ofthe tam of the clement! he chase Wydrogenion | NI" Ammoniumion Liki on oot ‘Copper cuprous ion Ne Sodiam ton Feast ion Cesar on ae ‘Sirerioa Magnesium ion | Co Cabal) or oblious ion Gem ion et Copper ercupiion| se Sronsamion | Fat roll) ar ero Be Barium on Nie! Manganese manganous on Za" Tincion Hee Merunormercursion Ca Cadumon |) Hg Mee or metre on NH Nid) ornckeousion PO Lend or plumbous on Se __Taljorsannousion ar ‘Aluminamion | CP* ——_Chromiumiorchromision Fe rol or ierscion28 Naming Inorganic Compounds 61 a Leet | ‘Comune or ‘Figure 226, summary othe procedure fr naming antnt. The oat ofthe rae (Geena cee oreo gor athe Bane Afr senple polyatomic anians sla have names ending ine, ‘OT hydroxdeion CN syanideion O35 pero ion (by Polyiomic anions contixng orygen have names ending i cate or ite ‘These alons ae called oryanions. The ending ae used for the most ‘common oxyanion ofan element The ending ie suse fren oxyan- {on that has the same charge but one O atom fewer NOT stateion $02 salteson Profies are usod when the sors of oxyanions ofan element ex- tends to four members, 2 with the halogens. The prefix pr indicates ‘onemote atom then the oxyanan ending n-ae the prefix yp inde “ates one O atom fewer than the onyenion ending inte GO perenne ion one more O atom than crate) GOP chose ion Goyer on ane tor ewer than crt) GO" —hypeetinte lan one Oto eer than cle) “Those ules are summarized in Figure 2264 “Wt infomation i conveyed y the endings, and en the name ofan Students often have a hard time remembering the number of oxygen toms inthe various oxyanions and the changes ofthese fons, Fig 227 Iststhe oxyanions of N, FS, and Clthat contain the maximum mute of atoms. The periodic pattern seen in these formulas an help you remember ‘Bem. Notice that C and N, which ae in the second period ofthe periodic lable, have only hee O atoms each, whores F., and Cl which ae inthe ‘bird period, have four O atoms ath If we begin at he lower right side of the ‘igure, with CL we see thal dhe charges increase from right ole fom 1~ for ClO to 3 for (PO. Inthe second peri the charges lo increase from sight to lel from T= for N (NOP) 102 for € (COs) Each anion (eSie | ie ioee22 common : eal ee [eae Sew rotiinn | stn [raininne) Steps2 CHAPTER 2 ‘Atoms, Molecules, an ons shown in Figure 227 has a name ening ina. The C10,” fn also has 2 per- prefix Ifyou know the rls summarize in Figine 226 an the nares an formulas ofthe five oxyanions in Figure 227, you can deduce the names for ‘ether oxyanions ofthese elements edi the formula forthe bre onan cae on suring hat hey contain Spe andSnom, mopar and flow the tne own in gue 227 SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.11 | Determining the Formula of an Oxyanion fom te Name Based on he formula ford slit on, pret the aru forthe slate on tnd) the seca om ul nd seu re both menses eoup 6a ‘Eom naiagouneyansne) sowuTion (a The suite on 50g" The analogous sete ion heron SAO, (6) The ending ends on onan wth sme care bu Oat fer nticcopspeding oan tnd Thanos or heme mm practice Exencist “The forme forthe brome on in anlogos dt for he crate on. Wie he Annan roan be (© ios dried by iting 1 toa exyonon ae named by aig a8. pfs tneword hyeogen or dhyérogen, a appepriate: CO carnation POC" phosphaeian HCO" yarogencebonateion —H:PO,7 iydragenphosphateton| Notice hat each H recs the negative charge ofthe part anion by ne. An older method for naming some ofthese fons is use the prefix Fis Thus, the HCO; ion is commonly called the bicarbonate ion, and HSO,issometimes cae the bisulate io. “The names and formulas of the common anions ace list in “Table 2S and on the back inside cover ofthe text. Thowe anon whose ‘nates end ine at sed on the left portion of Table 25, and those en rn ge kee ee coc oe Sek o= eaaie | oom cic = in | ee cent oo Mme | see a es —28 Naming Inorganic Compounds whose names end instar sted on the right, The mst common of these ions are shown in boldface. Yu should learn names and formulas ‘ofthese anions fist The formulas of the ions whows names end witht ‘an bederived from those ending in-ate by emoving an stom. Notice the locaton ofthe manatee ions fa the erode able, Thoweof group ‘TAslwayshavea I~ cuange (FCI, Be snd) and hose of pop 6A haves 2” change (O™ and 5") 2. lanie Compounds aes of ic cmpound const ofthe cation name ele the ani nme AIO); amin mate CeiCiOy» Sapper pecloate (or copicpeclorte) ln the chee! formulas fr cluminum nitate and copper(I) perchlorate, parentheses followed by the eppropeatesubsaipt ar used because the emnpounds contain two o more polyatomic ons SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.12 | Determining the Names of lnie Compounds fom Their formulae [Name the ollowing compounds: K:50, 0) B(OH (OC, ee re eee Pa memsea eatemererat tere et bees parmee et ranean Saree c(cianiec mca tne cnn oink en ann 80 yD te SeeaThae rer Rnemerls ete seme ps, WHINE et onpond compe of and Ong Bebra aan cantare ees pai roa i ee ee are ee ge aac ae Riviere nia Sucleatn wee ln nec one cuties hy Bectintnd toe cua one Name the flowing compounds) NIL (6) C0 6) (NO ‘Answers etna bros, (come heb ae Sm samPLs EXERCISE 2.13 | peering te Formule foe Compounds fom Tir ames, ste the chemcal forms lor the owing compounds: potassium sie (bhensce tyarogen carbonate (cel pero sowuTion In going tom the name ofan oni compound os chen formula, you mst ra te ages of oats deerme subse * (9 The otamamion and te ude on™ Beano compe ngiheempirsl forme compound, KS 7 {br he cau on Cr The carbonate on COS so th hydagenccdnste tons HCO,” Iwo HC tons ar ueded to blanc be peste age of C2 pongenticon (GTR tt Sn ie NPY The peor fon C04" Two CIO, one a8 _lte oan the kage on one Ni fon, ging NCO (Gin the cena ror mapa alte) verse ea) a ‘ansers GHGS, 1) Ags (9 FINO 664 CITAPTER 2 Atoms, Molcules, and fons > Figure 228 Relating ames of Aion Acs erie anes apes nner saan. 22ers pres pt ane ype ‘Se feainedin ging om the ano to ce | ee | Names and Formulas of Acids ‘Acids are en important class of hydrogen-containing compounds and they ae ‘named ina opel way Por or present purpones, acid a substance whose ‘molecules ysl hydrogen fons (1) when diaaved in wate. When wee ‘Counter the chemical orm fran sid at this stage of he ours, # wil ‘ween with Ha the first element as HCL and M80, ‘An si ie composed of am aon connected 9 enoigh Hons ta neutral Jae, or balance, the arin’s charge. Tas, the 60, fon requires two HT ions, ‘orming H;S0, The name ofan aids related tothe name ois aon, as sum marized in Figure 2284. 1. Acids containing anos who nares end ie ar ame by hanging the ide ‘ruling tie, nding The pri geo 19 this aon rm, and ae olin ‘th he od ac asin the allowing examples halen ‘Conespondng A ‘creo HO ydoehon i) S* fuse) Has hydosulurc a) Acid onsining anions whose names exd ate o ite ae name by changing ‘ate f0-cand lt fo-ous and he ing he word ci Prefixes it the anion tame ae retained inthe name of the ai, Thee rules are stated hy the loxyacds of chlorine “GO iperhlore) CIO, petenove wed) GO; (eMente) CIO, faa) COFFE) HCO, fedonus a {GIO"thypoctlste) HCO Pypeclorus a I SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.14 | Relating the Names and Formulas of Ais Names following cd HCN, ) HINO, 0 80, #50, sowwrion (a) The anion frm which hi cl derived CN the eyanie on. Because Ns tas an leaning tend oe tend ake ending Nyc ‘Eel Only water tong of MCN urs et Wat ypc The Po ompaung, whch ies gander oral onditane aay ide bot iyaoanisoa wd apm gene acon28 Naming inorganic Compounds 65 ee {0 suse $0, ste saat 1.80, Peal lures Ua Benase S055 the sue on HeS0y i ulus bed the le nding ofthe ron replaced wi ann sm practice exercise ‘Give he hic formulae or hyrobromic acd carbon “ames Hi 8) HCO Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds ‘The procedures used fr naming bvary (hwo-lement) molecular compounds ae similar o thse used fr naming ionic compounds ‘The name ofthe coment farther to th fn the eid tae usualy writen {fir Aa exception to thie cect in the cave of compounds tat contain ‘aygen Oaygen is always writen lst except when combined with fueene, 2 fot elementsare in he se gro i the peril theo bang te high er alam amber i name fos. 5. The mame ofthe second leet oe ne ening 4 Grd peices abe 2.6%) are asad Jo inde the numberof alms of exc ‘doment. The pfx mono- le never used wit the fist element. When the prefix ends in a oro and the name ofthe seca element begins with 2 owel ach ab ord), thea or othe prefix i often dope. The folowing exampisillsrate dese rls: chore manosde NF, nitogentrifisaride Sinimogentevonide ——PySp_ehuphogphons decide tis important ta elize that you cannot pradic th formuls of most nal cular substances in the ste way tal you predic he formulas of one coe [paunda. For this reegon, we name molecular compounds sing pefines th fxplicty indicate ther componson. Molocslar compounds tht contain By fogen and one other cement ae an important exception, however. These compounds can be treated as if they were reutalsubstanees containing I~ Jonsand anions. Thus, you can predict that the substance named hydogen| chloride has the formula HCL containing one Ht balance the charge of one {C-- (The name hydrogen chloride is used nly foe Ue pure compound water Solutions of HC ee called hydrochloric ai) Silay the formula for hyaeo- sensulide is H,S because two Haze needed lo balance the charge an "sammie EXERCISE 2.15 |Rating the Names and Formas of ary la compounds Name the lowing compounds: 0,06 PC @ NO sousrion compos const ens of rota tay ate molecular ae thane ‘Dag presi eave lar else, phosphors oad ‘ses fe sinner oie im PRAcTice EXERCISE {Give the cee! oma oslcon rabid) dsr dice ‘anwar ay WSC66 CHAPTER 2 ‘Atoms, Molecules, an ons 2.9 SOME SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: The study’ of compounes of carbon i called organic chemistry, and as noted cle in the chapter, compounds that contain cabon ana hyeroges, often in combination witt oxygen, nitrogen, or othe elements, ae calle organic com nds, We will examine organic compouns and organic chemisty in some ‘etal in Chapter 25. You wil see a numberof organs compounds thoughout {Bis text; many’ of them have practical applications or are welevant to the chem Ist of biological systems Here we presenta ery bre introduction to some of the simplest organic compounds to provide you with a sense of what thse ‘molecules look ike and how they ae ated. Alkanes ‘Compounds that contain only carbon and hyogen ae called hydrocarbons Tn the most basic ass of hydrocarbons, each carbon atom is bonded to Tour othe atoms. These compounds are called alkanes. The twee splot alkanes, Uwhich contain one, wo, and lee carbon atoms, respecvely, ae methone (CH), ethane (C3Hp, and propane (CyH) The structural formals of the thee clanes ate as fllows Mete Pane Propene ‘We can make longer alkanes by sing additional carbon atoms othe “ele: to a he mole Although the hydrocarbons ae binary molec compoinds, they ace not ‘named like the binary inongenc compounds discussed in Section 2 Instead, fichalkane has a name tht ends inane The alkane wth for carbon atoms ‘alld Butane, For alkanes with five or more carbon atoms the names ae de rived from prefixes such as those In Table 26, An alkane with eight catbon toms, for example, called octane (Cy), where the at prefix for eight Combined with the -one ending fr an align. Gasoline consists pritaly of ‘ctanes a8 willbe diseused in Chapter 25. Some Derivatives of Alkanes ther classes of organic compounds are obained when hydrogen atoms of tllanes ave replaced with rca groups, which ate specie rou of tons “Analcaho, fr example, sobained by feplaing an atom ofan alae with ‘sn OH group. The nate ofthe loool s derived fom that of the alkane by ‘ding ana ending 4 He kone HadnoH Hg —gmon Ho) don h ra Meshana hans ‘ePmpane ‘Aleshols have propetos that are very diferent fom the propertics of thea: Janes from which the alcohols ae abtne. For example methane, ethane, propane are all cooress gases under normal conditions whereas methancl, thane, and propenol ave colores igus, We will scss the reasons f ‘these diferencs In properties in Chapter I29 Some Simple Organic Compounds 67 ‘The prefix "I" inthe name Lpropanol indicates thatthe replacement of ‘wih OF has ocurred atone ofthe “outer” carbon atoms athe than the "k= le carbon atom. A diferent compound called 2propanal (alse known a so propylalcoba) is ebained the OH funcional groups atadhed othe middle farbon sto be Lt rer and-stick model ofthese two molecules are presented in Figure 229%. Muc of he ices forges coemisny sponsible because organic com: pours can form lang chains of carbon-carbon bonds, The seis of alkanes {hat begins with methane, ethane, and propene and the series of alcahos tht begins with methanol, ethanol and propanol can bath be extended for as log, 25 we desir, n principle. The properties of alkanes and acca change a the ‘hans get longer. Octanes which are alkanes with eight carbon atoms ae ig ‘lds under normal conditions Ifthe alkane serie is extended to tens of hou Sands of carbon atoms, we aban plete, a solid substance that used 1a ‘make thousends of pls products, such as plastic bugs, food containers, and laboratory equipment I SAMPLE EXERCISE 2.16 | Weling Structural and Molecular Formulas for Nydrdartons Consist alkane ci pont) Aving thatthe czson atoms ze 2 ‘right in we» rt formal for pean () What te mole oma infor pean? (a) Atkins cnt ony caton and hyde an cach catbon atom tach to tour othr same: Hosuse te sume pete crams he pe ps fore {Table 25, we can assme tht ertane ona five abo soo Pande 10") “The dimensions of atoms are olen expresed in uns oF angstroms (1A = 107), laments can be clesfed by atomic number, the ‘numberof protons inthe cleus ofan atom, Allatomsof {given clzmenthave te same atomic number. The mass ‘number of an atom she sun ofthe nutnbers of protons find neutrons, Atoms of the same element that dif ia tase number ae Known os tntopes. Section 2.4 The aoe mas cle defined by assign Inga mace of exactly 12 amu toa 4C ator. The omic weigh (averige slomic mass) of anelement can be clear Inted from the relative abundances and masses ofthat l= teers isotopes The muse spectrometer provides the sot direct and accurate means of experimentally mea Suring tami (and molecular weights ‘Section 2.5 The periodic table isan arangement ofthe ‘clement in order of ineessing auc meer Elements with sila propertis ae placed in versal columns ‘Theelementsina columa are known as periodic group ‘The elements in a horizontal ow are known as 6 period ‘The metic elements (metals), which compace he a= jonty ofthe elements, dominate the let side end the md- le ofthe table the nonmetallic elements (nonmetals) re located on the upper ight slde. Many ofthe elements that le along the line tat separstes metals foam now ‘hells are metalloide, Section 2.6 Atoms cin combine to fren molecules, Compounds composed of molesles (molecular com pounds) ssualy somsin only nonmetalic elements A Folsele that contains two atom i clled distri ‘molecule. The composition ofa mibetance i given By ‘chemical formbla. A molesla subtanee ean Se epee ented by its empirical formela which gives the reiative fumibers of atoms ofeach kind Ti sally epresenteg bys molecular formal, however wale gives the ac sl numbers of cach type of atom in a molecle Structural formulas show the oeder in wich the atoms ina mole- fale are connected. Balland-tick model and space fling nodal are often usd to epresent molecule Sectlon 2.7 Atoms can ether gain or love elections, {erring changed parses called ions Metals tend ole seston, becoming ponively charged ors (ction) ‘Nonmetals tend to gain cleans, forming sepatiely changed ions (anions). Because fonie compounds ae ‘lectrcally neta, containing both cations snd anions, ‘hey usually contain both metalic and nonmetal ele- ‘ments. Atoms that are old together, as ina molecule, but eae a net charge are called polyatomie fons. The ‘hema formula used for lnde compounds ace empl fal formulas, which can be waite endly Hf the charges ‘ofthe foe abe known. The total postive charge of the ‘ations in an ionic compound equals the total negative ‘hang ofthe anions Section 2.8 the set of les for naming chemical com pounds iscalled ehemieal nomendature, We susie the pstmt rules use for naming thee clases of organ ‘Esubstances: nie compounds acids, and binary mole lar compounds. In naming an ionic compound, the ‘all fe ame fst an then the avon. Cations franed {fom metal atoms have thesame name as Ue metal the smell can form callons of dieing charges, the charge (Given using Roman numerals, Monstoaicsnione have ‘ames ending ile. Polytomic aon conta 03 rand another element (oryanions) ave names ending, Sectlon 2.9 Organic chemistry isthe study of com> und that contin carbon The simplest lass forge ‘olecles is the hydrocarbons which cortain only ca thon and hydrogen Hyrocsrons in which each carbon ‘om is attache to four other atom ae elle alkanes Alkanes have names that end inane, such es methane ethane, Other organic ompounds are formed when fn atom of a hydrocarbon is oplaced wih funcional‘group. An alcohol, for example is composi in which {nH atom ofa hydrocarbon is replace by ar OH Fane KEY SKILLS + Describe the basic postulates of Dalton’ atomic theory Visualizing Concepts 69 onal group. Alcohols have names that end ino such at methanol and ethanol + Daseribe the key experiments that lad to the discovery of elctons and to the mclese model ofthe tor + Describe the structure of the atom in terms af protons, neutrons, and eleetons. + Describe the electric charge and relative masses of protons, neutrons, and letras + Use chemical symbols together with atomic number and mass number to express the subatomic composition of ssotopen, + Understand atomic weights an how they relate tthe masses of nvidia atoms ant their natural abundances + Describe how clement are organized inthe periodic table by atomic number and by similarities in chemical behav tot ving rs to periods and groups + Daseribe the locations of neta and nonmetal in the periodic table, + Distinguish betwen molecule substances an onic substances in terms ofthis composition + Distinguish between empisical formulas and molecslar formulas + Describe how moleculae formulas nd strcral formas are sed to epresent the compositions of molec + Explain how ions are formed by the gain of lss of electrons and be able t use the periodic table to predict the charges of ons + Wie the empirical formulas of oni compounds, given their charges + Write the name ofan onic compound given its chemical formula, or write the chemical formula given its name ‘+ Name or write chemical formulas for binary inorganic compounds and or acids. + deny ogante compounds and name simple alkanes and alcohols. VISUALIZING CONCEPTS 2.1 Acargo pate cased to move between two oe trai nage pts aston blo ss = () Way does the path of the churged pti bend? (@) Wha tego telat hare on the pa Ele (@ As tho charge onthe plates Is creased, would you expect the nding nce, eras, ay the Exe? (As tho as ofthe parce nese while ‘hesped of the purus ran te same, woul You ‘xpet the Bending t ieeas, dace oF way the ‘ne? Beton 22) 22 Thetalowing ara ea rpresentaton of20stomsot ‘tis element whch we wl ell neva (>) {Phe rd sper ace Nw and the Ble specs ae Shor fa) Resuming tht this spl ie a ality npresenstive sample of the clonan calla the pet {Sot abundance of cach clement) I the mas of SiKvs 20315 am and that of "Nv ls 29615 a0, ‘win athe tarde weight of Ne? [Sexton 2) 25 Four ofthe bones in the lowing pes ble arecl ‘eae? Which one i an allalie sath metal? Which nes bie a? Section 25]70 CHAPTER 2 Atoms, Molecules and lors 244 Des the flowing drawing presents neta ato assume atomle mio and ne charge Gf any [Seesone 23 and 71, a protons + neutrons 225 Which ofthe allowing grams most ely eprsents ions compound, and which repens 2 meat (he Explain your dace [Setona 26and 27) o ¢@ BP» 0 @ 246 Wate the chem forma forthe flowing com: pound fs the compound ioe or molecular Name Ube Fompound [Stns 26 3nd 28) oes Atomic Theory and the Discovery of Atoi EXERCISES 29 How does Dalton’ tome thaary acount for Ue fet that when 100 of waters dacsnponed into tment, OT gofhydogen and 03H of oxygen ae ta reparies fhesoure a the water? 2.10 Hydrogen sufi i componod of two clement hye. goa sullur fan exponent, 6500 go hydrogen flee i fly decompose nt element) it 1384 gof hydegen obtained in ts experiment ow ‘many gram of flr mate ots) Wha Skamania Isr doe ‘hs esperiunt dentate? (oh How i= this lw explained by Datos atomic theory? BT A chet ids that 3082 g of rtrogen wil act with 1780 3520 g 7040 g oF SOD ga oygen to form four ferent compound (a) Clete the mac 049 ian per gram of reopen in eck eompound () How fo the numbers in ar (a) support Dalton’ atomic ‘hoon? ferent omposnd ha cntin ony die an ine 27 Five ofthe boxes nthe folowing periodic abe ae cl ned. Prat he charge on he on ssid wih ech ‘of those lemons [Secon 27] EEEEEEEEEEFEF 28 Thofoliwing lagram rprosetsanionscompound in which the fed spheres represent cations and bive {phe rpsent sion. Which of he folowing for thule ie constent th the drawing” KBr Ke Gao, FeGOQH? Name the compe, Secon and 241 Structure td determined the mass of cach eeent in each Scmpound ‘Compound Mas of dine @) Massel Foorine @) 1 475 356 (a Clete the mss of aoe per gam af odie sn teh compound (How do the mame inp 3) oppor the atom hay? BAB Sema the ovdence sae by J.J Thomson og Ghat cathode says consst of nepavely charged patie 2214 An unknown pati seas to move between 540 Geely charge plates stated in Bure 28, Its path i deictod by 9 smaller magaitude in theparse? "EG Figure 25 shows the apart ed nthe Mikan bildtop experiment wih he pottely charged pate {oe he sgatly charged fas, What de fou fa ‘roulette te oa drops deending TBechargeson the plate were revered ogni bore prs”) In i orga! ers of esperar Mi ‘Reching iia Conioe? 236 Milian determina the charge op the elton by dying the ste sharges ono drops fling 38 Slee el. -Asdent cred oat tis experioen Using several ol dup orhereasureent od a Modern View of Atomic Structure; Ato 217 The radi ofan ato of heypton (Ke) about 19 A (a) pr hs tne anette ‘meter fom). ) How many keypten stone wold Rinctobelncd upton nm the atm as med oben spies what athe volume ican on eekeann 218 An tomy of tn (Sa) has 2 diameter of about EEC 1p ta Wout te raion sto metro (A) and in rss (nP) How nay 5 em ould have t be placed debe pan Stance 0 um? (yo seu he tm Sphere what ete votumein mf singe sto? “Ei¥ Aner the flowing questions withost ecg to “Ghe 21) What ae the man sbstome pares Uhateake up the ator () What the coat ange (oui tele charg) ofeach of he p= tia” ( ch fhe parle the most masive? (@ Wen ss te lastmanivel ‘roa Thence ar morta he mane snd comp ‘moa ofthe slum ofan oy) very tom of {Bren element hate sane nue of pron) the umber of decuons a to equals he umbe of Petras the ton) he protons he les 3 ‘Seat stm ne hel oper by a ace a te ‘rong mula oe SET Daf stomic number and mas amber (0) Which ff hse ca ary witout charging the en of the flees? 222 (a Whi wo He folowing at tapes the same steers br ase tee verses 71 ated the carson he drop, She ane he alone Droplet _Calelated Charge (©) (a) What the sigatcance ofthe act hat the droplets (ied deren charge? (8) What concioson ean the ‘Sider daw tom thse data rps he carpe of the seezon (o What ale nd to how anys ‘tt igure) shoul she epor forthe charge? folgying stra) As To) Zn fe) Ga, Be (tA {ope a) phowphora 2) cham (coal, {htc ine 131 10 alin 0 as Fi inthe ga in the allowing ibe aeuming each sana [2r serone ra (lama pct nest a Sana [ie Beans = Le TF Wiehe cormesymbol whut superscrit and sls sep foreach fhe tly Une the st clements [Eats te toot cover or ade athe tape fp {rom tat conta Snub sotope yp femith mer mber 8) haope sense22 CHAPTER 2 oms Molly an oe sn aie 7) th toe fags a ae Speen Sent ney nade She et Seeley oo Sees sieton tn tne mons spol iy eset Fi Gh tat ote 6 wed asthe tnd in etbishing {he atomlemats snk The stom wef boron ‘cpr yet ko born he mao 230 W) What she mss a of «can? atom? {alt thee ofsemstrsd pes wee TST Only two istpes of copper occur natu, SCu (ghomie mass 828295 me, abundance 687%) and EC mic mast ~ 643278 mu: andance 085%). (Cte he atomic eight (erage sti mas) of cooper uum 8 atomic mast BISNIS sn abuse "28%) and rabid 87 (ami mace = B90. mus bundanee "278%. Cake the alome ‘ween idm TBS Gin what damon way Semasepactomety ra fa Thomson's cthde ay expenents ge 24)? (0) Wat are the abe on tenon mae Spec? The Periodic Table; Molecules and fons symbol late i in Te pera tube and ste Swthertametal ali oneal coor {iow (hes, Dhospony, 2c (2 age ‘tn, ron geen 2288 Locate cach ofthe follwing clement in the pide {abe date wheter ral tao ono ‘ea and give te rame othe semen Ca ©), (Choa wrLUse we 259 For cach ofthe flowing elements, wate chemi fymbol determine ene he rou to which tbe Sings (bie 23) and Inte wth is9 eta ‘etal, or nonmetal (pot, (@) Sine, {mages (age, oar 2140 Theelementsof group 4A show an teresting change ‘opera orig dow be gp, Cetera Siresonmeal mete, or meta TAT Waatean wel about compound when we kaw the ‘Sapiro? What eddsonalinkooaton a Sete lm ye al Zi Wit the pica! formula corespoding 288) The ma specter Fr 21 fa ap aget? @) The some weight fC 355 sma Howe {ve the mas specu uf Clg 213) oes ok Sow peak ais mass Bea 0A mas specu of phosphors (P) sama shows only a sagle pak at TRE Ritual acung mugs has he lowing iso Abundses _Aomicmast ame) no nase rons pases iy 25525 (a) What ste average atoms mas of Mg? Sech the mastsecta f M 236 Mase spcomety i mon oe applied to moles Uhatowtoms Wewilacelnhapler that the maar ‘eit ofa molecule ite sum tease weigh Stain Teme pin Haroon Ths oro ataly curing ates of ye fee fame mas = NB ames abundance ‘Sat and 3H atone as = 20100 a sb ‘ance BOLIS8), (How any peaks wil he tet ‘Sch of thee peak (Which pk wl Be he gst, ‘Slane ns gas he ote es vac ga How ink pb lor two scbances wih the ae enpaea f hua have markedly deen properties? Phe owng moe frmsla Ase) slr (OCHO, PO ICH DON! 2244 Determine the ocular and emp formulas othe fellow The ogi vert hee hc as ‘thon ions and a ydgen ats) the com pater chip 1 the eat saber bean, Sehth has ts boton strand sx yogen tes {are supercars, Wish carbon atoms, 245 Fw many hydrogen atoms arin each fhe low (IC HOH.) ClCH ICO, INHMFO4? 246 How many of te indicted tec ee repre Sy each hema ‘ormola: (carbon atoms in Cluscooctiy oxygen stom ECO BY ‘loge ntoms in NTOe? @: e © @ [Eee Poe 250 Fin the gap in theollowing be series 73 iN ALORS. " kth ewig seme) Ca) Sef As Be ose ial mal and rare of te copoud frm 5 te sat Rand 254 Te most common charge associated wth Compounds dite the che fore yo. Uaisine alae Sore. formed by (9) Ca and Br) K" and CO 10 A fd CHICOO, NG and SOc) Nig and by he follwing pals oan fl Caan (Fe SLO 0 Hie tnd COs) Co and SOS, 259 Pri wether each of the flowing compounds is msec ot Hate Bf (9) CHIOH, @) LINO, (a) S00, Sb 0 NOC Ns AGO. It to Ph) Nal 0 Sel La CANO We MCh Wriar ip escon tN.7A CITAPTER 2 Atoms, Molcules, and fons Naming Inorganic Compounds; Organic Molecules 261 Give the cher formula fo hot on, chlor fie o,f ehorae anf perdoae (@ NYPO 26 Selenium, an clement reguled tionally in ace ‘hanes fe coepound clogous ta ule Nace {hevtalowing ions) 8204", 1) Se (0 He, iouson TEE Give the names and hare ofthe ction an anion ‘Sich ofthe following compound) C20, ©) Nase (@KCIOG td) FNC, CAOH 2166 Give he names nd hare ofthe ction an anion ‘Sch tte olowangcompocrde Cus, ABSOe {e)ANCIOs COOH 9 PHCOS TES Nee she flowing sone compounds a) MgO, QV ACY (EAPC, (@) BIC Y> (0 CuNOIe EOI CACAO, OY CHICOVs DRC, Gongs 266 Name the flowing lone compounds () KO, (©) NaCiO, 10 SHEN) COI, © TeX CANO}, OHO) NaPFOG RMF WABecnOs TF We the cecal formulas forthe flowing com pound) aluminum ari, () pot te, {copper onde, siete le) ese) Do ‘ride onl) arsnat (sodium Rypobant ‘ene compound soaiom poerphate (8 ne fate) bortom Bross, (2) seal) peraiorate, {@) cobalt nyatogen carbonate, chemin ete @ poussiam donate Tar Give enn ceri fon approprte, ot fh of the flowing ac fa) HO (0) HBr {6 850, (a) mph si ence 28 1 1270 Provide the name o hema fom + apropit, foreach ofthe aloming ae a) Rydrbroms ed, (@) bydromtace ac 19 mtn 208, (8) HCO (HCO, HCHO, TE Give the sae chef, appropriate, ot fh of the flowing Soury lca sates {She Wy fe Ne a dintrogen eon 99> rope cyanide 0 terapiorphone ena fe 2272 The ois of nage are very nortan components Insane politon Name cao te falowingeor pour a 80,18) NO. 1) NOy ) NOs ld NO, tone nthe lowing wand deseripone are the fom Inside covert find te symbols forthe mets you {ont ra a Zine eattonate cae eet ooh Sine onde and caton donde.) On eames eh {oem sous aid (The uae phosphor ts Fyne, commonly cated porphin, ine ge (ey Perch sd este with cnet fom cd ‘in perhorte W) Nenaivei onde cl 274 Assume tut you encounter the follow sentences in Your ding” Whats the chert form for ech Ssbvunce menoned? Sedum hydrogen abort ipesed aa deadoran Calum pecans aed Insome bisshng satan (0 Tyopen cane ‘ry poltonous go () Magnes hyve seed {etenthate Tl Huo as ben wed 52M ‘ride ndtveintothpaces t9 When cms sige ‘ete wih li ote of hydrogen sul SIE Gh what sea yearn? () Baan the ane eh foe ths compounds and determine ts olla and ‘empea formulie 276 a) What ending 6 sed forthe ames of aianes? (britoane wansikane whoa strc! oil ISearbon sts aright ae Daw te tc Io andempisa orm (in You might ned ‘ert Table 2), SAF Go Wat futons! group? () What fangs [Eo carecerie on no Withee Es (rue 275 tes rt foro out 2278 (a What do ethane td ethan have in cmon? (by How dns papal iter tom propane?ADDITIONAL EXERCISES ‘ofthe flowing scent f Dato, Tomson, (ernst Rather, 2280 Howe did Rathesor interpot the following observa tions auade daring his rparice sealenng expe: sont a) Mast “rere not apprecosy ‘ete asthey pce evap the fl 1) Af ‘parle wes deloced ary lane ange.) What ‘erences eld yo expt“ beryl Ft were (ied ined of old fol the erparle seating Senne 281 Suppose sini pests the Mian oi drop exp ‘son bul epost charges he ops us a {unl nd Epi) uncalled cera a) ‘bans the following daa forfour ofthe drops Droplet Catetaed Charge) ° anne (0) all he droplets were the same size, hich would {ai mosey troup ene sprain () From hone dat whats the best oie forthe huge of he eee tron inerrmanb ( Baned on your sneer np) how many wactons 7 tee on eck of Ue ropes? (2) What i he convenson fear Bees warm snd coulomb? 2.82 The natural sbundance of "He is OOOUIRT. 8) How [pany pions nears, sd electrons ain an tom a Sie) Based on the stn of he asc thee toms partly, hich is expat tobe move mane, mato of He oan atom of (hich also called fron? (Bowed on Your anaes for past (what ‘toured oe the pecsnn of 3 mn epotocet (hat able arenas benwan peas tare due Se"anatt 2283 An w partici the maces of an “He fom, Have ‘Bing protean nestenaassinan parce (0) Wat fore Folds the protons and nouns together in the trpurel(@ Wits We cunge on ane pec in ats tf elem chage? (The Sarge mae ra of ‘parses AMZ > 108 Cg, sed on thecharge on tbe par clut te mace prams an name) By ng the dit in Table 21, compare your answer for par) wih tesa of te mas end oa oc parties Can ou expan the diffrence nas? {to we wal nam ach mat ieee rth Caper) 2284 cube of gold al 10 ca om aside asa as of (a) How many old stom en he ce?) Fo the 2a 2 Additonal Exercises 75 ‘nfrmatin given etinatethe diameter in Aofasinge {dato 0 What assumptions did you nae ina Sigs yoursnawer for prt) The ameeof sbi toms 495.4. wc Ar two diferent ways of placing he los on as the another Arangement Bt aed 3 crated ‘Sranganent bento set inte “lop {erm bythe previoue tow of +44 Boos paws © » (a) Using arangement A how many 8 toms could be ced on sare suface UIs 10 cx om side? fo) How many Bb st could be placed on gure fe at 10 ono ang ranger {hc nese in going 9 aeangerent Bom eange Sent A? Il extended to thee dimen, which Seige Sled a pr doy (Assuming We dinersons of the nucle an aesn ‘Shown igure 212, what ton ofthe slums of the ‘Moo taken up by the maceur () Using he mas of (he proton fon able 2 ened euming te cert 10 Ee mya he denety of potas go Mena the clement epresnted by ech of he low stn 0) BN, 0 KKB ‘The element oxygen has hve naturally eeuting o- ‘open th 9 an 10 actrees eee ‘sre Wee he fl ches seo for these tse [Sotopes (Dest he sare and dilerenees be ‘een hehe kinds tome oxygen ‘Use Coulomb’ aw, F~ KO,Qu to acute the ale fe fore an eecton (Q = “18 10") ened by single pot ithe parle ave 053% 1m pare The congant Fin Coulonb's law Is BO 10 Nems/Ce (The unt abireisted Nis the ‘Newton the Stun of force} ‘Tho clement ead Fo) const of four naturally occur ing eotope ith atone ns MOST, 257, W757 and 2008746 an Tha ine abundances ofthe four Botopes ae 1 241, 21, and 520 Fe pect From hee dats, cuit stoi wight a76 CITAPTER 2 Atoms, Molcules, and fons 2191 Calm (Ga) consi of to matiraliy curing #0 ‘oper wet mses of 8935 and 1925 am Howe ‘many protons and neatone arn thence ofeach ‘Slope? Wate tbe complete stamie symbol or each, showng te clomse number pd mse ne) The 292 Using a suitable reference wc a he CRC Hak f (Gey Fs op Joncas Usok'sp the Slowing information frre) the ‘umber of known itope, 8) the stor antes im) and the atradundane othe ive mes ab ‘dnt ators. 295 Thee are to dileent otopes of bromine tems. [ry meals (pure 9) nd the mane fe Bale ‘pote The mse spam of ry conte fe peas Naw Rete (2) What ste oxgn ofeach pak of what topes lows eoct consis) What se mass ofeach slope? (Sled) Determine the avenge some mast of 2 Bromine tm fe Cast he sbundanes of the 0 ‘topes. 2.8 Inn common in mas spectomety fo ae ht the ‘nate a ation fe ome that fe pret sam {Using atin adie 21, determine oe number of ge ‘ibn figs tat rst be pred ere te de Sein sua fH and Ee sign) What 295 From the lowing lt of ements At H, Ga ALC ‘Un eae lent ny one) a amet alkaline eth metal 0 noble pas a Magen Ca ‘ello a nonmetal ited tn group 18 (a meal (hatte 03) fam i anenmta at arms 2, 2196 The int ts of sear (5) were ened st 1974 The longentived otope of Shas mass amber 2 a How many parses and ware Sinan som? (Atoms ofa very ane, {ha ts thereto diet study hs eres peop” tes Hse e the poston a 9 ae peso le, ‘thet lamest shoud ene ceely seem in hel properties? 2.97 From te male seu shows here, ely the (corn gs (propane (9 inate; afer lode (ei clone, HC & 0 @ @ 2 “ w o 298 Name cach ofthe following oxides, Assuming tat he Srisic skment in cach cue?) BO, @) MnO (CaO. Neos, 29 foie ai ath moar om HO, Wie he or las forth owing th ota, (he per ‘Slut an, Be hyzlodie ay Mypnodous { (@ penodini 2.100 Elmers nthe same group ofthe periodic ble often ‘heerestonssopges = camicalfmbls oan, 3 Sppropia foreach of the folowing one) Br (6) 520," eset on Cd hyarogen telrate on 12101 Carbo edocs incarnated beverages. When al loved ctw in yo pt Scpronton and bpelar donde We chem ore ington cisonc acd Mum hyde, and Mem carton 22102 Give he hamicl ares ofeach fhe lowing far lascompouds a) NaC abies) 1) NaHCO a ng ode) NSO! in any laches) f) NaOH (Gti sds) 0) (CO, sling a} CaSO, {pte Pa ames for eich of be flowing ge the arsesystematic name: (slp, KNOy (8) soe ah RREDy fe) Ema, CaO" (a) mura ac, (eh Epsom a, MgSO 0 ek of magne, MG(OM any one and compounds have very sina names tnd three gest pvt for confuring tem. rs the comet chemih formula to datingu between, ( cactan wulide end coi hype ous (Byram aid an brome acl slminom fede and slurinam nine (@) sol) onde and Soni) ode. (e) ammonia and amon 3 (© potsium Sale ana ptasam Dsl @ ee ftrouseoae and merce cde, OD ee ed tnd peer od PK Sad © ‘Additional Exercises 77 (e) Complete the sacar! formula for ysahonine {By itermlosnr oma oreyeltesane ees {hat orenne in which the ean rn ae nt Stag line? If possible comet onthe source of ny Aileen (2) Popose seta lormala lor “oe the eco derved rom eyoberene Te i ile hep riz he cena ea (Stay, dec now the tem onpnind snd enon ‘Steiny wayearyou can ink fim whieh he poston ‘tan element he abe rates The cer nd ryscal properties the element.