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Further Reading Bieler, Ludwig, editor, The Irish Penitenials, Dublin: Dublin Tesitute for Advanced Studies 5, 1975 Cabrol, Fernand, "Bangor (Anciphonaite de,” Dictionnaire archéologie chrtienne et de ltargie, volume 2, Pars: Letouzey et Ané, 1903 ‘Corish, Patrick, “The Pastoral Mission ofthe Early Irish Church,” in Lézchtai Cholve Cille2, Maynooth: Ae Sagart, 1971 CCosgrave, Willam, "How Celtic Penance Gave Us Personal Confession,” Doctrine and Life 4¥ (1991) Curran, Michael, The Antiphonary of Bangor and she Early Irish Monasti: Liturgy, Blackrock, Co., Dublin irish Academic Press, 1984 Gamber, K, "Die irischen Messlibell ale Zeupnis fir die frdhe romische Liturgie," Rémische Quartalschrft 62 (1967) Kenney, James, The Sources for the Early History of Ireland: A Introduction and Guide, volume 1: Eeclsiatica {econds of Civilization, Sources and Studies), New York: Columbia University Press, 1929; revised edition, Dublin: Padraic © Tillis 1979 Sharpe, Richard, “Some Problems Concerning the Organization of the Church in Early Medieval Ireland,” Penta 3 (1984) ‘Warren, Frederick E, The Liturgy and Ritual ofthe Celtic Church, and edition, edited by Jane Stevenson, Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Wolfeboro, New Hlampshite: Boydell Press, 1387 Liturgy: Eastern Christian ‘The term liturgy itself requires a few prelisinary remarks con ‘cerning is original meaning, how it evolve, and what it came to mean ducing the Byzantine era (330-1453): Neither ideas nor in stiutions emerge from nothing. History is evolutionary and car ries mach witha it that can he traced hack to remote antiquity Byrantine insttusions and civilization in general owed mach not cnly to Christianity but also to the cultura miliew and intllec: ‘al inheritance from ancient Hellenism “The term liturgy, fom the Grock litourgia, means “serve,” an actor work (ergom) performed by or for peaple (les, lito) Inclasscal Athens and other city-states, the term was wsed in a zange of technical, political, social, and religious senses. Ina city seate wealthy people were expected 0 sponsor public functions, such as theatrical performances, athletic contest, and musical festival and eligions ceremonies forthe benefit ofthe pubic. From the classical centuries through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the cerm was used extensively, The translators of the Hebrew Bible into Greek (the Sepruagint version of the Bible (thir-second cemury 2c), which was the offical Bible of the Greek-speaking Church of the medieval centuries) us the in finitive letonrgein more than 109 times and the noun letourgia 50 times in the sonse ic was used in classical times, For example, inthe book of Numbers (3:21-24) we read, “The Lord ssid to Moses take a census ofthe sons of Ger- son «-all who can enter the service [ditonrgein] to do the work inthe tent of meeting. This is the service [letourga) of the families of the Gersonites in serving (litourgein) and bearing burdens [Now Testament writers use both infinitive and noun ia a sim ilar context. Saint Luke writes that when Zacharias “time of service [es litourgas autou] was ended, he went co his house” (Luke 1:23). Saine Paul, weting about raising money for the oor in Jerusalem, adds thatthe rendering of this sevice (dutko- ssa ts Letourgias) does more than supply the wants ofthe saints (2.Gor. gira) References to liturgy a service both co people and 10 God, as worship, as system of worship, and as public perfor- mance of sacrificial rites appeat fequently inthe early Christian literature, Iii the sense of sacrificial service (i.e, as Eucharist) that tis mostly used in the Byzantine Church and religions life “The Liturgy epitomizes the dogma, doctrine, code of ethics,

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