4. explain the complications that can occur during the first action, and explain how to overcome it!

Complication of needle cricothyroidotomy

- Inadequate ventilation, leading to hypoxia and death

- Aspiration (blood)
- Esophageal laceration
- Hematoma
- Perforation of the posterior tracheal wall
- Subcutaneous and/or mediastinal emphysema
- Thyroid perforation
- Pneumothorax

Complication of surgical cricothyroidotomy

- Aspiration (blood)
- Creation of a false passage into tissues
- Subglottic stenosis/edema
- Laryngeal stenosis
- Hemorrhage or hematoma formation
- Laceration of the esophagus
- Laceration of the trachea
- Mediastinal emphysema
- Vocal cord paralysis, hoarseness

Complication of needle thoracosintesis

- Local hematoma
- Pneumothorax
- Lung laceration

Complication of chest tube insertion

- Laceration or puncture of thoracic and/or abdominal organs, which can be prevented by using
the finger thenique before inserting the chest tube
- Introduction of pleural infection, for example thoracic emphysema
- Damage to the intercostal nerve, artery, or vein:
• Converting a pneumothorax to a hemopneumothorax
• Resulting in intercostal neuritis/neuralgia
- Incorrect tube position, extrathoracic or intrathoracic
- Chest tube kinking, clogging, or dislodging from the chest wall, or disconnection from the
underwater- seal apparatus
- Subcutaneous emphysema, usually at tube site
- Anaphylactic or allergic reaction to surgical preparation or anesthetic
Complication of pericardiocentesis

- Aspiration of ventricular blood instead of pericardial blood

- Laceration of ventricular epicardium/myocardium
- Laceration of coronary artery or vein
- New hemopericardium, secondary to lacerations of the coronary artery or vein, and/or
ventricular epicardium/myocardium
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Pneumothorax, secondary to lung puncture

Reference : Advanced Trauma Life Support. Ninth Edition : American college of surgeons