What else

A brief history of was

the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
350 B.C. Lets pretend to be
It was the ancient Ancient Greeks
Greeks who first came Perform a
up with the idea of thought
Antarctica.They knew experime
about the Arctic - named nt like the
Arktos -The Bear, from ancient scientists and
the constellation the philosophers.
great bear and decided
that in order to balance If the logic is sound and
the world, there should argument convincing, it
be a similar cold could be taken as the
Southern landmass that "Truth". The
was the same but the landmasses on Earth
opposite "Ant - Arktos" - have been pretty much
opposite The Bear. They sorted out, so how
never actually went about another planet -
there, it was just a lucky say Venus.
guess! 1776 - USA
Can't see the surface -
becomes
too cloudy
independent
from Great No contact ever, no
Britain radio waves- very
primitive.
1780 - James
1773
Watt perfects Closer to sun than us -
In January, Captain
the steam hot and sweaty.
James Cook crosses the
engine
Antarctic circle and
circumnavigates 1815 - Battle
Antarctica, though he of Waterloo Similar (ish) to Earth
doesn't sight land, ages ago. Humid -
deposits of rock seen in probably rainforests
icebergs showed that a every where, very
southern continent exists. ancient
His comment - "I make
bold to declare that the
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
world will derive no benefit = Dinosaurs,
from it".
Bingo!
1819 - 21
Captain Observation - we
Thaddeus can't see anything.
Bellingsha
usen a Conclusion -
Russian Dinosaurs live there!
naval officer in the Vostok But hey, it's convincing
and Mirny and that's probably
circumnavigates the good enough. This idea
Antarctic, first to cross the of dinosaurs on Venus
Antarctic circle since was "common
Cook. knowledge" in the
He made the first sighting 1800's!
of the continent, reaching
69° 21'S, 2° 14'W -
describing an "icefield
covered with small
hillocks." on Jan 27th
1820.
Sealers Finger - The
For some considerable Seals
time, exactly who and Revenge!
when first set eyes on
Antarctica were in dispute Seals
as British naval officers, mouths are
William Smith and Edward full of a very
Bransfield also saw rich and
Antarctica on Jan 30th the varied fauna
same year - followed by of exotic bacteria (as a
American sealer Nathaniel 1830 - World's friend of mine, an old
Palmer on Nov 16th. Antarctic hand, would
first railway
describe it they're
opens
This was the first time a "goppin").
continent had truly been
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening
Antarctica in the
world?
"discovered" (i.e. there
weren't any native peoples
living there who'd known becomes
about it for ages already). queen of
All sightings are of the Great Britain
Antarctic Peninsula.
1821
February the
7th. 1st
known
landing on
continental
Antarctica by American
sealer Captain John
Davis,though this is not
acknowledged by all
historians.
In the winter of 1821, for
the first time ever a
party of men spent a
winter in Antarctica. An
officer and ten men from a
British sealing ship the
Lord Melville had to spend
the winter on King George
Island -part of the South
Shetlands group, north of
the Antarctic Peninsula.
The ship had been driven
offshore and did not return
to pick them up again.
They were rescued the
following summer.
1823
Other stuff
1840 - While trying to kill
Victoria seals, sealers would
often get bitten
(hurrah!) and frequently
on the fingers. The
result would be a very
nasty and painful
infection as the finger
went septic, followed by
the loss of the use of
that finger. It would still
1859 - Darwin be there but completely
publishes immobile - known as
"Origin of "Sealers Finger".
Species"
1885 - Karl
Benz builds
the first
motor car Wrap up warm
Today's
scientists
1896 - and
Marconi explorers
invents have the
wireless benefits of modern
telegraph fabrics and materials
(radio) to help keep warm,
windproof and
dry.These materials
are comfortable and
lightweight and make
conditions much better
than in the early days.
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
British Early Antarctic
whaler James explorers had to make
Weddelldiscov do with heavy layers
ers the sea of itchy woolen
named after him and then fabrics and outer
reaches the most layers that would
southerly point at that time soak up the moisture
74° 15' S. No one else produced by
manages to penetrate the sweat. Getting dressed
1901 -
Weddell sea again for 80 in the morning would
Australia
years. often involve putting on
becomes an
layers that were frozen
1840's independent
solid with ice in the
Separate British, French nation.
fabric. As the garments
and American gradually warmed up,
Queen
expeditions establish
Victoria dies. they would become
the status of Antarctica
End of the more flexible.
as a continentafter
Victorian era.
sailing along continuous The same would
coastline. President happen to pretty much
McKinley any clothing that was
In 1840, British naval
shot, USA. taken off before bed.
officer and
Roosevelt
scientist James Clark
takes over
Ross takes two ships,
the Erebus and the Terror, 1903 - Wright
to within 80 miles of the brothers
coast until stopped by a make the first
massive ice barrier - now powered
called the Ross Ice Shelf. flight of an Eat well
He also discovers the airplane
active volcano that he Early explorers weren't
names after his ship Marie Curie as knowledgeable
Erebus, and identifies 145 becomes first about nutrition in cold
new species of fish (not woman to win climates either (they
personally you understand a Nobel prize learned much that we
- a scientist on the ship know today by finding
1908 - Ford
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening
Antarctica in the
world?
did that bit).
Late 1800's to early produce the
20th century
Many expeditions largely
by sealers and whalers
to all parts of
Antarctica.Mainly marine
exploration and
exploration of the sub
Antarctic islands.
1898
March. Adrien de
Gerlacheand the crew of
the"Belgica" become
trapped in pack ice off the
Antarctic Peninsula in the
first scientific expedition to
the continent. They
become the first to survive
an Antarctic
winter(involuntarily!) as
their ship drifts with the ice
(they didn't enjoy it).
1899
Carsten
Borchgrevinkleads a
British expedition that
landed men at Cape
Adare and built huts. This
Other stuff
motor out the hard
company way). Humans get
through much more
"Model T" food in a cold
climate, burning it up
1910 - and converting it to
Republic of heat rather than energy
South Africa for physical activity.
established
Early explorers
therefore often went out
relatively under stocked
with food. This had a
1912 - Titanic limiting effect on the
sinks on achievements of the
maiden earliest expeditions.
voyage killing High energy combined
1500 people with low weight is the
best sort of food for
expeditions in cold
climates. This usually
meant a diet high in fat.
Early expeditions also
went out with their food
largely tinned or dried,
this meant that it was
low in vitamins that are
destroyed by the
canning
process. Scurvycaused
1914-1918 by a deficiency of
World War I vitamin C was therefore
a very real problem.
1919 -
Professor
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
was the first time that Ernest
anyone had wintered on Rutherford 1900 - 1922
the Antarctic landmass. splits the
Believed by some atom
is known as
historians to be the first the"Heroic Age"
confirmed landing on of Antarctic
continental Antarctica.
exploration.
1901 1927 - Al The saying among
Captain Scott, UK, leads Jolson stars old Antarctic hands
hisfirst Antarctic in the "Jazz was;
expeditionto try to reach Singer" the
the South Pole, with "For scientific
first talkie
Ernest Shackleton and discovery give me
film
Edward Wilson. They are Scott, for speed and
forced to turn back two efficiency of travel
months later having give me Amundsen,
reached 82 degrees but when you back's
south, suffering from snow against the wall and
blindness and scurvy. there's no hope left,
1930's - Great get down on your
Several other publicly knees and pray for
depression
and privately Shackleton".
era
sponsored expeditions
around this time. 1939 - 1945
By now, these are driven World War II Divide your food the
by science, geography Antarctic explorers
and exploration- less by 1947 - Picard
way
the exploitation of invents the
resources such as seals bathyscaphe Emotions
and whales. and descends about food
to 4000m in on sledging
the ocean expeditions
frequently
1953 -
became almost
Edmund
obsessive. The
Hilary and
traditional way of
Sherpa
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
1907 - 1909 Ernest Tensing climb sharing out the often
Shackleton leads Mount meagre rations was for
expedition to within Everest for the days appointed
156km / 97mls of the the first time
cook to divide the days
South Pole, turns back food into as many equal
after supplies are portions as there were
exhausted. people as fairly as he
could. One of the party
1909 would then turn his
January, back, the cook would
Australian Douglas point to a portion and
Mawson reaches the ask "whose?" The man
South Magnetic who's turn it was would
Pole. give the name of who
would have that portion.
1911 This was done to avoid
December 14th. arguing about who
Norwegian Roal 1969 - Men
received the largest
d Amundsen leads a five first walk on
meal. There were still
man expedition that the moon
sometimes complaints
reaches the South Pole though that the cook
for the first time. and the person naming
1912 the meals had some
kind of secret system
organized between
them.
January Crumbs also became
18th. Britain's important. When
Captain Robert Falcon sledging biscuits were
Scott reaches the South broken up, it was done
Pole to discover he has over something that
been beaten by would catch the falling
Amundsen. All of the five crumbs so that nothing
man team (Scott, Bowers, went to waste. The
Evans, Oates and crumbs too were
Wilson), are to perish on divided up fairly.
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
the return journey only 11
miles from supply depot.
Bodies are not discovered
until November.
December. Douglas
Mawson begins his trek
across George V Land
back to his base at
Commonwealth Bay. His
two companions had died,
and against the odds he
makes it home. A new
section of coast is
discovered and described,
and radio is used for the
first time in Antarctica.
1915

October. Ernest
Shackletonreturns to
Antarctica in an attempt to
complete the first crossing
of the continent. The goal
is not attained, but one of
the greatest adventures of
all time follows. Their ship
is crushed in the sea ice
and a small party sets out
for South Georgia and the
whaling station. The party
is eventually rescued in
1917.
1923
The beginning of large-
scale factory ship whaling
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
in the Ross
Sea.
1928
Australian Sir
Hubert
Wilkinsand
AmericanCarl Benjamin
Eielson are the first to fly
over Antarctica around the
peninsula region.
1929

Richard E. Byrd and

three others - US -
become the first to fly over
the South Pole.
1935

Lincoln Ellsworth - US -
flies across the continent.
Caroline Mikkelsen,
Norway, is the first
woman to set foot on
Antarctica when she
accompanies her
husband, a whaling
captain.
1947
Operation Highjump -
US- sends the largest
ever expedition of over
4700 men, 13 ships and
23 airplanes to Antarctica.
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
Most of the coast is
photographed for map
making.
1956
US aircraft lands at
South Pole. First people
there since Scott and his
team in 1912.
1st July 1957 - 31st Dec
1958

International
Geophysical Year
(IGY) 12 nations
establish over 60
stations in
Antarctica. The beginning
of international
cooperation in Antarctica
and the start of the
process by which
Antarctica becomes "non-
national".
The first successful land
crossing via the South
Poleis led by British
geologist Vivian Fuchs
with New Zealander
Edmund Hillary leading
the back up party, over 40
years after Shackleton's
expedition set out with the
same aim.
1961
 What else
A brief history of was
the exploration of happening Other stuff
Antarctica in the
world?
Antarctic treaty comes
into effect

1997

Boerge
Ousland (Norway)
becomes first person to
cross Antarctica
unsupported. Taking 64
days from Berkner Island
to Scott base towing a
180kg (400lb) sled and
using skis and a sail.
March 2007 - March 2009
International Polar
Year - Actually Spans two
years in order that
researchers get the
opportunity to work in both
polar regions or work
summer and winter if they
wish.

https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/exploration-history.php