Chapter 1: Introduction

Kyoung-Kuk Kim
ISE, KAIST

Spring 2018

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Terminology
Denition:
 natural number N, integer Z, rational number Q, real number
R

Consider sets A1 , A2 , . . . (what's a set?) belonging to universe Ω

 union

 intersection

 complement

 distributive law
 De Morgan laws for an arbitrary collection of sets
 empty set
 disjoint or mutually exclusive sets
 set-theoretic dierence between A and B
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Finite and Innite Sets

Denition:
 nite, countably innite, uncountable

Proposition
Q is a countable set, and R is uncountable.
Theorem
2n subsets for {1, . . . , n}, but uncountably many subsets for N1 .
Theorem
A countable union of countable sets is countable.

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Distance

A metric (distance function) on Ω:

 nonnegativity

 symmetric

 triangular inequality

 metric space
 Euclidean p-space Rp
Convergence: what does it mean by {xn }∞
n=1 converging to x in Ω?

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Some Topology

 open ball
 closed ball
 open set

Examples:
 E = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 < x < 1, y > 2}
 E1 = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 < x < 1, y = 0}
 A = {x ∈ R : 0 < x < 1}

Sets in R:
 (a, b), (a, b], [a, b), [a, b]
 (a, ∞), [a, ∞), (−∞, b), (−∞, b]
 and [a, ∞], [−∞, b), etc.?

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Closed Sets

We dene a closed set in terms of sequential convergence:

 closed ball
 closed rectangular box

Theorem
A set E is closed if and only if E is open.
c

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Basic Logic I
Important connectives: and, or, not, implies

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Basic Logic II

What kinds of statements and proof methods we use?

 P and Q, P or Q, not P, etc.
 proof by contradiction
 contrapositive
 quantier
 mathematical induction (strong induction)
 negation (of (∀x)P(x) or (∃x)P(x))
Example 1: Let A ⊂ N. If A = ∅ then A has a smallest element.
Example 2: negation of  E is not open

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Limit Points and Closure

Denition:
 limit point (cluster point) of a set E

 isolated point

 closure of E

Theorem
Let E be a subset of a metric space Ω, and let E be the closure of
E . Then,
(a) x ∈ E i ∃{xn } ⊂ E such that xn → x .
(b) E is a closed set.
(c) E is the smallest closed set containing E .
(d) E is closed i E = E .

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