Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Chapter 1 1.3 1. (@) pini + pox + pats (0) Ftbx (0) (F+ex)/x = Fix te (d) After the p% raise, his salary is L + pL/100 = L(1 + p/100). A q% raise of this new salary gives the final answer: L(1+ p/100)(1 + ¢/100). (©) V = x(18 — 2x)(18 ~ 2x) = 4x(9 — x)?. (See Figs. 1 and 2.) FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 3. @y=3e+2) x= (¢) Square each side: A?K?L = ¥3. Solving for L yields L = ¥3/A*K?. @ y= — 2x (when g £0) a4 ad (when a # c) ¢ 1 1 one AD Wa erin Oma Ife ) Multiplying by 1 + and solving for (i=a)~c +5) I,+G-ak+b elds ee cee ye 4 atbe 0 T-a+ar 887888 Answers to Ocd-Numbered Problems 5, 2n(r-+1)—2nr = 2, where r is the radius of the earth (as an approximate sphere). 7, Let each side have length s. Then the area K is the sum of the areas of the wiangles APB, APC, and BPC in Fig. 3, so $sh) + sh + 4sh3 = K. Thus, 4) +ho+h3 = -K /s, which is independent of where P is placed. FIGURE 3 1. (a) Rational (note that this is only an approximation to the irrational num- ber 7). 5 = V4=2, a natural number. (c)3—2 = 1, a natural number. — 1/4 is imrational: If 327 — 1/4 were rational, then there would exist rs p and g such that 37 ~ 1/4 = p/q. Hence, x = (4p +)/I2g. which would imply that 2 is rational, a contradiction. 3. @x#4 OxH#0andx ¢—2 ()x#—S and x #1. (The quadratic equation x7+-4x—5 = O has the solutions x = —Sandx=1.) (@)x #— (The quadratic equation x7 +4x+4 = (x+2)° = 0 has the solution 2.) 5. F/x +c F/(qg —o). For F = 100,000, ¢ = 120, and q = 160: 100,000/x + 120 < 160, that is, 100.000/x < 40, and so x > 100,000/40 = 2500. 7. (a) |S — 3(-1)] = [5 +3) =8, [5-3-2 (©) [5 ~3x| = 5 ~3x for.x < 5/3, |5—3x 9. (a) 4.999 5/3 1. (a) x*-422=5x ea let 3 b)x = 3 2x- =0 @)x?>4e52x>20rx<-2 3. (@) x =O is necessary, but not sufficient. (b) x > 50 is sufficient. but not necessary. (c) x > 4 is necessary and sufficient. 5. (a) x )x=00rr=-5 ()x=-30rx=3Chapter1 889 (a) If. (Note: V4 means 2, not +2.) (b)If (©) Only if (4) fF (e) Only if 9. (a) x 0 such that B is not satisfied for any 5 >0. (e) Someone may not like cats. f) Someone never loves anyone. 1. (b), (@), and (¢) all express the same condition. (a) and (c) are different. 3. We should show why the fact that p” has 2 as a factor implies that p has 2 as a factor. Assume on the contrary that p does not have 2 as a factor. Then p = 2m + 1.-for some natural number m. But then p? = (2m + 1)? 4m? +4m + 1 = 2(2m? +2m) +1, which is odd and therefore does not have 2 as a factor. 1. (a) 5 € C, DCC. and B = C are true. The three others are false (b) ANB = (2), AUB = (2.3.4.5.6), A\ B = (3.4), B\ A = (5.6). (AUB)\(ANB) = (3.4. 5,6}, AUBUCUD = (2,3, 4,5, 6). ANBNC = (2), and ANBOCAD 3.(@) BOM (bv) FABNCHZD ()F\(TUC)CB 5. (a) to (@) follow immediately from the definitions and also from obvious ‘Venn diagrams. Both sets in (f) are seen to consist of the areas (1). (2). (3), (4), and (7) in Fig. 1.8 in Section 1.7. 7. The 2 = 8 subsets of (a, b. c} are the set itself, the empty set. {a}. (0). {c}. (a,b}, {ac}, and {b.c}. The 2* = 16 subsets of (2, b.c. d) are the eight preceding sets together with {d), (a.d), (bd), (c.d}, (a.b.d), (a,c.d), (b.c.d), and (a, b.c.d}. 9. (a) Look at Fig. 4. n(AUB) is the sum of the numbers of elements in (1), (2). and (3) respectively—that is, n(4\ B), n(ANB), and n(B\,A). n(A)+n(B) is the number of elements in (1) and (2) together, plus the number of elements in (2) and (3) together. Thus, the elements in (2) are counted twice. Hence. you must subtract the number of elements in (2) (that is n(AMB)) to have equality. (0) Look again at Fig. 4. n(4\ B) is the number of elements in (1). and n(A) — n(A 1 B) is the number of elements in (1) and (2) together, minus the number of elements in (2). Hence, it is the number of elements in (1). FIGURE 4 NU SY”890 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 11. (b) is not generally valid. For example, in Problem 1, (ANC) AB = {2} A (2, 5,6} = (5, 6}, whereas (A & B)O(C A B) = (3,4.5,6) 0 =@, (Ahematively, use Fig. 1.8 in Section 1.7.) Chapter 2 22 . (a) £0) = O +4 =1, F(-1) = (-17 + f(/2) = 3. (0) (i) For all x. When (x + 1)?41 = (x? 41) +2, 50 xe42x+2ex743 or2xt2=3,orx=1/2. Gii)x=+. (a) £(0) = 0, f(a) = a, f(a) = a? - 4a? = -3a", and f(2a) = 0 (b) 3f (a) + f(—2a) = 3a + [a? — (—2a — a)*] = 3a? +a? ~ 9a? = ~Sa? (a) C@) = 1000, C(100) = 41.000, and C(101) — C100) = 501 () C(x + 1) — C(x) = 2x + 301 = incremental cost of producing one ‘unit more than x. 2, fU/2) = 5/4, and » rn 7. (a) D(8) = 4, D(10) = 3.4, and D(10.22) = 3.334 (b) P = 10.9 9 (a) f (tx) = 100(tx)? = 10017x? = 7100x? = #7 f (x) (b) P(tx) = (tx)!? = PRY? = 12 P(e) IL. (a) f(a+b) = A(a+b) = Aa+ Ab = f(a)+ f(b) (b) flats) = 10°? = 10° - 10? = f{a)- f(b) 13. (a)x <5 ()x#O0andx#1 (c)-32 (@)x>1 15. (a) Dy = [-2.00), Re = (00, 1]. (The largest value of g(x) is 1 for x =—2. As x increases from —2 to 00, g(x) decreases from 1 to —00.) +b a Jee a a, 7 (0et2) _ “Nera ca) (24) c(——)-a cx—a _ alax +b) + b(ex~a) > —a(cx —a) 23 1. See Fig. 3. See Figs. 6 t0 8. 5. @) V2 (0) V9 (c) $V205 Ad) VETS (€) 21a) (VB 7. (a) 5.362 (b) VOn) + Ga — 1 = Via? — 4a 1 © 8.209 9. (a) (x + (y — 3)? = 4 has center at (—5.3} and radius 2. (b) (x +3)? + (y — 4)? = 12 has center at (3.4) and radius 72.Chapter2 891 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 LL. The condition is that y/(x + 2)? + y? = 29/(x — 4)? + y?, or equivalently @-6P +P = 4 13. (a) The two expressions give total price per unit (product price plus shipping costs) for the product delivered at (x, y) from A and B respectively. (b) The $V (x — 60)? + y?, which reduces condition is that p + 10/7 + to (x +20)? + y? = 40". 1S. x7 + y? + Ax + By +C Ax+(3A4)?? +By+C=0 2 iC) <> (Xt GAP + B? — AC). The last is the equation of a circle centered VAP +B 4C. If a? +B? = 4C, the graph B). For A? + B® < 4C, the solution set 3BY = i A, —4B) with radius consists only of the point ( is empty. 1. (@) Ax (b)x=0 ()Allx (4) x=0 (For x > 0, the equation »* =x has two solutions.) (e)x=+1 (DALx¢3 (g)Allx (hb) Allx 3. Suppose c is positive. Then f(x) +c is obtained by raising the graph of F(%) by ¢ units. f(x +c) is obtained by shifting the graph of f(x) by ¢ units to the left. —f(x) is obtained by reflecting the graph of f(x) in the x-axis. f(—x) is obtained by reflecting the graph of f(x) in the y-axis.892 Answers to Odd-Numbered Probiems 25 1. (@) Slope = (8 - 3)/(5~2) =5/3 (0) -2/3. (©) SUS 3. Li is y =x +2, with slope 1; Lo is y = —3x +3, with slope ~3/5: Ls is y= 1, with slope 0; La is y = 3x — 14, with slope 3: Ls is y with slope 1/9. 5. (@), (b), and (4) are alll linear; (¢) is not. 7. (a) Ly is (y-3) = 2@-1) ory +1 (b) Lo is y (x—(-2)) ory = x/5+12/5 (©) L3isy = x2 () Ls is x/a t+ y/b = 1, oF y =~—bx/a +b. The graphs are shown in Figs. 9 and 10. 11, (@) April 1960 corresponds to r = 9/4, when N(9/4) = —17,400- (9/4) = 151,000 = 111.850. (b) -17,400r + 151,000 = 0 implies r = 8.68, which corresponds roughly to September 1966. 13. For (a), shown in Fig. 11, the solution is x = 3, y = —2. For (b). shown in Fig. 12, the solution is x = 2, y = 0. For (c), shown in Fig. 13, there are no solutions, because the two lines are parallel 15. See Fig. 14, C = 0.8824Y —1.3941. The slope is an estimate of the marginal propensity to consume, 17. See Fig. 15. Each arrow shows the side of the line on which the relevant inequality is satisfied. The shaded triangle is the required set. FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12Chapter3 893 194 2 my ie Ty aaa ee raecemeas ee Betye3 RAED FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15 Chapter 3 31 1. (a) x 1042 345 fixjext—4x 5 0-3 -4 -3 05 (b) See Fig. 16. (c) f(x) = (x-2)?-4. Minimum at 2.-4). (@) x =0 and x = 4. FIGURE 16894 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 3. (a) x? +4x = (x +2)?—4. Minimum —4 for x =—2. (b) x? +6x +18 = (x+3)?+9, Minimum 9 for x = 3. (c) —3x2+30x—30 = ~3(x—5)*4+45. Maximum 45 for x = 5. (d) 9x? — 6x — 44 = 9(x — 1/3)? — 45. Miniroum —45 for x = 1/3. (e) —x? ~ 200x + 30,000 = —(x + 100)? + 40,000. Maximum 40,000 for x = -100. (f) x?+100x—20,000 = (x+50)*-2° 500. Minimum —22,500 for x = —50. 5. (a)x=2pandx=p (b)x=pandx=g (c)x 7. x = 250 maximizes A. (A = —x? + 500x = —(x — 250)? + 62,500.) 9. x =4(r — 1/7? +1). Use [3.4).) 11. Using [3.3], we see that f(x) (& —4ac)/4a. Now, f(E-1. and f(%+1) =a(%+1-%)? - all t, and the graph is symmetric about the line x = Z, (a) x(Q) = -30? + —a2—y)Q (b) Using (3-4), 0" =a, -a2- maximizes profits if a1 ~ a2 — y > 0. If a ~ a2 — y <0, then Q* =0. (©) *(Q) = ~$0? + (@ a2 — y —Q and Q* =a) —a2~y —1 if @)—a2;—y—t>0. (d) Tax revenue = 1Q* = t(a, ~ a, — y ~1). Then 1 = f(a, — a ~ y) maximizes tax revenues. 1. (@) land—-2 (b) 1,5, and -5 (©) -1 3. @x+4 )xe+x+1 (c)-3x?- 12x (a) x — x —1 is not @ for x = 1, so the division leaves a remainder. (b) 2x3 — x — 1 is 0 for x = 1, so the division leaves no remainder. (©) x3 ~ ax? + bx — ab is 0 for x =a, so the division leaves no remainder. (@) x* —1 is 0 for x = ~1, so the division leaves no remainder. 7 @) EFI — 3) O) -AxK— DX —DE+3) (© 4-2? +3) ye @2 1B ©5 @iUs (2) 43 (b)25 () VS a> Qa (90772 (aa . (b) and (¢) are valid; the others are not generally valid. 9. The surface area is 4.84 - (100)? m? ~ 104.27m?. You need 104 - 27/5 or slightly less chan 21 liters. UL. (@)a—b ) (@+x)/2bx*? ayeChapters 895 3.5 1. The doubling time r* is determined by the equation (1.0072) =2. Using a calculator, we find r* = 96.6. 3. (a) The amount of savings after 1 years: 100 (1 + 12/100)‘ = 100 - (1.12)' ) x 1 2 5 10 20 30 50 100-(1.12" 112 125.44 176.23 310.58 964.63 2995.99 28,900.21 5. The graphs are drawn in Fig. 17. o1 2 3 ew 18 14 121 2 4 B a8 4 2 112 1K 18 3-241 FIGURE 17 7, If 5.1-(1.035)' = 3.91-10", then (1.035)' = 3.91-10""/5.1 ~ 0.7667- 10"! We find (using a calculator) that r = 728, so the year is 728 + 1969 = 2697. This is when each Zimbabwean would have only 1 m” of land. 9. (1+ p/100)'5 = 2, so p ¥ 4.7% 11. (b) and (4) do not define exponential functions. (In (f): y = (1/2)*.) 13. Solve the equation y = Ab* for A and b by using the two indicated points on each graph. This gives y= 2-2*, y= 2-3, and y = 4(1/2)*. 1. Only (€) does not define a function. (Rectangles with different areas can have the same perimeter.) 3. The function cannot be one-to-one because at least two persons must have the same blood group.896 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Chapter 4 4.2 1. f(S+h) — f (5) = 465 +h)? -— 4-5? = 4(25+ 10k +h?) — 100 = 40h + 4h? So [f5 +h) — f(S)I/h = 40+ 4h — 40 ast > 0. Hence, 7'(5) = 40, This accords with [4.8] when a = 4 and b=c=0. 3. fa) <0, f')=0, flc)>0, fild)<0 S.@ fO)=3 OW F(I)=2 OPB=~18 @OF@O= OFCHD=0 ® fa=4 7. (@) dD(P)/d P =—b (b) C'(x) = 2gx 9. (2) fR+h)— f(x) = ae thP tor +h) teeth) +d~(axr+bx?+cx+a), Here (x+h)> = 2° +3x2h+3xh?-+h? and (x +h)? = x2-+2xh+h?. Easy al gebra then gives {f(x-+h)— f(x)/h = Bax? +2bx +c+3ahx +ah?-+bh, which evidently tends to 3ax? + 2bx +c ash > 0. (b) If a = 1 and b=c =d = 0, then the result in Example 4.3 follows. So does that in Problem 6 when @ = 0. C'(100) = 203 and C'(x) = 2x +3. @ sy) (b) SY) =4Y +10 . (a) R(x) = a, C(x) = 2ayx +6), and x(x) = a ~ 2a;x — 6). The marginal profit is O when x = (p —by)/2ay. (b) R'(x) = 2ax, C'(x) = ay. and x'(x) = 2ax — a1. The marginal profit is 0 when x = a; /2a, (b) With R(x) = ax — bx?, R(x) = @ — 2bx. C(x) = ay, and 2/(x) =a ~ 2bx — a ‘The marginal profit is 0 when x = (a — ay)/2b. e - (a) 3 (b)-1/2 ©) (13)? =2197 @ 40 @) 1 H-3/4 The Jim... (1) is equal to 0 for a = —I, it is 1 for a = 0, and it is 3 for a= 2. Fora =3 and 4, the limit does not exist. 1 oO 3 @) Fora #2, 3 # faa _ 10 1/6 as h > 2. (b) —c0 (limit does not exist) (c) 2 (Hint: 1-3 is a common factor for 321 — 96 and 1? — 21-3.) (4) ¥3/6 (Hint: Multiply numerator and denominator by Jk +3+-4/3.) (e) -2/3 (Hint: 1 +2is a common factor.) (f) 1/4 (Hint: 4—x = (2+ /%)(2~ V/x).) we pe > which tends 7. (@) 0.6931 (b) 1.0986 (¢) 2.7183 45 2. @O &)4e5 (©) 90x (@) O Remember that x is 2 constant!)Chapter 5 897 3. (a) 6x5 (b) 33x!7 (©) SOx*? (4) 28x7S (e) x! (4x3 (9) (-3/2)2-32 (hy 3x75? Then x = a +h. and the result follows from [4.3], the of the derivative. For f(x) = 2?, the equation gives 7. (a) Let f(x) = x7. Then f’(x) = 2x, and the limit is equal to f’(5) = 2-5 = 10. (b) Let f(x) = x5. Then f(x) = 5x*, and the limit is equal to f'Q) = 5-1 = 5. (Let f(x) = 5x +10. Then f'(x) = 10x. and this is the value of the limit. A (@) 1B) L+2x (©) 1Sx4+8x> 32x52“? 1/2 ~ 3x + 15x? () —21x6 . (a) —6x-7— (b) (3/2)x"F —(1/2)x79?_— (e) (-3/2)x78®— A) -2/(x - 1? (©) (4x — S)/x® (f) 34/(2x +8)? (g) -33x-? (h) (-3x7 +2 $4)/Q? +x 41)? . RP) = D(P) + PD'(P) @y=—3x+4 (W)y=x-l (Cy S(I7x-19)/4 @y¥ =~(x-3)/9 (a) oe ©) 67-16 (©) -2/'W/l1+ FO}? If f(x) = 1/x", then by the rule for differentiating a quotient, f(x) = (O-x" = 1-nx"™')/(x")? = —nx-""!, which is the power rule. » ay » L (©) y"=(-De 43 2 (d) f%(1) = 84.000. (a) y" = 20x — 36x?) »" = (-1/4)x (a) y" = 18x (b) YY” =36 ©) d*z/dB = Sf" Ga)g(x) +2f' g's) + F)2@), Fx) g(x) + 3F"(a)g'(X) + 3f' 8") + FOD8"(&) f(x) = x"6F has this property. Successive differentiations eventually yield F(x) = (26/3)(13/3)(10/3)(7/3)(4/3)x "for all x, but only for x #0 is F(x) = (16/3)(13/3)(10/3)(7/3)(4/3)(1/3)x 27 ye N = Chapter 5 54 (2) f(x) = 9x4 + 6x? +1, 80 f'(x) = 36x7 + 12x. (b) Using [5.1]: f'(x) = 23x? + 1)°"'6x = 36x3 + 12x.898 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems » @ fan" w 3863+? O©-2e-)? FS 3 @ -66x(1 = 7)? (@) 3x? VT=¥ - aes Wax (30 +2) 740 —x)"8 - 2 +.)'2 0 — x) 48 S@1+f'®) O2WF@-1 ©4[F@]> FO a 2 FH r 2 er, . 7 "(x @ 2+ FW +3 FO] IF) OfQ)+2/) OSs () Rafe) — FF OF? 0) Ref O)F') — 3(F ON)" V/a* @ $F) + [Foo +77) +3[F00]7 7° +) dy/dv = ‘Aapqv?"'(av’ +b)?! FR) = mx — ay"! = (x — bY" + n(x — a)" + (x — by". Factoring this expression yields f’(x) = [m(x —b) +(x ~a)](x — @)""!-(x - by"! =0 at Xo = (na + mb)/(n +m). Clearly, a < (na + mb)/(n +m) . Because y = x*"", this gives y’ /6)x~"/6. dv 2u+u du the original equation implies that dv/du = 0 at (w. v) = (1/8. -1/4). dQ/dP =—19/P>? Y= f(¥)+/+A—2(¥). Differentiating w.rt. / using the chain rule yields a¥/dI = f'(Y\(AY /dl) +) — g(¥\d¥/d1). Solving for d¥ /dI gives d¥/dI = 1/(1— f'(Y) + g'(¥)]. Imports should increase when income increases, so g'(Y) > 0. We find that d¥ /dI > 0. Differentiation wr.t. x yields g'(f(x)) f(x) = 1, so f(x) = 1/e'(f(@)) (provided that g'( f(x)) #0). Hence, du/du = 0 when v = —2u. Inserting this value into ay ° If f(x) = JTF, then f(x) = 1/2VTFx, 0 f(0) = Land f'(0) = 1/2. Hence, [5.5] gives VI-+x 1+ }(x-0) = 14 4x, See Fig. 18. =i T 2 FIGURE 18 3. @) 1/(l+x)%1—x (&) (14x83 145x (©) (l-x)'4 F 1-2/4 5. (a) JT1 = (1 +1/10)!8 © 1+ (1/3)(1/10)_ © 1.033 (b) 433 = 20 + 1/32)'"5 = 201 + 1/160) 2.0125 (c) JF = 21 +1/8)'8 = 20+. 1/24) = 2.083 (@) (1.02) = (1+ 1/508 14+12=15 ©) V37= (36 + 1)? = 6(1 + 1/36)? © 6(1 + 1/72) © 6.083 (f) (26.95)'8 = (27 - 5/100)" = 3(1 — 0.05/27)" ~ 3 — 0.05/27 = 2.998 7. V(r) = (4/3)ar3. The linear approximation is: V(2 + 0.03) — V(2) ~ 0.03 - V’(2) = 0.4877. Actual increase: V (2.03) — V (2) = 0.487236. 5.5 L. (@) (1+x)5 © 145x402? (b) AK® = A+aA(K-1), (©) (+ 3e4 de)? 14 3e-$e? @A-x)7 3. Implicit differentiation yields: (*] 3x?y +.x3y’ +1 = $y7!y’. Inserting x=Oand y= 1 gives 1 = (4)17'”y’, so y’ = 2. Differentiating [+] once $e(a-1)A(K=1)? l+x4x?900 Answers to Ode-Numbered Problems more w.t.t.x Yields 6xy + Inserting x = 0, y = 1. 5. Use [5.10) with f(x) = (1+x)" and x = p/100. Then f'(x) = ni + x)r~ and f(x) = n(n — 1)(1 +.x)""*. The approximation follows. we + (a) -3. (6) 100 (12 @) -3/2 . (a) An increase in prices by 10% leads to a decrease in traffic by approx. imately 4%. (b) One reason could be chat for long-distance travel. more people fly when rail fares go up. x e 5 L = 1 ps oa * 5. EL SOY? = FP (FS (8) = PFS (0) = PEL SW) 7. (a) El,A = (x/A)(dA/dx) =0 WEL) = Lue! = Les f= 2-2 nyse \ Fe nay tpt eee xg xe (gf'-fa'\ _ xf xg Hf = 78 (2) 38 WO _*8 epee oma (f) =F (GE) aE oases pene . x(fi+3) f g _ fELft+gEks (@) El. (f +3) = 8 + @ BL +9) =" eG Ee (e) Is like (d), but with +g replaced by —g. and +g’ by —g’. (z= f(g(u). w= g(x) > Ely + 5VFREM f(x) x+V FR) e . (2) SHEL f(x) (0) FEL) © (d) -EL, f(x} Chapter 6 6.1 + (a) 4 (b) 0 (€)2 (d)-00 (€) 00 (f) -co (a) (i) —00 (ii) 00 (iii) 0 (iv) A (0) lim, f(x) = B y 5. (a) y=x—1 (= —1 is a vertical asymptote). (0) y=2r-3 Y= 3x +5 (@ = 1 is a vertical asymptote). (d) y = 5x (x = 1 is a vertical asymptote). 6.2 1. ) and (d) are continuous: the others are not necessarily so. (As for (Ch consider Problem 6.)Chapter6 901 FIGURE 19 FIGURE 20 3. f is discontinuous at x = 0. g is continuous at x = 2. The graphs of f and g are shown in Figs. 19 and 20. 5. a =5, so that lim.)- f(x) =4= lim.) f(z) =a —1 No. Let f(x) = g(x) = 1 for x a. Then f and g are both discontinuous at x = a, but f(x) + g(x) =2 for all x, and therefore f + g is continuous for all x. (Draw a figure!) Let A(x) = —f(x) for all x, Then A is also discontinuous at x = a, whereas f(e)h(x) = =I for all x. and so f - his continuous for all x. ~ 6.3 L. f'(0*) = 1 and f'(0-) =. See Fig. 21. 3. If x > 0, then fi(x) = 3x75 + oo as x + Ot. Also f(x) > -0o as x + 0°. Hence, the graph has a cusp at x = 0. See Fig. 22. FIGURE 21 FIGURE 22 6.4 Gin) =1 1 7 L Wee Fp 7 2 SET OB =~ Tay 3 asn—+ 0 ()3-(-1/2) +4-(1/3) =-1/6 _(@) (=1/2) (13) = -1/6 © (12/03) =-32 © VOB= CD = V3/6 = V30/6Chapter7 903 Chapter 7 74 1. (@) Let f(2) = 1. Then f is continuous, f(-1) = 2, and f(1) = —4, so according to Theorem 7.2, the equation f(x) = 0 has a solution in (—1, 1). Parts (b) and (c) are done in the same way. 3. Your height is a continuous function of time. You were once less than 1 me~ ter tall and (unless you are unduly precocious) you are probably now above 1 meter tall. The intermediate value theorem (and common sense) give the conclusion. 5. (a) See Fig. 23. (b) Define g(x) = f(x)— x. Then g(a) > 0 and g(b) <0. If either g(a) or g(b) is 0, we have a fixed point for f. If g(a) > 0 and g(b) <0, then g(x) = 0 for some x* in (a,5) by the intermediate-value theorem. This x* is a fixed point for /. 1. f is continuous on (0, 5], so the extreme-value theorem applies. 3. f has a maximum atx = 1 and a minimum at all x > 1. (Draw your ‘own graph.) Yet the function is discontinuous at x = 1, and its domain of definition is neither closed nor bounded. L@f=32 WE=VI2 |E=V2 @ME=V3 3. & = £1/,/27. The conditions of the mean-value theorem are not satisfied, ‘because f is not differentiable at x = 0. See Fig. 24. L (+x) =l-xt?-t0)4x? 3. (1+1/8)!9 = 141/24—1/576 + R3(1/8), where 0 < R3(1/8) < 5/(81-83). Thus, /9 = 2(1 + 1/8)" ~ 2.080, with three correct decimals. FIGURE 23 FIGURE 24 y be904 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 5. The idea is precisely the same as in Problem 4. The expressions get so big that we do not reproduce them here. 7.5 r (a) lim.) (x — /(@? = 1) = lim, 1/2x = 1/2 (b) lim,—., 2x/1 = 2a (©) lim, -2(3x? + 6x)/@x? + 10x + 8) = lim,._2(6x + 6)/(6x +10) =3 ‘The second fraction is not “0/0”. The correct limit is 5/2. Does not exist if b # d. If b = d, the limit is “0/0” and by I’Hépital’s rule, it is lim, ol fa(ax + b)-'? — fe(ex +d)! Y/1 = a/2Vb-c/2d = @~o/rve. Vx pax + paix ta,—x= x(JTeapee Fa? 1) = eee Now ae x use I'Hépital’s rule. 1. p= 64/3 - 10D/3 3. @x=-y/3 ()x=1/y |xayls G+)! 0) g(x) = 24+ D/E-D fi-@-2]'? 7. (@) f(x) = 4x — 4x3 > 0 for x € 0, 1), so Ry = (0, 1]. ©) a(x) = VI-VT== 9. (a) f(z) = x/2 and g(x) = 2x are inverse functions. (b) f(x) =3x—2 and (x) = }(x+2) are inverse functions. (c) C = $(F —32) and F = 3C+32 are inverse functions. 11. f~! determines how much it costs to buy a specified nurnber of kilograms of meat. 13. f'(x) = 4x73 — x°)/3V4— x > 0 for x € (0. V3), so f bas an inverse on (0. V3). 9'(W3/3) = 1/f'(0) = 3V3/8. Chapter 8 8.1 1, @ y'=—3e-* (0) y' = 6x7") y= (1 /x)e* @) y= 5(4x — Bye! 3. (a) f(x) = et t xe = (14x), f"(x) = e1(2 +x). F is increasing for x>-1. (b) See Fig. 25.Chaoter® 905 2s 3et FIGURE 26 yt =e + xe8 = (x + De’, so the formula is ‘correct for n = 1. Assume that the kth derivative is y® = (x+k)e*. Then by the product rule, y#*” = (d/dx)(x+het = eh +Grthet = [eek Dlet Thus, the given formula is valid also for n = k +1. By induction. it is valid generally. 1. (a) In9=In3?=2In3_ (oy $103) NF? = In 325 = 2n3 (d) In(1/81) = n3~* = —41n3 3. (a) 3°4°+? = 8 when 3*4*4? = 8 or 12° = 1/2. Hence, x = —In2/In 12. (b) Inx? + Inx* = 6, or Inx” = 6, so 7inx =6 and then x = 66”, (c) #(1 — 47!) = 343 - 1), so (4/3)* = 8/3, implying that = In(8/3}/ In(4/3). (Also, (4/3)*~! = 2, so an alternative correct answer = 1 +1In2/1n(4/3).) We show how to prove (c) and (e). For (c), when x > 0: In(e'x*) = Iné +Inx? =3ine+2Inx=342inx. For (e): Note that p; In(1/p, pi(lnl — In p;) = ~p; In p; when p; > 0. 7, (a) Wrong. (Let A = e.) (b) and (c) are right. 9 (@x>-1 @)Islorx<-1 ()x>1 © e (wr+2) @ & (322mx?+2) x z/ is we (f) x ef andx >1 ; -1 peo fa} le 13. (a) In f(x) = }flm(@x + 1) — In(x pee 8 =F (4 sa)- jaa? Inf(z) = xinx, so f()/ f(x) = Inx +1 © In f(x) = £@) $in(z —2)+1nG? +1) + In(x* +6), so ae =906 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 15. (a) f'(x) = et! — Lis < 9 for x <1, and > 0 forx > 1. But f(1) F(x) > 0 for all x #0. See Fig. 27. (b) f(-1) =e? +1>1, f(l) =0, and f(3) = e?—3 > 1. By the intermediate-value theorem, there have to be solutions of f(x) = 1 in each of the intervals (—1. 1) and (J, 3). Because f'(x) < 0 for x > 1 and f’(x) > 0 for x > i, there is only one solution in each of the two intervais, and these are the only two solutions. (c) g is defined for all x # 1, x # x1, and x # x2, where x; and xz are the two solutions in (b), g(x) > 0 as x > +00. (a) See Fig. 28. fayselax FIGURE 27 FIGURE 28 17. (@) F(x) ) fa) ser © f'@) = foe* -1) 19. (a) xy'/y sax (b)34+2x (14 x @+Ding@ +h 21. Iny = vinw, so y'/y = v' Inu + ww fu. 23. We must solve x = }(e¥ — e~*) for y. Multiply the equation by e* to get } e) or e* —2xe*—1 = 0. Letting e =z yields with solution x&VJx741. The minus sign makes = negative, so ef =x+Jx7 41. This gives y = In(x + Vx? +1) as the inverse function. 8.3 1. (a) logs 25 = logs5* = 2logs5 = 2 (b) 3/2, because 125 = @ -6 3. (@) y' =5-In3_ b) y’ =P In2inx+2*/x (©) y’ = log, x + 1/In2 @ y =x +2x?)In2] 5. (a)O02 (c) One must have x > 3. Then Inx + In(x—3) = Inx(x—3) < In4, and so x(x 3) <4. Thus. 3 1000. 7. (a) f(a) = k — Aae~® = 0 when x9 = (1/a) In(Aa/k) (b) xo > 0 iff Aw > k. Then f(x) < Oifx < x9 and f(x) > Oif x > x. (©) x9 increases as po increases. and as V increases; xp decreases as 8 increases, and as k increases. 9. Inm = —0.02 +0.191n N. When N = 480.000, then m © 11.77 IL. Inz = 1n694,500— 0.3 In p, and p = (694,500/z)'°°. 1B. (a) See Fig. 29. T 36.3 35.0 33.9 92.4 247 24.2 Inn 5.04 $89 4.70 4.54 364 3.58 (©) F(T) = 1.992077 (©) The fall in temperature that halves the pulse rate is (In2)/0.12. = 58 degrees. FIGURE 29 15. tp = 1972 + 8000 n 0.886, which gives the approximate date 1004.908 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 8.5 1. (@) (i) $1000(1.05)'° ~ $1629 Gi} $1000(1.05)* ~ $11,467 (b) Gi) $1000(2 + 0.05/12)! = $1647 Gi} $1000(1 + 0.05/12) = $12,119 (©) @ $1000e°'® = $1649 (ii) $1000e9°55° = $12. 182. 3. A'(u) = u/(l +u)? > 0 for u > 0, so A(u) > 0 for w > 6, implying that 8'(X)/g() = h(r/x) > 0 for all x > 8. So g(x) is strictly increasing for x > 0. Because g(t) + e” as x + 06, it follows that g(x) < e” for all x > 0, Continuous compounding of interest is best for the lender. Chapter 9 92 1. y’ = 1.06 —0.08x. So y has a maximum at x = 1.06/0.08 = 13.25. 3. (a) V(x) = 12(x — 3)(e — 9). So V has maximum 432 at x = 3. (b) The box has maximum volume when the square cut out from each corner has a length of 3 cm. (c) Logarithmic differentiation yields V’(x)/V(x) = 33-x)/x9-x). 5. (a) Maximum 2 at x = 0. No minimum. (b) Maximum 3 at x = 2. No minimum. (c) Minimum ~3 at x = -2. No maximum. (a) Minimum =l atx =0. No maximum, (e) Maximum 2 at x = 1. No minimum. (f) Maximum } at x = 0. Minimum 1/2 at x = £1. 1. TF (Y) = a(bY +c)?-'(pby — bY —c)/¥?, which is 0 for ¥* = c/b(p — 1). This must be the minimum point because T (Y) is negative for ¥ < Y* and positive for ¥ > ¥* 9.3 1. Maximum 80 at x = 0. Minimum —20 at x = 5. See Fig. 30. FIGURE 30 sf 607\ aNa Chapters 908 2 Choose both mumbers equal to 8. (If x+y = 16, then xy = x(16 ~ x) = =x? + 16x, with x € (0, 16), and this function of x has its maximum at x=8) a) O =(p—f)/2y ©) G) 2=450 @) Q=5M Git) Q=0 y' =e (2x — x2) is positive in (0,2) and negative in (2,4), so y bas a maximum 4e~? = 0.52 at x = 2. A(Q) = C(Q)/Q =a? +bO+c+d/Q. Then A(Q) = 2aQ+b-d/Q", so A'(Q) > ~co as Q + 0°, and A’(Q) + 00 as Q + co. Moreover, A"(Q) = 2a + 24/05. which is positive for all Q > 0. Hence, A’(Q) is strictly increasing from —oo to 00 in (0. 00). Thus, there is a unique point Q° at which A‘(Q*) = 0,and Q* minimizes A(Q). For b = 0, A(Q) has a minimum at Q* = (4/22)! we Sy ¥ f(x) = 3x? ~12 =O at x = £2, and f"(x) = 6x. Sox = 2s a local minimum point, whereas x = ~2 is a local maximum point. . (a) Dy = [-6,0) U (0, 00); f(—2) = f(—6) = 0; moreover f(x) > 0 in (—6. -2) U (0, 00). (6) Local maximum }4/2 at x = —4. Local minimum (8/3)/3 at x = 6 and local minimum 0 at x = —6 (where f’(x) is unde- fined). (©) f(x) + —00 as x + 0", f(x) + 00 as x-+ OF, F(x) + 00 as x + 00, and f'(x) > 0 as x > oo. f attains neither a maximum nor a minimum, @so= ZO ner py =P OE and 1* > Ocan only maximize f(t) if f'(r*) = 0, thatis, if P/(r")(e rP(t")e"", which implies that P’(t*) = r P(t*)/(1 —e7""). and d are local minimum points, whereas c is a }oca) maximum point for f . 2x3 + 6x. » P(tyre™ yu = x = 0 is a local minimum point; x = +V/2/2 ° @LO=F ‘are global maximum points, (6) See Fig. 31. FIGURE 31 4 : N\)\o- {3 | \ fy | / \910 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems y FG) =? - 177 =I i FIGURE 32 UL. (@) fe) = 4x/3(x2= 1)" and f"(x) = 4@ - V3) (e +3) 90? — 48, (b) x = =1 and x = 1 are local (and global) minimum points. x = 0 is a local maximum point. The graph is shown in Fig. 32. f'(x) = -(@x/3) +8 and f"(x) = 2/3 <0 for all x, so f is concave. (a) R= pJx, C = wx + F, and x(x) = pJx—wx—F. b) 2'(x) = P(1/2/%) — w = 0, or p(1/2/x) = w. (Marginal cost = price per unit of output.) (c) (x) = —Lpx-3? < 0 for ali x > 0, so profit is maximized. (@) No maximum exists, because x(x) + 00 as x > 00. = (a) f"(x) = 2x(x?-3)(1+x2), so f is convex in [—/3, 0] and in [V3, 00). Infection points are at x = —J3, 0, and V3. (b) g(x) =4(1 +x) > 0 when x > —1, so g is (strictly) convex in (—1, 00). No inflection points. (©) h'(z) = (2+x)e¥, so h is convex in {-2, 00) and x = —2 is an inflection point. C"(x) = 6aQ + 2b, so C(Q) is concave in [0,—b/3a] and convex in (-b/3a, 00). Q = —b/3a is an inflection point. (2) f'(v) = 3(v — 1) is positive in (0, 1) and in (I, 00). Because f(v) is continuous at v = 1, it is (strictly) increasing in (0,00). Moreover, FW) = ~}(v — 1), so f"(2) > 0 in (0,1) and f"(v) < 0 in (1, 00). See Fig. 33. (0) f’(tm) = p, SO Um = 1+ (3p)73? (©) See Fig. 33. (@) x(v) = 0 when v — 1 = (pv — 1), o p?v? — 3p?v? + Gp — 1)v = 0. This equation always has v = 0 as a root. Any other root must satisfy the quadratic equation p?v? — 3p*y + 3p — 1 = 0. For 0 < p < 1/3, the only Positive root is v = (3+4/4/p — 3) /2p. For 1/3 < p <4/3, there are two Positive roots, which are v = (3 /4/p — 3) /2p; for p = 1/3, v = 9; for p = 4/3, v = 9/8; for p > 4/3, the only root is v = 0. (¢) The solutions are: For 0 < p < 4/3, vq is given by (b). For p = 4/3, v= 0 and v = 9/8. For p > 4/3, v=0. » xvan ona —_" Chapter10 914 FIGURE 33 1, . (a) Straightforward algebra. (b) D > 0, so f is concave. (c) D > 0 if 4 € 0,1) anda ¢b, 50 f is strictly concave. (4) f"(x) = -2 < 0, so according to [9.17], f is strictly concave. » . (a) Convex, as a sum of convex functions. (b) Concave, as a sum of con- cave functions. (c) Concave, as a sum of concave functions. (4) Convex, as a sum of convex functions. (See the note immediately preceding Jensen's inequality.) Apply (9.14] to the set shaded in Fig. 34, which is the set of points below the graph of h(x). ” Chapter 10 10.4 1, F(x) = dx* and A= FQ) - FQ) =}. 3. See Fig. 35. F(x) 1. Because f(x) is negative -[F(-1) - Fa =-(-$-(C pls! —} and F(-2) , 1], so the area A912 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 10.2 L@ fx4¥+C &) aieaxe 3. (a) 27 V9— Sy VV+BVV+C (0) fx? —}x24x—In[x + 1/+C, because Be + NaP—xt1-YRtY) © Z0+x7)"+C 5. Differentiate the right-hand side to get xVax +b. 7. clx) = Fx? + 4x +40 9. (a) f'() = 2x4 Land fox) =P +x42 (0) fC) = — Ife t pet t2x-1 and f(x) =~—Inx + (1/20)x* +x? ~x- 1/20 PEVE+C (\WF+C (Bx +C, because 10.3 L (a) fxd. ©[, GP - 3. (a) x = 1000/3 maximizes profits. See Fig. 36. 0) 1 = ap |ho00 (4000x — 000,000In x) = 2000 — 1500In3 ~ 352 5. (a)? (b) -e“* (6) Qed) Int(1 27/4) (@) ge — 116 WF FT 7. A= [p(/3x — x? + 2x) dx = 6. See Fig. 37. )P-(E=12 & fF G2 + 4x5) = 16/3 x4) = 5/12 00) | | FIGURE 36 FIGURE 37 9. WT) = K(Q— e-T)/pT. Here W(T) > 0 as T + oo, and using "Hopital’s rule, W(T) > K as T + 0*. For T > 0, we find W'(T) = Ke*"(1 + pT ~ eT )/pT? < 0 because e°? > 1+ pT (see Problem 14 in Section 8.2). We conclude that W(T) is strictly decreasing and that W(T) € (0. K).—a Chapters: 913, 10.4 A. x(t) = x9 — fp le“ ds = xq (1 — e-) /a. We see that x(t) + x9 —ii/a ast — 00. If xo > ii/a, the reservoir will never be empty. 3. (a) K(5) — K(0) = fo Br? +21 +5) dr = 175 (b) K(T) ~ Ko = (T? ~ 3) + (1? — 2) +5(T —) 5. (a) fy ae~" dt = (@/r)(l—e"7) b) afr Chapter 11 11.7 1. (a) Use [11-1] with f(x) = x and g/(x) » Then g(x) = ~e~* and xetdx = x(-e™*) — [1+ (-e“*)dx = -xe* — e+ C. (b) Use (11.1) with f(x) = 3x and g'(x) = e* to get dre — Ze*+C. (6) Use [11.1] with f(x) = 1 +2? and g(x) = e7*, as well as the answer to (a), to get —x2e“* — 2xe“* — Be“ +C. (d) Use [11.1] with f(x) = Inx and g'(x) =x 10 get $x*Inx— }x7+C. 3. The general formula follows from [11.1]. fInxdx =xInx—x+C. Let f(x) = Inx and g'(x) =x? and use [11.1]. Use [11.2] with f(u) = u? and g'(u) = (@ —u)’"!. This gives g(u) = =(1/y)@ — u)’, so T* = (2k/y) fy ud — u)” du. Then integrate by parts once more to get % (se - feo @-w ral lo yet ve aa) T=- + are 1 ~ yy + Dy +2 11.2 = (a) SP HIP+C Let fu) = ub, u = gz) = x7 +1) ©) Fe +2"+C (etu=x+2) (© Inia? — 248/40 Cetuax?—x48) (2) Substitute u = JTF. Then uv? = 142, so udu then u = 1; ifx = 1, then u = V2. Hence, fj x/T+x2dx SF wtdu = [Fh = $OVI-1). )IRCetw=Iny) CHE 29) et u = 2/x,) (a) 1/70 (The integrand is —x*(x5 ~ 1). Let w= x5 = 1.) (&) 2V¥Inx —4/x+C. Letu= Vz.) (0) 8/3 Letu= S1+ Jz) 7. (a) Make a common denominator on the right-hand side. (b) (i) 3In2—In3 Gi) 1692-7103 » y914 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems D 9. 2A (ies) +At. (The suggested substitution x = CDe** implies dr = CDBe** dz = Bxdt. Moreover, AC — DeF) 1 _ AG ~1+C) 4, 1+ CDe* T+x and so on.) U1. @) Ine +V7F1) FC () dev FT + $n t+ VHT) FC 14.2 1. @) fP/eydx = fix dx = (te) = So [P(/x*) dx (b) fP x12 dx = [P2x'2 00 as b > 00, so the imegral diverges. (c)1 (@) f2 as R-Veow=a 3. Using a simplified notation and the result in Example 11.7, we have: (@) fpr xke™ dx = —|Pxe™ + [ee dx = 1/h } as b+ 0. () fP (e-a'P ae dx = [P(x a!Pe® + fo2(x—¥ eo dx A + 2 fr xe dx — 201 (Pe dx = AF 4 24 eM dx = AS EBATT IL (x AN) ne dx = APE BAO 5. @) f(x) = I/x* - 3Inx/x* = 0 atx = e!8_ f(x) > -00 as x > OF and f(x) + 0 as x + oo. f(e'3) = 1/f3e > 0. Hence, f has a maximum at (e'3, 1/3e), but no minimum exists. (b) f2x->Inxdx = edxcting +f? beSdx = |b(—txtinx — Lx7), This diverges when Land a 0, But f° x-?Inxdx = 1/4. 7. If both limits exist, the integral is che sum of the following two limits: fh = limosoe JP, (UVE> 2) dx and fy = limesge [25°13 —%) dx. ae 2VEF2) = limo QV5 — 22) = 25, and PS (-2VT=%) = lim. so(-2VE + 2V5) = 2V5. The answer is 4/5, 9. f(x) = 1/x? is not defined at x = 0, so f is not continuous in (—1. 1). A 2 I fez 2/0 + kx)dx = {ftkInx —k n(1+kx)] = [fk In[x/(1 +kx)] = kinta/a +kA)] — kin /C +) = kin{l/1/A +4) - kinf/(. + 4), which tends to kIn(1/k) — kIn{1/(1 +k)] = In(1 + 1/k)* as A > co. So Je = In(1 + 1/k)', which tends to Ine = 1 as k > 00. 13. The substitution suggested in the hint and [11.13] are useful in all three cases. For (b), you also need the result in Example 11.7, For (c), the sug-Chapter 12 915 seed subsintion leads to the integral J = (1/./7) [7S 2072? +2V20; Note that [72 e’ Vi by [11.13], and [7% ze’ by Example 11.9. Finally, integration by parts gives f :7e~ 4 Vm. Thus 1 = (1//%)Q0?- 3/7 +04 11.4 1. See Fig. 38. The solid curve represents the U.S. income distribution in 1980. ‘The dotted curve gives the distribution in the Netherlands in 1959 (almost the same as the U.S. 1980 curve). The dashed curve gives the distribution in the Netherlands in 1985. Income Share 1.04 0.87 0.6 04 0.2 Proportion 02 04 06 08 10 FIGURE 38 Chapter 12 12.1 1. (@) Let x and y denote total production in industries A and 1, respectively Then x = jx + Ly +60 and pat fy +60. So 3x — jy = 60 and —}x+iy= 60. (b) x= 320/3 and y = 1040/9. 3. 0.8x — 0.322 = 120 and —0.4x1 +0.9x2 = 90, with solution x; = 225 and 2 = 200. 12.2 Latb= (3)-a-b= (<}).20+30= (33) and —Sa-+2b = ( By) 3. ay =0, a2 = 1/3, and as = 1 5. (a) x; =0 for all i. (b) Noth because 0.x = 0 for all x.916 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 7, x=3a+4b 9 (@) (i) Possible, with @ = 12.3 4. a+b = (3,3) and 3: FIGURE 39 3. ic 12.4 1 3. 5. 11. /2. (i) Impossible. (iii) Impossible. () (i Proportion of lead @ = 1/2. (i) If output can be thrown away, the proportion of lead can be @ = 2/3. (iii) Impossible in any case, because (= 6)44+83 <9 for all 6 € [0. 1) = (=2.5,0.5). See Fig. 39 @ x =2,0 (b) Suppose xy (1.2. 1) +x3(-3.0, -2) = (-3.6.1). Then x; ~ 3x2 = ~3, 2x1 = 6, and x; — 2x) = 1. The first two equations | yield x; = 3 and x; = 2; then the last equation is not satisfied. (a) A straight line through (0, 2, 3) parallel to the x-axis. (©) A plane parallel to the z-axis through the line y = x in the xy-plane. i @-a=5,a-b=2,anda-(a+b) = 7. We see that a-ata-b=a-(a+b). | ‘The pairs of vectors in (a) and (c) are orthogonal. ‘The vectors are orthogonal iff their scalar product is 0, that is iff x? - x — 8~ 2x +x =x? 2x -8=0. which is the case for x = —2 and x = 4. ' - Use the rules in (12.14). - (2) The firm's revenue is p-2. Hts costs are p-x. (b) Profit = revenue — costs = P-2~p.x=p-(z—x) =p-y. If p-y <0, the firm makes a loss equal to —p-y. (a) Input vector = (?) (b) Output vector= (3) ecer=«.3(?) =3 (d) Revenu =4.9(5) = 2 (e) Value of net wpe = a.3)(_7) = 2-3 —1 @) Loss = cost — revenue = 3Chapter 12 O17 12.5 1. @) xy = 3471, x = -2 +41, and x3 = 2-1 (0) = 1 = 3-1, and alte 3. x4 — Buy — 2s = 3. (One method: (5.2. 1) — (3,4. -3) = (2, -2, 4) and 2, -1, 4) ~ G,4, —3) = (1, ~5, 7) are two vectors in the plane. The nor- mal (p;. p2. P3) must be orthogonal to both these vectors, so (2,—2, 4) - (Pi, Po. Ps) = 2p) — 2p2 + 4p3 = O and (—1,-S,7) - (py. P2, D3) —P: ~Spr+7ps = 0. One solution to these two equations is (p). P2. P3: (1, ~3, ~2), Then using formula [12.23] with (a). a3.a3) = (2, -1.4) yields (1, =3, =2)- (41-2, x2 + 1x3 — 4) = 0, which reduces to x) —312 — 203 = -3.) 12.6 100 na=(o 1 9) 001 3,u=3andv=—2 . fo 4 -12 4 5 A+B G 46) 4-8 (> 5 TS). and 5A = 3B = (-3 8 -20 10) 12 e 12.7 {-2 -10 12 6 1 @aB= (> ") and BA = (12 9) jl4 6 12 wap = (78 23) mt Bam (35 2 ‘) 3) 22 00 0 6 (©) AB= ° e mH i and BA = (17), a 1 x | mavrix. 0-2-3 1 -1 4 (@) AB is not defined. BA = ( 3 ‘) 48 2y + 3w. Now [1] and [4] are true iff z So (21 and [3] are true as well iff x= w — y,)918 Answers to Odg-Numbered Problems 12.8 32 62 1. AB+C) =AB+AC= G 414 2) 3. Ibis straightforward to show that (AB)C and A(BC) are both equal to the 2x2 matrix D = (d)ox2 with ayy = an biyer; + aiibinee) + arabaicr; + ainb22¢2; for i= 1.2and j= 1,2 ee = (2 0 2) @) (1.2,-3). 133 7. (a) Direct verification. (b) AA = (AB)A = A@BA) = AB = A, so A is idempotent. Then just interchange A and B to show that B is idempotent. (©) As the induction hypothesis, suppose that Af = A, which is true for k = 2. Then a‘t) = A‘A = AA = A, which completes the proof by induction. 12.9 3-1 {5 2 an LA=| 3 6 | and B= (0,1,-1.2) 304 3. A=A! and B=B’ ; {2 1\(1 1)_(2 2 sna Forenmpts (2 3)(1 1)=(2 2), 7. (a) Direct verification. (b) ( P a) (e e) a -q p)\q Pp ie on ae) 2 @ i) iff p? +9? = 1. (c) Suppose P and Q are orthogonal, that is, PP ="I, and Q’Q = I,. Then (PQ)'(PQ) = (QP)PQ) = YPP)Q = VL.Q = YQ=L, 50 PQ is orthogonal. (@ If P is orthogonal and ¢; and ¢; are two different columns of P, then ¢/¢, is the element in row i and column j of PP =I, so c'¢; = 0. If r; and r; are two different rows of P, then rr, is the element in row i and column j of PP =T'=1, so again rir = 0. 6 ; 9. Suppose (: a) (: 5) = (3 ol Then: [I] a? + be = 0; (21 ab + bd = 0: [3] ac + cd = 0; [4] be +a? a+d = 0. Subtracting [4] from [1] yields a?—a? = 0, or (a—d)(a+d) = 0. Either a +d = 0 and we are through, or a = d. But if a = d, then [2] implies that ab = 0, so (1) implies that a? = —abe = 0. Hence, a = 0 and u(A)=a+d=Oeven when c =d. We claim that (A) =Chapter 13 919 Chapter 13 13.1 1. (a) 18 (b)0 (©) @+b)?-(a—b)? = 4ab (d) #2"! — 3-12" = 6"! 3. (a) x) = 11/5 and xz oe () x (c) Provided that 2 2 _ at _ 2a a+b 40,2= 5% and y= oye 5. IfA=B= G 0) en |A+B can be chosen almost at random.) 7. (a) X= Mz because nation 1's exports are nation 2's imports. Similarly, X2= Mj. (b) Substituting for X;, Xo, Mi, Mz, C1, and C2 gives the two equations: [1] ¥;(1 — cy +m) —ma¥2 = Ai; (2] ¥2(1—¢2 + m2) — mY, Ax. Using Cramer's rule with D = (1 ~ cz + mg)(1 — ¢) +m) ~ mimz yields: = 4, whereas |A| + |B| = 2. (A and B Y [Aim + Ao(1— cy +m) 1 plasms + Ail —¢2 +m)). (©) ¥2 depends linearly on A). Increasing Ay by one unit changes ¥2 by the factor m;/D. Because c; is the proportion of income consumed, we can assume that 0 < c) < 1. Likewise, 0 < cz < 1. Because m) and m2 are nonnegative, we see that D > 0 and that ¥2 increases when A; increases. Here is an economic explanation: An increase in A; increases nation 1's income, ¥;. This in turn increases nation 1’s imports, M;. However, nation 1's imports are nation 2's exports, so this causes nation 2's income, increase, and so on. 9. (d/dt)[a(e)b'(t) — a'(#)b(t)) = a(e)b"() — a(t) 13.2 1. (@) -2 (b) -2 (0) adf (A) e(ad — be) 1x: =2,andx3=3 (b) = =x3=0 ()x=lLy 5. (a) Successive substitutions give Y = C+ Ap = a@+b(Y —T) + Ao = a+ bY —b(d +1Y) + Ap. Thus, fotanbd bd + bAg — btAo 1-b+br ioe d—bd+tAg+ta a 1=b+b920 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems (b) The matrix equation is (2 3)@-() and by Cramer’s rule the solution is as in (a). 13.3 1. (@) 24 @)1 ()d-a (dO 3. -aysa310320s305). (There are nine rising lines.) 13.4 1. (@) AB = @ hel BA ( 13 29 16 36 IAI = 14" xB = 1A"|-(B 3. (a) 0 (one column has only zeros). (b) 0 (rows 1 and 4 are proportional). (c) Subtract 3a times the second column from the first, so that the new fourth row is (0, 1.0.0). Interchange the first and fourth rows and then the first and second column. Explain why you can now drop the first row and the first column. The answer is 6a* + 29a? — 6a — 1 153) pa e eal aS —2 and |B| = |B'| = -2, so |AB| = 4 = |Al- Bi, 432 5.XX= (: 5 ') and |X’X| =10 A 7. Because P’P = I,, it follows from [13.15] and [13.14] that |P’||P| = |I,| = Because [P| = |P|, we get |P[? = 1, so [P| = 1 OG D 9. Let A = (: 0 *). Then compute A? and recall [13.15] ba 0 11. (@) For the first equality, you can use the definition of a determinant. The second equality is quite easy if you perform the operations indicated. For the last equality. you can again use the definition of a determinant. (From the first column. you have to pick —1,...) (b) If you can do it, you deserve a break. 13.5 1, (a) 2. (Subtract row 1 from both row 2 and row 3 to get a determinant whose first column has elements 1, 0,0. Then expand by the first column.) (b) 30 (©)0. (Columns 2 and 4 are proportional.)Chapter 13 921 nx x x xp x} lal cae Now multiply the third, the second, and the first columns successively by —x, and add the results to the next column. This yields the determinant i x 3. For n = 4, the Vandermonde determinant is 0 Aas lox xf 2B | enema) ) 3 Haden aaa AD] xp ga | 2 ‘The last equality is obtained by noting that x) — x), x3 — x1, and x, — x) are common factors in the second, third, and fourth rows, respectively, of the preceding determinant. The last determinant is again a Vandermonde determinant, and the conclusion follows. 13.6 “G8 9-69 1 0 0 3. AB = (ex 2a +1/4+3b 4e+30+25) sliffat+b=4a+ 0 9 a and 2a +1/4+3b = 1. This is uue iff a = —3/4 and b = 3/4. if-L V3 ?\-v3 -1 2 1 Oo — 7 waw= (7) qo) AR = 89, and ar-t= 3 (It aye (b) No, AA’ is always symmetric (see Note 2 and Example 12.28 in Sec- tion 12.9). 9, B?+B =I and BS - 2B+1=0. From B+ B=I, we get BB+1) =I, eee ea. soB-'=B+I (a 1p}: 11. Let B = X(X’X) Then A? = (i, — B)G, - B) = 1, -B-B+ B?. Here BP = (X(X'X)"'X’)(K(X'K)"'X!) = X(KXK) WRK)’ = X(XX)'X’ = B. Thus, A? = 1, —B-B+B=1,—B=A. (6) Direct verification. 13. D? = D°D = 2D +31,)D = 2D? + 3D = 22D + 31,) + 3D = 7D + 6h. DS = D°D* = (7D + 61,)(7D + 6ln) = 49D? + 84D + 361, = 49D + 31,) + 84D + 361, = 182D + 1831,. To find D~!, note that from D? = 2D + 3l,, we obtain DD — 21,) = 31, and so D4 (D — 2,) = In. Thus,922 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 13.7 i le 42 L o(? aa) w3(2 -1 ‘) (c) The matrix has no inverse. oT 4 -2 -1 5 (18 16 10 145 1.29 081 sa-wi=3 (3 19 2) = (a1s 153 065) ea 4. 7 6) 0.32 0.56 1.29 1-3 2 2 1 i + 5. (a) (Ga Fl) o(-3 e -:) (©) There is no inverse. 13.8 1 @x=1,y=-2,andz=2 ()x=-3,y= and u = —5 3. Show that the determinant of the coefficient matrix is equal to the expression ~(a> +* +c} - 3abc), and then use Theorem 13.7. Chapter 14 14.1 L (3) =x (3) + (3) requires 8 = 2x — y and 9 = 5x +3y. Solving these equations gives x = 3 and y = -2. 3. The determinant of the matrix with the three vectors as columns is equal to 3, so the vectors are linearly independent. S. Suppose a(a +b) + B(b+c) +y(at+e) =0. Then (a+ y)a+ (a+ p)b+ {8 + yc = 0. Because a, b, and c are linearly independent, a + y = 0, @+8 =0, and B+y =0. It follows that a = 6 = y = 0, which means that a+b, b+c and a+ are linearly independent. The vectors a~b, b-+¢, and a +c are linearly dependent because (a—b) + (b+¢)—(a+e)=0. 7. Both these two statements follow immediately from the definitions. 14.2 1. (a) 1. (The determinant of the matrix is 0, so the rank is less than 2. Because not all entries are 0, the rank is 1.) (b)2 (€)2 (@)3 2 (3 3.1 aas(; 3) aa B= (_} eA) Here r(AB) = 0 and r(BA) 14.3 1, G@) No solutions. (b) x, = 1+ (2/3)b, x2 = 1 +a ~ (5/3)b, x3 =a, and Xs = b, with a, b arbitrary. Two degrees of freedom. (c) x; = (—1/3)a.Chapter 14 923 x2 = (5/3)a, x3 =a, and x (d) No solutions.) x, degrees of freedom. (f) 1 = a, x: arbitrary. One degree of freedom. 3. For a # 0 and a #7, the system has a unique solution. For a = 0 and b = 9/2, or for a =7 and b = 10/3, the system has an infinite number of solutions. For other values of the parameters, there are no solutions. 5. (a) Unigue solution for p #3. For p = 3 and q = 0, there are infinitely many solutions (1 degree of freedom). For p = 3 and q # 0, there are no solutions. (b) For p # 3, only z = 0 is orthogonal to the three vectors. For p = 3, the vector z= (—a.0,) is orthogonal to the three vectors, for all values of a, (¢) Let the n vectors be a; = (@jj---- din), 2 = 1,---.0- If b = (B)..... By) is orthogonal to each of these vectors, then the scalar product of b with each a; is 0, 1, with a arbitrary. One degree of freedom, 0 is the only solution. There are 0 a, x3 = -a, and x4 = a, with a Gb +--+ ind =O Gi n) Because aj, ..., a are linearly independent, this homogeneous system of equations only has the solution by = --- = b, =0, 50 b =0. 14.4 1. With r, s, and ¢ as arbitrary real numbers, we have: 5. Ei T : . Eigenvectors: r (3 J. 5 (4 (b) No real eigenvalues. (©) Eigenvalues: 5, —5. Eigenvectors: r ( i ): *( i 0 0 (@ Eigenvalues: 2, 3, 4. Eigenvectors: r (°). s (:). 1 (°). 0. 0. 1 L 1 2 (©) Eigenvalues: ~1, 0, 2. Eigenvectors: r (2). s (=). t () : 2 1 1 1 -1 1 (B Eigenvalues: 0, 1, 3. Eigenvectors: r (:) s ( 0). 1 (2). 1 1 1 3. From [14.8], we see that 4 = 0 is an eigenvalue iff |A| = 0. If A # 0 is an eigenvalue for A, then |A ~ Al] = 0. But we have AW! ~ (1/4)I| = JA = GA)! = [AT'IL/A1/AT — Al = 0, which shows that 1/2 is an eigenvalue for A~'. 5, The eigenvalues are 4; = 1. Az = 0.75, and 43 = 0.5. Because T(+) =v, it follows that T*(W) =¥, for all a (@) Eigenvalues: —924 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems au ain | aq ae + Om 7. jA-1= . : . . Add all the last n ~ 1 rows eo eer to the first row. Because all the column sums are 1, all entries in the first row are 0. Hence, |A —I| = 0, so J is an eigenvalue for A. 14.5 1. D? = diag (1/4, 1/9, 1/16), D* = diag ((1/2)", (1/3)". (1/4)"), D” + 0 as n>. 3. (a) The matrix has eigenvalues 2 and —1, with corresponding eigenvectors (1,0) and (1, ~3), respectively. So take P= G =) and then P~!AP = diag 2, -1). 417 wre ( 30 6) mar aP= die. 6,-9 -3 03 17-3 93 @P= (2 5 2) and P~'AP = diag (1, ~4, 3). a 14.6 1. (a) The matrix has eigenvalues 1 and 3, with corresponding eigenvectors (1,=1) and (1, 1), respectively. After normalizing these eigenvectors, the appropriate orthogonal matrix is U= (/Y2, V/V?) and then U-IAU = - -Yv2 v2)" diag (1, 3) (®) Matrix A has only two eigenvalues, which are 0 and 2, but three lin- early independent eigertvectors, which are (1, —1, 0), (1, 1,0), and (0,0, 1). v2 1/v2 0 ‘This suggests taking U.= (ana 1pJ2 0). and then U-'AU = 0 1 diag (0, 2, 2), a 7 0 fin -/ip ()U= (+s 3V2/10 wi, and then U-'AU = 3/5 22/5 2/2/5 3. Let Pi. Po,....py be the column vectors of P, Then the diagonal elements of the matrix product P’P are all 1, because the length of each column vector 1s 1. Moreover, the off-diagonal elements are 0 because the column vectors of P are mutually orthogonal. Hence, P’P is the identity matrix, and thus P is orthogonal. iag (1,6, —4),Chapter 15 925 Chapter 15 15.1 |. f(0, 1) =0, f(-1,2) = —4, and f(a,a) =a? (a) f(-1,D=1, f(@,a) = 4a, and f(ath,b)— f(a.d) =Aatbyh+h (b) Flex, ty) = (F2)" + 2a)GY) + (HY = PG? + ey +y) =P Fly) (@) F(K +1.L,M) ~ F(K, L, M) is the increase in output from increasing capital input by one unit. (b) F(K.L,M) = AK°L°M®, where A, a, b, and c are positive constants. (c) F(tK, tL, 1M) = 1°*°**F(K, L, M) (a) yex—2 ()x2+y? <2 (1 (I/m) Inxy+----+ (1/n) In, = In]! pin! = Inf}. *) = In /%.-%n, and the conclusion follows. (c) The suggested replacements yield the inequality YU/x1)- 7%) < (1/n) (I/t; +--++1 fq). This inequality says that 1/%¢ < 1/Ey, so En 5 Xo 15.2 1, See Figs. 42 and 43. (Note that only a portion of the graph is indicated in ‘each case.) FIGURE 42926 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems FIGURE 43 3. Note that f(x,y) = e+ (x? xi—y? =o, we have f(x,y) =e* +07, so x? at the height e* + c?. 5. At the point of intersection, f would have two different values, which is impossible when f is a function, y’)*. Hence, for all pairs (x, y) where = c lies on a level curve 15.3 1. (a) 62/8x = 2x, 02/dy = 6y (b) Bz/Ax az/ay=x (©) dz/ax \x3y? — 2y5, az/Ay = 10x*y — 10xy* (@) dz/ax ( az/ax (g) dz/ax 2 u Vy, 2 = —x/y?, af, = 0, thy = 2x/y?, and 21, = 2, yx ty), z= —2x(x + y) = -4y(x + 9), y= 2G — ya + 93 ay? ty '®, 2, = Part yy, ty = Eye = ECA? $y?) 32 'y = ¥(2(ax + by)a]+ y[2(ax + by)b] = 2a*x? +2abxy + 2abxy + 2b*y? = ax + byy? Tf ¥— y°2*)In2 and ff = (x/y) — 2y2** — xy?" In2, so f{. 1) = 21n2, fA,1) = —3 —2in2, fh, 1) = —20n2)*, fH) = -5 - Sin2— 2n2)?, and ff(1,1) = AAy(1. 1) = 1 — 61n2 — 2(1n2)* (a) 8°82 /Ay7x” = (—1)9-1(g — 1)!e*(1+y)~9, which, when evaluated at &, y) = (0, 0), is equal to (—1)%-!(q — 1)! (Begin by differentiating war.t. x. Clearly, 8°z/8x? = e*In(1+ y). Next, differentiating once wrt. y yields °Chapter 15 927 aP*le/ayax? = eX(1 + y)~', then ?77z/ay*Ax? = e*(—1)(1+y)~?, and so on.) (b) (p+1)q—1. (8°2/8x? = e**¥[xy+(p+1)y—1] by induction on p. Then 8P*92/By%Ax? = [xy + (p+ 1)y-+gx+(p+ 1)q— 1] by induction on g.) 15.4 1. (a) fy > Oand fj < 0 at P, whereas f’ <0 and f; > 0 at Q. (b) (i) No solutions. (ii) x *2 and x6 ()3 3. (a) r= 2x4+4y-5 (b) z= —-10x 43y 43 15.5 1. (a) ff = 2s, fy = 3y°, and ff = 423 (b) ff = 10x, fy = -9y?, and xzand ff=xy @) ff = 4 /yz, fy = —x*/y7z, and fps —x*iyz Qx(xP + yi +z4)§, fy = ley? syF + cA), and ff = 2423f27 + (O fi =yze™, fy =xze™*, and ff = xye% 3. 87 /8x = ky/d" and 8T /Ay = kx/d" aze both positive, so that the number of travelers increases if the size of either city increases, which is reasonable. aT /ad = —nkxy/d"*? is negative, so that the number of travelers decreases if the distance between the cities increases, which is also reasonable. 5. (a) E, = ape and E, = abpte (b) aR/3 pr ml by poeriPe and 8R/8p2 = y pre”? (c) x/8; = a;, i = 1,2,...,n. (For example, when n = 3 and i = 2, then (8/9 v2)(aiv; + arv2 + a3v3) = a2.) T fist -w ol, ff -w-v""l.inu, and fi, = 15.6 1. (a) We get 8M/3Y = 0.14 and af /ar = —0.84 - 76.03(r — 2)" = —63.8652(r — 2)~'*, so 9M/@Y is positive and 8M /dr is negative, which accords with standard economic intuition. 3. Fy =aF/K, Fi, = bF/L, and Fy = cF/M, so KF + LF, +MFy = (@+b+oF. 5. aU /ax;=e™, fori =1 an 15.7 1. Profit. = (100 ~ Q1)Q1 + (80 — Q2)Q2 — 6(0; + 2) = 9401 - QF + 74Q2 — Q3. This is maximized when Q; = 47 and Q2 =: 37, so P, = 53 and P, = 43. Then profit is 3578. If price discrimination is illegal, then P, = P; = P, so O = 100— P, Q, = 80 — P, and total demand is928 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Q = 180-2P. Thus, inverse demand is P = 90-30, so profit = )O — 6 = 84Q — 4.07, which is maximized when Q = 84, and 8. Then profit is 3528, so lost profit is 50. 3. w = wy = wr 1+ BiLy = 2 + Bola, so that Ly = (w — a1)/B) and L; = (w —a)/2. Thus, total labor supply equals L »+L2 = [(B: + B2)w — (a1 B2 + @261). 1/6; 62. The inverse labor supply function is w = (aif: + a2; + BiB2L)/(B) + 62). The firm’s profit is bt Bit Be aL) =(P-w)L = (° This is maximized at = Bit Be fy orb +o2Bi - Ee (se) with { wat) = EMP = 90) + BalP =e F | 4B; B2(Bi + Ba) After some manipulation, the loss of profit compared with xr” given in Ex- ample 15.26 of Sec. 15.7 can be calculated as (a; — a2)*/4(B; + 62). (Note ' that the loss is zero when a = a2, which is a it should be because then the monopsonist does not want to discriminate anyway.) 15.8 44 45 itive. The quadratic form satisfies [15.17], so is positive definite. 1. (@) The associated symmetric matrix is i) whose determinant is pos- Tt 0) ( 2 ) satisfies [15.19], so the quadratic form is negative definite. © @ =) satisfies [15.18], but not [15.17], so the quadratic form is Positive semidefinite. (d) (6 ay satisfies [15.21], so the quadratic form is indefinite. (e) Indefinite. (f) Negative semidefinite. 0 1 : 3. (a) ! 1 ~1] = -4 < 0, so positive definite subject to the constraint. -1 1 0 3 4 (>) 3 2 ~2| = —89 <0, so positive definite subject to the constraint. 19 > 0. so negative definite subject to the constraint.Chapter 16 929 15.9 Le ay xPtayexyxetaysxixs tan 22x) tay2x} Hanst2x5-+a31 95% tax3%2+a33x) 3. (@) Positive definite. (b) Positive semidefinite. (c) Negative definite. (The associated symmetric matrix is -3 1 0 1-1 2) 0 2 -8 whose leading principle minors are D; = —3, D: = 2, and D; = —4. Thus, the quadratic form is negative definite.) Chapter 16 16.7 1. (a) dz/dt = Fy (x, y)dx/dt + Fy(x, y)dy/dt = 1-21 + 2y-31? = 27 + 615 x). z ) 5 = (ny+2) 1+ (24102) r+1 , n¢+1) int =indnt) + 4+ Tint t 3, d¥ /dt = (10L — $K~") dK fdt + (10K - $L7"") dL /dt = 35-7/5/100 when 1 = 0. 5. w= Alo[] +2 (ax* +b)-*9), It is sufficient to maximize with respect to x either x*(ax*+b)-*?, of In[x* (ax*-+b)~*9] = ajinx— 4 In(ax*+0)]. The first-order condition 1/x — 4ax3/3(ax* + b) = 0 is satisfied at x* = /3b7a, and h(x") = 4b. 7. (a) (2. 1)-C/V2, 1/¥2) = 3V2/2 (b) (2e-1. e~1)-(3/5, 4/5) = 2e-7/5 16.2 . LL. (a) 2/dr = y? + 2xy-2ts = St4s? + 425s, and Gz/ds = y?- 208s + 4t*55 20 — syetttt# _ pete . 1 = setts 20-ne' a eee Gs eee 3. (a) u/Oxi = FU) - aU fax; 1 Cae (b) 8u/9x; = 5Aia;x° ie Ay’) bu _ af ax , Of ay af az | af dw —=s—t+ —S 5. @) = Gx br By ar aor war 8930 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 7. (a) FP) 22? -2-P-1=7P &) FW = fret dx =(e%-e)ft 2 a2 2. 2 x © Fa = 76" ~&). rere E ne + [ees 9. e-#8©) f(g(p))g'(o) — fe re“! f(t) de 11. Using the general chain rule [16.6], the results are easy generalizations of {2] and [5] in the discussion of directional derivatives in Section 16.1. 16.3 1. [16.9] yields y’ (Ax + 6y)/(6x + 2y) = —Qx + 3y)/(3x + y). 1. The origin must be excluded. See Fig. 44. (2/3)x-". The origin must be excluded. See Fig. 45. yex | a i * FIGURE 45 ax ~[f'@]? 1 df'®) 5. @ Se (x) = a) a Fo Fe > O forall r. (b) El, f(x) Fay dt " nog LOR _ _1f'@) ‘ ale oe “F i oF -Fal Fae) fa) ie = +) Urey) = F *(f)-g0) 0, and (.¥) = F'(F@)+80)) 80). so In (Ur, »)/Uy(x, y)] = In [f"@)/e')] = Inf’) ~ Ing’). Now the real follows easily. (6) Confirming (2] is routine. Then Ax*y? = *) where f(x) =In A +alnx and g(y) = blny. and El,z = 1 (b) Elyz = 2 and El, I +Y @) Ez =x/(x +y) and Ez 3. Eli = ptaixi.foris1...in. 5 @EHzsn+x (x + y)— Chapter 16 931 5. Differentiate each side of the identity y/x = In(xy) wart x, thus obtaining 1 YX _ YY soiving tor y! gives y’ = S42 | and Ely = xy x(y~x) 7. (@) Rye = (2/9)! = (y/2)'* 0) yx = 1/1 - +) 9. F(K,N) = y\(K~*+y.N-*)-"", so Fy /Fly = K-*1/y,N-*-, implying that oxw = 1/(1 +a). InfaK~° + (1 a)L~*/o + “0/0" as 9 > 0. By I'Hépital’s rule, im [sxtnxea —a)L~° nL aK-e + (1—a)L-¢ eo =alnK +(1~a)InL = InK*L'* 16.5 1. f(ex.ty) = (x)* + (xP (ty? = ext + x2 fat4 xy) = 1* f(x. y), So f is homogeneous of degree 4. 3. f(tx. ty) = (x)(tyY + Gx? = Bary? + x5) = P f(x,y), 50 f is homoge- neous of degree 3. [16.19]: xf{(x, y) + yfg(x. y) = x97 + 3x) + y2xy = 3x3 + 3xy? = 303 + xy") = 3f (x.y). [16.20]: It is easy to see that fix. ») 3x? and f(x,y) = 2xy are homogeneous of degree 2. 0621): fe, y) =P +ay? = P+ O/x)) = Va) +2/y). 16.22): Xf Hy fh ty7 Kh = 2762) +2xy 2y) + yx) = 6x9 +4xy7+2e 3-2f (x,y). 5. [16.18] requires that 5x° + 1°: “(x3 + xy) for all t > 0. In particular, for x = y = 1, we must have f° +1? = 2r*. For 1 = 2, we get 12= 2-24, or 2 = 6. For t = 4, we get 80 = 2-4, or 4 = 40. But 4* should be the square of 2‘. So the two values of k must be different, implying that f is not homogeneous of any degree. 7. From [+] with k = 1, we get ff = (—y/x) fi and fi = (—x/y) fj. But Sis = Fite 80 fi fab — Fi?” = (-y/2) Fis (—x/9) fia — Fi) 16.6 1, (a) Homogeneous of degree 1. (b) Not homogeneous. (c) Homogeneous of degree —1/2. (d) Homogeneous of degree 1. (e) Not homogeneous. (© Homogeneous of degree n. 3, Homogeneous of degree 0.136 + (—0.727) +0.914 + 0.816 = 1.139. 5B. uf = ul —af(y te ta), SO Diy wif = Dy xu) — DL, axi/en + ap) =a — 8 Dp tie +++ +x,) = a —a = 0. Hence, by Euler's theorem, v is homogeneous of degree 0.932 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 7. Let C and D denote the numerator and the denominator respectively in the expression for ,, that is given in Problem 10 of Sec. 16.4. Then, by Euler's theorem, C = —F/Fi(xFi + yFi) = —F{F{F. Using the facts that xF/, = —YF iy and yFj, = —xFi, = —xFi, it follows thar D equals ay [(FO2Fii~2F| Ft (FF) = FA [ORY +2ay FA GFY) = =FixFi+yFy) “FF Thus oxy = C/D = (-F{ FF) /(- FSF?) FLFS/F Fly 9. Differentiate f(tx1,.... tq) = g(t) fOr, ...%_) Watt. t and put r as in the proof of Theorem 16.1. This yields 77 ¥ ff(tx1.----1%q) g'(l)f(t1,..-.45). Thus, by Euler's theorem, f must be homogeneous of degree g’(1). In fact, g(t) = r* where k = g’(1), fx/) + xf"(x/y)(/y) and 2 = xf’ /y(—a 9 so we have = xf x )+ 7) fal) 392 (—2/P7) Fe /y) = xf) Alternatively, note that z is homogeneous of degree 1, so the equality follows from Euler's theorem 16.8 1 @f@.y)~lexR+y2 O) f(x.) %¥ © fx.y) ¥ A tax+by) 3. @) (1.02, 1.99) 1.1909 (b) £(1.02. 1.99) = f(1.2) + (0.02)-8+ (0.01) - (3) = 1.19. The error is 0.0009. 5. v(1.01, 0.02) = v(1, 0) + vj(2, 0) - 0.01 + v4(1. 0) - 0.02 © ~1.00667. 7. @) de = 3x dx 4 3y?dy (b) dz =e" (dx + 2xy dy) ©) dz = 22 ax = yay)" ay 9. (@) dz = 2eudx +2) dx +uldy) (b) dz = 2u(u,, dx +u'.dy) ©) dz= [(y + yuiydx + & tut yui)dy] (xy + yw) vw UU. dU = —~—_ = eeu + 5 Tye! + Vee) ay 13. (@) diz = 2drdy + 2¢dyy? (b) dz = Gr? +44°)dr and then d 121°)(dt)". On the other hand, the expression for dz derived from (a) is equal to (41 + 81°)(az)?Chapter 17 933 16.9 1. (@wdx-+x3u7du+dv = 2y dy, 3vdu+3udu—dx = 0. Solving for du and dv yields, with D = 9xu>—3v, du = D~!(—3u*—1)dx+D>l6yu dy, d' D-'(3xu? + 3u3v)dx + D-'(—6yu) dy (b) wi, = D7'(-3u4 — 1), vf D-!(3xu? + 3u5v) (c) ul, = 283/81 and v, = —64/27 With y fixed, Fy dx + Fi du + Fidv =0 and G, dx + Gi du+Gi,dv=0. Eliminating dv and solving for du in terms of dx gives the answer u’ (EG, — FG MELG, ~ FG). 2 5. With a fixed, 1’(r) dr = S'(Y)dY and adY¥ + L'(r)dr = dM. Solving for dY and dr in terms of dM gives ee aM al’) + LSM) aM ~ al) +L SM) Bx _ Apt +e = PiU) x (Differentiating with dp, = dm = 0 dpi piUy pai + p3Uy} yields: [1’] thax tO! dx pidatAdprs 2’) Us, dxy+UZ dx. = prdd; 13] pi dx, + dpixi + podxz =0. Solve for dn, ) 16.10 4. (@) Differentiation yields: (1’) dY = dC +d +dG, (2) dC = f,d¥ + feaT + fidr, (3) dl = hy dY +h dr. Hence, d¥ = (ffdT +dG + (f+ hy dr)/ = fp — hy). (b) Because aY /AT = f/(1— fy—hy) <0, 90 ¥ decreases as T increases. But if dT = dG with dr =0, then dY = (1+ f¢)d7/( — fy—hy), which is positive provided that fy > — Chapter 17 17.1 Lx=ly=2 (f(x,y) =—4x+4=0, AG, y) = -2y +4 =0 forx = 1, 6x 432+ y24 8y 44435-3274? = 4)? +10 > 10 for all (x, y), whereas (3. —4) = 10. . OQ) = (ai ~ a)/2b; and Q2 = (a2 — a) 2b». (Solve the following equa- tions for Q1 and Q3: ax(Q1. 2), mage = a) —a@—2b,Q, = 0 and 8(Q1, 02)/8 Q2 = a2 ~ a ~ 202 = 0.) Ly = (P —%)/2B; and Lz = (P —a9)/2B> P has maximum 3888 for x = 36, y P = (108 — 3y — 4z)yz. Then aP/ay 3. we = = 9. (Note that °934 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 0. Because y and z are assumed to be pos- 08 and 3y +82 = 108, aP/dz = 108y — 3y? - 8: itive, the first-order conditions reduce to 6y + (m = px —qy)/r, 80 The first-order conditions are "(—g/r) =0. These give [1] x = p™r'z, [2] y = qu#rkz, It follows that (3] y = ptg7x. Then [1] implies x = p~*r%m — p'-#r*x —g'-*r2kx. Solving for x gives x = mp /(p-* +7 + r-**). Then [3] gives the correct expression for y, and that for z emerges from [1] or (2].) =x*tytt2? wart x and Pi = ax*!+az*""(—p/r) = 0, and P, = ay"! +az 17.2 1. (a) Minimum —10 at (1, 3), because f(x, y) is clearly > —10 for all (x. y), and f(—1,3) = —10. No maximum exists (b) Maximum 3 for all (x, y) satisfying x? + y? Minimum 3 — V2 at (0.0). 3. Because F(u) = 3(e" — e~*) is strictly increasing, the problem is equivalent to max (x? 2x) when (x, y) € S. 5. Let g(x) = 1 in (0, 1), g(x) = 2 in [1,2]. Then g is discontinuous at x = 1 and {x : g(x) < 1) = [0.1), which is not closed. (Draw your own graph of g.) 7. (a) Yes. (b) No. (Because F is strictly increasing, f and g must have maxima at the same point in the domain. (c) Yes. (d) No. (Because f is a constant, F(f(x)) must be a constant.) 17.3 1. @) fi. y) = 4—4x and f(x, y)_= —4y. The only stationary point is (1.0), (b) f(x. y) has maximum: 2 at (1, 0) and minimum —70 at (~5,0). (A max- imum and minimum exist, by the extreme-value theorem. At the stationary Point, f(1.0) =2. Along the boundary, the function value is 4x — 50, with X € [=5.5]. So its maximum along the boundary is ~30 at x = 5 and its minimum is ~70 at x = —5.) 3. A maximum and minimum exist, because of Theorem 17.3. The maximum is I at (2.1/2). The minimum is 0 at (x.0) and (x.x — 1), with x arbitrary in [1. 2). For k € (0.1), F has a maximum VE at (0.k). For k € (1,00), F has a maximum k°* at (k,0). Fork = 1, F hasa maximum 1 at (0. 1) and at (1. 0). woChapter 17 935 17.4 1. (a) ff = 2x 4+2y?, fy = day t4y, fii = 2. fie = fy = Ay, and fh = 4x +4. (b) The stationary points satisfy x+y? = 0 and (x+1)y = 0. Hence, y = 0 and x = 0, or x = ~] and y= +1. Now Theorem 17.5 implies that (0, 0) is a local minimum, whereas (~1, 1) and (1, —1) are saddle points. 3. (a) The first-order conditions 2axy + by +2y? = 0 and ax? +bx+4xy =0 maust have (x. y) = (2/3. 1/3) as a solution. So a = 1 and b = -2. Also c= 1/27, so that f(2/3, 1/3) = —1/9. Applying Theorem 17.5 shows that this is a local minimum. (6) Maximum 193/27 at (2/3, 8/3). Minimum =1/9 at (2/3, 1/3). 5. (a) (1, 2) is a local minimum; (0, 0) and (0, 4) are saddle points. (b) Study f(x.1) as x > —00, and f(-1,y) as y + 00. (c) A maximum and mini- mum exist because of Theorem 17.3. f has a minimum —4/e at (1,2), and a maximum 0 at all (x,0) and (x. 4) satisfying x € [0. 5], and ai all (0, y) satisfying y € (0, 4]. @ ¥ = —K/F, = (x — 10? - 4y)/xQy — 4) = 0 when x = 1 and yo4ne. 7. (a) K = w?L/r? and L = 27 p*4w~*Fr74 (r + wy. For p = 32V2, r=w=l, we have K=L=16. (b) Value added per worker is m+wl — pvJRL+VE~rkL _ pVltvk eee L Le rk (©) L = 16. The maximum of h is h(16, 1) =7. 9, Stationary points are: (0,0), (a, ~a), (a.a), (—a,a), and (—a,—a), where a = s/ig, and ug is the unique positive solution of the equation 1+: . (The first-order conditions are 4x(x?y*+y?—1) = 0 and 4y(x*y?-+x?—-1) 0. One possibility is (x,y) = (0.0). Otherwise, x #0 <> y #0. If (x.y) # @.0), we find that x7y* + y 2 Therefore, y = tx, and so x must satisfy x° + x’ equation g(x) = u3 +u—1=0 has a solution in (0, 1) by the intermediate- value theorem. The solution is unique because g/(u) = 3u?+1 > 0 for all u.) Global extreme points do not exist. (Consider h(x, 0) and h(x, x), as x tends to infinity.) (0, 0) gives a local maximum; the others are saddle points. 17.6 1. Only (2) and (6) are convex, 3. At most one point. (If the set had two distinct points, any of the infinitely many points on the line segment between the points would have to belong to the set.)936 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 5. Suppose (51.4), (2.4) € Sx T, with 1.5) € S and 4. € T. With 2 € (0,1), We have (1 = A)(51.11) +A. (= 2)s) + As, 1 = A)ti + Ann). This belongs to $ x 7 because (1 — A)sy + As2 € S and (1 ~ 2) +A € T, by the convexity of S and T, respectively. Hence, S x T is convex. 17.6 1, (2) Strictly convex. (b) Concave, but not strictly concave. (¢) Strictly con- cave. 3. Ifx®,x € R” and A € [0. 1], we have f ((1—A)x°+Ax) = ||(1-A)x° +2x|| < 1 — A)x9] + aac] = (1 = Aix] + Alixl| = 1 — 2) £0) + AF), 50 F is convex 17.7 1. f = w, where u = x +2y+3z. So f is a convex function of a linear function. hence convex. 3. Because A(t) 2 0, A) FE) —-AO) FS F'(DAC) x) —zf'(@)AC). Inte- grating each side wrt. ¢ gives [PA(t)f(x()dr — f(z) [?airdr SFO SAW x(a) dr ~ of (2 [PAG dt. Bur [2 a(t)dr = 1 and also r= fPx@)x(t)dr, so SPungo)ar ~ § (2 xayxin dr) <0. 17.8 1. (@) (i) fi, = -2 <0, fe =0 <0, and fii fy — (Fi)? = 0 = 0, 50 f is concave. Gi) F) = (@ — y) + (-#) is a sum of two concave functions, hence concave. () Fa) = is stricly increasing and concave (F’(w and F"(u) = —e~“ < 0). By Theorem 17.6, part (c), 2 = —e-f@") is concave, 3 fii = 12, fi = -2, and ff fh — (ff)? = 24 - (2a + 4)? = da? — 16a +8. Because f/, < 0, the function is never convex. It is concave iff 4a" — 16a +8 > 0, that is. iff -2~ V6 —I is Pot = {(x, y) : y < x-*4}, which is not a convex set (see Fig. 46), so F iS not quasi-concave. (lt is quasi-convex in the first quadrant because of [17.32] (b).) : (d) The polynomial x* +2?+1 is increasing in the interval (oo. —2/3], and decreasing in [-2/3. 0]. So f is increasing in (00, 2/3] and decreasing FIGURE 46938 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems cee FIGURE 47 in {~2/3, 00). (See Fig. 47.) Then the level sets must be intervals, and it follows that f is quasi-concave. 3. Let fie) = 1—x for |x| <1, 0 for |x! > 1; fa(x) = —x—1 for [x +2) <1, 0 for |x +2) > 1. Then fi and f2 are quasi-concave, but fi + f> is not. (See Fig. 48.) N= i Yt =I @ a © FIGURE 48, S. f'(x) # 0 for all x implies that f is quasi-concave. (In fact, f’(x) # 0 ‘means that either f is (strictly) increasing or (strictly) decreasing. Then see Problem 2.) 7. From [16.13] in Section 16.3, ¢”(x) = De(x. y)/(F3)° with Da(x. y) defined in Theorem 17.17. By part (a) of that theorem, D2(x. y) 2 0, so ¢”(x) > 0 and ¢ is convex. Chapter 18 18.1 1 @) = 172 and y = 3/4 (f{(z,y) = 1. Ay) = 1 giey) = 2x, B(x 2x/1, Then x = 1/2 and ¥ ¥ =! (b) x y=8/5 3. x = 27/10 and 9/10, ({18.3] yields 5x7"? y'/(10/3)x "Fy? = 2/4 = 1/2, 80 y =x/3. Then y = 9/10, so x = 27/10.)Chapter 18 939 18.2 1. @) Loy) = x+y — Mx? +y — 1), The equations £; = 1-2x = 0, £,=1-4=0, and x?+y = 1 have the solution x = 1/2, y = 3/4, and 1. (b) The solution is illustrated in Fig. 49. The minimization problem has no solution. (©) x = 0.5 and y = 0.85. The change in the value function is f*(1.1) — F°(1) = 0.5 +0.85) - (0.5+0.75) = 0.1. Because 4 = 1, 4-de=1-0.1 = O11. $0, in this case, [18.8] is satisfied with equality. y FIGURE 49 3. (a) Solution: x = 50 and y = 50, with 4 = 250. To see that this solves the problem, let x = 50+h and y = 50+. Inserting these values of x and y,into the constraint yields 50 + h + $0 +k = 100, that is, k= —A. Then 22+ 3xy +y? = (50+)? +3(50 + A)(50 +4) + (50 +8)? = 12,500— F? using k = —h and simplifying. Now, 12,500—A? has a maximum for h = 0, that is, for x = 50, and then y = 50. (b) Solution: x = 8/3 and y = 1, with 4 = 4. From the constraint equation, y = 3 — 3x/4. Because we must have y > 0, sox <4. Now, if we let A(x) = 12x /3—3x/, then K(x) = (72 — 27x) /2./3 = 3x74, and the sign variation of this derivative reveals that h is maximized at x = 8/3. 5. (a) L(x, y) = 10x!#y'% — A(2x + 4y — m). The two first-order condi- tions L, = Sx7!#y!9 — 2a = 0 and Ly = (10/3)x'7y77 - 42 = 0 imply that (10/3)x"#y-28 = 10x-'y!4, so x = 3y. Substituting this into the constraint 2x + 4y = m gives y = m/10 and so x = 3m/l0, with 4S 2510/27 m6. (b) F7(m) = 101/83'7m5* and df*(m) /dm = 2 = 2.5 10163-!2m-N6 7. (@) (2,1) ) With LG, y) =x+2y -Alp@?+y7 4}, equating the first-order partials to 0 yields £, = 1—2kpx — ary? = 0 and Ly 2-2Apy —2Ax° 0. Hence, Dax(p+y? *) = Land 24y(p+x?) = 2. Elim- inating A yields the first equality in [+x]. The second is just the constraint. (©) Differentiating (#*] wrt. p, with x and y as functions of p, yields (1) 2x + 2px’ = y~ py’ +28'y? + doyy’ — Dex'y — xy’ = 0 and (2). x2+2pxx' ty? +2pyy’ + 2ex'y? +22? 0. Letting p = 0, recalling that x(0) = 2 and y(0) = 1, yields the equations —2x'(0) +4y’(0) = 3 and exty?940 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 4x'(0) +8y'(0) = ~5, with the solution x’(0) = 1/8 and y'(0) = -11/16. (d) h(p) = x(p) + 2y(p), 80 (0) = x'(0) + 2y'(0) = -5/4. 18.3 4. The problem with systems of three equations and two unknowns is that they are usually inconsistent (have no solutions), not that they are difficult to solve. The equations f/(x,¥) = f,(x, y) = 0 are nor valid at the optimal point. 3, x = —land y = 0 solves the problem, with f(~1,0) = 1. (Actually, this problem is quite tricky. The only stationary point of the Lagrangean is (0.0), with A= —4, and with f(0,0) = 4, The point is that at (—1, 0) both 3{(—1.0) and gi(—1,0) are 0, so the Lagrangean is not necessarily station- ary at this point. The problem is to minimize the (square of the) distance from (—2,0) to a point on the graph of g(x, y) = 0. But the graph consists of the single point (~1, 0) and a nice curve, as illustrated in Fig. 50.) YaxG@sn FIGURE 50 18.4 1. The Lagrangean £(x, y) = 10x! y—A(2x +4y—m) is concave as a sum of ‘two concave functions (see Example 17.18 in Section 17.8), so Theorem 18.2 applies. 18.5 1 @ Co.y2) = x24? +22 — Mx +y+2—1). The only solution of the necessary conditions is (1/3, 1/3. 1/3). (b) The problem is to find the shortest distance from the origin to a point in the plane x+y + z= 1. The corresponding maximization problem has no solution. 3. (@)x =a(wh+m)/p, y = B(wL+m)/q, andl = (¢-+8)L—m(1—-a—B)/w. The condition given is equivalent to! > 0. (b) The solution is | = 0, with ¥ = am/(a+8)p and y = 6m/(a +8)q. (In this case, unearned income is so high that it is optimal for the individual not to work at all.) S. With linear equality constraints, we shall not resist the temptation to elimi- nate variables. In fact, adding the constraints gives 3x = 6 and so x = 2. Thus y = —(1 +2). Substituting for x and y in the objective functioniL. The Lagrangean is £ = x-+y—A(x242y ). (a) Here £ = (y+: Chapter 18 941 +52+2. This quadratic polyno- =5/6. Then y = 1/6. The solution is Teduces it to 2(1 +z)? + mial has a minimum. when (x, y.2) = (2, -1/6, -5/6). ~1)—w(x+y+2-1), which is stationary when 1] L! = 0; 2) LL =1-4ay -n =0; 2 ). From [1] and (2), 24(x — 2y) = 0. If A = 0, then {2} and (3] yield = 1 and 1 = 0. Therefore x = 2y instead, Substituting this value for x in the constraints gives 6y? +z? = 1, 3y +z = 1. Thus, 1 —3y and 1 = 6y? + (1 ~ 3y)? = I5y?- 6y + 1. Hence y = 0 or 2/5, implying that x = 0 or 4/5, and that z = 1 or -1/5. The only two solution candidates are (x, (0,0, 1) with A= —1/2, w= 1, and (& y:2) = (4/5, 2/5, -1/5) with 4 = 1/2, u = 1/5. Because x + y is 0 at (0, 0, 1) and 6/5 at (4/5, 2/5, 1/5), these are respectively the minimum, andthe maximum. (The constraints determine geometrically the curve which is the intersection of an ellipsoid (see Fig, 15.12 in Section 15.2) and a plane. ‘The continuous function x + y does attain a maximum and a minimum over this closed bounded set.) 2—3)?-A(x?-+y-+2—2)—p(xty?+2z—2), which is sta~ ~2x = 0; (2) £, = Ay +2—3)—2—-2uy 2 y+2~3)—2—2y = 0. From (2) and (3), 4+ Quy A +2p, so u(y — 1) = 0. If w = 0, then from [1] and [2], Ax = 0 and 2(y + 2 = 3) = 4. Now 2 = 0 would imply that y +z = 3 and so x2 = =1 from the first constrain. Thus 2 #0 and sop = 0 x = 0. Then the two constraints yield y = 2—z and y* = X(1— 2). so that yn-dy+ 0, which also has no real root. We conclude that u # 0 and so y The two constraints now imply that x? +2 = 1 and x+2¢ = 1. Hence x* + 4(1—x) = 1, which has roots x = 1 and The only two solution candidates are (x,y,z) = (1, 1,0) and (x,y,z) = (-1/2, 1.3/4). The corresponding values of (A, 4) are (4/3, -8/3) and (5/6, -5/6) respectively. Because (y +: — 3)? is 4 at (1.1.0) and 25/16 at (—1/2, 1.3/4), the latter is the appropriate solu- tion. (The method used in Problem 4 can be applied to show that this gives the minimum.) (b) The second solution, which is (1. 1,0), gives £(1,1.0) = 4. But (—2,-2,0), for example, satisfies both constraints, and gives f(-2, -2,0) = 25. Differentiating the constraint w.r.t. x; yields gj + 94(8%3/4.x1) = 0. or (1) 8x3/ax, = —8i/es. Similarly, 2) ax3/8x2 = —gi/¢). Now, the first-order conditions for the maximization of z = f(x, x2, x3), where x3 is a function of (x.32), are (3) 4z/8x, = ff + f{@x5/ax) = 0 and (4) 8z/Ax2 = ff + fy(8x3/8x2) = 0. Substitute from (1) and (2) into (3) and (4), lewing 4 = f{/g5. This yields the equations fj — 4g) = 0 and 5 — Ags = 0, and by the definition of a, ff ~ Ags = 0. These are the conditions in (18.17) for n = 3. x= -1942 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 18.6 lx = —}Vb, y df*/db = -3/Vb 3. a) [4] 1- pests (5) 1-p= yx (6) 1- $4 = xxx (7) 1 = $2 = pxyants, together with [1], (2], and [3]. (b) Note that w= 0 would give 1— 14 = 1-44 = 0, which is impossible. Because x1,..., x4 are all nonzero, it follows from [4} and [5] that x1 = x2, and from [6] and (7) that x3 = x,. Then (4] and (5) imply that 1 — 1A = jux}x?, whereas [6] and [7] imply that 1— }A = px?xs, and also x?x3 = 144 by [2]. Hence, 4x3 = 12 and also 3x; + }x3 = 3, from the first constraint. These last two equations have two solutions, which are (x1, x3) = (3,4) and (3/2, 8). Maximizing x; +.x2-+x3-+x4 = 2(x1 +3) requires choosing the latter. Ths, (x1,.22, 5, x2) = 3/2, 3/2, 8,8) must solve the problem, with 4 = 13 and w= 5/144. (©) The change is approximately = —5/144. , 2 = —3Vb, i = ~3/VB, f7(b) = -6V, 18.7 1, x* = m/2p and y* = m/2q, with » = 5p~'"q~'*, solves the problem. The ‘optimal value function is U*(p, g, m) = 5p7"q-"m, and [18.31] says that 8U*/8p = —2x", 8U"/8q = —Ay* and AU*/8m = 2. The correctness of these equalities is now easily checked. 3. (a) The first order conditions can be expressed as au bu _ (@-a)u mtb a =p x2 where u = xtx$"*(x) +b —a)-». Thus bux; (b= a)(@ ~ xu Ap\x) = au — ——_ ea eee Aprx2 = (6 — a)u From the first of these equations, (b — a)u/A = pixi(x) +b —a)/(a — x1), and hence from the second, p2x2 = (b—a)u/A = pyx)(x; +b—a)/(a— x). Substituting in the budget constraint and solving for x; eventually yields 21 = am/(m + bpy) and x) = m(m + bp, ~ ap:)/p2(m + bp). These are the required demand functions. They are both positive, (b) Use logarithmic differentiation to obtain 8x /8 p= —bx, /(m + pib) < 0, 8x:/8p2 = 0, ax,/am = xi/m — x/(m + pib) > 0, Ax2./Ap) = ~amx2/[m + pr(b — a)\(m + pid) < 0, 4x2/8p2 = —x/p» < 0, and x2/8m = x2/m + pyaxa/[m + p(b—a)](m + pid) > 0. (c) Routine.Chapter 18 = 943 18.8 1. (@) L(x. y) = }s [2] dy — 2ay @ Candidates: /2; and (1/2. =V3/2) with A and at (~1/2. -¥3/2). 3. (a) The Lagrangean is £ = y ~ x? + dy + u(y — x +2) — v(y? — x), which is stationary when: [1] -2x-w+v=0,; QJ 1+4+u—-2y = 0, Also [3] 4 2 0(= 0 if y > 0) [4] w > O(= 0 if y- x42 > 0): 15} v2 0(=0if y? 0. soy > 0, Then [3] implies 4 (1,0) with 4 = 1/2; (—1,0) with 2. Maximum 9/4 at (—1/2, V3/2) and vy =1+y. From [1], x= }(v~y). Bux 2 y? > 0,50 v >> 0. and from [5], y* =x. Suppose 4 > 0. Then y— x +2 = y~y?+2 = 0 with roots y = —1 and y = 2. Only y = 2 is a candidate. Then x = y? = 4. Because A =Q, the first-order conditions become —y + v = 8 and u — 4v = —1, so » = =7/5. which contradicts » = 0, so (x. y) = (4.2) is not a candidate and 1 = 2vy = 4y°. Hence = 4-25. This is the only candidate, with 3 = 0. 4 =O. and () x =1 and y=0 with 2=0, w= 2e—e! v= 0. ~ oe cen, x/2) 5S. (a) With £ = Inxy + x2 + x3 — An(e + 2 + x3 = 1) - An(—m +1) — As(a? +23 — 2). the necessary conditions are [1] 1/x; — a) +22 —24sx) = 0; (2) 1 =a; — 2x2 = 0: B] 1-2, =; A, > 0 (HO if x + +3 < D:D) A > 0 (= Of x > 1; (6 a3 > 0K 0 if af + x3 <2), (6) From [3] A; = 1. Hence x; +x) +x3 = 1, by [4]. Also Asx. = of [2]. Suppose 4; > 0. Then xj = 0 and, by [6], x, = V2. But substituting in [1] gives 1//2 — 1 — 2/243 = 0, which is impossible when 23 > 0. So 43 = 0 after all. With 43 = 0, condition [1] implies thet x; = 1/(1 =a). This would imply x; > 1 if 4p > 0. contradicting [5]. Hence x) = 1 and 42 = 0. Also my +45 = 1 — xj = 0. To summarize. all triples (x1. x2..x3) with x) = 1, xz +23 = 0, and : with (1, 1,0. 0), satisfy all the necessary conditions, and they all give the same value 0 to the objective function In.x, +.2 +.x3. So there are infinitely many solutions. (Using Theorem 18.4 in Section 18.10, one can show that all are optimal.) 18.9 1. (@) 1—x2—y? < | for all x > 0, y > 0, so the optimal solution must be x= y=0. (b) With £ = 1 x? - y? — A(—x) — ply). the Kuhn—Tucker conditions are [1] @L/ax = 2x +2=0; [2] aL/ay = —2y+H =O944 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems [3] 4= 0 (=0 if x > 0); and [4] p 2 0 (=O if y > 0). From [1] and (2), 4 = 2 and p = 2y. If 4 > 0, then [3) implies x = 0, which contradicts 2x, Therefore, 4 =x =0. Similarly, w= y = 0. 3, A feasible triple (x9. x9, k°) solves the problem iff there exist numbers 4 and such that 1-2x? -2 <0 (0 if x? > 0) 3-28 —n <0 (=O if x8 > 0) 2 ++ u <0 (= 0 if ko > 0) 220 (=0 if xf 1 and y > 3, which contra- dicts the third statement. Thus. k° > 0. Next, if 4 = 0, then x} = 3/2 and 2 = 2° > 0. Sox? = k* = 1/4, contradicting x9 < k°, So u > 0, which implies that.x? = &°. Now, if x9 = 0 < &°, then A = 0, which contradicts the first statement in the display. So 0 < x? = 4(1— A). Next, if A > 0, then x? = ko = x8 = 3(1-2) = $3-y) = }(4+4y), But the last two equalities are only satisfied when 4 = —1/3 and ys = 5/3, which contradicts 220. SoA =0 after all, with x3 =k > 0, >0,x9=}0-4 =} Now, from the third equation in the display, it follows that 4 = 2k° and so, from the second equation, that 3 = 2x} + = 4k. The only possi- ble solution is, therefore, (x?, x9. k°) = (1/2. 3/4, 3/4), with A = 0 and 4 =32 5. The proof is quite similar to the proof of property 3. 18.10 1. (a) Use Theorem 17.9 in Section 17.8. (b) The Kuhn-Tucker conditions are: [1] -2(x ~ 1) — 2x = 0: (2] -2ye™ — Day =O; BIA TOG Oifx?+y? 1, itisx =1,y =O, anda Because x* + y? is convex, this is the optimum, 3. Consider the problem: max U(x.y) = x*y? st. g(x,y) = px ty 0.us 20 3, min 8u)-+13u2+6us subject to {3 Cr 19.3 1, (a) x =O and y = 3 gives max (©) min 20uy +21uy subject to { 1. See Fig. 53. where the optimum is P. 4u; + Buz > 2 Su; + Juz > 7 has the solution u) = 0 and uy = 1, which gives min = 21. See Fig. 54. (c) Yes. u,>0, uw 20 FIGURE 53 FIGURE 54 3. (@) The profit from selling 2; stuall and x» medium television sets is 400x; + 500x2. The first constraint, 2x1+x2 < 16, says that we cannot use more hours in Division 1 than the hours available. The second constraint, x) +4x2 < 16, says that we cannot use more hours in Division 2 than the hours available. The third constraint, x + 2x2 < 11, says that we cannot use more hours in Division 3 than the hours available. (b) The solution is max = 3800 for x) = 7 and x2 = 2. (Supply your own graph.) (c) Relaxing the first constraint to 2x; + x2 < 17 allows the new solution x, = 23/3, x2 = 5/3, with an extra profit of 100. Relaxing the second constraint to x; + 4x2 < 17 makes no difference, because some capacity in division 2 remainded unused anyway. Relaxing the third constraint to x1 + 2x. < 12 allows the solution 41 = 20/3. x» = 8/3, with an extra profit of 200. So division 3 should be the first to have its capacity increased. 19.4 1, According to formula {19.12}, 4. 0.2. = uf Ab) Fug Ady = O-0.1 4 1-(-0.2) =Chapter 20 9AT 19.5 1. 4uj + 3u3 = 3 > 2 and x" = 0; Suj + 7uj = 7 and y* =3 > 0. Also 4xt + Sy? = 15 < 20 and uf = 0; 3x" +7y* = 21 and uj =1> 0. So we see that (19.13] and [19.14] are satisfied. 10y; + 20y2 + 20y3 = 300 3. 10.000; 8000y2 + 11. (@) min 1»1 + 800072 + 11.0095 s.t Horio sort co 20 yz y5 20. (b) Solution of the dual: max = 255,000 for x1 = 100 and x2 = 450. Solution of the primal: min = 255.000 for (y1. y2. ys) = (20.0.5). (©) The minimum cost will increase by 2000. 5. (a) For x3 = 0, the solution is x; = x2 = 1/3. For x; = 3, the solution is 21 = Land x2 (b) If 0 = x3 = 7/3, then imax(x3) = 243 + 5/3 for x = 1/3 and x2 = x3 + 1/3. If 7/3 < x5 <5, then Imax(ts) = 15 +4 for x = 23-2 and x» = and x: =0. (c) The solution to the with x3 as an arbitrary number > 5. Chapter 20 20.1 5.2- 3 +3 3. (a) x) = axp +A), x2 = ax) + Az = a(axy+A))+A2 = a?x0+ (GA) +A2), 1. (a) According to [20.4), x; ) x = (1/3) +1 Ox 21 -4/C - 2))+4/0 - 2) (-3/5)(—3/2)' - 2/5 (@) x and so on. Formally. an induction proof is required. (b) If 4, = bc’, then X, = alxg ¢ bela’! +a' ete $c!) So x, = a"xo + < b for eS a £c, whereas x, = a'xy + 1a'b for a =e. 3.x, = V%o1 = VS-1 = 2, = Ve = VP 1 = 1 and 35 VI=T = V0 = 0. Then x: = YO=T = V=T, which is not a real number. 20.2 1. w, = 1350(1.2y' ~ 250 (a) Let the remaining principal after January 1 of yearn be Ly. Then Lo = L. Because; the principal repayment in year n is 1,1 ~ Ly and the interest : O86 has Ly) ~ Ly = HrLpats m = 1.2..--+ whose (l= fry"L. &) = 7/2)L = (1/2)L implies that r=2-2-2- x 0. 133934, (c) The payment in the nth year will be Tqnt — In +1 In-1 3/2)" (1 = $r)"""L. The loan will never be totally repaid, even though L, > 0 as n+ ox.948 Answers to Odo-Numbered Problems 20.3 1. Using the notation defined by [3] and [5], the repayment each period is Tend t+roB Die (Teen +7) which can also be written as B ee eee a Ten G+nd+r) G+n)d+n)- 0+) We see that z increases as any r; increases. If interest rates rise enough without any increase in repayments, the debt will never be paid off, and could even go on increasing indefinitely. This happens when z, < r,b,, where b; denotes the outstanding balance at time t. 20.4 1 (@) If x, = A+2r, then x4) = A+2¢41) =A+2¢+2andx,+2= (A#2)+25A4242, 80x41 = 4; +2. (0) If x, = AZ + B4', then Xa — Tar) + 12x, = AB? + BAI? — 7(A3*! + BA) 4 1243 + Ba) = A¥.3 4+ B4'.4 743.3 -7B4 441243 + 1284 = A3(9- 21 + 12) + B4!(16 — 28 + 12) =0 3. x; = A3'+B4! isa solution. Substituting r = 0 andr = 1 yields A+B = x and 3A +4B = x, with solution A = 4x) — x) and B = —3x9 + x1. So x; = A3' + B4! is the general solution of the given equation. 5. (a) The homogeneous equation is x,.1 = b'x,, where b = e~™, Now, 21 = Bx9 = x9, x2 = bx, = bx, X3 = Bx = Bx = xq, xz = bx = bbl x9 = B21, and soon. In general, x, = b!—)+0-2+-43+2+1 49, Now @-1)+(@-2)4+---4+3424+ }(¢ — 1)r (see Equation [B.5] in Sec- ton B.2), so %, = Epe“'—), () uy [ena — e-te-2t'-7]/(] — e-4) = e- 2", The general &, +u} for arbitrary %. 1 (@) x = C)2' +4") x, = C4 + Cr (0) x, = CVF cost + CoV¥ sin 61, where cos@ = —V3/3 and sind = 6/3. (8) 1 = Ci2BY'P cos mt (2 + Ca(2/3)!? sin 1/2 +.4/5 3.@) ¥* =b/(—a) (b) m?—a(1+c)m+ac = 0. Two different real roots, 7 ee eal root, or two complex roots according as a(1 +c)? —4c > 0, =0,or <0.Chapter21 949 5. Ifa ¢ -2, then D= c/a +2), If a = —2, then D=c/(a+4) = 3 7. (a) Stable. (b) Not stable. (c) Stable. (4) Not stable a(l +g) 9. (@) YF = OM = Gy —h+ ow (b) (6 +k)? < 4k (©) r = Vk. Damped oscillations when k < 1. UL. (a) 0B <4a(1—a) (b) 0B <4e and a <1. (when the denominator is not # 0). Chapter 21 21.1 1. If x(t) = Ce“ + Set, then X(t) +x) = —Ce + Le? + Cet + bel = létldae. : 7 3. Differentiate xe"* = C impiety to obtain ze* + xle"(x +129] = 0. Can- celing e'* and rearranging gives (1 +tx)i = 5. Ifx = Cr—C*, then t =C, 504? = C? and ri —x =1C ~Cr+.C? = C*. Ifx = 417, then ¥ = 4, so ¥? = Lr, and rx —x = 41°, We conclude that x = Cr C2 is not the general solution. 21.2 1. The solutions are x = C1, fort # 0, with C an arbitrary constant. See Fig. 55. FIGURE 55 21.3 1. Separate: xtdx = (t+ 1)dt. Integration yields $x3 = }:7+1+ C, oF +31+3C. For C = ~7/6, the integral curve passes through (1, 1).950 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems (a) x =Ce'??, For C = |, the integral curve passes through (0, 1). (b) x = Ce", For C = xe", the integral curve passes through (10, x0). x = CoS a(t) = a + be!, then fa(t)dt = at + (b/Inc)c'. This implies that x = Ce~@et~8/I20¢ == C(en4)'(e7/ 2)" = Cp'g”, with » we peer and g =e, Ln be) S— (1 b+ cer" +C 7. @) K = | ) ©) jax — BIO Ix — al? = Ceee—P 21.4 1. (a) x = Cre; C = 1. (Separate: dx/x = [(1/t)— 1] dt. Integrate: In |x, In|t|—1+C). Hence, |x| = eC: = elle-"e = Cyltle~’ = Cte“, where C =£C)= +e.) (b) x = CYTFP; C = 2. 3. The equation is equivalent to f'(t) = (-r/K)(f(t) — 0)( f(t) — K), so formula [4] in Example 21.10 yields f(t) = K/(1 — Ce”). ¢ Ve 5. @) X= [Ey ama ey] Ala)" as 1 0. Also L” [Less X/L = A(K/L)'~* + A(sA/a)-@ (>) K = sAb*(r + a)K', so K(t) = {Kg + saAb* [(¢ +a)r**!— Kg + sa Abe [(r-+ aye! — aaet]]" (pea + 1b + are K am") (pa+1yy' Hence, > = f > 00 ast 00. 21.5 . Applying (21.7) witha = —1 and b(t) = r yields 1C+fetrdt] = e(C + fre dr], Integrating by pans, fre'dt = -re' + fe'dt = ~te“! —e~!, and so the solution is x = Ce’ —1— 1. (a) Since C = a¥ +b and J = kC = ka¥, equation (1) implies that ¥ = C+I =a¥+b+ka¥. Solving for ¥ yields the specified equa- tion. (©) Y(t) = [Yo—B/( — alee + b/(1 —a) and T(t) = (1—a)¥()-b (©) 1/0 ~a) » vw a x = Ce" — 5/3, For C = 8/3, the integral curve passes through 1) 8. For C =9, the integral curve passes through (0, 1). —ir4+4. For C = 3/4, the integral curve passes through (a) x() = X(@)/N(t) increases with 1 if a > p. When o = 0.3 and .03. this implies that @ > 0.1(= 10%). (b) It is enough to note that (1 ~27*)/E > 0 whenever € #0, then apply this with € = ao —y. Fastertributes positively. (©) Using Equation [6], note that x0 = + ( c )Bl wore ( oH or No No ao = Chapter 21 951 growth per head is to be expected because, in this model, foreign aid con- | una Even if ao < p, this is positive and growing for large 1 as long as > p. So foreign aid must grow faster than the population. ' { 21.6 | 1. (@) &+ 2/t)x = —1. Apply [21.11] with a i 2/t and b = ~1. Then fa@at = fQapyar = and so exp(fa(t)dt) = exp(ini?) = 22. Then, x = (1/t?)[C + f 12(-1) dt) = Cr? $1. (b) Here fat) dt =— f(1/t) dt = — Int, and (21.11) yields the solution x = Cr+2?. (©) In this case, f a(t)dt = —4In(r? — 1), and (21.11) yields the solution x=CVPI14+P=1. @) x= Cr? 4202/31 3. p=Cel elt fe “VF dt = Ce" + 1/t +1, after integrating by parts. i For p(1) =0 one needs C = ~2/e. S. (a) Putting at x7 gives the linear equation 2 = 212 — 2r° whose ' solution is z = e"(C ~ f2r%e~" dr). After integrating by parts, this gives xt=Ce" +241. (b) Putting z = x7! leads to £ = 2(z/t) — 1 whose solution implies that x =1/t(1+Cr). (c) x = (Ce* —e'? 7. If x = u + 1/z, then ¥ = a — 2/2? and the Riccati equation is converted into the linear form 2 + [Q(t) + 2u(t)R(Nz = —R() in case u = u(e) is a special solution. For the equation ri = x — (x — 1)? and the special solution u = 1, the transformation x = 1-+1/z creates the linear equation 12 +z = 1, whose solution is tz = C-+1, Thus x = t-+2/(t +C) is the general solution. 21.7 1. (@) x =1 is unstable. See Fig. 56. (b) x = 12 is stable. See Fig. 57. (c) x = 3 is stable; x = 3 is unstable. See Fig. 58. FIGURE 56 FIGURE 57 FIGURE 58 | { A ne i952 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 3. Note how F(K, L) = AK'~*L® implies f(k) = Ak!-*. Then sf(k) = Ak at kt = (sA/2)"/*, the same value as the limit of K/L in the cited problem. 5. (a) ab*/s = f(k*)/ —sf'(K*)] > O and k*/82 = —k/. —s f(D] < 0 when 4 > sf/(k"). At the equilibrium state, capital per worker increases as the savings rate increases, and decreases as the growth rate of the work force increases. (b) From Equations [1] to [4], ¢ 1-s)X/L = (1-s)f(k). But sf (k*) = Ak*, so when k = (k") —ak*. The necessary first-order condition for this to be maximized w.r1. k* is that f’(k*) = 2. But F(K,L) = Lf (k) and so Fy = Lf'(k)dk/dK = f'(k) because k = K/L with L fixed. Thus 3F/3K (©) O=k/k=K/K —L/L=K/K -2 in the stationary state. 21.8 L @x=fP+ArtB (b)x=—sint+AttB @)xsel+prt+artB 3. (a) Direct verification. General solution: x = Ae™ + Be“ (b) x = Ae™ + Be — 1-1/6 5. Substituting x = (r + k)~? eventually yields k = a and k = b. General solution: x = A(t+a)"'+ BQ + b)7!. 21.9 1 @ x= Cie +Cze-Y; unstable. (b) x = e-¥(C) cos 2r + Cp sin 21); sta- ble. (©)x = C)+Cze™; stable. (d) x 2(Ci+Cat); stable. (e)x = Cre + Core™ — 4/3; unstable. (f) x = Cye™! + Coe + (1/42)e%; stable. 3. @x=-6+neT+r —41+6 (b) x= yin 2r + (x/2+ 1/A)oos 2 +2 + 1/4 5. ut = kt+Lo+([B+a(1—6)]k/8* is a particular solution. Oscillations occur iff (y7/4)[B +01 - BF + ys" <0. 7. By Problem 3 of Sec. C.1, setting C = AcosB and D = —Asin B gives Acos(Bt + B) = Acos Bt cos B — Asin Br sin B = C cos Bt + Dsin Br. 9. +i p = a(do—sp). Solution: p = C; cos ¥-+C sin Mt + (do ~50) /(s; —di), where 4 = [a(s; — di)]". Appendix A Answers are given to all the problems in Appendix A. Ad @ 0.09 (e) (2.0) =16 (f 2° = 64 = (24)? = 576 (h) 6° = 46656 (2) 216 (b) 49 () @ @-3-4)Appendix 953 2 @1S>_ (b) (-13)) (© 10"! 107 |} (Hab) (g) a+ (h) (-2)? @a® (b)a® (x? Gb} (e) x%y? Ox @r? (3 = 1729 (a) 2° = 64 (b) 64/27 (0) 8/3 (a) x9 Ce) y?_ Bry? (3) 107 = 1/100 ye) @ +1? (a) 0 (b) Undefined. (¢) 0 (4)0 (e)1 (f) Undefined. (g)1 (bh) 1 (@x=5 (b)x=0 ()x=3 @rx=4 ()x=8 (fpx=0 (@) False. 3° = 243, 5° = 125 (b) False. (5°)? = 56, whereas 5* = 5°. (©) True. (a?)" = (af)? (d) Te. 0-49 = 0-1 (©) False. 0? is not defined. (f) False. (5 +7)? = (12)? = 144, 2° +7? = 25449 = 74 (g) False. The correct value of the ratio is (2x + 4)/2 =x+2. (h) True. Both equal 2x —2y. (i) True. (@) False. a° = 1. (b) True. c-* = 1/c* for allc #0. (c) True, a”-a = ant" =a". (d) False, unless m = 0. ab" = (ab)". (¢) False (unless m = 1). For example, (a +b)? is equal to a? +2ab+b*. (f) False (unless ab! = 1). For example, 7b} is not equal to (ab)**? = (ab)® = a°b’. (a) xy? = Gy)? = 3° = 27 (b) (ab)* = (-2)¢ for all a #0. (d) 2n is 0,£2,44,.... so (—I)* 1 » A maw 2 © By = YN = 3 = 127 (e73)°(x2) Gy? = /4 (8) (/zy)® = (xy/2)~6 = [Cey/2) (h) (abe)* = (a~!b='c7!)~* = (1/4)~4 = 4* = 256 10. (a) 16x* (6) 4 () 6xyz (ab? (e)a® (fx (gat (hy SF 1l. (a) 195 (b) 144 () 12. 15% 13. (2) Given a constant interest rate of 11% per year, then in 8 years, an ini- tial investment of 50 francs will be worth 50 - (1.11)® © 115.23 francs. (b) Given a constant interest rate of 12% per year, then in 20 years, an initial investment of 10,000 rand will be worth 10,000- (1.12)*? ~ 96,462.93 rand. (c) 5000 - (1.07)~"° = 2541.75 crowns is what you should have deposited 10 years ago in order to have 5000 crowns today, given the constant interest rate of 7%. 14. 2!° = 1024 and 10° = 1000. So 2°° = (2!°)3 is bigger than (105)? = 10° A calculator should say that 2° = (1024) = 1.073, 741,824. A2 1. @3 &)40 (10 @)5 ©16 (07 (g) 1/0 i) IS 2. @ 81 )4 (©) 623 @)15 @-1 3954 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 3.@ $7 4 © ive @1 © }v6 H Wl (gs) VR th) x + Ve 4. (a) =, by [AS]. Also, both expressions = 20. (b) #. In fact, /25+16 JA £9=VB+VI6 (0) A. In fact, (a? 4b'?)P = a+2a'75'P +b a+b only when ab = 0. In fact, (Ja eB)! = [(a +5)'2)) = (a+b? AZ 1. (@)} @)6 (=18 (4-18 (©) 3x+12 ()45x-27y (g)3 (HO @-1 2. (a) 3a? Sb (b) -2x7 +3x+4y (6) f(A) 279 —6r?5 +3757 +257 3. (a) -3n?+6n—-9 be) x54x?2 (0) 4n?—11n+6 (d) —18a5b? + 30075? (©) @b-ab> (f) x3 — 6xty + l1xy? — 6y? 4 (a)a?—a (0) x7+4x-21 (6) -343V2 )3-2V2_ (€) 9 -3x743x-1 ()1-b* (g)l—xt (h) 4+ 4x3 + 6x7 +4041 5. (a) 2x (0) a? ~4ab+4b? (c) jx? - By? @) —x*y—3x -2 (©) +(@+b)x+ab () x — 6x*y + 12xy? - By? (a) 28—-51?441-1 (b)4 (c)x2+2xy+2xz+y?+2y2+2? (d) 4xyt4xz (a) 9x74 12xy+4y? (b)5+2V6 (Cc) 9u? — 48uv + 640" 500 (Note that (252)? — (248) = (252 +248)(252—248) = . (a)x4—2x7y?+y* (6) 2 (©) a?—2ab+b7-+2a—2+1 (d) a—2Vab+b ©) 1 ()n*— 413 +6n?-4n+1 10. (a) acx?+(ad+be)xtbd (b)4—1? (c) a? +b? +07 +2ab+2ac+2be (d)a— 5 (@)2/15+1 (ut —2u2v? + v4 11. In the first figure, the (big) square has sides of length a +b, so its area is (a+b), The four rectangular parts have a combined area a*+ab+ab-+b? = a? + 2ab+b?, The two ways of computing the area must give the same tesult, so (a+b) =a? +2ab +b?. The interpretation of the second figure is similar, - (a"—~b') (q~ by ab® + 59 yeas 5 P + a8b + a7b? + aSb? +a5b* +a’ +a5b§ + 07h? + A4 1. (@)2:2-7-@-a-b-b-b (b)2-2(@+2y—62) (©) 2x(x-3y) () 2a-a-b bGBa+2b) (€) Ix(x-Ty) (fH) Sx-y-y(1—3x)(1+3x) (g) (4+5)(4-b) (h) 3(x + 2)(x — 2) 2. (a) (x= 2) = 2) ) 2-2e5(¢ 2s) (€) 2-202 +b)Qa +b) @ Sxx(x + V3y\x — Vy)956 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 2 ()x=-7 (x=-28/ll @x=S/ll @)x=1 (b)x=-6 ()x=5 (@) 2x+5=x—3. Solution: x=—8. (6) x+(x+1) +(x +2) = 10+2x. Solution: x = 7, so that the numbers are 7, 8, and 9. (c) If x is Ann's regular hourly wage, then 38x + (48 ~ 38)2x = 812. Solution: x = S14. (@) 15,000- 10% +x - 12% = 2100. Solution: x = 5000. (e) 3x+ix+ a 7/23 b)x==4 ()z=4 (d) p= 15/16 10 minutes. (If x is the number of liters per minute from the first hosepipe, the two others give 2x/3 and x/3 liters per minute. The number of min- utes needed to fill the f201 with all three hosepipes in use is given by the expression 20x/(x + 2x/3 + x/3), which is 10.) y a AZ (a), (b), (4), (f), and (h) are true; (c), (e), and (g) are false. . (a) x <9 (b) Satisfied for all x. (c)x <25/2 (@) x <19/7 @)1>-1/4 x<-Sorx> ~4 3. @)-23 ()-S1600rn<0 (O—landp#2 (bh) -4lorx<-4 (\)x>-4andx#1 (c)x0 (a) -S 3. (Hint: x(x + 6)(x —3).) (@) ~41/6 0, and this inequality is satisfied for all x and y. (@) $120+0.167x (b) Smallest number of calls: 300. Largest number of calls: 490, @ Between 39.2°F and 42.8°F (b) Between 2.2°C and 4.4°C, approxi- mately, nv a ae ~ ~ 1. @x=Oandx=15 (by p= (@) No solution. (@) y= O-and 2@xr (&-2@-3) ®) y° -y- 12 =~ 4)(y +3) = 0 for y =4 and ¥Appendix B 957 (6) No solutions and no ae @-begie+} (x04 V3) — (1 - V3) = 0 for x =12V3 (e) m?—Sm—3 (5+V37))im—1(S—V37)) = 0 for m = £(5£V37) @olpes p24 =p Don) =O for p=2and p = 12 3. @r=-13, () p=~16, p=1 (0) K = 100, K = 200 @r=-VJ3,r=V2 @)x=-05,x=08 (f) p=-1/6, p= 1/4 @ralxc=2 Or=fOtVe) }x={G2VB) @xr= 4-743) (©) x= -300,x=100 x= hS+VT3) (a) The rectangle has sides 5 cm and 15 cm. (If the sides have length x and y, then 2x + 2y = 40, that is, x+y = 20, and xy = 75, So x and y are the roots of r? — 20r +75 = 0, because the sum of the roots is 20 and the product is 75.) @) 2 +@4+1)? = 13 @ x = -3, x = 2 Thus, the two natural numbers must be 2 and 3. (c) x7 -+ (x + 14)? = (34)*. The shortest side is x and is 16 cm long. The longest side is 30 cm long. (4) 50 km/h, (if the usual driving speed is x kan/h and the usual time spent is 1 hours, then xt = 80 and (x + 10)(¢ — 16/60) = 80. From the first equation, 1 = 80/x. Inserting this into the second equation, and then re- arranging, we obtain x? + 10x — 3000 = 0, whose positive solution is x = 50.) 6. @)r=— @)x (Let 7. 4a?x? + 4abx + b? = b? — 4ac, that is, ax +b)? = b° — 4ac, and so on. a ” = 2 (x(x? — 4) =0 or x(x + 2)(x -2) = 0) (letx?=u) ()x=-1f, x=1/5 Ag L@x=8 y=3 Ox=1/, y=1 ()t=11, y=-03 2 @) K=28, L=5.75 (b)p=2.q¢=3 ()r=21,5=01 3. (a) 39 and 13. (b) $120 for a table and $60 for a chair. (c) 30 of quality A and 20 of quality B. (6) $8000 at 7.2% and $2000 at 5% interest. Appendix B BA L 55 (b) 585 (c) 36 (d) 22 (e) 20 (f) 73/12 3. @ Ys oye Oleg © Saab958 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems ‘ ‘ , 2 © D3" O Loalbiss () Loatttbisess i a js 3 (h) $081,297 + 198%) = 5. @) Dini (4-2) = Diet — Dis ©) Die — B= Die te — Den F = Dia — nF 7. (a), (©), (d), and (e) are always true; (b) and (f) are generally not true. B2 1. Dye? + 3k +2) = Dien P+ 3 DE k+ Th jn(n + 1)Qn + 1) + 3[4nGr + 1)] +20 = n(n? + 6n + 11) {@) In both sums, all terms cancel pairwise, except —ay, the last term within the first parentheses, and ay (or, generally, a,), the first term within the last parentheses. (b) (i) 1 — (1/51) = 50/51 Gi) 35-3 iii) ar(r* - 1) Pa fkxe\? x, x1 u2(F) uF = 5g Ine - += fxQr?—3n4 0. » = @) D3 Dt = DONG -3+i-948-27 41-81) = 3.1201 = 720 ore 5) -E((B) +) £(B)-)-C)] - ()+()'+G)'+ @)+()'+ (= st © 5mm + YR — » (@) The total number of units of good i. (b) The total number of units of all commodities owned by person j. (©) The total number of units of goods owned by the group as a whole. 1. @ 2" = 1/221 @) (360) = 46,656,000 (0 @ V0 +r) +n) 3. (@) [Ta ka = (kay)(kap) +++ (kag) = KT, a;, so the given equality is only satisfied for n (&) True: []?_, y3 3 = yb} ot = Guy? = (Tax)Aopendxc 959 (©) True: Tier 5% = (xrys)(2¥2) nn) = Onyx ==, Owe yy) = (Ter) (Ths) (4) Troe: [T3., (Tar) = (Trav) (TE (411) 42432) ++ - (Qs Qnd** @pg) = (13431 -*Ge)(@mra99 fern TE.ag aia + [Tne in = [Tes (T0123 2) BS 1. For n = 1, both sides are 1. Suppose [x] is true for n =k, Then L$ 2434.04 k+ +1 = kt H+) = RFK +2), which is [+] forn + 1. Thus, by induction, [*] is true for all n. 3. (a) For n = 1, both sides are 1/2. Suppose (a) is true for x = k. Then Tee 1 i 373.47 tern * &FDETD 1 kk+2)4+1 k+1P kel k+I(k+2) K+VKE+2) K+D)K+2) = 52 o which is (a) for n = k-+ 1. Thus, by induction, [a] is true for all n. k+2 (b) For n = 1, both sides are 3. Suppose [b] is tue for x = &. Then BHP +P 434 4H 43H LGM 9 43! = IGM? 3), which is [b] for n = 4+ 1. Thus, by induction, [b] is true for all n. 5. For n = 1, both sides are a. Suppose the formula is tue for n = m. Then en Lake atak+---+ak"""4ak" =a +ak” = (a) which is the 1-k 7 given formula for n = k + 1. By induction, the formula is true for all n. Appendix C C.1 1. See Fig. 59. OB = BP BP/OP = 12 =cos45 /2, by Pythagoras’s Theorem. Hence, sin 45° = , whereas tan 45° = sin 45°/ cos 45° = FIGURE 59960 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 3. cos(x + y) = cosix — (—y)] = cosxcos(—y) + sinxsin(—y) osx cos y — sinx sin y sinc +) _ sinxcosx +cosxsinn _— —sinx So tan(x +2) = ove = = tnx cos(e +r) ~ cosxcos® —sinxsinx — —cosx sin (x +/2) = sinxcos 4m + cosxsin}x = (sinx) -0 + (cosx)-1 = cosx 7. (a) V2sin(x + 2/4) — cosx = V2(sin x cos 2/4 + cos x sin 1/4) — cosx = VUsinx - 1/2 + cosx - 1//2) — cosx = sinx (b) tan(a-+8) (sinfr —(@+f)] = sin(a+8), cos[2—(@-+)] = cos(a+8).) (c) —cosa/ sina 9. sin(x + y) sin(x = (sin x cos y + cos x sin y)(sinx cos y — cos x sin y) sin? x cos? y — cos?x sin? y = sin?x(1 — sin? y) — (1 ~ sin?x) sin y = sin?x — sin? y 11. (a) Because |f(x)| = |(1/2)* sinx| < (1/2)* for all x, and (1/2)* + 0 as x + 00, the oscillations die out. (b) Because 2* > 00 as x — co, the oscillations explode. 13. Because (AB)? = (b —acosx)? + (0 —asinx)? = c?, we have the identity — 2abcosx + a*cos?x + a?sin?x = c*, Because sin?x + cos?x = 1, (C.10] follows immediately. cos$x (b) y’ =cosx—xsinx ()y’= ' : posta? (@) y! = (sin x sinx ~ cos.x cosx)/ sin? x = —1/sin?x 3. (a) cosx —sinx (b) Sx*sinx + x5 cosx + (zJq)cosx — Jxsinx omar (se 3 ) cosx - VE(1+2) sins] 5. (@) 2 (b) m/n_ (©) 1/2 (A) 0 (U'Hopital’s rule does not apply.) 7. p(t) = ~AC, sindt + AC cos At and p’(t) = —22C; cosdt — 42C2 sind, 80 p"(t) +A? p(t) = Cok. Thus, K = Co? 9. f(x) = 6 c0s2x — 16sin4x 1 (@)—Injcosx/+C ob) e™4C (©) goose +C ©) = 1+6 2x Vl=x 15. Let Q and R be the nearest points on the shoreline PP’ to A and B. Let a= AQ. b = BR, OR = 1. and QC = x. The time needed to reach the drowning swimmer is (c) Al 2 2 —xye Ta) = AC BCL Sad yy Patel) ars my 2 xe(0.l)Appendix C961 ‘The first-order condition for minimum w.r.t. x yields x [=x wed vy d—x which is equivalent to sina /v; = sinaz/v2. This condition is also sufficient for a minimum because we find that 7”(x) > 0 in (0. ]. C3 1. (a)z+w=5-2i_)2w=21-9 @ ieh= VP CSP = V9 3. (a) 301 +5i) )—-3— 4% (©) (1/26)(31 +271) WE w = (—3 ~ 71/6References Bartle, R. G. The Elements of Real Analysis. 2d ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1976. Dixit, A. K. Optimization in Economic Theory. 24 ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1990. Hadley, G. Linear Algebra. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1973. Luenberger, D. G. introduction 10 Linear and Nonlinear Programming. Reading, ‘Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1973. 963Index Absolute value, 16-18 defined. 16 to define limits. 209 Active constraint. 685 Activities in production process. 719-20 Addition ‘of complex numbers. 880 of fractions. 821-22 parallelogram law of. 386 summation notation. 846-51 sum(s) algebraic properties. 851-53 ‘of angles in triangles. 886 derivative of. 133, differentiation of. 132-33 double. 857-60 integral of. 328 integrating. 349 of matrices. 402, 403 Newton's binomial formula. 855-56 Riemann, 338 rules for. 851-57 useful formulas, 854 of vectors. 380. 382 vector. 380. 382 Adjoint of matrix. 452 Admissible (feasible) region. 706. 707. 709-10 Admissible set. 682 Algebra. 803-45. See also Linear algebra factors. 816-19. 820 fractions. 819-26 addition of. 821-22 ‘multiplication and division of. 8234: reducing and extending. 820-21 sign rules. 821 fundamental theorem of. 83 inequalities. 14-15, 830-36 double. 834-35 properties of. 830-32 sign diagrams, 832-34 ‘powers. 803-9 compound incerest. 97. 98. 806-7 negative exponents. 804, 807 properties of exponents, 805-6 quadratic equations. 836-42 general case. 839-41 rules of. 811-16 algebraic expressions. 814 important identities. 812-14 simple equations and how to solve them, 826-30, sqquare 001s. 80911 wo equations with two unknowns. 842~35 Algebraic expressions. 814 Alien cofactors. expansion by. prey ‘Amplitude. 752. 870 Angles geometric formulas for. 885 measuring. in radians. 867-68 of triangles, sum of. 886 Anglin, W5S.. 729 Antidervative. 323. See also Indefinite integrals Approximations Tinear. 162-63. 577-78 to functions of two variables. S778 to partial derivatives, 508-9 polynomial. 167-71. 226-27 higher-order. 169-71 ‘quadratic. 167-69 ‘Archimedes. 321 ‘Aresine fonction, 876-77 ‘arctan, 877 ‘Areas under curves. computing. 321-26 Argand diagram. 881-82 ‘Argument. 39 of complex numbes. 882 Asistolle. 4. 5 Avithmetic mean, 15. 492. 853 ‘Arrow. KJ.. 700n Associative laws. 382. 383 for watrix multiplication, 409, 410-11, 412 Asymptote. 184 horizontal. 180 vertical. 178 Augmented matrix, 470 Aukrust, 561 965966 index Autonomous equation. 785, Average productivity of capital, 779 Bacon, Francis. 537 Ball. BJ, 757 Bane. RG.. 214 Base. 803, Base 10 system (decimal system), 12-13 Bernoulli's equation, 783 Binding constraint. 685, 686 Binomial coefficient, 855-56 Binomial formulas. 229-32. Newton's. 230. 855-56 for positive integer exponents, 231-32 Border. KC... 218% Bordered Hessians. 64748. 668 Boundary point. 603. 604 Bounded intervals, 15 Bounded set. 604 Box Cox transformation in statistics, 2632 Braces (). 29 Brouwer's fixed point theorem. 218 Brown, M.. 564 Budget constraint. 651 intertemporal. 626 Budget plane, 497 CC? function, 516 C* function of many variables, 516 (C* function of one variable, 142 apical average productivity of. 779 ‘marginal product of. 517-18. 789 Canrying capacity. 270 Canesian coordinate system, 4647 Cantesian product. 621 Cauchy Schwarz inequality. 77-1 392 Cayley Hamilton theorem. 4837 Central moment of exponential distribution. 368 CES (constant elasticity of substitution) functions. 563. 715 Chain of implications, 23-24 Chain niles. 148-54, 250. 307 alternative formulation of, 151-53 as comparative statics ‘00. 537-50 co caleulate directional derivaves. 541-43 Lenz's formula, 337. 87-49 more general chain rule. 345-50 rough argument for. 543-5 for differentials. 581 imegraton by substation and. 353-55 10 obiain general power function. 267 proof of, 152-83. 583 Change. rates of. See Rates of change Characteristic equation. 755. 800 of difference equation, 751-53 eigenvalue equation. 78-81 of homogeneous differential equation. 795-97 Characteristic polynomial. 478. 4 Characteristic roots. 795. 800 ‘Characteristic values. See Eigenvalues Characteristic vectors (eigenvectors) 477-81 Circe(s) $0-52 ‘quation of. 51-52 formula for 884 Clark. C.. 460 Classical case of optimization. See Multivariable optimization Closed interval. 15 Closed set. 603. 604 Cobb. C.W.. 490 Cobb Douglas function. 490.492. 517-20. 539-40, elasticity of substitution for. 562 _ 563 as example of production function. 572 properties of. 645-46 Cobweb model. 735-37 Coefficient matix. 401. 469-70 of systems of equations. 404. 405 Coefficiens binomial. 855-56 Gini. 373 inpin echnical. 378 numerical. 814 of system of linear equations. 375 ‘undetermined. method of. 85. 797-98 Cofactors. expansion of determinants by, 425.27, 439-44 by alien cofactors. 442~24 Column of matrix. 399-400 ‘elementary column operations. 468-69 Column vectors. 379. 400 Common factors. 820 Commutative laws, 382. 383 ‘Compact set. 604 Comparative statics. tools for, 537-94 chain rules. 537-50 irectional derivatives. 541-43, Leibniz’s formula, 337. 547-49 more general. 545-50 rough argument for. 543-45 derivatives of functions defined implicitly. $50-59. 575-77 ‘general case, 577 ‘general eqoation for tangent to F(x.y) = €. 553-55 second derivative. formula for. 355-56 theoretical considerations. 556-58 differentials, 578-84 of function of m variables. 582-83 of 2 function of two variables, 578-80 invariance of, $82. $83 partial derivatives from. finding. 587-90 rules for. 581-82 homogeneous functions of two variables, 565-73 ‘economic applications. $72-73 general. 569-73 Reomenric aspects of. 567-69 hhomothetc functions. 573-74 implicit function theorem. $57. 591-94 linear approximations. $77-78 partial elasticities, 559-64, 571 elasticity of composite functions. 560-61 elasticity of substitution, 561-63 systems of equations. 585-91‘degrees of freedom of 585-87 paral derivatives from differential. finding. 587-90 structural equation. 592 Complement. 32 Complementary slackness conditions. 683. 721-28 to help solve linear programming problems, 724-25 Kuhn Tucker conditions as, 725-26 Complete (general) solution of firsorder differential, equation. 762 Completing the square. 74-76. 337-38 applied to general quatratic equation. $3941 ‘Complex romibers, 879-83 definition of. 880-81 ttigonomenic (polar) form of. 881-83, ‘Complex number system. 880 Components (coordinates) of vector. 379 Composite function. 148, 151-52 537-38. $46. See also Chain rules elasticities of, 560-61 ‘Composites of continuous functions. 188-89 Compound interest. 278-81. 806-7 with constant interest rate, 739-41 and exponential functions. 97. 98 806-7 as separable differential equation, 767 with variable interest rate 742084. 781 ‘Compound interest equation. continuous time analogue of. 76 Coneavefconvex functions. 304-19. 22 eral definitions of. 313-15. on24 inflection points. 307-11 Jensen's inequality for. 317-18, 319, 624.27 ‘maximum/minimom for, 311-12 quasi-concave and quasi-convex functions. 642-49 secondc

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