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tzg 41
EXAM CH 5-7

What is kami? (3)

In the indigenous Japanese beliefs categorized as Shintoism, “kami” means a quality

3
that elicits reverence and wonder. It can also refer to supernatural beings who are

considered part of nature. Kami often live in powerful places in nature.

How are Confucianism, Taoism and Shintoism practiced together? (3)

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Confucianism contains certain values, such as the five constant relationships, respect

for old age, and ren (human-heartedness), and none of those are mutually exclusive

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with following other traditions. For example, an individual could follow Confucian values

while still believing in the Tao and trying to live in harmony with it. The same person

could also follow Shinto traditions, such as revering the kami.

What is the Tao? Explain/describe. (4)

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The Tao, or Dao, is a reality beyond human comprehension. It is the crux of Daoism. It’s

not a deity; rather, it’s the force that powers the universe. Daoists believe that we should

live in harmony with it.

What basic beliefs do Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism have in common?

How do they differ? (8)

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For one, both Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism study the Pali Canon, which is a

collection of scriptures in the ancient language of Pali. However, Mahayana Buddhism

4 also follows the teachings of other scriptures, which were originally written in Sanskrit

and focus on many Buddhas and bodhisattvas.

 Speaking of bodhisattvas, Theravada and Mahayana Buddhists use that word

differently. Theravada Buddhists use the word bodhisattva to talk about the Buddha up

v
to the time he attained enlightenment (including all his past lives). Mahayana Buddhists,

on the other hand, describe a bodhisattva as someone who has pledged to eventually

become fully enlightened (a Buddha) and will help others achieve liberation.

In Theravada Buddhism, the Buddha is viewed as a fully human historical figure who
✓
died just like anyone else. In Mahayana Buddhism, however, he is immanent and has

three facets, or “bodies”; enlightened wisdom, bliss, and “the emanation body,” which is

what a Buddha uses to take numerous forms to help suffering beings attain liberation.

Both traditions have an understanding of ultimate reality, but only Mahayana Buddhism

teaches the idea of shunyata, which means emptiness. This complex concept teaches

that nothing truly exists in a meaningful way.

Theravada Buddhism is more focused on meditation for mindfulness and insight, while

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Mahayana Buddhism has a greater emphasis on exercising compassion.

One last distinction between the two traditions is that Theravada Buddhism contains

devotional practices in which believers worship images and relics of the Buddha.

Buddhists, like Hindus and Jains, believe in reincarnation. Unlike those two

religions, however, Buddhists do not believe in an eternal soul. If there is no soul,

how can there be reincarnation? (3)

In Buddhism, it’s not the soul that continues after death; it’s karma and the desires and

feelings that create it. Attachment allows existence to continue. As long as attachment
I exists, there will be rebirth.
Read the story "The Stonecutter". How does it illustrate the importance of

relationships in Confucianism? Include a description of the five basic

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relationships necessary for a stable society. (8)

The story demonstrates that no matter what your position, someone is above you in

some way, and you are always above someone else. However, at least in the story, the

hierarchy eventually comes full circle.

Confucius believed that people with authority should use it kindly and well, and people

in lower positions should respect the people above them. That way, everyone is happy

and everything is orderly and works smoothly. This is exemplified by his idea of the five
5 and wife, older sibling and
basic relationships, which are parent and child, husband
s
younger sibling, ruler andissubject, and older friend
is and younger friend. In all of those
relationships, except perhaps the last one, the former person is considered superior to

the latter. However, both parties in each of the five relationships have a responsibility to

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each other. Parents, for example, are expected to protect and teach their children. In

return, children are supposed to respect their parents’ authority and care for them when

they get old.