Table of Commonly Used IV Solutions

Name of Type of Ingredients in Uses Complications 5% Dextrose in Hypertonic 5 grams Dextrose hypertonic fluid
Solution Solution 1-Liter Normal Saline pH 4.4 154 mEq Sodium replacement; replace
0.45% Sodium Hypotonic 77 mEq Sodium hypotonic hydration; if too much is mixed 154 mEq Chloride sodium, chloride and
Chloride pH 5.6 77 mEq Chloride replace sodium and with blood cells during Shorthand some calories
chloride; transfusions, the cells Notation:
Shorthand hyperosmolar will pull water into D5NS
Notation: diabetes them and rupture Ringer’s Isotonic 147 mEq Sodium electrolyte rapid administration
½NS Injection, U.S.P. pH 5.8 4 mEq Potassium replacement; leads to excessive
0.9% Sodium Isotonic 154 mEq Sodium isotonic hydration; None known 4 mEq Calcium hydration; often used introduction of
Chloride pH 5.7 154 mEq Chloride replace sodium and 155 mEq Chloride to replace electrolytes and leads
chloride; alkalosis; extracellular fluid to fluid overload and
Shorthand blood transfusions losses congestive conditions;
Notation: (will not hemolyze provides no calories
NS blood cells) and is not an adequate
3% Sodium Hypertonic 513 mEq Sodium symptomatic maintenance solution
Chloride pH 5.0 513 mEq Chloride hyponatremia due to if abnormal fluid losses
excessive sweating, rapid or continuous are present
5% Sodium Hypertonic 855 mEq Sodium vomiting, renal infusion can result in Lactated Isotonic 130 mEq Sodium isotonic hydration; not enough
Chloride pH 5.8 855 mEq Chloride impairment, and hypernatremia or Ringer’s pH 6.6 4 mEq Potassium replace electrolytes electrolytes for
excessive water hyperchloremia 3 mEq Calcium and extra- maintenance; patients
intake Shorthand 109 mEq Chloride cellular fluid losses; with hepatic disease
5% Dextrose in Isotonic 5 grams dextrose isotonic hydration; Notation: 28 mEq Sodium mild to moderate have trouble
Water pH 5.0 (170 provides some LR Lactat acidosis (the lactate metabolizing the
calories/liter) calories e is metabolized into lactate; do not use if
Shorthand (provi bicarbonate which lactic acidosis is
Notation: water intoxication and des 9 counteracts the present
D5W dilution of body's calorie acidosis)
10% Dextrose Hypertonic 10 grams may be infused electrolytes with long, s/liter)
in Water pH 4.3 dextrose peripherally; continuous infusions 5% Dextrose in Hypertonic 5 grams Dextrose hypertonic hydration;
(340 hypertonic hydration; Lactated pH 4.9 (170 provides some
Shorthand calories/liter) provides some Ringer’s calories/liter) calories; replace
Notation: calories Injection 130 mEq Sodium electrolytes and
D10W 4 mEq Potassium extra-
5% Dextrose in Hypertonic 5 grams Dextrose fluid replacement; vein irritation because Shorthand 3 mEq Calcium cellular fluid losses;
1/4 Strength pH 4.4 34 mEq Sodium replacement of of acidic pH, causes Notation: 109 mEq Chloride mild to moderate
(or 0.25%) 34 mEq Chloride sodium, chloride and agglomeration D5LR 28 mEq Sodium acidosis (the lactate
Saline some calories (clustering) if used Lactate (provides is metabolized into
with blood 9 calories/liter) bicarbonate which
Shorthand transfusions; counteracts the
Notation: hyperglycemia with acidosis), the
D5¼NS rapid infusion leading dextrose minimizes
to osmotic diuresis glycogen depletion
5% Dextrose in Hypertonic 5 grams Dextrose hypertonic fluid
0.45 Sodium pH 4.4 77 mEq Sodium replacement; replace
Chloride 77 mEq Chloride sodium, chloride, and
some calories
Shorthand
Notation:
D5½NS
 Hypotonic solutions
o 0.45% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 155, pH of 5.0 to 5.6) - replaces sodium,
replaces chloride, and provides free water. Contains 77mEq of sodium and 77mEq
of Chloride. Used most often to hydrate patients and to treat hyperosmolar
diabetes, metabolic alkalosis where there has been sodium depletion and fluid
loss. When used continuously and exclusively, the patient needs to be monitored
for hyponatremia and calorie depletion (there are no calories in this solution).
 Isotonic solutions
o 2.5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 280, pH of about 4.0 to
4.5) - provides calories and free water
o 5% Dextrose and 0.11% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 290, pH of about 4.3) -
provides calories and free water, provides some sodium and chloride
o 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 308, pH of 5.7) - primarily used to replace
sodium and chloride, treats hyperosmolar diabetes, metabolic alkalosis where
there has been sodium depletion and fluid loss. The reason for it's used with blood
transfusion is because it will not hemolyze erythrocytes. Often given as rapid bolus
for fluid replacement during resuscitation.
o 5% Dextrose and Water (Osmolarity of 253, pH of about 4.5 to 5.0) - provides
calories and free water.
o Normosol R [Abbott] (Osmolarity of 295, pH of 6.6) - provides electrolytes
o Plasmalyte A [Baxter] (Osmolarity of 294, pH of 7.4) - provides electrolytes
o Plasmalyte R [Baxter] (Osmolarity of 312, pH of 4.0 to 6.5) - provides electrolytes.
Also contains sodium lactate which is used in treating mild to moderate metabolic
acidosis.
o Isolyte E [McGaw] (Osmolarity of 315, pH of 6.0) - provides electrolytes
o Ringer's (Osmolarity of 310, pH of 5.5 to 5.8) - it's content is very similar to
plasma, but should not be used continuously since it contains no calories and
could result in an excessive amount of one or more of the electrolytes it contains.
It's components include sodium, chloride, potassium and calcium. It is used to
replace electrolytes and to hydrate, often where there has been extracellular fluid
loss. Adding Dextrose increases the osmolarity of the solution and lowers it's pH
making it a hypertonic solution.
o Lactated Ringer's [also known as Hartmann's solution] (Osmolarity of 275, pH of
6.5 to 6.6) - as with Ringer's, it's content is very similar to plasma, but should not
be used continuously since it could result in an excessive amount of one or more
of the electrolytes it contains. It's components include sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium and sodium lactate which is used to replace electrolytes and to
hydrate, often used where there has been extracellular fluid loss. It is used in
treating mild to moderate metabolic acidosis and hypovolemia. Often given as
rapid bolus for fluid replacement during resuscitation. Since lactate is metabolized
in the liver it shouldn't be used in patients with hepatic diseases. Using it in a
patient with lactic acidosis will overload the person's buffering system. Adding
Dextrose also increases the osmolarity of the solution and lowers it's pH making it
a hypertonic solution.
o 2.5% Dextrose in half strength Lactated Ringer's (Osmolarity of 263, pH of 5.0) -
provides calories and free water, provides electrolytes. Also contains sodium
lactate which is used in treating mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. Also see the
information above with Lactated Ringers.
o 6% Dextran and 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 308, pH of 4.0 to 4.5) - 6%
Dextran is a high molecular weight solution. The NaCl replaces sodium and
chloride. Treats hyperosmolar diabetes, metabolic alkalosis where there has been
sodium depletion and fluid loss. It draws fluid into the vascular system. Dextran is
a plasma expander that is given for shock or anticipated shock related to trauma,
surgery, burns or hemorrhage, and for the prophylactic prevention of venous
thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during surgery. It should NOT be used as a
blood substitute except in emergencies when blood is not available. It's volume
expansion effect lasts for approximately 24 hours during which the dextran is
slowly broken down to glucose and metabolized into carbon dioxide and water.
Complications with the use of this solution include anaphylactic reaction,
wheezing, tightness in the chest, GI problems of nausea and vomiting, circulatory
overload and tissue dehydration. If blood transfusion is intended, the type and
cross match needs to be done before this solution is started. Because dextran pulls
fluid into the vascular system it will result in altered blood tests.
o 10% Dextran and 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 252, pH of 4.0 to 4.5) - 10%
Dextran is a low molecular weight dextran. It is used in treating shock related to
vascular system fluid losses such as in burns, trauma, hemorrhage and surgery. It is
also used for the prophylactic prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary
embolism during surgery. Complications include circulatory overload that results in
various kinds of congestion and increased bleeding time. As with the 6% Dextran
solutions, subsequent laboratory blood tests will be altered due to it entering the
vascular system. This Dextran is excreted through the renal system within 24
hours.
 Hypertonic Solutions
o 5% Dextrose and 0.2% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 320, pH of 4.0 to 4.4) -
provides calories and water, replaces sodium and chloride. This is given for fluid
replacement.
o 5% Dextrose and 0.3% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 365, pH of 4.0 to 4.4) -
provides calories and water, replaces sodium and chloride
o 5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 405, pH of 4.0 to 4.4) -
provides calories and water, replaces sodium and chloride. This is given for fluid
replacement.
o 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 560, pH of 4.0 to 4.4) -
provides calories and water, replaces sodium and chloride. This is given for fluid
replacement.
o 10% Dextrose and 0.2% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 575, pH of 4.3) - provides
calories and water, replaces sodium and chloride
o 10% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 660, pH of 4.3) - provides
calories and water, replaces sodium and chloride
o 10% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 815, pH of 4.0 to 4.3) -
provides calories and water, replaces sodium and chloride
o 3% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 1030, pH of 5.0) - used to replace severe
sodium and chloride losses. Other conditions it might be used for are excessive
sweating, vomiting, renal impairment and excessive water intake where
hyponatremia has occurred.
o 5% Sodium Chloride (Osmolarity of 1710, pH of 5.0 to 5.8) - used to replace severe
sodium and chloride losses. Other conditions it might be used for are excessive
sweating, vomiting, renal impairment and excessive water intake where
hyponatremia has occurred.
o 10% Dextrose and Water (Osmolarity of 505, pH of 4.3 to 4.5) - provides calories
and water
o 50% Dextrose and Water (Osmolarity of 2526, pH of 4.0 to 4.2) - provides calories
and water
o 5% Dextrose in Ringer's (Osmolarity of 562, pH of 4.3) - provides calories and free
water, provides electrolytes. Also see the information above with Ringer's
o 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer's (Osmolarity of 527, pH of 4.9) - provides calories
and free water, provides electrolytes. Also contains sodium lactate which is used in
treating mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. Also see the information above with
Lactated Ringers.
o 5% Dextrose and 5% Alcohol (Osmolarity of 1114, pH of 4.5) - Provides calories
and free water
o 5% Sodium Bicarbonate Injection (Osmolarity of 1190, pH of 8.0) - Is an alkalizing
solution that is used to treat metabolic acidosis associated with renal disease and
cardiac arrest. The sodium in the solution is an antagonist to the cardiac effects of
potassium. It is also used in severe hyperkalemia. It maintains osmotic pressure
and acid-base balance. The major complications associated with it's use are
related to electrolytes and include metabolic alkalosis, hypocalcemia,
hypokalemia, water and sodium retention that cause hypernatremia, other
electrolyte imbalances and IV site extravasation that causes chemical cellulitis,
necrosis, ulceration and sloughing of the skin.
o 1/6 M(olar) Sodium Lactate (Osmolarity of 335, pH of 6.5) - Contains sodium
lactate which is used in treating mild to moderate metabolic acidosis.
o 10% Mannitol Injection (Osmolarity of 549, pH of 5.7) - Mannitol is a sugar alcohol
colloid and a plasma expander. It promotes diuresis by drawing fluid from the cells
into the plasma. It acts rapidly and is excreted within 3 hours through the kidneys.
It is primarily used for intracranial pressure and cerebral edema where it acts
within 15 minutes of being infused. It will also be used during the oliguric phase of
acute renal failure to promote the excretion of toxic substances from the body. In
high intraocular pressure, it pulls fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye within
30 to 60 minutes of infusion. Complications include frequent and severe fluid and
electrolyte imbalances, cell dehydration, fluid overload, skin extravasation and
necrosis with infiltration of the IV site, precipitate formation in the IV line and
altered laboratory blood tests. The patient's blood tests should be monitored
when the patient is receiving mannitol.
o 15% Mannitol Injection (Osmolarity of 823, pH of 5.7) - Mannitol is a sugar alcohol
colloid and a plasma expander. It promotes diuresis by drawing fluid from the cells
into the plasma. It acts rapidly and is excreted within 3 hours through the kidneys.
It is primarily used for intracranial pressure and cerebral edema where it acts
within 15 minutes of being infused. It will also be used during the oliguric phase of
acute renal failure to promote the excretion of toxic substances from the body. In
high intraocular pressure, it pulls fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye within
30 to 60 minutes of infusion. Complications include frequent and severe fluid and
electrolyte imbalances, cell dehydration, fluid overload, skin extravasation and
necrosis with infiltration of the IV site, precipitate formation in the IV line and
altered laboratory blood tests. The patient's blood tests should be monitored
when the patient is receiving mannitol.
o 20% Mannitol Injection (Osmolarity of 1098, pH of 5.7) - Mannitol is a sugar
alcohol colloid and a plasma expander. It promotes diuresis by drawing fluid from
the cells into the plasma. It acts rapidly and is excreted within 3 hours through the
kidneys. It is primarily used for intracranial pressure and cerebral edema where it
acts within 15 minutes of being infused. It will also be used during the oliguric
phase of acute renal failure to promote the excretion of toxic substances from the
body. In high intraocular pressure, it pulls fluid from the anterior chamber of the
eye within 30 to 60 minutes of infusion. Complications include frequent and
severe fluid and electrolyte imbalances, cell dehydration, fluid overload, skin
extravasation and necrosis with infiltration of the IV site, precipitate formation in
the IV line and altered laboratory blood tests. The patient's blood tests should be
monitored when the patient is receiving mannitol.
Basically
 the Dextrose solutions also serve as diluents for the administration of many IV medications.
 In general, the electrolyte solutions are isotonic. Adding Dextrose to them makes the
resulting solution hypertonic.
 Sodium deficits occur in head injuries, SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic
Hormone) and cirrhosis
 I boldfaced the solutions with the lowest and highest osmolarity
 Problems with using IV solutions of strictly Sodium Chloride include
o hyponatremia (with continuous infusions of 0.45%)
o calorie depletion
o hypernatremia (with continuous infusion of the higher percentage NaCl solutions)
o peripheral edema
o an exhaustion of other body electrolytes
o hyperchloremia
 5% Dextrose in one liter of water contains 5 grams of dextrose per every 100mL which gives
170 calories per liter of fluid (this was a question on my state board exam in 1975).
 Free water - The dextrose in IV solutions is metabolized very rapidly since it is a simple sugar
which leaves behind plain old water. This water is able to cross all cell and tissue membranes
to go into the various fluid compartments where is it needed.
 The higher percentage Dextrose solutions are used to supply the patient with calories and
often need to be given via a central IV line.
 Hypovolemia occurs in acute pancreatitis.
 Always review your patient's laboratory tests to determine if the IV solution is appropriate,
particularly
o the BUN (blood urea nitrogen) - Normal: 10-20 mg/dl
o serum creatinine - Normal: 0.7-1.5 mg/dl
o hematocrit - Normal: 44-52% (male); 39-47% (female)
o hemoglobin - Normal: 13.5-18.0 g/dL (male); 12.0-16.0 g/dL
o serum osmolality - Normal: 280-295 mOsm/kg
o serum electrolytes
 sodium - Normal: 135-145 mEq/liter
 potassium - Normal: 3.5-5.0 mEq/liter
 chloride - Normal: 97-110 mEq/liter
 calcium - Normal: 8.9-10.3 mg/dL, or 4.6-5.1 mEq/liter
 magnesium - Normal: 1.3-2.1 mEq/liter, or 1.8-3.0 mg/dL
 phosphate - Normal: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL, or 1.8-2.6 mEq/liter (adults); 4.0-
7.0 mg/dL, or 2.3-4.1 mEq/liter (children)
o arterial blood gasses for the
 pH - Normal: 7.35-7.45
 PaO2 - Normal: 80-100 mm Hg
 PaCO2 - Normal: 38-42 mm Hg
 bicarbonate - Normal: 22-26 mEq/liter
 base excess - Normal: -2 to +2
Dehydration may also be called fluid volume deficit or hypovolemia and is due to:
 excessive fluid and electrolyte losses from the extracellular compartment
  loss of GI fluids due to vomiting, diarrhea, suctioning and fistulas
 fluid lost through the skin as the body attempts to regulate it's temperature or trauma of the
skin (burns, large open wounds, cuts).
 loss of fluid through the renal system (these losses are usually excessive) by polyuria due to
hyperglycemia, renal disorders, administration of osmotic diuretics, administration of
concentrated IV solutions and tube feedings
 hemorrhage which causes loss from the intracellular compartment
 third spacing - the shift of fluid from the circulation to a space where it is trapped and cannot
be exchanged with fluid in the extracellular space. There is no actual physical fluid loss but
the involved fluid is basically "out of commission". This occurs in intestinal ileus
 decreased fluid intake due to confusion, coma, very young age or very old age and not
recognizing the sense of thirst.

Tonicity refers to the solute concentration of a solution outside a cell and its effect on cellular fluid
volume. The osmolarity of the solution determines the direction of water flow into or out of the cell. In
normal body situations, solute concentration within and outside of the cell is usually nearly the same
(isotonic).
Isotonic: same osmolarity as the cells (270 – 300 mmol/L). Equal solute and water—exact same number
of particles in both solutions—no net movement of water. Does not change cell volume.
Higher solute concentration surrounding cells pulls water out of the cells. Hypertonic: higher osmolarity
than cells (> 300 mmol/L). Greater solute, less water—water moves out of cells. The cell will shrink.
5% Dextrose in NS is hypertonic compared to cells; pulls water into the vascular space from the cells or
interstitium.
Fluid deficit (hypovolemia)
Definition: excessive fluid and electrolyte depletion of the extracellular space from fluid loss, fluid shifts
within the body, or decreased fluid intake
Causes: hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, suctioning, fistulas, fever, hyperventilation, skin trauma such as
burns and cuts, and polyuria caused by renal disorders, hyperglycemia, diabetes insipidus, and diuretics
Signs and symptoms: confusion, dizziness, headache, sunken eyes, flat neck veins, thirst, dry mucous
membranes, poor skin turgor, slow filling of hand veins, weight loss, postural hypotension, weak and
thready pulse, muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting, decreased urine output, increased blood urea
nitrogen (BUN), increased serum sodium, increased hematocrit, and increased urine specific gravity

Fluid overload (hypervolemia)

Lower solute concentration surrounding cells causes water to move into the cells. Hypotonic: lower
osmolarity than cells (< 270 mmol/L). Less solute, more water—water moves into cells. The cell will
swell.
Isotonicity. If the concentrations of electrolytes are the same in the cell and surrounding fluid, the
situation is balanced (homeostatic). The cell fluid volume remains the same.
Definition: excess fluid in the extravascular space, usually the result of increased sodium concentration
causing water retention
Causes: renal failure, heart failure, liver disease, excessive I.V. fluid intake of sodium-containing fluids
Signs and symptoms: confusion, shortness of breath, wheezing, crackles, puffy eyelids, ascites,
pulmonary edema, dependent edema, distended neck veins, nausea, constipation, tachycardia,
bounding pulse, increased blood pressure, weight gain, polyuria, decreased BUN, decreased serum
sodium, decreased urine specific gravity, and moist, taut skin

Hypertonicity: The cell will shrink (crenation) by loss of its fluid to the surrounding hypertonic
environment. High osmotic pressure of surrounding fluid pulls fluid out of the cell. Types of therapy
1. Maintenance therapy
o Provides water, electrolytes, glucose, vitamins, and in some instances protein to
Hypotonicity. In a hypotonic environment, fluid will enter a cell and cause it to swell and burst. The meet daily requirements.
inside of the cell has higher osmotic pressure than the surrounding fluid, so fluid is drawn into the cell. 2. Restoration of deficits
o In addition to maintenance therapy, fluid and electrolytes are added to replace
previous losses.
Both hypertonicity and hypotonicity in the extracellular fluids will destroy cells. 3. Replacement therapy
o Infusions to replace current losses in fluid and electrolytes.
Types of intravenous fluids
Need isotonicity for cell homeostasis, for balance.
1. Isotonic solutions
a. Fluids that approximate the osmolarity (280-300 mOsm/L) of normal blood plasma.
 Sodium Chloride (0.9%) - Normal Saline
½ NS IV is hypotonic relative to cells. Fluid moves from the vascular space into the cells. When a liter of ½ Indications:
NS is administered intravenously, it will go into the cells and very little will remain in the blood vessel  Extracellular fluid replacement when Cl- loss is equal to or greater the Na loss.
(since it is hypotonic).  Treatment of matebolic alkalosis.
 Na depletion
If you put two isotonic solutions side by side, no fluid shift occurs. A liter of normal saline or Ringer’s  Initiating and terminating blood transfusions.
lactate is limited to the extracellular space and will expand the blood volume. Possible side effects:
 Hypernatremia
 Acidosis
  Hypokalemia  Administered in large vein to dilute and prevent venous trauma.
 Circulatory overload. Indications:
b. Five percent dextrose in water (D5W).  Nutrition
 Provides calories for energy, sparring body protein and preventing ketosis resulting from fat  Replenish Na and Cl.
breakdown. Possible side effects:
Indications:  Hypernatremia (excess Na)
 Dehydration  Acidosis (excess Cl)
 Hypernatremia  Circulatory overload.
 Drug administration b. Sodium Chloride solutions, 3% and 5%
Possible side effects: Indications:
 Hypokalemia  Slow administration essential to prevent overload (100 mL/hr)
 Osmotic diuresis – dehydration  Water intoxication
 Transient hyperinsulinism  Severe sodium depletion
 Water intoxication. 3. Hypotonic solutions
c. Five percent dextrose in normal saline (D5NS).  Fluids whose osmolarity is significantly less than that of blood plasma (-50 mOsm); these
 Prevents ketone formation and loss of potassium and intracellular water. fluids lower plasma osmotic pressure, causing fluid to enter cells.
Indications: a. 0.45% sodium chloride
 Hypovolemic shock – temporary measure.  Used for replacement when requirement for Na use is questionable.
b. 2.5% dextrose in 0.45% saline, also 5% in 0.2 % NaCl
 Burns
 Common rehydrating solution.
 Acute adrenocortical insufiency.
Indications:
Possible side effects:
 Fluid replacement when some Na replacement is also necessary.
 Hypernatremia
 Encourage diuresis in clients who are dehydrated.
 Acidosis
 Evaluate kidney status before instituting electrolyte infusions.
 Hypokalemia
Possible side effects:
 Circulatory overload
 Hypernatremia
d. Isotonic multiple-electrolyte fluids.
 Circulatory overload
 Used for replacement therapy; ionic composition approximates blood plasma.
Types:  Used with caution in clients who are edematous, appropriate electrolytes should be given to
avoid hypokalemia.
 a. Plasmanate
 b. Polysol Aftercare
 c. Lactated Ringers Regulating IV fluid is an ongoing process from the time that an IV is started until it is completed. Hourly
Indications: checks of an IV should include assessing the client's response to the IV, the rate of the IV flow, how much
 Vomiting fluid has infused, how much fluid remains to be infused, and the condition of the IV insertion site. Adjust
the rate if the IV is not flowing at the rate that was ordered. If IV fluid is flowing in slowly, the nurse
 Diarrhea
should check for a kink in the tubing or a positional problem. In addition, the IV could be out of the vein,
 Excessive diuresis or a small clot, phlebitis, or infection at the site could be slowing the IV down. If an IV is flowing too
 Burns rapidly, it may be leaking out around the IV insertion site or may run faster when the patient extends the
Possible side effects: extremity. The whole system, from the insertion site to the IV bag, should be examined. The physician
 Circulatory overload. will assess IV fluid needs and reorder IV therapy daily according to client needs.
 Lactated Ringers is contraindicated in severe metabolic acidosis and/or alkalosis and liver
disease.
 Hypernatremia
 Acidosis
 Hypokalemia
2. Hypertonic solutions
 Fluids with an osmolarity much higher than 310 mOsm (+ 50 mOsm); increase osmotic
pressure of blood plasma, thereby drawing fluid from cells.
a. Ten percent dextrose in normal saline