a Rg HE a Hl WAT +97 SHER G RABI YO—F YayThe Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary Editor in Chief Jack HalpernTo All Learners of Japanese BCONKBFEAS The Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary is based on the New Japanese-English Character Dictionary, copyright © Jack Halpern, published by Kenkyusha Limited in 1990 (available outside Japan from NTC). Publication was assisted by a grant from the Japan Foundation. Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa I-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc. Copyright © 1999 by Jack Halpern. Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society 1-3-502 3-chome Niza, Niiza-shi, Saitama 352-0006, Japan World Wide Web: www-kanji.org All rights reserved. Printed in Japan. ISBN 978-4-7700-2855-6 IMPORTANT NOTICE: The utilization of the System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns (SKIP) in any form is strictly forbidden without the written permission of the copyright owner. First Edition, 1999 ‘New Edition, 2001 151413 1211 10 09 08 07: 151413 1211 109 www.kodansha-intl.comCONTENTS BOR Preface - @3-° 10a Foreword - Ma Ree “Ba Acknowledgments -- --15a ae ++ 16a Introduction “17a “21a Features of This Dictionary -**** +++ +++ ttt setter tere eee 25a BFAOBR Explanatory Chart «+ ¢++ 00s sss 0s sseeeeeee eee eee eee eee ees 31a API Guide to the Dictionary -* +++ +++ sttttr rete e reer teeter eee 35a ABI Abbreviations and Symbols -*-***-*****st sees terete ete 45a BER ECS RR Kanji Learner's Dictionary -**- ++ 0+ 2c er ee terete eee ees 1 BRARPTH 5aAPPENDIXES {13% 1. System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns «+++ +++ +s ser rerree 873 FHAREA 2. Howto Count Strokes KR S BEBBKS SZ BB FLV 1— OSB AM RR FART AES BS PARE K PER E AMT KARR NF 3a— KPH EPL ARSE ERASER GSES FDU DAVOS KERR SAAT MKF AKES ARAB He ARRSH MAR Yx7V—-7V—-KW AFRRZ ORE EB Ya-Fy REAR Bee A SARBB VarvA RIF LAKRFOR/ HAR IAAF REE BBS TORRA FER: PG AAKES BBR PHEKY BABAR CY — BAR MRF RKEER ERR CRE MIT ETI 1990 MOBO THS, 8aPREFACE The Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary is derived from the New Japanese- English Character Dictionary published in 1990, which has enjoyed a good reputation in Japanese language education circles, both in Japan and overseas. This new work aims to meet the needs that many learners and teachers have for a new edition that is more portable and more concise. Like its parent work, this dictionary offers such advantages as emphasizing the importance of thoroughly understanding the meanings of kanji, helps the reader locate entries rapidly, and offers various features whose goal is to help beginners and intermediate level students truly enjoy the process of learning kanji. The Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society was established in 1993 as a part of Showa Women's University. The aim of the Society is to provide Japanese language learners with useful learning materials that will meet their special needs. The publication of this dictionary follows in the wake of the Electronic Book Edition of the New Japanese-English Character Dictionary published in 1995, also compiled under the auspices of the Society. On this day, it is a great pleasure for me to present this dictionary to the world. As the president of the Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to the distinguished scholars and many other individuals and organizations without whose generous assistance this dictionary would not have seen the light of day. Our Society stands ready to continue our work of compiling dictionaries and learning materials that are truly useful to non-Japanese learners aspiring to master the Japanese language. It is my sincere hope that through these activi- ties we will help other nations better communicate with Japan, as well as serve as a bridge in promoting mutual understanding and cultural exchange. January 1999 Kusvo Hiromr Tokyo President, Showa Women's University President, Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society 9aE BAHRRSRSAL, ANEMDTAABARRICR CBRE Ef CUS MARFA (LOVER) ELL, A RURT LR & CSFCSHEIKLOMBRECEN, LOBES) CAOREO FICIASBOOCHS. AFHIL, BF OR ROBERN 2 eB. KRKARORE ES. RHORRELIMCCRI, MR PRER AICHE DO. RUSBPEFRSEDICRARLKERSUTHIS. 1993 IC RAFRNTSOBMRFKEAK MIEN. KS id. ABFA ESHA O RBI ULA MEERA © MAK Hc ROMS CCEANECLCSO, AFR RRERETZ yO he (L995 FRAT SRA, HICKOMTSOCTHS. AA. BFHOLPREKRBL VERTEBRA BIE) + (Aid, BREABICHA TES . RAM AOAM LE. . AMOS KEEP @ cause to remain in a given place or condition: @ [original meaning) Keepin place, keep from moving, keep in position © «cep in custody, detain @ kc? for future use, leave behind By grasping that the central concept repre- sented by is KEEP, it is immediately clear that such seemingly unrelated ideas as “pay attention to” and “detain” are merely variants of the same basic concept, The core meaning thus integrates widely differing senses into a single conceptual unit. The core meaning is useful to the learner in five ways: 1. It serves as a concise keyword that conveys the character's most fundamental meaning. It acts as the central pivot that links the principal meanings of a character to each other. It provides an instant grasp of the meaning and function of the character as a word- building element. . It helps illustrate the differences and simi- larities between kun homophones and eas- ily confused characters. . It is easy to memorize, since it conveys a character's meaning as a concise thought package. z 3, A brief glance at the character meanings makes the above relationships clear, thanks to the use of RED Caprrats both for the core meanings and for the core words (words in a character meaning that match a core meaning). This is a new feature not found in any other dictionary. The core meaning is unique to the NJECD and the Kanji Integrated Tools (KIT). Since it functions as a concentrated thought package that appeals to the learner's powers of asso- 25a FEATURESciation, it is widely praised by students and educators as an effective learning aid. 1.2 In-depth Meanings A central feature of this dictionary is the in- depth manner in which it treats meaning. Not only are the character meanings clear, com- plete, and accurate, but they include meanings found only in KIT dictionaries. ‘The principal features that contribute to clar- ity of meaning are: lL 2 3. The core meaning. Clear and accurate character meanings. The ordering of senses in a manner that shows their interrelatedness.. 4. Numerous illustrative compounds. ‘The precisely worded character meanings are presented in a manner that shows exactly how each character is used as a word element, and how the hundreds of thousands of compound words in Japanese can be generated from a stock of a few thousand building blocks. 1.3 Interrelatedness To provide the learner with a clear under- standing of character meaning, the meanings are presented in a manner that shows the interrelatedness between individual senses. Four features achieve this aim: 1. The red core words make the relation between senses instantly obvious. The senses are ordered in a manner that shows their interrelatedness. The sense division numbers establish a logical hierarchy between character senses. The explanatory glosses (e.g. “(of a vehi- cle)”) show how the senses differ from one another, while the supplementary glosses (e.g. “—said esp. of God”) provide addi- tional discrimination. 2 3. 4 Together these features help integrate the senses so that they can be perceived as a struc- tured unit, rather than as an arbitrary list, as FEATURES 26a shown on the right. 1.4 Order of Senses Unlike traditional dictionaries, which usually order senses chronologically, this dictionary present the senses in a cogent order that shows their interrelatedness. The core mean- ing serves as the basis of organization, and the various senses are grouped around it in clus- ters so that they can be perceived as a logically structured, psychologically integrated unit. 4, for example, has several distinct senses, but they are clustered around the core word KEEP in a way that shows their differences and similarities, greatly reducing the burden of memorization. If the senses were arranged as shown in the left column below, they would appear to be an arbitrary list, rather than as a structured unit, Arbitrary List Expansion from Core ‘Okeep from moving KEEP in place © detain KEEP in custody @ leave behind KEEP for future use 1.5 Degree of Importance The degree of importance of each sense is indicated by typographical differences and labels for three levels of study (see p. 41a). 1.6 Compounds and Examples The meanings of each character are normally illustrated by numerous high-frequency com- pounds that provide useful examples of each sense. All the compounds needed for the intermediate level, and numerous compounds for the advanced level, are given. Unlike other dictionaries, the compounds are classified by meaning in a way that clearly shows how they are formed from their con- stituent parts, which makes it easy to infer the meanings of unlisted compounds. ‘A new feature of this dictionary is the sub- sense indicators, which are tiny letters thatshow the beginning of a new subsense group in the compounds list. This makes it obvious how the entry character contributes its mean- ing to each compound. 2 READER'S DICTIONARY The student learning how to read contempo- rary Japanese faces several difficulties, such as the need to identify more than 2000 characters, many of which have complex shapes, as well as, the need to learn their thousands of readings and meanings. Moreover, numerous charac- ters have multiple readings and meanings, and there is no reliable way to determine which one applies in a particular instance. In addition to being a learner's dictionary, this dictionary also has been designed as a reader's dictionary. The various features described below enable the reader to locate the readings and meanings of unknown characters and compounds with little effort. 2.1 Efficient Indexing System The lack of an efficient scheme for ordering kanji has long been a source of frustration to learners and native speakers alike. Looking up characters by traditional radicals, or by most alternative systems, is both laborious and unreliable. A major feature of this dictionary, unique to KIT dictionaries, is the speed and facility with which entries can be looked up. The System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns (SKIP) classifies each character under four easy-to-identify geometrical patterns: M1 left-right, P32 up-down, 13 enclosure, and M4 solid. Within each group the characters are further subdivided to achieve maximum access speed. Designed for efficiency and ease of use, SKIP enables the user to locate entries as quickly and as accurately as in alphabetical dictionar- ies. Since the system can be learned by begin- ners in a short time, many Japanese language educators consider it an important advance in 27a kanji lexicography, and a growing number of electronic dictionaries have implemented it as part of their retrieval systems. 2.2 Five Lookup Methods To assure maximum convenience to the user, this dictionary provides a choice of five meth- ods of looking up characters: 1. The Pattern Index allows characters to be quickly located from their SKIP numbers. 2. The Scan Method is a shortcut for locating some characters almost instantly. 3. The On-Kun Index lists the characters alphabetically by both their on and kun readings. 4. The Radical Index lists the characters by their traditional radicals. 5. The Direct Method allows characters to be located without using any index. 2.3 System of Guides The various guides in the margins of the page have been carefully designed to facilitate the speedy location of entry characters. 2.4 Character Readings Seven kinds of readings are given: principal readings, on readings, kun readings, special readings, unapproved readings, other readings, and name readings. The readings are given in romanized transcription, with parentheses indicating okurigana endings. Unapproved readings are given only when they are suffi- ciently important to learners. 2.5 Importance of Readings The relative importance of readings is shown by various typographical conventions, such as distinguishing unapproved readings from ordinary readings by a superscript solid trian- gle *, and preceding name readings with Zi. 2.6 Character Forms and Styles This dictionary presents three kinds of charac- ter forms and calligraphic styles, which were methodically checked by experts to ensure their accuracy. A much more detailed FEATUREStreatment is given in the NJECD. 1, The standard form is the form gives official Joy6 Kanji and Jinmei Kar which are widely used in the media, gov- ernment, and education. All entry charac- ters are given in the standard form. . The nonstandard form is the traditional variant used in prewar literature and in names. Appendix 4 lists 386 variant forms, which includes important variants of Jin- mei Kanji and all variants appearing in the Joyo Kanjilist. . The square style (#42 kaisho), which is the standard handwritten style, appears in the last frame of the stroke order diagram. 2.7 Easily Confused Forms Some characters, such as *% hei ‘currency’ and ¥% hei ‘evil practice’, are very similar in form but unrelated in meaning. Some of these are so similar that even native speakers tend to con- fuse them. Such characters are cross- referenced to each other in the NOTE section. A new feature of this dictionary is that these characters are followed by their core meanings, which aids the learner in easily grasping their differences. 2.8 Romanization All character readings, headwords, and com- pounds are transcribed in the Hepburn system of romanization, set in easy-to-read sans serif boldface type to distinguish them from other explanatory matter. A description of the sys- tem and kana tables are given in Appendix 3. Kana and Romanization. 3 WRITER'S DICTIONARY The student learning how to write Japanese faces several difficulties, such as the large number of characters and their complex shapes, the need to learn the correct stroke order, and the numerous homophones. In addition to being a learner's dictionary, this dictionary has also been designed as a writer's FEATURES 28a dictionary. The features that make it a conven- ient tool for writing are described below. 3.1 Stroke Order Diagrams To write a character in the proper form, it is necessary to learn the stroke order. The stroke order diagrams, in which the last frame shows the full character in the standard square style, indicate the stroke order. Thoroughly researched for accuracy, these diagrams were prepared by experts specifically for this dictionary and the NJECD. Unlike other reference works, which rely heavily on cross-referencing, the order of writing is pre- sented stroke-by-stroke to ensure maximum convenience to the user. 3.2 Kun Homophones Japanese has numerous kun homophones. These are kun words that are pronounced the same but written differently, and usually differing in meaning, as shown below. -£% noboru go up (steps, a hill) 3% noboru climb, scale 54% noboruascend, rise (up to the sky) Although on homophones, such as #¢# kiké ‘mechanism’ and '#¥#é kik6 ‘returning to the harbor’, are very common, they are not likely to be confused since each character conveys a distinct meaning. On the other hand, many kun homophones are written with a bewilder- ing variety of characters that are often close in meaning. For example, #13 tokeru and ¥ (3 tokeru are interchangeable in the sense of ‘melt, thaw’ but not in the sense of ‘come loose’. Thus kun homophones are easily con- fused, even by native speakers, and pose spe- cial problems to the learner. To help the learner overcome these problems, the HOMOPHONES section lists groups of kun homophones and their entry numbers. These act as a network of cross-references for quickly identifying and locating each member of a group from any of the others.A new feature of this dictionary is that each homophone cross-reference is followed by its core meaning, which allows the user to imme- diately identify their differences without con- sulting the corresponding entry character. By using the cross-references to compare the meanings and compounds for each homo- phone, the learner can grasp the often subtle differences between them. These meanings, which are derived from the usage notes of the NJECD, are based on several years of research as part of the first full-scale analysis of kun homophones to be presented in English. In conclusion, the HOMOPHONES section helps the learner distinguish between the meanings of words pronounced alike, thereby providing a better understanding of each. It also helps the learner write with greater precision by assisting in the selection of the character most appropriate to the context. Since the complex problems inherent in kun homophones have been mostly ignored by existing reference works, this feature should prove to be of great value to the student. 3.3 Okurigana Endings The kun readings in the entry-head data in- clude parentheses that indicate okurigana endings in conformity with the official rules published by the Ministry of Education. The headwords and compounds also follow these rules when applicable. Important nonstandard variations are given when necessary. 3.4 Stroke Counting The ability to count strokes is necessary both for writing the characters correctly and for using character dictionaries effectively. The following information is provided: 1. The reference data box gives the stroke- count data for each entry character. The principles of stroke counting are explained in Appendix 2. How to Count Strokes, along with charts to help speed up 2. 29a the counting process, 3. Difficult-to-count characters are cross- referenced at common incorrect stroke- count locations. 4 OTHER FEATURES 4.1 Character Importance Since this dictionary is aimed at learners, considerable effort has been made to indicate the degree of importance of the entry charac- ter, based on the most recent and comprehen- sive statistical surveys. This enables the learner to know the importance of each character, and helps the teacher compile graded lessons. The following information is provided: 1, The frequency level of the entry character, which divides the characters into four sub- classes, is given in the reference data box (see p. 37a for details). Levels A and B, the first 1000 characters, account for about 95% of all kanji appearing in newspapers. . The frequency ranking of the entry charac- ter is given in the reference data box. This is the relative frequency of occurrence of a character in newspapers, based on a survey of some 24 million kanji published in July 1998, just before this dictionary went to press (see p. 910 for details). |. The grade indicates the entry type (Joyo Kanji or Jinmei Kanji) and the school grade during which the character is taught. A grade of 1 to 6 indicates a character in the 1006 Education Kanji taught in the six elementary school grades. . Important characters are presented in red. This means that the character in question is either in the Education Kanji list, or is one of the 1000 most frequent characters (frequency levels A or B). Some learners may wish to concentrate on these 1183 characters in the initial stages of study. . Appendix 5 lists the top 1000 characters by frequency ranking, along with their core meanings. This is useful to both the learner and the teacher. FEATURES4.2 Character Codes For the convenience of learners using comput- ers and those needing more advanced infor- mation, the reference data box gives character codes and the NJECD entry number. 1. The Kuten number is used for indexing characters in the Japanese character set standard JIS X 0208-1997. This is useful for entering kanji codes in computer systems or when consulting standards and elec- tronic dictionaries. . The Unicode value is given for each entry character, which should be useful to com- puter users. This conforms to the interna- tional character standard ISO 10646, which is rapidly gaining popularity as an interna- tional character set. .. The NJECD Entry Number is convenient for looking up the entry character in the New Japanese-English Character Dictionary, which gives a more comprehensive treat- ment, including synonyms, usage notes, compound formation articles, ortho- graphic variants, and other features. 4.3 System of Labels A labeling system including status, subject, and functional labels gives information on etymology, style, function, level of formality, etc., providing practical guidance on the style and usage associated with each sense. 4.4 Character Functions Each character may have various grammatical and syntactic functions. An important func- tion of kanji is their role as word elements; that is, their ability to form numerous com- pound words by being combined with each other. Words can be formed by adding an affix (suffix or prefix) to a base, or by joining com- bining forms with each other. For example, -zumi ‘completed’ is attached to sit tenken ‘inspection’ to yield #UERI tenkenzumi “inspection completed’. FEATURES 30a The functions of each character as an inde- pendent word (free form) or word element (affix or combining form) are indicated, while the meanings of independent words are clearly distinguished from those of word elements. 4.5 Character Etymology This dictionary presents the following infor- mation on radicals and character etymology. 1. The reference data box gives the radical and radical number for each entry charac- ter. This aids in understanding its etymol- ogy, since radicals often function as se- mantic components, and is also useful for looking up characters in other dictionaries. . The traditional radicals of lost-radical characters are given in the Radical Index. |. The Quick Reference Radical Chart gives convenient access to information on radi- cals, including standard and variant forms, stroke-counts, and radical names. . The original meaning, which is the first meaning associated with a character after its formation in China (rarely Japan), is of- ten given, especially when it helps clarify the character's meaning or helps illustrate how the senses are interrelated. . A description of how to use traditional radical indexes effectively. 4.6 User Friendliness Another feature of this dictionary is a layout that is both visually attractive and easy to use. Typographical design with the aid of cutting- edge font technology was used to achieve a harmonious blend of font styles and weights (Adobe's Myriad and Minion multiple master fonts for English and Heisei Mincho for Japa- nese). Some of the world’s leading font design- ers, such as Adobe's Robert Slimbach, have contributed to this effort, which has resulted in an esthetically pleasing design that stimu- lates a desire to browse and to truly enjoy studying kanji.EXPLANATORY CHART AL 6) BR The Explanatory Chart shows the layout of the entry. The lightface numerals refer to the section numbers of the Guide to the Dictionary ‘on p. 35a, where the format is explained. GUIDES 1 entry number guide 2 page number guide 3 pattern guide 4 subsection guide 5 subgroup guide ENTRY-HEAD DATA 6 entry character 7 entry number 8 SKIP number 9 core symbol 10 core meaning 11 stroke order diagram CHARACTER READINGS 12 principal reading 13 onand kun readings 14 special reading* 15 unapproved reading* 16 other reading 17 name readings REFERENCE DATA BOX 18 radical 19 grade 20 strokes 21 Kuten 22 level and ranking 23 NJECD entry number 24 Unicode COMPOUNDS 25 character meaning 26 compound word *Ttems that do not appear in this chart. www www PRE DEED aan | [Sei] SHO i(kiru) i{kasu) i(keru) u(mareru) u(mare) umare u(mu)| ‘o(u) ha(eru) ha(yasu) ki_nama nama-|[-u*)/f@) iku ubu 0 | bu of mi_iki fu 16 19 20 21 | 4 | Joyo-1| $5-5-0_| K3224 100 A034 3497 wee T 23 24 (interval life 1@ (act of being alive) Lire, existence | between birth and death) LiFetime, o|4E8R seimei life 1h Bla AEZE seishi life and death EXPLANATORY CHART ot HHH @ BERRA oD) |S fee p25 26 142179INDEPENDENT 27 INDEPENDENT headword 28 alternative reading 29 headword meaning KUN 30 kuNheadword 31 alternative form 32 noun adjective 33 homograph 34 kun word element 35 headword meaning SPECIAL READINGS 36 compound of approved special reading 37 compound of unapproved special reading 9 HOMOPHONES 38 homophonegroupmember 10 39 homophonecoremeaning 10 40 cross-reference 10 NAN ~~ OO © EXPLANATORY CHART 29 1 [sei 4£)][Lire, living; humble} | KUN} [shojiru|(=shdzuru) |ECS=£SS)) ae happen, arise, be produced; produce, create, Kikiru %Z)| 31 35 i Cumare E41, 4)| | [also suffix] birth; origin, lineage! {nama -| 42-) (SPECIAL READINGS) 2% shibatu lawn, turf 4 {81* ainiku unfortunately, unluckily; 1am sorry, but... om umareru BE | crve int |=>2075 HE cvewiara =>[2075 39 [shizuka ##2>] shizukana ff#77E quier, silent, still; calm, tranquil, gentle, quiet 32 (doro' #2) © mu, mire, slush, dirt 33 2184 2185 do not confuse with FE NOT YET =>2185 [NOTE] +e do not confuse with AE LAST PART 2184 41THE EQUIVALENT 42 level 1 equivalent 43 explanatory gloss 44 subject guide phrase 45 definition 46 core word 47 level 2 equivalent 48 parenthetical adjunct 49 supplementary gloss 50 level 3 equivalent SENSE DIVISION 51 main sense 52 sense division number 53 subsense 54 sense division letter 55 semicolon 123 124 124 12.4 12.5 123 12.5 126 123 12.2 122 12.2 12.2 12.2 > LIFE »BEBORN ;}——————— 42 STUDENT 5254 46 ofc of being alive)[Liré, existence} 53 © (interval between birth and death) Liretime, life 43 @ [[living organisms)] Ltre, living things; ——— 51 © (be alive [live, exist} 47 0 be B0RN © bear, give birth to 2 4ERR seika house where one was bor @ |(bring into existence)| produce, give rise to = 44 @ [original meaning]} (of plants)| grow @ {also suffix] STUDENT, pupi = ON) Cikeru £4) arrange |(flowers)| ———- 48 jee Ghibui #0) -“\ @ uck id Pi TOU L er esp. of the taste of unripe persimmons “ © [original meaning, now rare] (emitting light)|_ 4 LUMINOUS, bright, shining © (enjoying the glory of enlightened rule) en- lightened, glorious, illustrious Ba EXPLANATORY CHARTCOMPOUNDS AND EXAMPLES 56 compound word 13.1 57 example 13.1 58 Japaneseword orphrase 13.1 59 romanized transcription 13.1 60 English equivalent 13.1 61 subsense indicator 13.2 LABELS 62 character notin this dictionary 13.1 63 functional label 141 64 status label 14.2 65 subject label 143 CROSS-REFERENCE ENTRIES 66 single cross-reference 67 multiple cross-reference 15 15 EXPLANATORY CHART Cikiru £24) @ @ (be alive) live, exist © (make a living) live (on), subsist 6158 59 60 4 &|lixil[rreshness; stet} 4 E99) ikimono living creature 62 £0s0e1 ikeru shikabane living corpse oA OAIZTH S DICIEF ito wa pan nominite ikuru ni arazu Man |— 57 does not live by bread alone [math] VALUE 0081 © [[also suffix) Fp 00 [rial mesrins ee fom nce) et tie ‘QUIET, stil silent Fe incorrect classification FU = see M§2-3-4: r* at 1398; —— 66 2-5-2 ta Ng incorrect classification EL THE: ete. 500 W1-3-6: + at 0270}— 67 0-1-8GUIDE TO THE DICTIONARY A Bl 1 ENTRIES AND GUIDES 2 CORE MEANINGS 3 CHARACTER READINGS 4 REFERENCE DATA BOX 5 STROKE ORDER DIAGRAM 6 COMPOUNDS SECTION 7 INDEPENDENT SECTION 8 KUN SECTION 9 SPECIAL READINGS SECTION 10 HOMOPHONES SECTION 11 NOTE SECTION 12 CHARACTER MEANINGS 13 COMPOUNDS AND EXAMPLES 14 LABELS The aim of this Guide to the Dictionary is to describe the various conventions used in the dictionary, including the entry format, as well as to define the meanings of technical terms, labels, glosses, and the like. The Guide deals mostly with presentation, with a primary emphasis on format. How this information is useful to the learner is treated in Features of This Dictionary on p. 25a. ‘The Explanatory Chart on p. 31a describes the entry layout, while the meanings of symbols and abbreviations are given in Abbreviations and Symbols on p. 45a. The appendixes and indexes are described in their respective intro- ductions. 1 ENTRIES AND GUIDES 1.1 Guides The various guides printed in the outer cor- ners and margins of the page have been care- 2. fully designed and laid out to facilitate the speedy location of entries. 1, The entry number guide in the lower, outer corner of a page consists of boldface 35a numerals that indicate the entry number range for that page. Use it for locating a character when the entry number is known. +—_——— Subsection guide Pattern guide Subgroup guide Entry number guide Page number guide 1162 -1163 The page number guide consists of bold- face numerals centered at the bottom of each page. In the introductory pages, page numbers are followed by the letter a. Entry numbers, not page numbers, are used in cross-references to entry characters. GUIDE3. The SKIP Guides, which consist of the subsection, pattern and subgroup guides, are described in §2.7 on p. 881. 1.2 Entry Character The main entry for a character consists of the entry-head data and all the explanatory matter for that character. The large character at the head of each entry, set in the modern Heisei Mincho typeface, is the entry character. Im- portant characters are set in red. This means that the character in question is either in the Education Kanji list, or is one of the 1000 most frequent characters (see §4 below). as Entry character 1606 Entry number 2-4-9 SKIP number 1.3 Entry-Head Data The entry-head data consists of the entry character (§1.2), the entry number (§1.4), the SKIP number (§1.5), the core meaning (§2), character readings (§3), the reference data box (54), and the stroke order diagram ($5). Each item is described in the section indicated in parentheses. 1.4 Entry Number The boldface numeral below the entry charac- ter is the entry number, which uniquely identi- fies the entry characters throughout the dic- tionary, the appendixes, and the indexes for reference and cross-reference. The entry num- ber appears as a four-digit zero-padded nu- meral (e.g. 0023, rather than 23). 1.5 SKIP Number ‘The SKIP number of the entry character, which appears below the entry number, consists of the pattern symbol followed by hyphenated numerals used to locate characters according to SKIP rules, e.g.MI1-2-5 for . See §2.30n p. 876 for details. GUIDE 1.6 Types of Entries This dictionary contains a total of 2808 entry characters: 2230 main entries and 578 cross- reference entries. These are classified into three types: 1, The 1945 characters in the official Joy6 Kanji list (MH WkF22) published in 1981, widely used in the mass media, govern- ment, and education. 2. The 285 characters in the Jinmei Kanji list (A% AF) revised in 1997, an official list of kanji approved for use in personal names. The 578 cross-reference entries at loca- tions where a character might be mistak- enly looked for under an incorrect pattern classification or incorrect stroke-count. See §2.6 on p. 880 for details. 3, 2 CORE MEANINGS The RED CAPITALIZED words preceded by the symbol ® convey the core meaning or core meanings of the entry character. > DAY SUN 1915 JAPAN The core meaning is one of the central features of this dictionary. It represents the fundamen- tal concept(s) linking the principal senses of a character. The use of red for both the core meanings and the core words in the equiva- lents (see §12.5) makes the relation between the senses visually obvious. 3 CHARACTER READINGS The romanized transcriptions immediately below the core meanings are the readings of the entry character. YU yasa(shii) sugu(reru) masa(ru)* masa suguru yutaka 0130 36aSeven types of readings are given: 1. Principalreadings The first reading given is the most common or representa- tive reading of a character. The principal reading is nearly always the on reading, but for characters that do not have an on read- ing, the kun reading is used. Approved Onreadings ‘The _Sino- Japanese or Chinese-derived reading, given in capital letters. A hyphen indicates a variant of an approved reading used for euphony; e.g., -NO for 5 asa variant of 0 in BG§ hanno. . Approved Kunreadings The native Japanese reading, given in lowercase letters. Okurigana (kana endings) conforming to the official rules published by the Ministry of Education are shown in parentheses. Ifa kun reading includes a hyphen, it functions only as a word element. }. Specialreadings In exceptional cases, a component of what is considered a special reading (see §9) in the Joyo Kanji list can be isolated as a reading in its own right. For example, the [4] in sl! dekoboko can be isolated as having the reading boko. Such a reading is similar to an ordinary kun reading, and is marked by an asterisk (e.g, boko*). . Unapprovedreadings Marked by a superscript solid triangle (*), this is a read- ing that is not listed in the Joyd Kanji list. Such readings are in principle excluded from this dictionary, but are given on the occasions when they are sufficiently im- portant to learners (e.g. {4, FuTsu“). . Other readings Marked by a superscript inverted solid triangle (*), this is an unap- proved or rare reading frequently used in names but not important enough to learn- ers as an ordinary reading. Thus KUN head- words and compounds are not given for 37a these readings. 7. Namereadings These readings, called nanori (438 0 ), appear to the right of the symbol [@), and are used exclusively, or al- most exclusively, in personal, family, and place names, but not in ordinary words. All such readings, both kun and on, are given in lowercase letters. If a name reading and an ordinary (non- name) reading are pronounced the same but differ only in okurigana, as in (8.5: and {@ for shinobu, only the ordinary read- ing is given. Similarly, if a reading or a de- rived reading (such as fT & yuki from fF < yuku) can be used in both names and ordinary words, it is listed only among the ordinary readings. 4 REFERENCE DATA BOX The reference data box gives reference and classification data. A Fl [Joyé-1| 54-40 | k3892 A0001 | ©3027 | U6SES 1915 ‘The reference data box consists of seven items: 1, Radical The radical and traditional radical number for the entry character. If the form of the radical differs considerably from the parent radical, then a variant form similar to the form actually appearing in the character is given. The radical given for lost-radical characters is a new radical based on the simplified form of the entry character (see §3 on p. 959). It is distinguished by a superscript triangle (°) following the radical number. $6-2-4 | K1881 a ashe ©2020 | U4F1A GUIDE2. Grade The characters are divided into the following three categories: a, Joyé+number One of the 1006 char- acters in the Education Kanji list (¢4F BiFRC 4X) revised in 1989, which must be learned in the six years of ele- mentary school. The number indicates one of the six school grades during which the character is taught. b. Joyo A character in the Joy6 Kanji list published in 1981 but not in the Educa- tion Kanji list; that is, a character taught in grades 7 to 9. c. Names A character in the Jinmei Kanji list revised in 1997. 3. Strokes Hyphenated numerals consist- ing of (1) the total stroke-count, (2) the stroke-count of the radical portion, and (3) the stroke-count of the nonradical portion. The total of the second and third parts equals the first part. 4, Kuten A “K” followed by four digits indicates a number used for indexing char- acters in the Japanese character set stan- dard JIS X 0208-1997. The first two digits indicate the K ku (‘row’) and the second two digits the #% ten (‘cell’). 5. Frequency Level andRanking A_fre- quency level letter from A to D is followed by the frequency ranking, a number that indicates the frequency of occurrence of the entry character in contemporary news- papers, based on statistical surveys pub- lished in July 1998 (see p. 910 for details). The frequency level was assigned by divid- ing the characters into the four groups shown in the table below. For example, Level A includes all characters up to fre- quency ranking 500. The Total column, which gives the cumulative number of characters in this dictionary, differs slightly from the Freq. Ranking column, because some of the characters in the survey are not found in this dictionary. GUIDE Freq. Count Total Coverage Freq. level Ranking A 496-496 80% 500 B 497-993 95% = 1000 C 572-1565 99% ~=——1600 D665 2230 99.8% “B0784” (at 2), for example, represents a Level B kanji that has a frequency ranking of 784. “9999” represents low-frequency characters that were not assigned a fre- quency ranking in the surveys. 6. NJECDEntryNumber The symbol ® followed by a number indicates the entry number of the character in the New Japa- nese-English Character Dictionary, upon which this dictionary is based. If the entry character is not found in the first edition of the NJECD at that position, its position in future editions is indicated by a decimal point. For example, “@65.5” means that ‘ffl is to be found between entry numbers ®65 and ©66. 7, Unicode A “U” followed by a hexadeci- mal number indicates the international code assigned to the entry character by the Unicode character encoding standard (version 2.0, published in 1996). 5 STROKE ORDER DIAGRAM The stroke order diagram shows the order in which the strokes of the entry character should be written. The order of writing is presented stroke by stroke, and tiny numerals indicate the position of each stroke in the sequence. Stroke order diagrams are given for all Joyé Kanji entries. 38a6 COMPOUNDS SECTION This section lists the meanings of the main entry character as an on word element. Each sense is nearly always accompanied by com- pounds and examples and their English equivalents, arranged in an order that shows their semantic interrelatedness. (COMPOUNDS) 2179 @O (actof being alive) Lire, existence © (interval between birth and death) \uretime, life a 46h seimei life AE AR(=4E 6B HRB) seiho (=seimei hoken) life insurance If a character meaning has more than one sense, these are subdivided by sense division numbers, See §12 and §13 for details on mean- ings and compounds. 7 INDEPENDENT SECTION This section lists the meanings of the entry character as an independent on word. The INDEPENDENT headword consists of a one- character on word, with or without particles, auxiliaries, or inflections, that can be used on its own, Thus # gai and #9 gaisuru are treated as separate entries. Each meaning is often accompanied by examples and their English equivalents. 14s7_ (gai #] Harm, evil, ill effect; damage §KHOF inshuno gai ill effects of drinking (gaisuru 34) Harm, injure, damage The absence of the INDEPENDENT section indi- cates that the entry character is not commonly used as an independent word. 8 KUN SECTION This section lists the meanings of the entry 39a character as a kun word or word element. The senses are arranged in an order that shows their semantic interrelatedness, and are usu- ally accompanied by compounds and exam- ples and their English equivalents. ran oN {7 Ciku #7 <1] @ co, proceed, leave for; attend; visit {7 SAG < ikitsuku arrive at, get to (-yuki 8 » $71 [suffix] bound for, for yr HST AOFM tékyéyukino ressha train (bound) for Tokyo The KUN headwords are presented in the fol- lowing format; 1. Ifa headword has two readings or written forms, they are listed separated by a comma. The first, like -fF& above, is usu- ally more common than the second. . If a KUN headword includes a hyphen, it functions only as a word element (affix or combining form) in all its senses. In the example above, -47 functions as a word element in the final position. If a kun word is an adjectival noun (na- adjective), the KUN headword in the heavy square brackets { ] does not include 7 na, but is followed on the next line by a second- ary headword in boldface (but not in brackets) that does include 7 na. AG Ghizuka th) tize Shizukana ##2°7S Quier, silent, still; calm, tranquil, gentle, quiet 3. Adjectival nouns can also be used as ad- verbs by replacing 7 na with I< ni. These forms are not necessarily listed separately. . If two KUN headwords have the same writ- ten form but differ in function (homo- graphs), they are treated separately and dis- tinguished by small superscript numerals, e.g. doro’, doro?, GUIDE9 SPECIAL READINGS SECTION This section lists compound words having special readings and their English equivalents. A special reading applies to words composed of two or more characters, when the reading of the word as a whole is unrelated to the normal readings of the individual characters. For example, 8H ‘tomorrow’ is read ashita, though BH and Hi cannot be independently read as a or ashi or shita. Approved special readings are those listed in the appendix to the Joyd Kanji list; unap- proved ones, followed by a superscript trian- gle (*), are those that are not. The unapproved ones are only given if they are sufficiently important to the learner. AE (SPECIAL READINGS 4 shibafu lawn, turf 4E4#* ainiku unfortunately, unluckily; lam sorry, but... 2179 10 HOMOPHONES SECTION This section lists groups of homophones and their entry numbers for cross-reference, ena- bling the user to locate information about any group member from any of the others. H isis hi BB sun 0453 asahi JB Risinc sun =1890 SIA 31114, 1915 The term homophone as used in this diction- ary refers to a member of a group of kun words or word elements, often etymologically related, that that are pronounced alike but written differently and often have different meanings. Sometimes, homophones not in this dictionary are also given, with a @ indicat- ing the entry number in the NJECD. GUIDE 40a 1. Each group member is followed by its first core meaning as an entry character, which occasionally may not match the homo- phone's meaning as a KUN headword. Com- paring the core meanings provides an un- derstanding of each homophone's funda- mental meaning. . The HOMOPHONES sections form a network of cross-references that point to the entry characters for each group member. Com- paring the meanings and compounds of each member provides a more thorough understanding of their differences and similarities. 11 NOTE SECTION Introduced by %, the NOTE section directs attention to characters of similar form that are easily confused. These characters are always cross-referenced to each other. 2184 donot confuse with Ai NoTYET =>2185 3k do not confuse with AX LAST PART 2184 2185 Each character is followed by its first core meaning, which clarifies their differences. 12 CHARACTER MEANINGS The detailed presentation of character mean- ings is one of the principal features of this dictionary. Character meaning is defined as the meaning of an on word element, a KUN headword, or an INDEPENDENT on headword. The meanings, which consist of explanatory glosses and English equivalents, may be pre- ceded by sense division numbers, functional labels, status labels, or subject labels, and are sometimes followed by explanatory glosses. Each of these elements is described below.LIFE »BEBORN > STUDENT 2179 Core meaning Core word identical with a core meaning @O (act of being alive) LiF existence -— Character meaning © (interval between birth and death) Liretime, life Subsense Main sense © (ving cen) EB ving things }———— @ [raw, uncooked, crude|}——— English equivalent 12.1 Order of Senses The senses are arranged in an order that shows their semantic interrelatedness; an English keyword, often a core word such as LiFE in the above example, serves as the basis of organiza- tion, and the various senses are grouped in clusters in a manner that shows how they are interrelated. The senses of a compound or example are normally given in order of descending fre- quency or importance. 12.2 Sense Division The character meanings are often subdivided by a system of dark-circled sense division numbers (such as @ and @), subsense divi- sion letters (such as @ and ®), and semico- lons and commas in a manner that shows the semantic relationship between the senses and subsenses (see example above). The senses of compounds and examples are subdivided only by semicolons. If the COMPOUNDS section has only one main sense that is not subdivided into subsenses, it is identified by a solid black circle @. 12.3 Degree of Importance The degree of importance of each character sense is indicated by various typographical devices and labels. 4la > LUMINOUS kK Level 1 @{Q [original meaning, now rare] (emitting light) LUMINOUS, bright, shining © (enjoying the glory of enlightened rule) en- lightened, glorious, illustrious Level 3 Level 2 ‘The degree of importance is divided into three levels. Level 1: Core meaning—The most important sense, which is essential for the beginner, provides a basic understanding of the charac- ter. Level 2: Important meaning—An English equivalent displayed in boldface signifies an important, usually high-frequency, meaning essential for beginning and intermediate learners. Level 3: Rare or archaic meaning—An English equivalent displayed in lightface, accompanied by temporal labels (§14.2), signifies rare and archaic senses. These can be safely ignored by learners. Since this dictionary is aimed at beginning and intermediate learners, almost all the GUIDEequivalents are level 2 meanings. Level 3 meanings and compounds are only given in the exceptional cases when they promote understanding, or if they are the only ones that exist for that entry character. 12.4 Explanatory Gloss Explanatory glosses supplement the equiva- lents in order to clarify their meanings. These are of two kinds. The subject guide phrase is a brief parenthetical phrase beginning with “of” that restricts the equivalent, especially as a typical subject of an intransitive verb. 4H @ (of stock prices) rise 0051 The explanation is a description, rather than a translation, of the meaning or grammatical function. If necessary, a full lexicographic definition is given. ¥ loru #5) © (separate through the application of a sudden bending force) BREAK OFF (asa branch), break (a bone), snap (in two), split 0189 12.5 The English Equivalent The English equivalent (or “equivalent”), the central part of the character meaning, refers to synonymous or nearly synonymous words or phrases that are an English translation of a Japanese word or word element (see §12 for illustration). The core word is often the first word of the equivalent, sometimes modified by a qualifying word or phrase, that is identi- cal with a core meaning. The equivalent is presented in the following format: 1. An explanation or definition replaces the equivalent in the case of culture-bound terms or function words such as particles. 2. The core words are set in RED CAPITALS to make it visually obvious how the various GUIDE senses are related to the core meaning. Boldface is used in character meanings (but not in compounds) to distinguish the equivalents visually from other explana- tory matter, and to indicate level 2 impor- tance (§12.3). 4. Parenthetical adjuncts sometimes accom- pany the equivalent to indicate a typical object of a transitive verb, a subject of a verb, and the like. 3 12.6 Supplementary Gloss Introduced by a dash, the supplementary gloss typically consists of a phrase, beginning with “said of” or “used in,” that supplements the equivalent by restricting its range of appli- cation, by describing its grammatical function, and so on, 1 [shibui 30>) cary @ASTRINGENT, puckery, rough—said esp. of the taste of unripe persimmons. 12.7 Functions of Kanji The function of a character as a free word and word element is indicated by various means. The following functions are indicated: 1, Free words 2, Combining forms . Affixes (suffixes or prefixes) }. Grammatical/syntactic functions Numerals . Function words . Abbreviations . Counters 9. Units 10. Titles 11. Phonetic substitutes 12. Symbols 13, Names 14, Special readings eryavee Some of these are briefly described herein, but the learner need not be concerned with the technical details, since the structure of the entry usually makes it obvious. The basic principles are: Qa1, Character meanings in the COMPOUNDS section refer to the meanings of the charac- ter as a combining form. But if the sense is preceded by a label such as “[suffix!” or “(prefix),” that meaning functions exclu- sively as an affix. 2. Meanings in the KUN section function as independent kun words, unless they are preceded by the label “(in compounds)” that shows that it is used only as a combining form. 3. Meanings in the INDEPENDENT section func- tion as independent on words. For a full description of character functions, refer to pages 197a to 202a of the NJECD. 13 COMPOUNDS AND EXAMPLES 13.1 Section Format Each sense of a character meaning is usually illustrated by compounds and examples. Compound or compound word refers to a combination of two or more words or word elements having their own lexical meanin that together function as a single word (e.g. # {79D keik6 suru ‘carry along, bring’). Exam- ple refers to a word other than a compound or to an illustrative phrase or sentence (e.g. B® AD tsue o tazusaeru ‘carry a stick in one's hand’). The compounds and examples are presented in the following format: 1. A Japanese word or phrase is followed by the romanized transcription and the Eng- lish equivalent. The format of the equiva- lent generally follows that of the character meanings (§12). See Appendix 3 on p. 900 for details on romanization. 2. Characters used in compounds and exam- ples are sometimes followed by a super- script x (“), which indicates that the char- acter in question is not one of the 2230 main entry characters in this dictionary. Ba 13.2 Subsense Indicators The compounds and examples are grouped by meaning in a manner that shows how they are formed from their constituent parts; that is, they are grouped together under the same main sense that they illustrate. Ifa main sense is divided into subsenses, the compounds are listed under the same main sense and subdivided into groups by subsense. Within each (sub)sense group, compounds in which the entry character appears in the initial position precede those in which it does not. ‘The subsense indicators, which consist of tiny letters to the left of the compounds, indicate the beginning of a new subsense group; that is, that the compounds from that point onwards illustrate only the subsense(s) indicated by the tiny letters. Eh Caos 0949 @ EFFECT, efficacy (esp. of drugs), vir- tue © (state of being operative or in force) EF- FECT, effectiveness, validity 0 RISE kéka effect, efficacy; result 3)%B koritsu efficiency ab3) 7 kéryoku effect, efficacy; effect {as of a law), validity ABATE. yak6 na effective, valid $832) muké invalidity, ineffectiveness + KENT SD hakks suru become effec- tive, take effect, come into force In the example, the tiny @ indicates that 2) and 34% illustrate subsense @; the ab that 7 Bh7E and $3 illustrate both subsenses @ and O; and the b that HATS illustrates subsense ©. 14 LABELS A labeling system including functional, status, and subject labels provides guidance on ety- mology, style, function, level of formality, ete. GUIDE14.1 Functional Labels Functional labels indicate various grammati- cal and syntactic functions associated with a sense. These are of four kinds: part-of-speech, usage, word-formation, and miscellaneous. 1. Part-of-speech labels, set in italics, are sometimes given, This includes particle, pronoun, vi (intransitive verb), and vt (transitive verb). The part of speech is usu- ally made clear by the wording of the equivalent. Labels appear mostly when it is necessary to eliminate ambiguity. 2. The usage label, enclosed in square brack- ets, indicates how a word or word element is used, especially its syntactic function and the grammatical construction in which it normally appears. These labels do not have a fixed form. Typical ones include: “{in the form of...]” (form in which the word is normally used), “ffollowed by...],” and “{in negative constructions].” 3. The word-formation label, enclosed in square brackets, indicates the function of a form as a word element (affix or combin- ing form). The absence of a word- formation label before the equivalent of an on word element indicates that the charac- ter functions as a combining form in that sense. The absence of such a label before the equivalent of a KUN headword indicates that that headword functions as an inde- pendent word that may or may not also function as a combining form in that sense. ‘The following labels appear: prefix, also prefix, suffix, also suffix, also prefix and suffix, verbal pre- fix, verbal suffix, in compounds. If a label does not begin with “also”, the function is ex- lusive. Thus, “prefix” means the sense is used only as a prefix. 4. Miscellaneous functional labels, such as “(auxiliary],” and “[emphatic]”, indicate vari- ous functions. GUIDE 14.2 Status Labels The status label restricts the sense to a particu- lar time, level of style, or level of formality. Status labels are of four kinds. 1. The etymological label, which appears in the form “[original meaning],” indicates that the sense is the first meaning of the charac- ter after its formation. Though etymologi- cal labels appear quite often, the treatment of original meanings is not exhaustive. 2. The temporal label, enclosed in square brackets, restricts the accompanying sense to a particular time. The absence of a tem- poral label indicates that the sense is cur- rent in Modern Japanese. Temporal labels are of two kinds: “[rare]” (infrequent in Modern Japanese) and “farchaic]” (used especially in the classics) (see illustration in §12.3). Rare and archaic senses are given only in special cases where no other meanings or compounds exist, or when essential for understanding. 3. The stylistic label, set in italics, restricts the sense to a particular level of style. The fol- lowing labels appear: literary (language of literature), elegant (language of poetry), colloq (spoken language), slang (extremely informal), and vulgar (social taboo). 4. The formality label, enclosed in square brackets, restricts the sense to a particular level of formality. The following labels ap- pear: “{honorific]” (elevating subject's status), “(humble]” (lowering subject's status), “[polite]” (desu-masu style), and “{belttiing}” (showing contempt or abuse). 14.3 Subject Labels This subject label, in italics, identifies the field to which the sense applies. It is often an abbre- viation, as chem for “chemistry.” These abbre- viations are listed with their full forms in Abbreviations and Symbols on p. 45a.ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Rae ACS OR LABELS anat anatomy biol biology bot botany chem chemistry colloq colloquial elec electricity geol geology gram grammar math mathematics phys physics vi intransitive verb ut transitive verb SKIP SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS etc. _ in cross-reference entries, other char- acters of similar structure . incorrect pattern classification (in Pattern Index) ps oe incorrect pattern classification and a stroke-count (in Pattern Index) incorrect stroke-count (in Pattern Index) SKIP System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns 1 left-right pattern 2 up-down pattern 3 enclosure pattern 4 solid pattern O11 topline (solid subpattern) 2 _ bottom line (solid subpattern) 3 through line (solid subpattern) O44 others (solid subpattern) SYMBOLS IN ENTRY-HEAD DATA > core meaning ©. encloses okurigana of kun readings ‘2 kun readings of exactly the same form - kun reading used as word element . special reading that can be isolated unapproved reading 45a > Ss K A-D ® U unapproved/rare reading used in names reading(s) used only in names REFERENCE DATA BOX new radical based on simplified char- acter form Stroke-count information Kuten number frequency level NJECD entry number Unicode OTHER SYMBOLS AND MARKS encloses subentry headwords (KUN and INDEPENDENT headwords) sense division numbers sense division letters unnumbered sense in COMPOUNDS section unapproved special reading in SPECIAL READINGS section character not found as an entry char- acter in this dictionary lost-radical character (in Radical Index) introduces cross-references precedes section numbers in cross- references precedes alternative forms or readings 1. okurigana endings . explanatory glosses . optional omissions (A(B) = A or AB) . alternative forms/readings . most labels . alternatives (A [B] C= AC or BC) . sometimes indicates alternatives 2. separates sentences precedes supplementary glosses KUN headword used as word element coordinates two parts of an English equivalent Perper ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLSbss) DRIVER SEN kawa MII > SMALL SHO chii(sal) ko- o- [) chiisa sasa 0001 JT [soyo-1 | $3-3-0 | K3278 1-1-2 47 |A011S| @6__ | USDDD. J @ [original meaning) RIVER iI)II kasen rivers UJI sansen mountains and rivers (aN) Ckawa JIN) @ river, stream, brook © suffix after names of (esp. Japanese) RIVERS a IE kawakami upstream, upriver JI|i Kawase rapids, shallows ofa river ANIL ogawa brook, streamlet 6iLF Ill edogawa Edo River JIVER kawara dry riverbed, river beach HOMOPHONES) kawa I aiver =0251 [COMPOUNDS] [also prefix) [original meaning] (less in size, extent 3014 USCOF or quantity) SMALL, little, minor, short, tiny, miniature, minute J.) shékoku small nation, lesser power “sit, shésetsu novel, story, fiction “#81 shégaku small denomination INT LF sho-ajia Asia Minor ANBUBE shdkibo small scale ANHERL shé-tékyd miniature Tokyo, epitome of Tokyo NK shési decimal (fraction) FRM daishé large and small; size; long and short swords NSS shukushd suru reduce, curtail, cut down FE /\4E 32 chishé kigy6 small-to-medium- sized enterprises St/|» saishé the smallest, minimum © (less in importance) SMALL, minor, petty IME shoji trifle INPEBE shégakké elementary [primary] 0001-0002o 1 J 7 , 1-3 school INFAE shégakusei schoolchildren, school- boy, schoolgirl G/B TS kashé-hydka suru underes- timate, underrate OO abbrev. of /\FBE shégakké: elementary school, grade school © suffix after names of elementary schools a /)\— shdichi first-year student of an elemen- tary school Fl. déshé the above-mentioned elemen- tary school 6 {HII tsukudashé Tsukuda Elementary School (DEPENDENT) [shd_ 1] smainess; small size, small Kid EMA] Daiwa shé okaneru the greater serves for the lesser 1\\@ A shé no tsuki month with 30 days or less (KON) Uchiisai_ “y&V3) smaLt, little, tiny; young, little 1\\ SPE. chiisa na noun adjective form of chiisai Ee [ko- /1-] [also prefix) © (less in size or quantity) SMALL, little, short © (less in intensity) SMALL, light, slight a ‘)\3!D kogatano small-sized, small; pocket (dictionary) 1\\4) komono small articles, gadget 1\8% kotori small [little] bird 1\\E komugi wheat 188 kouta ditty, ballad /\\EB koya cottage, hut, cabin; playhouse INDE kogitte check )\ 1 koguchi small lot, small sum [amount]; end, edge: /\\H_kohaba single breadth, narrow range “48 koyubi little finger, pinkie; little toe NXCF komoji lowercase letter 6 \N% _koyuki light snowfall 1\\F¥_ kogoe low voice, whisper © (of secondary importance) secondary, sub- /\\FEIE kouriten retail store [o- “h-) little, nice ANSI ogawa brook, streamlet 0003 NSS /u ojisan man; Mister, Uncle “NEE Ay obasan (middle-aged) lady “VB. azuki adzuki bean AX“ boya small fire (HOMOPHONES) ko- F cio 2125 Ya crnno =€92546 MB oauciTer =>O406 fF 3033 J\» incorrect classification yp =see M4-4-4 at 2163 1-1-3 > WATER a SUI mizu mizu- [) mina mi 0003 = | 2k [Jayo-1] 54-40 | k3169 1-1-3 (85 |aoi91 | @i0_| U6c34 J be oK (COMPOUNDS) [also suffix] [original meaning] WATER, cold water Ki suid6 water service [supply]; channel JK26 suijun level, standard; water level JK+P suichd in the water JKT suimen surface of the water 7K 71 suiryoku waterpower, hydraulic power IKARA, suijoki steam, water vapor YB7K kaisui seawater HYP Zk chikasui underground water @ hydrogen IK3E suiso hydrogen JKHB suibaku hydrogen bomb FRAKAICD tansuikabutsu carbohydrates © Wednesday TKWE( Fl) suiy6(bi) Wednesday 7K @® gessuikin Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays [sui 7k] Wednesday36 nN) [mizu 7] 0 waren, cold water © [in compounds] liquid, WATERY o 7K%GV2 mizuarai washing with water 7K9F mizugi bathing [swimming] suit 7k £4 mizuiro sky blue, turquoise B7K amamizu rainwater » 78" mizuame glutinous starch syrup © damper, wet blanket, barrier IASET mizuirazu de by ourselves themselves} [mizu- 7k-] [prefix] water IKIEUE mizushigen water resources 7KLLEYE mizushigoto scrubbing and washing, kitchen work JKIEGIE mizushébai bar and restaurant busi- ness; chancy trade (HOMOPHONES] mizu i AUSPICIOUS OMEN =>0704 “ > HEART J L\ SHIN kokoro -gokoro [2] mune makoto mi 0004 | & | Joyo-2] 544-0 | 3120 1-1-3 [61 | ao167|_@n1_| USFC3 ees my =e @ HEART, mind, spirit, feelings, emotions, ‘thoughts iLMIF shinjé one’s heart, one's feelings 1b shinshin mind and body sLHE shinri mental state, mentality; psychol- ogy »LNAE shinpai anxiety, concern, worry, uneasi- ness; good offices «04% shinky6 frame of mind, mental attitude [state] +L"P shincha heart, mind, true motives BELL» kanshin concem, interest iTS anshin suru have one’s heart at ease, feel easy, be relieved 2D nesshin enthusiasm, zeal, fervor, ear- nestness RuieTS kanshin suru admire, be deeply 1 impressed #9)» shoshin one's original intention fobject] BLL) ryéshin conscience = BELTS kesshin suru make up one'smind, decide 7 D> kushin pains, efforts, hard work EX CML ishindenshin silent {tacit} under- standing, empathy — 4:0) késhin filial devotion [affection] SFB L» kOkishin curiosity © [also suffix) [original meaning] HEART (the organ) Loh shinzé heart sL»fEEQ shindenzu electrocardiogram ALAR shinfuzen heart failure BLLMIE kydshinshé angina pectoris HEWL» shibdshin fatty heart © (central part) HEART, center, core © HEART of a matter, vital point @ "H.Ly chiishin center, middle 45,0) toshin heart [center] of a city AKL) kakushin core, heart HL jashin center of gravity, centroid 3877 enshinryoku centrifugal force Fits gaishin circumcenter, outer center b HF7E kanjin na vital, essential, main [shin i] @ HEART, core; vitality; marrow 125 shin kara from the bottom of one's heart; by nature iLL V8 shin wayoi otoko a good man at heart © core (of fruit); wick; lead (of a pencil); pad- ding #KB™ D.l> ringono shin core of an apple $)EO.L enpitsuno shin lead of a pencil KUN) [kokoro i+) © [a\s0 suffix] HEART, mind, spirit, soul; thoughts, ideas © attention, mind, interest a LMM A. kokorogamae mental attitude; Preparation L470 MAD kokoroatari ga aru have an idea [a clue] Xt magokoro sincerity, true heart 000413 1 Stet kodomogokoro child's naive Guvenile] mind bo L%8dS kokoro o kubaru give attention MENTS kokorogakeru bear in mind; try, endeavor, intend 9 ILM kokorogake (mental) attitude; atten- tion + @ (emotional state) HEART, feelings, emotion ~~ Le HAT kokoro ougokasu move one's heart; impress, touch (a person's heart) iCLEV) kokorobosoi helpless, forlorn; lonely iL 5 kokoromochi feeling, mood; slightly ALT < 32" kokoroyuku made to one's heart's content iL.) kokorozuyoi reassuring, heartening ul» kigokoro temper, disposition © (true) HEART, wholeheartedness, sincerity © (generous disposition) sympathy, HEART, consideration 29° kokoro kara from the bottom of ‘one's heart ILE < L kokorozukushi kindness, consid- eration, solicitude b Lyi VS kokorozukai consideration, anxiety © meaning, essence; answer (to a riddle) 108 kokoroe knowledge, information; in- structions [-gokoro i») spirit, soul AALS yamatogokoro the Japanese spirit (SPECIAL READINGS iL kokochi feeling, mood K incorrect classification =see MN4-4-4 at 2159 a [EVE kyakyo former residence IB A. kyagunjin ex-soldier IB fil kyasei old system, old style b IER kydkabu old stock ie me kyithei na old-fashioned, conserva- tive IAZt kyashiki old style, old type WIA shinkyano old and new (BIN FS fukkya suru be restored, recover AIH kaikya longing for the old days [INDEPENDENT (Ckyd_ IF) old things, original or Former state, old times; old [lunar] calendar [AIX FS kya ni fukusuru be restored to the former state > WITHOUT FAIL HITSU kanara(zu) [2] sada sadamu Ka1i2 USFCS | @15 @ [original meaning] WITHOUT FAIL, certainly, surely; inevitable: AD hissu no indispensable, essential Y% hitsuyd need, necessity ALE hisshi inevitable death; desperation OG hitsuju necessary 22RD hitsuzen no inevitable, necessary A289 hitsuzenteki inevitable WED hisshi no inevitable, necessary AOIBS hissho certain victory © must, required, compulsory, worthwhile GEM hitsudokusho required reading JAF hitchaku (of mail) to be delivered (without fail) 1-1-3 > FORMER [A * 0005 | & [Joyo-s| 55-41 | K2176 1-1-4 |.72¢| Bosos| @14_| u6sE7 UN) VTL AI (COMPOUNDS) © . . [also prefix] FORMER, ex-, old-time, old © old, ancient, antique, old-fashioned, bygone 0005-0006 Ckanarazu 253") wirHour Fait, certainly, surely, invariably, always, necessarily IFUL kanarazushimo not always, not all1-101 Ic incorrect classification be told 1 see 1-3-3: + at 0158 MOE LD Uketamawarimashé I'l lis- 1-1-5 ten to you respectfully = : *RAUL uketamawareba from what | am tod incorrect classification see B1-2-4: J at 0039 tp incorrect classification = >see I11-4-4: £ at 0583 incorrect classification 117 see W1-4-2: k at 0552 DE Ee incorrect classification 1-1-5 HE ete. 500 W11-3-5: + at 0219 [EI incorrect classification 011-7 7u =>see MB2-5-2: IH at 1617 Q > PROGENY 1-1-6 Jal IN tane & tsugu tsugi kazu TK incorrect stroke-count >see MD1-1-7: 7 at 0007 0008 | Hi [Names| s9-4-5 | Ki693 1-1-6 WH1-1-8 | 130] 02331] @17_| usoE4 Pp incorrect classification (COMPOUNDS “see W1-3-4: f at 0182 @ PRoceNy, descendant, posterity 1-1-6 YE IAL rakuin illegitimate child, love child > AGREETO $8 IAL koin descendant, scion SHO uketamawa(ru) [@) tsugu a yoshi Ctane fil] paternal blood, offspring 0007 ¥ [eyes] 58-44 | K3021 JALIHEV) tanechigai half brother, half sister 1-1-7 (64 | 80868 | 16 | us27e| | HOMOPHONES) t a S54 5 ¥ &K eg ee © AGREE TO, consent, accept ARREST shédaku suru consent, assent, agree, accept IKKITD shdchi suru consent [agree] to; permit; forgive; know, understand IRB, shnin approval, recognition FEAR shéfuku consent, acceptance ‘T7K ryéshé acknowledgment, understand- ing succeed to, take over, inherit; receive ARE shokei succession MART keisho suru succeed to, accede to, inherit {57K densho tradition, legend Cuketamawaru 7&2 ] [humble] hear, listen to, tane Fil variery 0823 iH incorrect classification = see 1-4-5: at 0611 1-1-8 tA Pg incorrect classification a CtC. cee H1-3-6: t at 0270 1-1-8 tat incorrect classification see W1-2-8: J at 0098 1-1-9 ate (Ba incorrect classification Cte. 500 H1-3-7: f at 0311 1-1-9 ge incorrect classification Fi IZ ete. cee m1-3-8: + at 0352 1-1-10 0007-0008Din 1 > ORDER ie i incorrect classification | OBEY =>see W11-4-9: & at0700 see 1-310: t at 0462 — | 1-1-12 ) IL I a a ew ‘FN a ‘ tate etc, correctcasication i * =see 1-3-1: + at04s7 ne i 011-13 (COMPOUNDS) Lah { incorrect classification @ [also suffix] ORDER, sequence, turn =>see W1-3-12: ¢ at 0511 WG junban order, tum MEU junjo order, sequence; system, proce- dure MEUGE jun’ order, rank, precedence NEWEI= junjun ni by turns, in order NERS junro suggested route (for visitors), way round S85) hitsujun stroke order (in writing Chinese characters) 3861 michijun route, itinerary [NIA tejum procedure, program, process JEMENB senchakujun order of arrival 4EASMEIZ nenreijun ni by priority of age ABC JIBIZ é-bi-shi-jun ni in alphabetical order © o2€Y, follow, submit to MEFS S junshu suru observe, obey, follow, conform to NEE junpo law observance © favorable, satisfactory, right NER junché favorable condition, smooth progress JIEUEL junpd favorable wind W247. junté na proper, right, reasonable [jun JIG) onver, sequence, turn NUNC jun ni in order, by turns ge 1-1-11 PS PFE ___ incorrect classification its CtC. Sse0 HD1-3-9: t at0424 mi incorrect classification =>see WN1-4-8: & at 068) 0009-0010 1-14 incorrect classification Wiig GUC. —scee H11-3-13: + at 0528 1-1-15 HME 1-15 vie 1-1-16 incorrect classification =see W)1-4-12: at 0739 incorrect classification =psee W1-4-13: k at 0744 4 incorrect classification Ga =>see WN1-4-14: k ato750 1-1-17 incorrect classification =see W11-4-15: # atO751 incorrect stroke-count =>see W11-3-1: F at0131 1 > BUDDHA D FRANCE BUTSU FUTSU* hotoke [] satoru 0010 { | Joyo-5| S4-2-2 | k4209 1-2-2 9 | B0952| @19_| U4ECF 74 AL AL Kc POUNDS) @@ BUDDHA, Sakyamuni© Buddhism [also suffix] Buddhist image o {ABE budda Buddha #4, shinbutsu gods and Buddha; Shinto and Buddhism b {L#% bukkyé Buddhism @AL, nenbutsu Buddhist invocation, prayer to Amitabha {A {% butsuz6 image of Buddha; Buddhist statue {L381 butsudan family Buddhist altar Fld, sekibutsu stone Buddhist image FAL, daibutsu great statue of Buddha @O France © French (language) @ {FN futsuin French Indochina F(A, nichifutsu Japan and France b {A304 futsubungaku French literature {LSE AEBL futsuei jiten French-English dic- tionary (GN) [{hotoke {/,]8u0DHA; Buddhist image; the deceased, departed soul {LR hotokesama Buddha; deceased person D> BENEVOLENCE JIN NI & hito hitoshi yoshi ——* _makoto hiroshi masa kimi sato nori —. 0011 ‘ Joyo-6| $4-2-2 | K3146 ei 2 1165 | _@20_| U4eCi mil im “E (CONFOUND @ BENEVOLENCE, the perfect virtue, humane- ness, compassion, kindness, love, mercy (a basic Confucian precept) {-& jin‘ai benevolence, charity {C4 jinjutsu benevolent act {2384L BM jingireichishin the five Confu- cian virtues (benevolence, justice, cour- tesy, wisdom and sincerity) {£8 jintoku benevolence, goodness 1£:38% jingi humanity and justice; moral code; formal greeting among gamblers 22 CHANGE INTO EB KA KE ba(keru) ba(kasu) 0012 | E [Joyo-3]_ 54-2-2_| k1829 1-2-2 |.21 | aoos6]@21_| us316 T T | 447A et 8.0 CHANGE INTO, transform into, turn into, convert © change (a person) for the better, convert, influence 0 {6% kaseki fossil, fossil remains; petrifaction {BX kasei chemical synthesis, transformation {E@ kagé chemical combination YAEL shdka digestion; assimilation; consump- tion FE doka assimilation ZEAE, henka change, transformation, variety; declension 6 SC{E bunka culture RHETS kanka suru influence, exert influ- ence, inspire BUCS D kyoka suru enlighten, educate, civilize © [also suffix] @ (cause to become) -ize, -ify, make into © (become) -ize, become transformed, turn into a HIE kyoka strengthening, intensification, buildup, reinforcement WEL ekika liquefaction HET S joka suru purify, cleanse JERE kindaika modernization YE a—A{E konpyitaka computeriza- tion » B&{L sanka oxidation WAETS gekika (=gekka) suru intensify, become aggravated HEMET akka suru worsen, aggravate, de- teriorate WUE nanka softening; weakening (of the market) © CHANGE [transform] oneself INTO, take the form of; disguise oneself {CHES keshohin cosmetics {ES keshin Buddhist incarnation, 0011-001222 1 reincarnation HEAL gonge incarnation, embodiment ZEAL henge goblin, ghost { @ abbrev. of {6 kagaku: chemistry x {EMR kasen synthetic fiber oy £ Ubakeru {613%) cHANce [transform] one- -b;_ self ino, take the form of disguise oneself {61349 bakemono monster; ghost A BALVF obake apparition, specter, ghost y KACAEIFS onna ni bakeru change into a LL woman, assume the shape of a woman [bakasu {7S bewitch, deceive MM" (ALDEN kitsune ni bakasareru be deceived by a fox > SET OF TWO ps $0 futa [moro nami 0013 [z= $4-2-2_| K3348 1-2-2 29°| C1101 625. US3CC 7 x v IK @ [original meaning] SET OF TWO {identical ‘things such as hands), pair, both, two © counter for pairs @ RUA séken both shoulders PUEVE séseiji twins HA; soh6 both sides [parties] b RUBS sdgankyé binoculars 2 iss a pair ow {futa 32) [in compounds} SET OF TWO, pair IXF futago twins RSE futaba bud, cotyledon futa Two =1224 D> COMPARE HI kura(beru) @ kore 0014 | £ [Joyo-s] sa-40 | ka070 1-22 81 | A0319| 26 __| U6BD4 0013-0015 - IE Ik He onan OO compare (with), contrast @ compare to, liken o Lt hikaku comparison LIBRA) hikakuteki comparatively, relatively HLETS taihisuru contrast, compare » LER” hiyu simile, metaphor, allegory EEE hirul parallel, equal, match © [also suffix] ratio EEG hire’ proportion, ratio EE% hiritsu ratio, percentage AMEE yosekihi volume ratio [INDEPENDENT Chi £6) comparison, match, equal; ratio LE%3R%S hiomotomeru obtain the ratio [KUN] Ckuraberu fi) compare, contrast LeSMnic7h 57509 kurabemono ni naranai be no match for FEE seikurabe comparison of statures kuraberu BE COMPARE =>@1536 > CUT SETSU SAL ki(ru) -ki(ru) ki(ri) ~ki(ei) -gi(ri) ki(reru) -ki(reru) 0015 ki(re) -ki(re) -gi(re) 1-2-2 | 7 [deye2| s4-22 | ks258 18 | ao244| @27__| us207 t 7 @ [original meaning] CUT, sever WETS setsudan suru cut (off, sever ‘Y)BA sekkai incision, section UPR TS setsujo suru cut off, excise A seppuku hara-kiri, suicide by disem- bowelment 28) hansetsu half size @ keen, acute, intense ZEIT setsujitsu ni acutely, keenly, earnestly; sincerely, heartilyjig 7S. tsdsetsu na keen, acute, poignant © in close contact, fitting closely, to the point © urgent, pressing, close a #1U)7S. shinsetsu na kind, friendly, obliging jf ¥)7S. tekisetsuna appropriate, adequate, proper §RU)7E konsetsuna kind, cordial; exhaustive b KYW)7S taisetsuna important, weighty; valuable Oeverything, all —¥)® issaino all, entire, whole [setsunai ) 753] painful, trying, distressing ww (kiru 93) OO cur, slice, carve © cur down (trees), fell, chop down @ prune, trim, shear @ cur flat things such as cloth or paper) a ¥) OBES kirihanasu cut (chop) off, sever, detach W) 048TH kirisuteru cut down, cut away; omit U)> kitte postage stamp + kippu ticket 6 0 fF kiritaosu fell (a tree) © cur (a person) with a sword, cut down, kill §XU 8) 0 tameshigiri trying outa new sword (on someone) LO) S uragiru betray, turn traitor, double- cross © (separate from the main body) cur off, break away )F$ #0) kippuo kiru puncha ticket, rip off a coupon @ perform an action as if by cuTting 8&9) fumikiri railroad crossing @ (discontinue an action) CUT off, pause, break off, turn off, hang up © cur [sever] connection with a YJ 0 AD kirikaeru switch, change, renew ‘BV. S omoikiru resign oneself to, give up; resolve, determine 16 a 3 chic putan end to, break off, nis » #& 9) D enkiri severing off connections 220 1 @ cur off [divide] by or as if by a partition 6 8) shimekiri closing day, deadline; Closed, No Entrance {£9 shikiru partition, divide, mark off; set- tle accounts; sumo toe the mark @ perform an action boldly 1) 0 4L kirifuda trump (card), last resort B48) fumikiru make a bold start, take a plunge; take off; sumo step out of the ring [-kiru -6) 3 J [verbal suffix} @ finish, be through WAWD yomikiru finish reading, read through @0 perform an action thoroughly © perform an action decisively 4 0 8) harikiru be in high spirits, be enthusiastic; stretch to the full #271) tsukarekiru be tired out, be ex- hausted 6 HVE) S iikiru declare, assert; finish saying Ukiri 00 Jilimits, bounds, end 13) 0 ASHEV kiri ga nai be endless {boundless} Ckiri -8)0 J) curter {&9) 0 kankiri can opener JN“) 0 tsumekiri nail clipper {nipper) =) 0 ) [also suffie] way of curting 193) yotsugiri cutting in four; quarter (kireru #214) @ be cur off, break, snap, burst, collapse ‘W)4U7Ci8 kireta nawa broken rope Y) 413i kirehashi fragment, scrap @ be cur injured), become fissured YB kireme rift, gap, break; end, pause, interval FANUC Te ga kireta | cut my hand © break off, be interrupted HF Y)NZ togireru break, pause, be inter- rupted SWF @ ikigire suru get short [out] of breath, be winded @ cur [sever] connection with FA tegire severance of connections; sola~ tium for severing connections © run out, expire, terminate HABRASH)I17e Kigen ga kireta The term has [=x*xdwrx-] & 0015ED 22 1 expired Ckireru -1)414) [verbal suffix] be able to do, ~_ beableto finish { PRAMNETA Nomikiremasu ka Can you drink it all up? MX POM AETV yarikirenai be unbearable, be £ too much [kire #21) sharpness, curting quality; cloth; piece, bit, strip, slice hk YIP kireaji sharpness, cutting quality WOM kire no béshi cloth hat YWTLIND kiregire no fragmentary, inter- — mittent [-kire -19)21) counter for strips or slices 47 —+-—)41 kékihitokire apiece of cake =UNO/N» futakire no pan two slices of bread L-gire -4)71) [also suffix] expiration of, deple- tion of 14Y)21 shinagire absence [exhaustion] of stock Ref] YI21 jikangire expiration of the allotted time kira £8 curoown =>@42 BT 02306 # 393301 Wr >e1482 -gire 22 sput ©2687 0016 | 4 | Joyo 1-2-2 18 | C1575 D2 Mal a >cuP ka(ru) @ kari $4-2-2 S28 2002 U5208 (kan Ckaru 4/4) (cut grass, hair or the like by sharp instrument) CLIP, crop, cut, shear, mow, prune, trim © reap, crop, harvest o Mi] DiAE karikomu prune HO HLS karitoru mow, cut down, reap, harvest 0016-0017 MID YLTO karitate no newly mown, newly cropped (head), just clipped #1) 0 kusakari mowing, mower LEMS yomookaru shear sheep 6 M0 AN kariire harvest, reap FBX inekari rice reaping kar 3F nut 0295 BA rive 1185 > TAKEIN SHO osa(meru) osa(maru) (] osamu nobu kazu % [dbye-6] $4-2-2 198 2893 US3CE © rake in, gather in, absorb © collect materials and record [write down} @ collect a RTD shays suru accommodate, (guests) SKA shaind storing; harvesting; receipt ‘HB shakaku harvest; harvesting ‘UL kyiisha absorption, assimilation; merger FUR baishd buying up, purchasing; bribing EIey % ‘Kaisha suru collect, recover; with- raw 6 ERTS shiiroku suru collect, record, write down IZSES D shashd suru collect, gather, accu- mulate < QUILTS chdshai suru collect taxes [payment] QQ (take possession of, esp. in payment) TAKE IN, receive, accept © take possession by force, confiscate, seize aA shinyd income, earings, receipts ILRE shdeki profit, earnings, proceeds, re- turns IEA shawai acceptance of a bribe, corrup- tion IFES S shiitoku suru take possession of UM ryéshd receipt 6 (FA shuy6 expropriation receivePPULTSD Sshd suru seize, confiscate WW bossha confiscation, seizure, forfeiture EM sesshii requisition, takeover, seizure @ income, receipts, revenue 4% shiishi incomings and outgoings, earn- ings and expenses JP}IX zosha increased income [revenue]; in- creased yield AA gessha monthly income BLN zeishia yield of taxes, tax revenues @ bring to order [settlement] WATS shasha suru get under control, save (the situation) (kN) Losameru x2] © gain, obtain, reap © achieve, attain @ WY Fl|%1L%HZ shéri oosameru win, gaina victory b PLIR ZIM D seika oosameru achieve success, {osamaru ES) @ be put (back) in place, be restored i mR © hake ni osamaru be stored ina 0x © be settled, be brought to a settlement 4 ED osamari conclusion, end, settlement VAIL EED arasoi ga osamaru be set- tled osameru #4 pay 0877 48 Govern 0250 4 curtivate =0092 osamaru #4 Pay 0877 #8 Govern =0250 42 cuvnvate =0092 {X D> SUBSTITUTE > GENERATION > CHARGE DAI TAI ka(waru) ka(wari) 0018 -ga(wari) ka(eru) yo shiro! 1-2-3 shiro® B yori nori { |[Joyo-3| $5-2-3 | 3469 9 |ao067 | @30_| U4EE3 | 23D 1 ? AARON @ [original meaning] suBsTiTUTE, replace, rep- resent, act for another, alternate RA LBS daiyé suru substitute, use for an- other RAFTS daiké suru act for another, execute (business) for another {KHTD daihyé suru represent, stand for; (~~ dt=]) typify {&EBA dairinin representative, deputy, proxy {XB daigi popular representation {&BicE daigishi member of the Diet [House of Representatives} {847 daida pinch-hitting; pinch hitter ALA — daitai enerugi alternative [substitute] energy {RBM (= BIR IM) taisha (=shinchintaisha) metabolism; renewal, regeneration 4{&44ff@ daimeishi pronoun BEART DB kétai suru relieve (a person), take turns, alternate © GENERATION, lifetime {84% daidai generation after generation TEAK sedai generation © age, era, times © suffix indicating years spanning a specific period: -ies, the...-hundreds a BEAR jidai age, era, period; antiquity BL’ gendai present age, modern times, to- day TER kodai ancient times, antiquity, remote ages 4E-4& nendai age, era, period; date b FILEELK sen kyuhyaku-nen dai the 1900's @ [also suffix] (price charged) CHARGE, fare, rate, fee, price, rent {&® daikin charge, fee, price TKT)VER hoterudai charge for staying at a hotel SER mudai free of charge DIY AE takushidai taxi fare HHLER jidai land rent, rental EREB{K heyadai room rent 0018E23 1 Ku Ckawaru {€254) suastiture, be substi- > tuted for (a person), take the place of { tktbSft% kawarugawaru by tums, al- ternately A QE RDO THS chichioyani , kawatte iu speak for one’s father sntZARDOT ...ni kawatte for..., in place of..., instead of... + RRASA IZ ARDS] Kikai ga jinryoku ni kawaru Machinery takes the place of human labor Ckawari {t9) 0 substitution, susstituTE @ sussrirure, deputy, proxy a RMOKRDY ELT chichino kawarito shite in place of one's father b SXRD) migawari substitution; substitute, stand-in; scapegoat © compensation, exchange 25 < {RD DISHES aruku kawari ni hashiru run instead of walk {© okawari second helping [-gawari -{t250 J [suffix] susstrrure, re- placement LERTER(CD D jashorokugawari substitute for an address book [kaeru {tA %) susstirure, use in place of, replace (something) with (another) {KA kae substitute, proxy ICHAT ...nikaete instead of... in place of... BEMEASAICRAD bi-sanoésan ni kaeru substitute Mr. A for Mr. B [yo {kJera of rule, age KEK taishd no yo Taisho era FRE OARIC meijitenndno yoni un- der the rule of Emperor Meiji [shiro' {%) cost, cHaRGe SEO{X kusurino shiro cost of medicine GRAAK nomishiro drinking money [shiro? {€) [in compounds] sussTiruTE, sym- bol YORE minoshirokin ransom [HOMOPHONE kawaru 0019 EF repuace $1780 TR EXCHANGE =0429 2E CHANGE => 1311 kawari Ff nepiace =>1780 $98 excHance 0429 BE CHANGE => 1311 kaeru EF repuace = 1780 HR excHance =0429 BE CHANGE => 1311 kae EF repuact 1780 #9 excHance =0429 BE CHANGE =>1311 yo tit wor =2178 > ATTACH Kt FU tsu(keru) -tsu(keru) -zu(keru) tsu(ke) tsu(ke)- -tsu(ke) -zu(ke) ~zuke tsu(ku) -zu(ku) tsuki) 0019 tsuki) -tsuki -zu(ki) -zuki Ws2 { | Joyo-4] 5-2-3 | ka153 9 | A0258| @31 U4ED8 i WoTEE 24 ATT COMPOUNDS)" ‘ . OO arract, append, add to, affix @ attached, additional, supplementary @ [original meaning] ATTACH itself to, stick to, adhere to a ftil SS fuki suru add, write in addition {MNT fuka suru add, supplement WATT tenpu suru attach, append, annex RE(TSS chéfu (=tenpu) suru stick, paste, append » (18% furoku appendix, supplement 44@ fugen postscript, additional remarks {$62 fuzu attached map, appended figure [graph] TB fusoku additional rules, bylaw ¢ MAFTS fuchaku suru adhere (cling) to, agglutinate; cohere © be ATTACHed to, belong to, be affiliated with; be incidental to IRS fuzoku suru be attached to, belong to23 {thi dD fuzui suru accompany, be inciden- tal to, be annexed to {4D futai no incidental, accessory, collat- eral © deliver, hand over, grant ($4 fuyo suru give, grant, allow, be- stow 21S kifu suru contribute, donate Eft kéfu delivery, grant, transfer, service HTT S kyafusura make a presentation, grant, pay HALTS sofu suru send, remit fe (tT haifu suru distribute, deal out @ adjacent, near to {til fukin neighborhood, environs, vicinity [KUN] Utsukeru *$153) @ ATTACH, affix, stick, fasten, add (on), ap- pend; set, put (one thing on another) (TISMAZS tsukekuwaeru add {TIFSET tsuketasu add on, append < 2th kuttsukeru join, attach; paste, glue ATT IT kitsuke dressing, fitting AyFIZO SHS koppu nikuchio tsukeru put one's lips toa glass © apply, put on SEZALSS kusurio tsukeru apply medi- cine @ leave amark on KRAZATITS shimi otsukeru stain, blot, smudge write, make an entry 4TITIAL tsukekomu take advantage of; make an entry WRAIZ {TITS chobo ni tsukeru enterina book 86 give, impart, direct (one's attention) © set (a price) a TRE TTS genkio tsukeru give courage to, encourage Bet (F urazuke guarantee, endorsement; support, backing; substantiation, proof 6 {HE 7 < AIFS nedano takaku tsukeru put a high price on © provide (a person) with an attendant, place a person in attendance (on) HEA EATS goeiotsukeru provide (a 13 person) with a bodyguard @ follow, trail, shadow TITS atootsukeru follow, tag along @ settle, bring to terms BH ZATITS hanashi o tsukeru settle a mat- ter; negotiate, arrange © unclassified compounds 424 uketsuke receipt, reception, acceptance; receptionist, information clerk; informa- tion office (desk) (-tsukeru ($13) @ be accustomed [used] to WATT TOS yomitsukete iru be accus- tomed to reading @ perform an action vigorously [vehemently] LY 0 41% shikaritsukeru scold away, rebuke strongly, baw! out PoFTIFS yattsukeru collogattack, beat; let someone have it; kill @ perceive, detect BH EATT kikitsukeru hear, catch (the sound) C-zukeru -{¢13) [verbal suffix] give, impart, provide with (LIE 'FS ichizukeru locate, position BYtRETITS kankeizukeru connect with, relate to [tsuke {{4+) bill; account, credit ft 'F4L 5 tsuke oharau pay abil {td CHRD tsuke de kau buy on credit [tsuke- fftt-) OO arracted, fixed © external (medicine) a ft (SiH tsukehimo sash attached to child's clothes b fF 1S 3K tsukegusuri external medicine @ false (mustache), sham 4 HE" tsukehige false mustache [beard] [-tsuke -ff'7] one's favorite, accustomed {7 SAL DIGM ikitsuke no basho one's favorite place C-uke -ffid, -41] @ arvacuing, affixing $8 (FF norizuke pasting @ [suffix] dated /\ ft yokazuke dated the eighth 0019 1E23 1 [tsuku ff<] O@ Arracu itself to, stick (to), adhere (to); be connected with © come in contact with, touch, reach a ®OU4t musubitsuki connection, relation, alliance < oft < kuttsuku stick (to), cling, adhere RE 241 < kamitsuku bite [snap] at bo iAT < chikazuku approach, near, get near; get acquainted 3B V4 < oitsuku overtake, catch up with @ be ATTACHed to, belong to, join, associate with; take up the cause of {245 tsukiau keep company with, get along with 4 & GL» tsukiai friendship, association WBUTAT < tekinitsuku take the side of the enemy © gain (weight, power), become proficient, grow (wise) PAE < niku ga tsuku gain [put on} weight @ attend on, go with, accompany {¢2¥K 5 tsukisou accompany, attend on, escort @ be installed, be built WRAL Denwa gatsuita A tele- phone was installed © be written, be registered WRIT AEV3TUZ chémen ni tsuite iru be written entered] in a book @ be perceived [detected] Biztt< me nitsuku catch one’s eye, at- tract one's attention S84 < kizuku notice, become aware of, find out © catch fire, be ignited AKAM < higa tsuku catch fire, be ignited © take (root) BASEL < nega tsuku take [strike] root @ cost, amount to << yasuku tsuku come cheaper @ be settled, be established BB 7° < hanashi ga tsuku come to terms, reach agreement C-zuku -ff< J {verbal suid @ gain [esa] 0020 PAT < chéshizuku warm up; be elated, be puffed up @ become TERT < genkizuku become heightened in spirits, get encouraged; recover one's strength Ctsuki_ ff ) ability to stick, impression (quality of printing) {f2DSELUI tsuki ga yo! stay well (on) Ltsuki -41 2, -f4) [also suffix) @ with, including INAKt EORBEB basutsuki no heya room with bath MABR AT ED kigentsuki no witha fixed time, with a deadline @ appearance, state, condition Bt & kaotsuki face, countenance; expres- sion, look Et & metsuki lookin one's eyes, expres- sion Cruki -ft&, -fP) [suffix arractied to AHAB & HVE taishikanzuki bukan mili- tary officer attached to the embassy [HOMOPHONES) tsukeru BAY attach 0347 A PuT ON =>2086 BL ser asout 1113 BD) immepiate 71120 AX POINT =>@2084 TH pickue 0496 ~zuke TB PicKLe =0496 tsuku Bt attach >@347 2G PUT ON =>2086 WL se agouT 1113 BY) immepiate 1120 AK POINT =>@2084 > IMMORTAL MOUNTAIN FAIRY SEN [@) nori soma hisa 0020 1-23 | 4 [soyo | 55-23 | x3271 9 | c1026 | 832_[ v4eD9 (ul ful os ar23 @ transcendent imMoRTAL FAIRY living in the MOUNTAINS and capable of performing miracles, Taoist immortal, supernatural be- ing O hermit, recluse a {ill A sennin immortal mountain fairy; hermit, unworldly person {UAT senjutsu fairy magic {11888 senkyo fairyland, enchanted land fil shinsen supernatural being b {BML shusen hermit who enjoys drinking; son of Bacchus ae ote a I onde @ tsuko 0021 ! Joyo-3| $5-2-3_| K2737 1-2-3 A0431| _@34_| U4EDS | ri FE [COMPOUNDS © serve (under), take service under, enter the government service {L'E shikan entering the government serv- ice; find service with (a lord) E(t héshi attendance, service HESS shusshi suru enter the service of; attend (one's office) © used for shi as the second (continuative) base of the verb suru: DO {£3 shigoto work, employment, business {EXEC shitate tailoring, dressmaking {t77 shikata way, method, means {£75 283E) shikata ga nai have no choice; itis no use; cannot bear {EF shite doer; protagonist in a noh drama; operator, speculator {ERA shikumi construction; arrangement; plan, plot fhe 4 shiage finish, elaboration, comple- {ik i shikaeshi doing over, tit for tat, re- venge {ED shiawase happiness, blessing; good fortune fEADA shiireru lay in, stock {£ AN shiire purchasing, stocking {tL OT shiokuri suru supply, provide; send money to {£9#» shimai end, conclusion, close HtE kyaji office boy, page (boy), waiter; serv- ice at table (KUN) (tsukaeru {t 4.) serve (under), take service under, enter the service of the shogun- ate SALA miyazukae court service KITE < (EAS ottoniyoku tsukaeru be devoted [attentive] to one’s husband PICELAD kami nitsukaeru serve God = BIC(LAF nikun ni tsukaezu not serve two masters (OMOPHONES) shiawase Het = 1408 fe tt =0088 FF DE 0021, 1274 {tly 0022 | { |Joyo-3 1-2-3. [9 | 80554 74 ete SHEOUNDS| @ [also prefix] OTHER, another © oTiers, other people a {27 tahé other side [hand] {1K tai other intention, secret purpose, ulte- rior motive fA. tanin another person, other people; stranger ft El takoku foreign countries, another prov- ince {H4E tanen some other year, some day {HATER tafuken other prefectures {4 tasha another person, other people {tH tamen other side; while, whereas; on the other hand 6 {HE tasatsu homicide, murder PEAHHZS haitatekina exclusive, clannish > OTHER TA $5-2-3 35 0021-0022 0 1 L23 1 [NDEPENDEN [ta ft) omers, other people; other things, gain (in), grow, increase PeHRIC MDD kaigi ni kuwawaru take part rs therest ina conference { MOBIC DSN ta no genni — madowasareru be led astray by others’ n opinion 7 ioe keri hi ? EMI{tt sono ta the others, the rest 0024 = | 2k [Joyo-3] 5-4-1 | K4125 a ~ Fl & 1A kaafen) laratuar 1-2-3 [85 | cis42[ @39_| v6c37 (&) masu Ss) Tepiepl | af aR) 0023 [A [seyo-al s: ; 1 al bY *| 1-2-3 19 | A0150| _@38_| us2ao] | [KOoMPOUNDS) @ice q a mn angina at yoga glacier hyézan iceberg ConoUNS KG hyésetsu ice and snow 00 Av, append HDI juhys trees covered with ice © aopto, increase @ math abo, sum up DN kasoku acceleration INGE kasokudo acceleration MRT S kami suru tinge with, add to 6 iBNNTS tsuika suru add, append, supple- ment 4440 zoka increase, gain, rise DNF kasan addition DNL kagen addition and subtraction; degree, extent; adjustment @ affect, influence, inflict DN. kak6 processing, manufacturing NEE kagaisha assailant, assaulter ‘© join, take partin, participate JN kamei participation, affiliation DA kanyakin admission fee DNB katan assistance, support, participation BMT sanka suru participate, join, take part in (oN) Ckuwaeru {1% 2] vt avo, append; add, sum up, increase; include, count in {TiFMAZS tsukekuwaeru add BICKE MAE Goniroku okuwaeyo Add six to five {PRIMA nakamani kuwaeru include inthe circle [kuwawaru 111124) vijoin in, participate; 0023-0025 SUK seihyd ice making ut [kdri_ 2K) [also suffix) ce, shaved ice JK" kérimakura ice pillow IKK kérimizu ice water, shaved ice BEF kérigashi frozen sweet, ice candy SOR BK bukkakigéri chipped ice Chi AJice, hail IKFH hisame elegant hail; chilly rain (esp. in autumn) (NOTE) ‘edo not confuse with 7K ETERNAL 1230 ‘ > TOTHE...OF L > BY MEANS OF | mot(te)* 0025 | A |Joyo-4] 55-23 | K1642 1-2-3 9 [aoiss| @ar_| vates Vy Poe @ directional preposition placed before localizers to indicate the point of reference in compounds re- lated to direction, time or range: TO THE...OF, -ward LAGE itd to the east of, eastwardDAE je or more than, not less than; beyond; the above-mentioned; now that; that's all LARK irai as of, since then, from that time on LAF ika or less than, not more than, under; and downward; the following DISET igaini except for, excluding AVA inai within, less than DARI izen before, ago, since DASE ike on and after, hereafter LAK igo after this, from now on, in future; after that, thereafter © ay MEANS OF, with, using Diogu ishindenshin silent {tacit} under- standing, empathy (KON) {motte 21°C) with, ey MEANS OF; because of; with this LATS motte suru do by the use of WNTIELATREF kogatana o motte korosu kill (a person) with a knife (Ui & LAT yama takaki o motte be- cause the mountain is high INTHE TL Motte meisubeshi You ought to be content with this LATOH motte no hoka outrageous, pre- Posterous, scandalous A > CUT DOWN BATSU 0026 i | Joys | 56-2-4 | Kaos 1-2-4 D1882| @42__| U4Fi0 ay II PPR [COMPOUNDS © cur Down (trees), fell, chop down {RRT D bassai suru lumber, fell, deforest & 78 batsuboku felling, cutting, logging (ZT ranbatsu suru deforest indiscrimi- nately, cut down [fell] trees recklessly HER tobatsu secret felling of trees © cur Down (one's enemies), strike down, send a punitive expedition against, attack FAERIE satsubatsu na bloody, savage, war- like fE(E seibatsu subjugation, conquest 7 BY{X tobatsu suppression (of a rebellion), ____anitiveespedition oe 0027 eu = 4 D> INTERMEDIARY > PERSONAL RELATIONS CHU naka (&) nakaba @ ivTeRMeDIARy, middleman, mediator {St #% chakaisha intermediary, mediator, agent {PIR A. chdsainin arbitrator, mediator (kun) (naka ¢h] @ PERSONAL RELATIONS, relationship, (familiar) terms, fellowship, friendship {78 BLU) naka ga yoi be on good terms {PEE <$ TS nakayoku suru become friendly with, make friends with {PI} nakama company, fellow, comrade, as- sociate {Pi 0 nakanaori reconciliation 254 koinaka love relationship. © inrermeviary, go-between {12 AD naka ni hairy actas an intermedi- ary {2 nakagai brokerage; middleman {1 A nakagainin broker 4PXL%5 nakadachi intermediation {PIE nakai parlormaid, waitress ;PECTAL READINGS) 4A. nakédo go-between, matchmaker [HOMOPHONES] naka FF MIDDLE =2150 —+ > TRANSMIT DEN tsuta(waru) tsuta(eru) ZN tsuta(u) -zuta(i) [&] tsuta tsutae 0028 tsutomu tada W1-2-4 | { | 2oyo-4| 36-24 | K3733 9 |a0425| @44 | U4FID 0026-0028: 24 1 AT Aria * (convey from one person or place to another) y ‘TRANSMIT, Convey, pass on, communicate, initiate [5 © (pass down by inheritance) TRANSMIT, hand J down @ (disseminate information or religious teachings) ‘spread, propagate, TRANSMIT, teach a {xi T% dentatsu suru transmit, convey, communicate; propagate {G4 densen contagion, infection, communi- cation (of a disease) 4&8 dengon verbal message, word {ALT denju suru instruct, initiate FHIEMERIKO chagoku-denraino imported [transmitted] from China TAL jikiden direct initiation b 2:49 denté tradition, convention £182 densetsu legend, folk tale {GIKFS denshé suru hand down, tell from generation to generation LAIMB Ll ishindenshin silent [tacit] under- ABE iden hereditary transmission standing, empathy ¢ {Rif dend6 gospel preaching, missionary work, evangelism ‘EK senden publicity, propaganda; adver- tisement (KUN) [tsutawaru {224) be Transmitted [conveyed], spread, be propagated; be handed down, go [come] down, descend Ha—AAMERDE Nyasu ga tsutawatta The news went around HRURERDS daidai tsutawaru be transmit- ted {handed down] from generation to generation [tsutaeru AS) © (convey from one person or place to another) ‘TRANSMIT, convey, pass on, communicate, initiate © (pass down by inheritance) TRANSMIT, hand down (disseminate information or religious teach- ings) spread, propagate, TRANSMIT, teach 0029 ati &{aAD meireiotsutaeru pass the word 6 BVA. iitsutae tradition, legend HUA READ hirisurokyoo tsutaeru introduce Christianity © phys TRANSMIT, conduct, convey PAEARAD netsuotsutaeru conduct heat [tsutau £55] go along, follow f&> TH tsutatte noboru climb up, shin up C-zutai -42V3) [also suffix] along JIGRVSIZ kawazutai ni along a river (SPECIAL READINGS) {5M} tenmasen lighter, jolly (boat) FG 5 tetsudau help, assist, tend a hand FARVS tetsudai help; assistant BFARV otetsudai help, assistance; maid Bees otetsudaisan maid, house Lf Breit > PROSTRATE FUKU fu(seru) fu(su) [#) fushi fuse 0029 f Joyo | S6-2-4 | k4190 1-2-4 c1445| @45__| U4FOF LIE AER (COUPOUNDS @ [original meaning] PROSTRATE (oneself), fall prostrate, lie down, bend down YARY® heituku suru prostrate oneself (before), kiss the ground iEZ(K kifuku ups and downs, undulations {BIER tofuku falling down @ submit to, yield to JEA{R kuppuku submission, surrender BEAR kéfuku surrender, submission HK shakubuku preaching down © lie in concealment, hide {RS fukuhei ambush, troops in ambush {Rif fukusen preparation, foreshadow IKEA shifuku remaining in obscurity, lying low, biding one's time WHR senpuku concealment, hiding; latency(Kun) [fuseru (RES) © turn downward, lay upside down, turn over O lay under the ground a HEARTS mio fuseru lie face down Bie (RAED tokifuseru argue down, per- suade, convince bf#5 (RZ machibuseru lie in wait, am- bush, conceal oneself in ambush @ keep secret {REF fuseji omission, blank, asterisk [fusu 4k) prostrate, fall prostrate, lie down, bend down {KU B fushime downcast look UTURT hirefusu prostrate oneself before a person (HOMOPHONES) fuseru FA" =>@1440 fg er 0030 1-2-4 (COMPOUNDS) @ PERFORMER, actor £23% gigaku ancient maskshow "RSH GS kabuki kabuki © [original meaning] skill, ability, craft, art 4" giry6 skill, ability, capacity » PERFORMER GI Ki &) kure Names C1537 $6-2-4 | K2076 UAFOE f > RANK AL GO @ itsu kumi atsumu 0031 { [Names| 6-2-4 | K2464 9 [pisos| @47__[ usFoD (COMPOUNDS) @ Ran file, line {fi taigo ranks, line array, formation YR TS rakugo suru straggle, drop out of line, fall out of the ranks FESE sentdgo leading file 24 > LOOK UP GYO KO ao(gu) (se) 0032 | { | Joy | S6-2-4 | K2236 1-2-4 9 |D1641| @48__| U4EFO 71 a HE Hep @ [original meaning] LooK ur, face upward METS gyédshi suru look up {194 gydkaku angle of elevation {IBA* gyéga lying face up {MRT gyéten suru be astounded @ .00x uP to, respect, revere {BUTS shinko suru believe in, have faith a [aogu {1 <") Look up, face upward; look up to, respect; turn to, ask for; drink {& 54% aogimiru took up {VF aomuke facing upward fifi & {1 <" shi to aogu look up to (a person) as one's preceptor Bh ZAM < jogeno aogu ask for advice BELA < dokuo aogu take poison [ése {Mltt) statement, wishes or command of asuperior (M1ZGED T ése ni shitagatte in obedi- ence to your wishes, as you say MDDS dsetsukaru be ordered, be ap- pointed > PHONETIC [i] PITALY 1 2) kore yoshi tada 0033 | { [Names] S6-2-4 | K1643 1-2-4 Bo6s9| @49 | U4FOA -OMPOUNDS] @ used PHoNeTically for i, esp.in proper names (FAA itari Italy F3 iroha iroha, the Japanese syllabary {alphabet} @ ray Hi 4845" nichidokui Japan, Germany and Italy 0030-0033E24 1 EGF chai stationed in Italy (SPECIAL READINGS} ry PEF datesha dandy, coxcomb, beau { D> TEMPORARY Y WK KA KE kari kari- B y 0034 | { [Joyo-s] 362-4 | 1830 —001-2-4 [9 |cro72| @50_| Uatee 24 A AAR © TEMPORARY, provisional, transient {KELD kasetsu no provisional, temporary; hypothetic {KN kamin nap, doze {RIE katei assumption, supposition {ici kasetsu hypothesis {548 kashé temporary name {536 kashi suspended animation, apparent death AKAEWT I kasei-kinshi false nearsightedness, pseudomyopia @ fake, false, sham, feigned, pseudo {Rif kamen mask, disguise {EE kasd disguise, fancy dress {2% kamei pseudonym, alias {BUI kebyé feigned illness (KON [kari 1%] provisional, Temporary; assumed 45 I= kari ni provisionally, tentatively; for ex- ample; supposing that {RD karinona assumed name, alias Ckari- {&-) [also prefix] TEMPORARY, provi- sional {UE EV karizumai temporary residence {RZ#) karikeiyaku provisional contract (SPECIAL READINGS) 4 & kana kana, Japanese syllabary {KR 4i* tatoe even if, granting that 0034-0036 4: > MATTER KEN 0035 { Joy6-5|_$6-2-4 | K2379 1-2-4 0246 | @51_| UatFe Py ret Q marten, affair, case, incident, item © counter for cases or affairs a —¢F ikken matter, affair, item FALE yoken matter (of business), things to be done AFER jinkenhi personnel expenses, labor cost $44 jOken condition; item, proviso US¢E jiken affair, incident, case, event FEE anken matter, case, item BE ¢F yoken important matter; necessary con- dition BPE bekken separate case, another matter » 8 kensa number of cases or items Li+¢E gojikken 50 cases, 50 items [ken {] marten, affair, case DF reino ken the matter you have been talking about UK > REST KYO yasu(mu) yasu(maru) yasu(meru) [] yasumi 0036 d | Joyo-1| $6-2-4 | K2157 1-2-4 B0659| @52_| U4F11 Pa Pari tk (COMPOUNDS) ” @Q [original meaning] Rest, repose, relax © abbrev. of (KR kyaka or (RH kyagyo: holiday, vacation, suspension of business, day off a AKHE kydkei rest, repose 1KEB kyasoku rest, repose {KA kyayo rest, recuperation, relaxation ARIE kyashi pause, standstill, dormancy; restup KEL kyajitsu holiday, day off > OFFICE 1 {RIEL kyaka holiday, vacation PLEAVETO {ke kyagyé suspension of business NIN maka(seru) maka(su) Ijin, {kK LL kyGkazan dormant volcano 0037. “em taka hide { AS A AKR honjitsu kydshin Office Closed — Today (sign at doctors office) 1-2-4 | { | Joyo-5|_36:2-4 | K3904 | bill renkyd consecutive holidays 9 | A0218| @53 | U4EFB 5 jEL(K shakya weekly holiday T STF) JE (K teikyii regular holiday 744 AEE 44 j BRK rinkya extra [special] holiday — TEAK sankya maternity leave @ suspend, discontinue; cancel {Ki TD kyden suru suspend performance {KE kyakai adjournment, recess (of the Diet) ARIK, kyasen truce, armistice {GME kyak6 cancellation of lecture (for the day) TREE kyak6 temporary closure of schoo! RAE kyagaku leave of absence (from school) HHL unkya suspension of (bus) service PREECE kanwakyadai to return to the sub- ject (KUN) Cyasumu {K2)] rest, takea rest, repose; suspend, discontinue; be absent; go to bed, retire 4A yasumi rest, recess; suspension; vaca- tion, holiday; absence E(K A hiruyasumi noon recess, lunch break A. natsuyasumi summer vacation KASS oyasuminasai good night Cyasumaru {KE S) feel nested; be set at ease (EDKED karada ga yasumaru be (fee!) rested Cyasumeru {6% ) rest, give a rest; sus- Pend; set (a person's mind) at ease FHK% honeyasume relaxation, recreation S34K% kiyasume soothing, consolation yasumaru é peaceFuL 1373 @0 orrice, duties, official post © duty, responsibility @ take a duty upon oneself, assume respon- sibility 2 {E38 ninki one’s term of office HAE shanin assumption of office, inaugura- tion EE jinin resignation 48 ££ ryanin remaining in office EMETS funin suru proceedto a new post AEE kainin release from office, dismissal, dis- charge » {£95 ninmu duty, part, function; mission HELE sekinin responsibility, liability LE janin heavy responsibility, important duty; reappointment ¢ HET tannin suru be in charge of, take (a class) under one’s charge @ person holding an OFFICE SEE shunin person in charge, head, chief $2{£ konin successor, replacement © appoint (to an office), nominate, place ninmei appointment, nomination JR{ETS sennin suru select and appoint, assign [nominate] a person to a post @O Leave (up) TO, entrust to, entrust with © Leave a matter To take its own course, leave a person to himself, leave alone a {£%O nin‘ino optional, voluntary, discre- tionary; arbitrary BETS inin suru entrust, detegate, com- mit {8 f£ shinnin confidence, trust, credence —f£F ichinin suru leave (a matter) to (a person), entrust (a person) with the task (of 6 BETS hénin suru leave (a matter) to take its own course, leave (a person) to n 0037himself > [makaseru f£t) Leave (up) To, entrust to, entrust with; leave a matter to take its own course, leave a person to himself, leave alone 1 $l KICHEAED umo ten ni makaseru re- 6 sign oneself to one’s fate, leave to chance J ASE nttomakase leaving matters up to — others {makasu f£3°] same as makaseru f£ttS FBBIAET Banji kimi ni makasu \ leave everything in your hands K 0038 |x 3 4 2801 1-2-4 76 | 40223 6821 el? eri i ae (COMPOUNDS) ‘@ [also prefix) NEXT, following, subsequent ARIE] jikai next time ZIG jiki next term KF jigd nexrissue Ri jish next week IRAE HE jinendo next (fiscal) year ‘© NexTin order or rank: @ second © secondary, sub-, vice, deputy, assistant @ KH jinan second son KL jijo second daughter RAL jii second rank, second place + KX jikan vice-minister, undersecretary KE jichs assistant director KM jiseki next in rank, associate BYAKHI7S. fukujitekina secondary © order, sequence, arrangement © math (degree) order, degree @ suffix indicating numerical order or num- ber of times a AB shidai order; circumstances, reasons; as soon as AGBIT shidaini gradually, by degrees MEK junji order, turn; gradually 0038-0039 NEXT JI SHI tsu(gu) tsugi (4) tsuguru FEA, sekiji order of seats, seating precedence; class standing EL mokuji table of contents XIE jigen dimension < KD ichijino first, primary; math linear, of the first degree SR AAEIRAMK dainiji sekai taisen World Warll [KUN [tsugu 2 <"] rank Next to, come next [after] VT tsuide next, secondly; subsequently FAK aitsugu succeed one another FRO AK < toritsugu act as agent; transmit; answer the door Ctsugi 4c] © Next, following AAAS tsugitsugini one after another, in succession @ post town Wisi A+ =X tokaid6 gojasantsugi fifty-three stages on the Tokaido high- way in former Japan tsu a SUCCEED =>0919 £8 contact =>0368 TE pour =©325 tsugi if succeeo =70919 Bi incorrect stroke-count = >see WD1-3-4: B at 0203 > STATE ‘SHO su [] kuni iN 0039 | JII | Joyo-3|_ $6-3-3 124 A A0351| 57 P ) J HW Jt ony K2903 USDDE © STATE (as of the U.S. or Brazil), province (of Canada) © suffix after names of STATES a INEXHF shdseifu state government AEX sharitsu-daigaku state-runcollege NEB shato state capital b&b FF AM tekisasushd State of Texas UA + H+ 2% ON riodejaneiro- shi State of Rio de Janeiro (INDEPENDENT) [sha JH) state INDE shano hana state flower (KON) [su JN) sandbar, shallows, shoal =f4)\ sankakusu delta HIN sasu sandbar, sandbank [HOMOPHONES} su dH sanppar =0291 D OLDER SIBLING OF PARENT > COUNT { HAKU [Z] eki hiro nori ho 0 0040 { Joyo | $7-25 | 3976 1-2-5 pi661| @59 | u4F2F a 74 ff {nA te (COMPOUNDS) * @ OLDER SIBLING OF one's PARENT, uncle, aunt {ESS hakufu (=oji) uncle (older than one's parent) {EIB hakubo (=0ba) aunt (older than one's parent) @@ count, earl © title after names of COUNTS or earls @ {1% hakushaku count, earl 6 REA maejimahaku Count Maejima {EZ oji uncle (older than one's parent) {EVEE oba aunt (older than one’s parent) > ACCOMPANY HAN BAN tomona(u) [&) tomo A 0041 Hi25 Lo K4028 U4F34 25D 1 (COMPOUNDS) @ (go along with) ACCOMPANY, go with, attend on a f£3E bans6 accompaniment { 45t8# oshoban participation z FILES dohan suru accompany,gowith 1 flit SS zuihan suru attend, accompany, — F K 5 follow (oN) [{tomonau fF 5 J (go together with) accom. PANY, go with, attend KGB ELE DT tomodachi o tomonatte ac- ‘companied by a friend pt. PRANK { \ > POSITION | kurai’ kurai? gurai 0042 { Joyo-4| 57-25 | 1644 bis Ao281| _@61_| v4F4D ye Pte fh fi (COMPOUNDS [also suffix] RANK, place, grade, position, station Si ctl position, status, post, social stand- ing JIE jun’ order, rank, precedence E(ir j6i higher rank, precedence HEAL yai superiority, predominant position EEAL shui first place, leading position £11, gakui academic degree FA—AiL daiichii first place, foremost rank TEAL shénii senior grade of second rank © [original meaning] PosiTion, location, place; direction {IC{EE ichi position, place Fi fiL héi direction, bearing E02 ten’ transposition, displacement © level, standard of quality SAE tani unit HBL hin’ dignity, grace, nobility; grade, qual- ity @ term of respect #iL kakui gentlemen, sirs 0040-0042Das 1 (RUN) Ckurai’ £12] rank. grade; dignity; the throne; > decimal place { Se mwNK {LO REVXA kuraino takai hito person of high rank {LF kuraisuru rank, be ranked; be located {SEIZES kurai ni tsuku ascend to the throne Liz ichino kurai the units Ckurai’, gurai {21 — @ about, approximately ++-5}(M0 jippun-gurai about ten minutes TAULO KS E kore kurai no dkisa about this size © particle indicating comparison or extent: as...as, Tike TAUIE kore gurai this much WR 7 —{ICV> téky6 tawa gurai takai as high as Tokyo Tower LO4iE dono kurai how much SHILA HEZSALILVI7ZEVY Omae gurai baka na yatsu wa inai It would be hard to find an idiot like you atleast BILULF THREE IL Ove gurai itte mo yosasé da He might at least thank me {Vy > RESEMBLE J iru) & ni 0043 f | Joyo-5|_$7-2-5_| K2787 1-2-5 1196 | @63_| U4F3C 74AN ‘ tr 1) WA cone e @ [original meaning) ReseMaLE, be similar SASS ruiji suru resemble, be alike, be similar BEL kokuji close resemblance FELL soji similarity, resemblance HEAT kinjisura approximate to, resem- ble closely SEMI F giji-korera suspected case of cholera, para-cholera 0043-0044 iw [niru 11] nesemoce, be alike, be similar WTVA® nite iru look like, resemble WES niseru imitate, copy; forge {LEB nigao likeness, portrait {LIBEL nigaoe portrait, likeness {L383 nikayou resemble closely {AED niau befit, suit; match well WLLEV3ID niai ne becoming, suitable; well- matched AME VY funiai inaptitude, incongruity BULL mane imitation, mimicry re @ sumi 0044 H ee 9 HW ear H eH (CouPoUNDS © © Live, reside, dwell, inhabit © housing, residence, house, dwelling a (££8 jamin residents, dwellers CES jakyo house, dwelling, residence LEAR jasho one's dwelling, address GERM jashoku Buddhist priest, chief priest TEES zaija suru live, reside, dwell JEXESS kyoja suru live, dwell, reside FAETS ija suru migrate, immigrate; move » (£56 jataku housing, dwelling house, resi- dence (ESEHH jatakuchi residential district ZRELLE ishokuja food, clothing and shelter, the necessities of life ca [sumu ££&1) (of people) Live, reside, dwell {EYRE sumika residence {E435 < sumitsuku settle, take up resi- dence [{sumau {£& 5] dwell, uve, reside in {EV sumai living; dwelling, house Crumai -fEEW] © [suffix living LIVE JU su(mu) su(mau) -zu(mai) 2420 © dwelling, residence a (EISELE SEV > danchizumai living ina housing complex b (KE EV) karizumai temporary residence sumu #8" >@989 > WHAT Fy > Howmany KA nani nan nani- nan- (&) ga 0045 1-2-5 { Joy6-2| _S7-2-5_| K1831 0359] @65_| U4F5S | a4 £ i HF] 4 AI POUNDS @ wear, which $E(HI%F kikagaku geometry iHE* (a) FS suika suru challenge (an un- known person), ask a person's identity (KON Cnani, nan {lJ war, which, whatever —used also in the formation of various interroga- tive pronouns {1722 nandaka somewhat, a little; some- how; what's what {iJ CTA Nanji desu ka What time is it? (HD CBATE Naniitterunda What's the idea (story)? {91 nanika something, some, any {81% nanikato in various ways {8% nanra whatever; (not) any, (not) in any way fC nande why, what for fT & nanto what; how {ILA nanishiro anyhow, at any rate; as you know {1.0 naniyori above all, before everything else {AIT & nandemo anything, whatever {IT nante what, how; What.../How. ..! {J £2 nantoka somehow or other, one way or another {AJ & 88 < nantonaku in some way, some- how f8] £ & nantomo not... atall;nothing Enani-,nan- fif-) [also prefix) @ tow many {1H S$ nanigenaku casually, as if nothing 1 had happened {814% nanimono who, what kind of man {af naniyue why, how {71 nanigoto whatever, what {128 nanitozo please (be so kind as to) fil HE nando how many degrees; how many times. {8} A. nannin how many people [eaw~s] @ several, some, odd {iI-F nanja several tens {il Ei nanbyaku several hundred, hundreds {81 F nanzen several thousand, thousands fe] FFF] nanjikan several hours (SPECIAL READINGS) (COMPOUNDS) @ used PHONETICally for ga, ka, kya, esp.in {8188 naze why, for what reason {8142 nazeka for some reason (or other) fe] 725* nazenara because 08 ikaga how; what A0{8I* ikan what; how ‘A0{8] (= “ ika ni: how, in what way {ar ef %“ itsumo always, usually; inevitably “PEay_ PPHONETIC(9a) tnt KA GA KYA togi 4 |Names| 7-2-5 | K1832 ws 9 | 02284] 65.5 | U4F3D the transliteration of Sanskrit Buddhist terms {ME garan Buddhist temple, cathedral wy [togi {hil) keep company by talking before sleep {EVM otogibanashi fairy tale, nursery tale 0045-0046Das P MUSICIAN Ws { 0047 | { [Names| s7-2-5 | K4666 y 01-25 [9 | 02810) @66 | U4F36 } B @ (original meaning) MUSICIAN, court musician, performer of court music, minstrel; actor 4 A reijin minstrel, court musician + {EF reikan court musician {388 reiya actor ASSIST PFIELD OFFICER SA [@] suke tasuku 0048 j Joyo | 7-2-5 | K2620 01-25 a0422| _@67_| U4Fs0 Vy PoE assist, aid, second (ERIK sabakuha supporters of the shogun METS hosa suru assist, help © (military officer or rank below 4 sho 0336 (general officer) and above ff # 1105 (company officer) roughly equiv. to colonel or major (U.S, ranking)) FIELD OFFICER 4&'& sakan field officer KE taisa (army) colonel, (navy) captain PE chisa (army) lieutenant colonel, (navy) commander D4 shésa (army) major, (navy) lieutenant commander fF 0049 > MAKE > WORK SAKU SA tsuku(ru) tsuku(ri) -zuku(ri) = 2-5 | K2678 Joys-2 01-25 (i AQ114 U4F5C TAR PAT Pete 0047-0049 26 [COMPOUNDS} ‘@ MAKE, produce, manufacture {FARTS sakusei suru make, produce, draw up, frame, prepare {£82 sakusei manufacture, production SUE seisaku manufacture, production -L{F késaku handicraft; construction, build- ing; maneuvering IBUYE shisaku trial manufacture © compose (a literary or musical work), create, write © [also suffix] (literary or artistic) WORK, composition, production a {Eh sakuhin (piece of) work, performance, product {EK sakka writer, novelist, author fEHNSS sakkyoku suru compose, write music {E# sakusha author, writer, playwright {ESL sakubun composition, essay; writing » ILE gensaku original (work) 4,16 meisaku masterpiece, fine work AYE sésaku creation, production; fiction writ- ing AACE taisaku monumental {great} work, ma~ jor work BEYE kessaku masterpiece, magnum opus; blunder {RBEHE daihyésaku representative work © work, do, perform, function © action, behavior a {EE sagyé work, operation EFA sayé action, operation, function; effect (FF sad6 suru operate, function, work; run, go PRIESTS sosa suru operate, manipulate, handle » HFK sahé manners, etiquette, decorum BALE désa action, movement; bearing, behav- ior FEE hossa fit, attack, seizure 0 raise crops, cultivate, farm © [also suffix] crop, harvest, yield (4%) sakumotsu crops SHE kosaku cultivation, farming JEE(E rensaku repeated cultivation; story made up by several writers working on it inturnoi $a(F rinsaku rotation of crops HAYE hatasaku dry field farming, dry field crop » AYE inasaku tice crop; raising rice plants IWYE hésaku good [abundant] harvest EVE fusaku bad harvest, crop failure © contrive, scheme {EIR sakusen tactics, strategy; (military) op- erations, maneuvers {A sakui artificiality, intention; commission (ofa crime) [INDEPENDENT] [saku #) (literary or artistic) work, compo- sition, production; authorship BL OLE kaishin no saku work after one’s heart [KUN] (sukuru fF) © maxe (out of materials), form, prepare © create, bring into being @ maxe (as a document), make out, com- pose, frame, draw up @ form (an organization), organize, found, establish © prepare food, cook; slice (raw fish) a }BUES katachizukuru form, shape, make, mold ab {0 HHS tsukuridasu make, turn out, create c iF% (ED shiotsukuru compose a poem HAM {FD shinnaikakuo tsukuru form anew Cabinet e RU ZED sashimio tsukuru slice (raw fish) @ raise crops, cultivate, grow, till ECE 3 BFSE niwa de tsukutta yasai vegetables grown in one's yard © foster, cultivate (a person's character), build up RLV BIR (ES yoishokan otsukury cul- tivate a good habit @ Make [touch] up, apply cosmetics; trim Bi < {ff 278A hidoku tsukutta kao face with heavy makeup © Make up (a story), invent, fabricate {0 8& tsukuribanashi fable, fiction {E10 2% tsukurinaki make-believe crying HE 0 09 tsukuriwarai forced laugh (tsukuri (£0) 1 @ make, physique, features BROCE) kao no tsukuri features of the face —~ @ makeup WFD koi tsukuri heavy makeup © sashimi, sliced raw flesh (esp. of fish) 31 otsukuri sashimi, sliced raw flesh (esp. of fish) Czukuri -f6 0) @ (build of the body) MaKe, physique HIE ODA hosozukuri no hito slender per- son @ suffix indicating material composition HE-LHE DD nendozukurino made of clay © affectation, pretense #6 OIF wakazukuri ni suru make oneself up to look younger @ sliced raw fish, sashimi AEVSHED ikezukuri freshly-killed fish served whole with its meat cut in slices (HOMOPHONES) tsukuru 385 mane => 1983 ft) creaTE >O1815 tsukuri 18 MAKE =1983 -zukuri i MAKE =>1983 f B 5 I—} INQUIRE A SHI ukaga(u) 0050 ; J $7-2-5_| K2739 01-25 02324] @69_| U4F3A vn nme 3 thumble} @ inquire [ask] after (a person's health) He] TS hoshisuru inquire after (someone's health) @ call on (a superior), pay a visit f(T D shiké suru pay one's respects, make a courtesy call; wait upon (a no- bleman) KUN} Cukagau {75 ) thumble] Py] 0050Das 1 © (puta question) inquine (about), ask © (request information) inQuine [ask] after (a person's health) a ff]. ukagai question, inquiry; consulting the oracle; call, visit GEILE LAS goiken oukagau ask the opinion of (a superior) 6 fi V 210 TH ukagai o tateru inquire of, ask for someone's opinion; invoke an oracle Bf] shochdukagai inquiry after a per- son's health in the hot season © call on (a superior), call at, pay a visit {ath $5 f@] VY LE L & 3A ttsu oukagai shimashé ka When shall | call on you? ‘© hear, be told w&fflor ... _ EFI ..toukagatta |heard that. I heard that... | | “Jo, PstRErCH sm no(biru) no(basu) (%) nobu 0051 Joys | $7-2-5 [43113 1-2-5 | 9 | B0719| @70_ | U4F38 YH ih Heeteterie @ [original meaning] STRETCH, elongate, extend, spread {418% shinshuku expansion and contraction 484 shinché expansion, elongation @ (of stock prices) rise 4244 kyashin sudden rise (said esp. of stock prices), jump $F S zokushin suru continue to rise © say, mention 3EFA tsuishin postscript [KUN] (nobiru US) vi @O stRETCH, lengthen, extend, spread © expand, increase, grow, develop, advance a {12K nobi stretching, elongation; develop- ment, growth; spread (as of paint) FFU senobi stretching one's back b {Utes nobinayamu be held in check, fail togrow {# USE nobiritsu growth rate; coefficient of 0051-0052 extension {UME UX nobinobi at ease © spread (as of paint) EAS (BUS — Ly yoku nobiru kurimu easily-spreadable cream © be exhausted, be knocked out BLSNTHHOD nagurarete nobiru be knocked out cold Enobasu (tS) ve @O steTCH, elongate, extend, spread © expand, let grow, develop 2 5/2 AHI hikinobasu stretch out, elon- gate; enlarge (photographs) b FHES HET saindo nobasu develop one's ability @ straighten PREAHILT karada o nobasu stretch (unbend) oneself @ dilute A—T AMET sdpuonobasu thin soup with water @ knock out HILL TLEA Nobashite shimae Knock him out! (SPECIAL READINGS) IRAB* akubi yawn nobiru iE extend =>1952 nobi Sie extend =1952 nobasu nobasu HE exTEND=>1952 EXTEND =1952 AR >» BODY > FORM AS TAI TEI karada 0052 (ao [Joyo-2] 7-2-5 | K3446 | 1-2-5 |. 9° [aoo7a! er | vars3 2 4 TAT AM @ [also suffix] (physical organism) BODY, corpse 44H) tairyoku physical strength, strength of ‘one's 44% taishitsu physical constitution {4141 tainai interior of the body 444% taisé gymnastics, physical exercise 48 & taijd body weight25 {6 FF taiiku physical training (education) {if taion body temperature {ilk Bt taionkei (clinical) thermometer {h-E& taiché body length (of animals) 3¥(6 shintai body MM jintai human body —{k ittai one body; a style, a form; (why, what) on earth, (what, why) in the world Ei ff jitai one's own body; itself 4246 zentai whole (body), whole span FAA nikutai body, flesh BECK shéshitai charred body HELA ita remains, body, corpse @Q (main part, esp, of a vehicle) BODY, frame- work © (main or essential part) substance, reality, real thing a HEE. shatai car body, chassis; frame (of a bicycle) Re Kita fuselage, body (of an airplane); ma- chine $6. kaitai dismantling (a machine), scrap- ping; dissolution, disorganization; dis- section 6 1 & taigen indeclinable parts of speech in Japanese, substantive 51K shutai main part; subject SEAR jiteai substance, essence ARK hontai substance, thing itself; object of worship; main part 2 daitai outline, substance; generally, roughly, on the whole © [also suffix] (physical object or mass) BODY, object, substance EFI taiseki (cubic) volume, capacity 4ntk buttai body, physical solid, object, sub- stance IEI(K kotai solid, solid matter S34 kitai gas, vapor, gaseous body fk tentai heavenly body Ai 16 yakitai organism, organic body IEFE rittai solid (body), cube @ (organized entity) BODY, organization EA dantai group, party, body, corps; corpo- ration, organization © [also suffix] @ (characteristic) FORM, shape © (outer appearance) FORM, appearance 1 @ (manner of expression) style, FORM. a f% taikei system, organization Fh jitai character form, type - FUAHY7S. gutaitekina concrete, definite, { specific TE shotai one's natural [true] shape;con- sciousness » (EIR teisai decency, form, style, appearance 1 ILA fatei (=fatai) appearance, looks; posture [f {ETI sekentei appearance (in the eyes of 1 society), decency 2 Hi A O58 shokunintei no otoko man of workmanlike appearance ¢ SCHE buntai (literary) style @ learn from experience 44S taitoku suru realize, learn (from experience), comprehend, master {EIR taiken suru experience, go through, (actually) feel (KUN) [karada (4) sopy, physique; health 630 karadazukuri physical culture At % karadatsuki one's figure HC ASGRU karada ga tsuyoi have a strong constitution, be in good health (8 > PROVIDED THAT tada(shi) [2] tada taji 0053 | { Joyo | 7-2-5 1-2-5 [9 | 02680) 72 7 4 4 4n4A {8 {8 an) [tadashi {8 L] proviweD THAT, on condi- tion that, however, but, only {8 LFS tadashigaki proviso, conditional clause {LUT tadashitsuki conditional RILMHILTS. ALB Kare wa yakusoku wa suru, tadashi riké wa senu He makes promises, but he does not keep them 3502 U4F46, 0053D2 1 PLOW iB) HABA yale belpycnineei help, divine help. Tel hiku(i) hiku(meru) hiku(maru) a - Nap CRISPANDCLEAR CLEAR { 0054 i [J6yo-4] _$7-2-5 | K3667 iy 60 selena) see A0451| @73_| UAFAE 7 Mts /| 0056 [¥ [Names] s7-25 | keer 7 i id te AEE 1-2-5 [15 [p2415] _@79 _| usie4 B (oN oupouNDS * (saeru 244) 5 eo [original meaning] (having little height) Low @ Lower, bring down a {EHH teichi low ground, lowlands {EZE teika low altitude THE kétel high and low b{& FOS teika suru fall, sink, lower, go down © [also prefix] (below average in degree) Low {E-% teion low-pitched sound, bass {EIB teion low temperature {BE teind low intelligence {E.SUEE. teikiatsu low pressure, atmospheric depression HALO saiteino lowest [tei (Low BK k6 yori tele from high to low (KUN (Chikui {03} Low, short (stature); (of inferior social standing) low, humble; in a low voice [key] {&< TS hikuku suru lower, bring down SYR OAKV) A shinché no hikui hito short person Chikumeru {&%%) Lower, bring down Chikumaru {i B) be Lowered, come down > HELP YO U & suke tasuku 0055 4 [Names 4504 1-25 [Lg |o1971 U4FS1 @ (original meaning) HELP, succor, protect—said esp. of God 0054-0057 © be CRISP AND CLEAR, be crystal-clear (ason an ice-cold winter night), be bright, be vivid © be clearheaded, be wide-awake, be fresh oUFAIBD saekaeru be exceedingly clear; be keenly cold UF ATCA saeta iro bright color bo FAA UTCER saezae shita kao fresh complexion, cheerful look BAOU A atamanosae bright intelligence AR ANEF AZ me ga saeru be wakeful, be wide-awake By COLD (Ps REI tsume(tai) hi(eru) hi(ya) Bi hi(yayaka) hilyasu) hityakasu) 0057 sa(meru) sa(masu) % ryo 1-2-5 | % [seye-4] 7-2-5 | Ka66s | b0664| _@80_| U5187 . ’ vv A AWAMA fo ae Toa ae ae eT [comPoUNDs) 0010, chilled © [original meaning] cool, chill, refrigerate @ 495K reiki cold air; cold, chill HIF reigai damage from cold weather 27K reisui cold water al reisen Cold War FEMi kanrei cold, coldness, chilliness b U3 5 reib6 air conditioning 22H reité freezing, cold storage ¥8H) reikyaku cooling, refrigeration RIB reiz6 cold storage ?UIBIME reizoko refrigerator 7K2i suirei water cooling ‘@ coLvhearted, dispassionate *ABE7E reikokuna cruel, unfeeling, 30