LaNeELa LEON Ao\es \99. Design of Vessel Supports PROCEDURE 3-1 WIND DESIGN FOR VESSELS Notation F = design wind force, Ib (Fy, Fr, Fy. F,, ete.) wind pressure. psi Go seis pressure lespeeure cacti etonae 3-1 importance factor (1.0 for vessels) | basic wind speed, mph (See Figure 3-2) gust factor from Table 3-1 shape facto: (.6 for cylindrical and sph tions) | projected area, ft? gust respons: factor for flexible struciures probability of exceeding design wind spec years annual probability of wind speed excceding a given magnitude, from Table 5.3, structural damping coefficient, % of esitical damping (.64 (1%) for vessels) exposure fsrtor evaluated al 4% of height ‘ structure size factor from Figuie 3-1 vessel effeccive diameter, fi, from Table 5-4 surface drez coefficient from Tsble 3-2 natural frecuency, 1/T cycles per second power law coefficient from Table 3.2 period of vibration, sec (See Procedure 3-2 overturning moment, ft-lb or in -Ib vessel effective length, ft vertical reaction due to wind and dead leads. Ib weight of vessel, 1b | number of iegs or lugs number of years of reference pried, 1 t 200 yr Z = height above grade to % of structure's hevcht cture’s (1) © Exposure Urban, suburban, or wooded areas with nuTHHHn0t osely spaced obstructions the size of single famil: daritings of larger. © Expeese (Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heirhts less than 30 ft. This category includes flat open country and grasslands. © Expoauis 1) Flat, unobstructed coastal areas directly eaPgil 1 wind Flowing over large bodies of water. Jnclides nreas extending inland 1,500 ft of 10 times height of structure. Tble 3-4 Wind Coefficients % e. Erposure Category Exposure a 8 ¢ p A 2 CC oO Exposure Categories © Exposure A: Large city centers where a) teas & of the burldings exceed 70 1 in heigl a7 80 120 285 185 tse 1S wa 87 220 189 129 1.14 ws 3 209 154 127113 W's) 8 137 201 151 120 142 [sy 06 14s 188 46123 2) ea 13182178142 L2t 1.10 Mes 119 158 1731.98 1z0 108 B75 tee 163 187136 19 1.08 by yr sz9 167 1631.38 108 ep nae 171188 182 1171.07 65 138 175 186 19 116 107 SS 145 181 150 128 115 1.08 8g} 2 167 46 126 tte 1.05 Be y0s 158 192 143 124 143 1.05 Monat a3 n97 140 123 ne 1.04 fr 136 168 201 197 121 11 108 Mo tzs 479210 132 119 1.10103 ANGI Coe ASB Table 3-2 Exposure Category Constants : @ Be : 085 7 “ 08 5 70 005 2 100 (008 Acted tem ai Come Mb = T0ED iu Flatee L Table 3-3 Probubilty of Exceeding Doxign Wind Speed During Reference Petlod ” Pe Years Probability 7 4 2 or 065 5 18 10 0, 02 10 34 18 10 05, 25 “0 22 10 50 a7 PI 40 22 100 98 or 6a 29 Tpeapied wom ANSI Coae ASE.I~1902 Toble Effective Diamet (Weasel Dlamoter Piping With 2't invutation of Without Attach Thickness) Ladders Ladders, and Platforms Tanai 410 1-8 On > alain *Boggevied by nt om ANSE Design of Vessel Supports 65. a ses ae Tis amanienaane Ts Figure 3-1, Structure size factor. Reprinted by permission of the ANSI “Minimum Design Load tor Buildings and Other Structures,” ANSI AS8.1—1982. Copyright 1982 by American National Standards Institute, 1490 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. Figure 3-2. Basic wind speed map of the U ited States. Reprinted by permission trom ANSI "Minimum Design Loads for Bulc- Trae Sag Oiner Structures." ANSI ASE.1—1982. Copyright 1982 by American National Standards Insttue, 1430 Broadway, Now York, NY 10018. ‘‘66 Pressure Vessel Design Manual Application of Wind Forces 2 z souoe : sono aso zouon [2 nee |e wendy : C rencsn, is Meath Figure 3-3. Vertical vessels. Figure 3-5. Vessels on lugs or rings. Formulas General Vessel HD <5oarT < 1 sec, the Teo NV = (see Figure 3-2) | K+ see Table 3-1) I q. = W286 KTV) t Gy = sce Table 3-1) ' Aeuo Fre nciys a Figure 3-6. Vessels on legs Ge 6 A, = (see Figures 3-3 through 3-6) Fe gG.ca, Flexible Vessel IfHID > SorT > 1 sec, then t= 10 V = (see Figure 5-2) K. «(see Table 5-10 4 = WOE KI VE rcs ET TLDesigixo! Vesse: Suprise? ~o zones can more Cony + (see Figures 3:3 through 36) signed by applying one wailorns pressure over the en N= (ace ‘Table 3-4) tire vessel ae 2. Hor “Hleaible" vessels, G is caleulated onl Per-(-P, is multiplied by tle velocity pressure Ky 1, = (eee eight . as (ee “Flexible structdres,” as defined by ANSL ASU 1 Z= 0674 are structures where HID>S or T> 1 yee bor tall Lowers in this category, itis necessary to calculate dh period of vibration of the tower far several reasons. ure ant each a. ‘To determine if the vessel is in the “flexible” cate- to ory. S = (ue Figure 1) ‘lis determnmue if the natural perio of the yeast : ceuites wile the viluaton eqguene y ined by Tw 65 ofl SETS (ye Note 2) the Von Karman vortex trail shedding. thus ine B* 1s 02D. creasing the amplitude of oscillation F = q, G CA; (compute for each elevation) ‘Vessels that qualify is “flexible” may or may nur re- quire “dynamic analysis.” Dynamic analysis is a check for elastic instability. Dynamic stability (clastic —— Notes instability) should be investigated if R,,/t > 200, eee eee ere aac H/D> 15 or if the vessel excerds the eritical Tine in 1. Short vessels ur horizontal vessels whose height Figure 3-9, For additional inlormanon see the section such that they are divided berween two presue | entitled “Vibration of T in Chapter 1: PROCEDURE 3-2 SEISMIC DESIGN FOR VESSELS [2,3] _ Figuee 3-7) (1.5 where ne ste = struetane cortfivient structure resunanee cect ancalysis has been 1, operating weight of vessel, Ih Ww = uniform weight of vessel oF stack, Ib/ft F, = lateral force applied at top of structure, Ib June) shear, Ib Z = seisinic zone factor (see Figure 3-8) W. Zone 0: 0 Zone 1: 1875 F, = 07 TV or .25V Zone 2: 375 Zone 3: 75 Zone 4: 1.0 = 0, if T<.7 see . whichever is lesser oF ‘occupancy importance factor (1.0 for vessels) © Structure response factor overall height of vessel £6 He D = outside diameter of vessel, ft Te period of vibration, secunds (see Figure 3-7) 1 nao, y = deflection, N = number of column legs where CS 12 : A = cross-sectional area of leg braces, in? csea4 ig ~ acceleration due 10 gravity, 386 in./sect 122 KC¥.25 (for vessels on 4 or | T= moment of inertia of pier, legs, stack, ete. int cab legs only) uclulus of elasticity, psi6 ‘Pressure Vessel Design Manual See Figure 39. Note uniform weight distribution and constant cross section Seif supporting stacks, K = 1.33 razasx ro fi feo See Figue 39. 1) a{t + Be consistent wih unis. H, O, and t 21 in feet. Uniform vertical vessels on skirts: K © 1.33 [Ew aes Doan lV DEPP See Procedure 3-6 for definitions. Note variation of either cross section or mass. Nonunitoem vertical vessels; K = 1.33 Legs over 7 tt should be cross braced Spheres anc vessels on braces legs. K = 23, Pier oF Supp: ort ry pier data are unknown use max value of CS = 14. ' t = Wee 24 |: yess igi L_} Te aay Ucrace Beam Horizontal vessel on pier of Tsupporis; K = 1.1 awa > SRE + Ta2r4/ 4, and, are proper- ties of leas. Yao = etiectign at B due to lateral leze at A TH4 or Vesseis in multlevel structures: «= 1.0 J T7RTT— One mass bending-rype siruct i \ {u | Figure 3-7. Periods of vibration and K values for vessel configuration’ ee ee ee ¥‘yo ‘oun, “D0) ‘sroauiBU'3 son} 10 Uo}ssiuod Aq poludoys “soYs Is 1eQYPUIAD 40} ONeIGIA Jo Povlad “6-E BANS fx MorieweeA 40 CQr¥lG amas ye means 0 80) w * pressure Vessel Design Manual 70Notes 1, Vessels mounted in structures at some elevation other than grade generally will experience amplified ase inotion near and abuve the matural frequencies of the support structure © Laght resseh (less than 1% of structure weight) 44. If vessel flequeney > structure frequency, them vessel is subjected (© maximurn acceleration of the structure b. Invessel frequeney < structure frequency, then vessel will not Le alfected by structure. It will respond as it were mounted at gracle Ledixon vessels (Wess than 20% of structure weight): Approvitnate methods may be used wo develop the instructute Tespanse spectra, ‘The method used should account for interaction between vewel and sircture (cueryy feedback). Consideration should be given (o account for ductility of the vessel. . For tall slender vessels, the 1: Design of Vessel Supporis 74 © Lary eevsely (siugle large vessel oF inuliple Large vessels): ‘The vessel(s) is the principal vibrating ele tment, It requires a combined seismic fnodel, which simulates the iniss and stiffness properties of vessct and structure concern is bending For short, squat vessels the nant cuncern as base Ifthe period of vibration (P.O.V.) of a uniform vessel is grower than the solid line on the chiurt; the vessel should be checked for vibration. Lnitially, all vessels with a POLV sgreiter that seconds wene aceke for dynamic stability; however, it was lout that ves sels with high wD/U ratias were giving satisfictary service even thigh their POW exceeded seo nds, Vessels which exceed thiy fine ate tu be caus ered beyond the seape of this text and reysive aly analysis. For additional information Chapter 1, * jon of Vall “lowers.” “PROCEDURE 3-3 SEISMIC DESIGN—VESSEL ON UNBRACED LEGS [1-7] Notation V = base shear, Ib Z = seismic zone factor ‘occupancy importance factor, 1.0 structure response factor structure coefficient, 1.33 structure resonance coefficient, 1.5 operating weight, Ib number of legs . vertical seismic factor horizontal seismic factor static deflection, in. vertical seismic force, Ib horizontal seismic force, Ib allowalle axial stress, pai allowable bending stiess, psi seismic force applied at top of vessel, Ib Euler stress divided by safety factor, psi maximum eccentric load, Ib 1 f, = maximum axial load, tb G = lateral load on leg, Ib = axial stress, psi = bending stress, psi E = modulus of elasticity, psi = acceleration due to gravity, 386 in./sect eecentricity of legs, in M, = overturning moment at bane, in Ib = overturning moment at tangent hi bending moment in leg, inIb summation of moments of inertias of all legs perpendicular to Fp, in. El; = summation of moments of inertia of one leg perpendicular to Fy, in.* 1 = moment of inertia of one ley perpendicular (0 4 inelb distance fue centeeid 40 extre coelhient, 6 for conspar tae = end connection coctticient, 1.5-2.0 eriad of vibration, see ion, in.4D OS. 28 Vanous leg contiguretions lata and forces for a vesse! supported on unbraced legs. Figure 3-10. Typical dimensional ci| Table 3-5 Ky End Connection Coctticient @ Buckled sap ef coluna ¢s showa by dashed lng Hhouretal Ky value os Flecommended cesign value wnen saest conc vans ate approximated Rotation fned and wansiavon tee Fotation ee and translation tned de teteeicriia aura Ftauon faxed and tanslationt100 é Rotation tree ad tanstaiwn Wee ‘The following iuformation is needed to complete the leg calcul No. Le Siz y Ae 1. +e Ene ce eee Kye = Eee see F- ieee (Gee Table $6) [erases © Deflection, 9, in aw Sa ESL deflect to 6 in. per 100 ft or equivalent propor tien, © Final of erliatan, Ty se. Jlavle vee cect Mens ep duet od fer aeee eee - gos caw Bee eriraier tH ~ z Dung of Vexsul Supports 73, Table 3-6 F,, Allowable Compression Stross Main and Secondary Members © Structure sespnse factor, €. : 19 vt css.14 cs.2 Note # Base sheen, VU VeZICKSW © Horizontal fou at tp of eewel, yt = 07 'T V or .25V whichever is less or = OT <2 sec / © Morzantal force a ¢ x uf vessel, By, Ub RoVvOr74 Pressure Vessel Design Manual © Vertical force at e.g. of cess, FU Downward: (~) Fo = W or + GW Upward. (+) F, = (C,- IW if vertical seismic is greater than 1.0 © Qverturming moment at base, Yn. My = LF, + HF, Note: Include piping moments if applicable. © Qverturning moment at bottom tangent line, in. Ap = (b= OF, + (H = OF, © Maximum eccentric load, {. F, m feces nD Note: fj is not considered in leg bending stress if legs fare not eccentrically loaded. + * Axial load, ib. a ond f) compression = RO aM, (tension = + nnd \ wateral lod on leg, fi, 15. Base shear is distributed to the egs based on each leg’s ability to resist the shear. i.e., stiffer legs take @ higher portion of the shear than weaker legs and vice versa. Stiffness in the legs is in turn de! “mined by the moment of inertia of the legs perpendicular to the horizontal force. An example il- lustrating this is shown in Figure 3-12. Shear forces V, and V, would be computed as follows: Outer legs Outside legs Figure 3-12. Sample pian view of vessel on four legs. Inner legs: Viev bao 2a. +1) ‘Therefore V, and V, are the distribution of the base shear applied to each of the legs. The lateral load on the legs, fj, is equal 10 the base shear on thet leg Therefore the generat equation would be: geXt rT T= moment of inertia of any one leg per- pendicuiar to force Fs Zl, = summation of moments of inertia of all pendicular to force Fi, where 46, Bending moment in leg. Mf, in. M=fhe+he Axil sess in leg, fo BE gaf © Bending stress in leg. fo B24 f= Select appropriate formula from Figure 3-11 Se eng peg ae ee ee ee6 Conubined stras, ‘ pL s15, then IF, he 5 Note ASC Cente allows a one-third increase int allow able swess due to seismic. K,, Hy. and BZ may be ine exes © Maxunuon compressive stress im shell, f pai and Figure 3-13, Dimensions of leg attachment, we 2VRt Above leg: Ine Generah iM, fee (G opr ov ign ol Vessel Supports 75, ¢ compressive strews is hector “BY frum ASME Code. Factor “A” = =o “1% = froin ‘applicable iaterial chart of ASME, Code, Appendix 9 © Shear toad in welds attaching legs b Minced wel Je 3-7 for allowable loads on Tilley welds an. # Anchor bus. WW >4 Mife, the michor bolts should be mache a nimi of Year an diameter. If uplift occurs, then the cross-sectional arca of the bolt required would be: 1 aplift occurs and where Ay = area of bolt required & = axial tension load §, = allowable stress in tension Notes 1. Leys longer than 7 ft should be cross-braved 2. Do nor use legs (0 support vessels where high vibra- ion, shock, oF cydlie service ‘s anticipated, 3. Select legs that give anasumuin strengile for smal Seight for most efficient design. ‘These sections will 1lso distviboute local lnuls over a arger portion af dhe shell 4. For vessels supported on four legs, the manner in which dimension dis measured will vary depenehny on the diiection of the applied force. This is a pecus ity tw satisly dhe computation of axial farce Jegs nay be nade of pipe, channel, angle, rectangus lar tubing, or beam sectionsmo oo oe ee ee ee ee ae er or er ee 'e Piessure Vessel Design Manual ee Figure 3-14. Leg sizing chet 7