32

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 Lect-32

In this lecture ...

• Ideal gas turbine cycles
• Thrust and efficiency
• The thrust equation
• Other engine performance parameters
• Ideal cycle for jet engines
– Turbojet engine
– Turbojet engine with afterburning

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

Gas turbine cycles

• Gas turbine engines operate on Brayton
cycles.
• Ideal Brayton cycle is a closed cycle,
whereas gas turbines operate in the open
cycle mode.
• Ideal cycle assumes that there are no
irreversibilities in the processes, air
behaves like an ideal gas with constant
specific heats, and that there are no
frictional losses.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

Thrust and efficiency

• We will now derive expressions for thrust
and efficiency of air-breathing engines
from the momentum and energy
equations.
• We shall consider a generalized thrust
producing device with a single inlet and
single exhaust.
• We assume that the thrust and
conditions at all points within the control
volume do not change with time.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
m f
Control surface ℑ (Reaction)
u
Ai Ae
ue
u, Pa m a
m e
Ae, Pe
Thrust producer u

y
1 2
m s

x
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

The thrust equation

• The reaction to the thrust, ℑ, is transmitted
to the support. The engine thrust is thus
the vector summation of all forces on the
internal and external surfaces of the
engine.
 
• Therefore, ∑ F = ∫ u ρ (u .n )dA
CS

• Considering the components of force and

the momentum flux in the x-direction only,

∑ Fx = ∫ u x ρ (u.n )dA
CS
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
• The pressure and velocity can be
assumed to be constant over the entire
control surface, except over the exhaust
area, Ae.
• The net pressure force acting on this
control volume is (Pa–Pe)Ae.
• The only other force acting on the control
volume is the reaction to the thrust,ℑ.
• Adding up the forces in the x-direction,
∑F x = ( Pa − Pe ) Ae + ℑ
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
• The mass flow that enters the capture area,
Ai, is m a = ρuAi
• Similarly, the mass flow crossing the exhaust
area Ae, is, m  e = ρ eue Ae
• Also, m e = m i + m f
Or, m f = ρ eue Ae − ρuAi
• Continuity equation for the CV gives,
ρ eue Ae + ρu ( A − Ae ) + m s − m f − ρuA = 0
Rearranging, m s = m f + ρuAe − ρ eue Ae
Which is, m s = ρu ( Ae − Ai )
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
m f
Control surface ℑ (Reaction)
u
Ai Ae
ue
u, Pa m a
m e
Ae, Pe
Thrust producer u

y
1 2
m s

x
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
• From the momentum balance across the CV,

∫ u x ρ (u.n )dA = m eue + m su + ρu ( A − Ae )u − m au − ρu ( A − Ai )u
CS

• This is the net outward flux of x-momentum.

• This equation reduces to

∫ u x ρ (u.n )dA = m eue − m au
CS

• From the force balance equation, we have,

ℑ = m eue − m a u + ( Pe − Pa ) Ae

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
• If we define fuel-air ratio, f = m f / m a
ℑ = m a [(1 + f )ue − u ] + ( Pe − Pa ) Ae
• This is the generalised thrust equation for
air-breathing engines.
• The term (Pe–Pa)Ae is not zero only if the
exhaust jet is supersonic and the nozzle does
not expand the exhaust jet to ambient
pressure.
• However if Pa « Pe, it can be substantial
contribution.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
• The engine performance is described by
different efficiency definitions, thrust and the
fuel consumption.
• The efficiency definitions that we shall now
be discussing are applicable to an engine
with a single propellant stream (turbojets or
ramjets).
• For other types of jet engines (turbofan,
turboprop) the equations need to be
appropriately modified.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
• Propulsion efficiency: The ratio of thrust
power to the rate of production of propellant
kinetic energy.
ℑu
ηP =
[
m a (1 + f )(ue2 / 2) − u 2 / 2 ]
• If we assume that f«1 and the pressure
thrust term is negligible,
(ue − u )u 2u / ue
ηP = 2 =
ue / 2 − u / 2 1 + u / ue
2

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
• Thermal efficiency: The ratio of the rate of
production of propellant kinetic energy to the
total energy consumption rate

ηth =
[
m a (1 + f )(ue2 / 2) − u 2 / 2
=
] [
(1 + f )(ue2 / 2) − u 2 / 2 ]
m f QR fQR
where, QR , is the heat of reaction of the fuel.

• For a turboprop or turboshaft engine, the

output is largely shaft power. In this case,
Ps
ηth = where, Ps , is the shaft power output of the engine.
m f QR
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
• Overall efficiency: The product of thermal
efficiency and propulsion efficiency.
η o = η pηth

• In the case of aircraft that generate thrust

using propellers,
η o = η prηth
Where, η pr is the propeller efficiency.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
• Thrust specific fuel consumption, TSFC
m f m f
TSFC = ≈
ℑ m a [(1 + f )ue − u ]
• For turbine engines that produce shaft power,
brake specific fuel consumption, BSFC
m f
BSFC =
Ps
• For engine (like turboprop) that produce both,
equivalent brake specific fuel consumption,
m f m f
EBSFC = =
Pes Ps + ℑu
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• All air-breathing jet engines operate on the
Brayton cycle (open cycle mode).
• The most basic form of a jet engine is a
turbojet engine.
• Some of the parameters of a jet engine cycle
are usually design parameters and hence
often fixed a priori: eg. compressor pressure
ratio, turbine inlet temperature etc.
• Cycle analysis involves determining the
performance parameters of the cycle with the
known design parameters.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Combustion chamber/burner
Diffuser Compressor Turbine Nozzle

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Afterburner

Schematic of a turbojet engine and

station numbering scheme
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• The different processes in a turbojet cycle are
the following:
• a-1: Air from far upstream is brought to the
air intake (diffuser) with some
acceleration/deceleration
• 1-2: Air is decelerated as is passes through
the diffuser
• 2-3: Air is compressed in a compressor (axial
or centrifugal)
• 3-4 The air is heated using a combustion
chamber/burner
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines

• 4-5: The air is expanded in a turbine to obtain

power to drive the compressor
• 5-6: The air may or may not be further
heated in an afterburner by adding further
fuel
• 6-7: The air is accelerated and exhausted
through the nozzle.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines

4
T

5
3
7

2
a

Ideal turbojet cycle (without afterburning)

on a T-s diagram
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• For cycle analysis we shall take up each
component and determine the exit conditions
based on known inlet parameters.
• Intake: Ambient pressure, temperature and
Mach number are known, Pa, Ta and M
• Intake exit stagnation temperature and
pressure are determined from the isentropic
relations:  γ −1 2 
T02 = Ta 1 + M 
 2 
γ /( γ −1)
 T02 
P02 = Pa  
 Ta 
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• Compressor: Let the known compressor
pressure ratio be denoted as π c
P03 = π c P02
T03 = T02 (π c )
( γ −1) / γ

• Combustion chamber: From energy balance,

h04 = h03 + fQR
T04 / T03 − 1
or , f =
QR / c pT03 − T04 / T03
• Hence, we can determine the fuel-air ratio.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• Turbine: Since the turbine produces work to
drive the compressor, Wturbine = Wcompressor
m t c p (T04 − T05 ) = m a c p (T03 − T02 )
or , (1 + f )(T04 − T05 ) = (T03 − T02 )
T05 = T04 − (T03 − T02 ) /(1 + f )
γ /( γ −1)
 T05 
Hence, P05 = P04  
 T04 
For an ideal combustion chamber, P04 = P03

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• Nozzle: With no afterburner, T06=T05, P06=P05
Therefore, the nozzle exit kinetic energy,
ue2
= h07 − h7
2
Since, h07 = h06
[
ue = 2c pT06 1 − (Pa / P06 )
( γ −1) / γ
]
• Thrust, TSFC and efficiencies can now be
determined using the formulae derived earlier.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• Thrust, ℑ = m
a [(1 + f )ue − u ] + ( Pe − Pa ) Ae
If ( Pe − Pa ) Ae is negligible,
ℑ = m a [(1 + f )ue − u ]
m f m f
• TSFC = ≈
ℑ m a [(1 + f )ue − u ]
ℑu
• Propulsion efficiency, η P =
[
m a (1 + f )(ue2 / 2) − u 2 / 2 ]
• Thermal efficiency, ηth =
[(1 + f )(u 2
e/ 2) − u 2 / 2 ]
fQR
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
6a
T

7a
5, 6

2
a

s
Ideal turbojet cycle with afterburning on a
T-s diagram
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• Afterburning: used when the aircraft needs a
substantial increment in thrust. For eg. to
accelerate to and cruise at supersonic speeds.
• Since the air-fuel ratio in gas turbine engines
are much greater than the stoichiometric
values, there is sufficient amount of air
available for combustion at the turbine exit.
• There are no rotating components like a
turbine in the afterburner, the temperatures
can be taken to much higher values than that
at turbine entry.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
• For calculating the fuel flow rate required to
achieve a temperature of T6a, we carry out an
energy balance,
h06 a = h05 + f 2QR
T06 a / T05 − 1
or , f 2 =
QR / c pT05 − T06 / T05
Where, f = f1 + f 2 , f is the total fuel
flow ratio, f1 is the fuel flow ratio
in the main combustor.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

In this lecture ...

• Ideal gas turbine cycles
• Thrust and efficiency
• The thrust equation
• Other engine performance parameters
• Ideal cycle for jet engines
– Turbojet engine
– Turbojet engine with afterburning

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

In the next lecture ...

• Ideal cycle for jet engines

– Turbofan engine
– Different configurations of turbofan
engines
– Turboprop engines
– Turboshaft engines
– Ramjets

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay