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    24 views14 pages

    Concrete Fiber Design PDF

    Uploaded by

    Rosalio Acosta

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    DESIGN METHOD FOR STEEL FIBER REINFORCED, CONCRETE PROPOSED BY RILEM TC 162-TDF Lucie Vandewatle Katholieke Universiteit Leuvea, Belgium Abstract, ‘This paper deserbes two design methods, proposed by Rilem TC 162 “Test and Design ‘Methods for Stel Fiber Reinforced Concrete ie. the o-t-esign method ov the one hand nd the o-v-method on the other. Inthe former design method the behavior of sea! fiber teinfored eoneret in tension i eharacterized by means ofa stress-strain relation and this ‘method isbazed on Burocode 2. However, inthe ater design method tres-crack opening ‘elationsipis used desribe the posteracking behavior of ste! ibe reinfarced concrete ‘nd this method is based on the etitious crack mode! according to Hillerbor trod [After more than 30 years of research and developments, steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) i unfortunately not tral used in sructrl elements, One ofthe major obstacles ianfed preventing «widespread stuctural use of SFRC isthe lack op validated design nd test methods “Therefore a Rilem Technical Commitee, ie. TC 162-TDF (Test and Design Methods for ‘Steet Fiber Reinforeed Coneres) hat been set up in April 1995, The objectives of TC 162-1DE are = toset up design method fo: ste! fiber reinforced concrete = make recommendations for suitable test methods. From the beginning it was decided that bot items shouldbe weated simultaneously because ‘hey are interrelated, ‘The Technical Commitee consists of two subgroups, Le, one group describes the postercking behavior of SFRC by means of stress-strain diagram (6-) and the other by ‘using astress-erack opening relation o-¥}. st ‘This paper mainly describes the work done by the o-c-group since the “desien method” Proposed by the a-w-roup sl as tobe discussed within the Technical Commitee. ‘Two daft recommendations have already been published in he Rilr-journal "Materials and Structures, i, one regarding the "BENDING TEST" [1]. necesiry to determine te ‘©e-iagram in tension and he other concerns the "o-«-DESIGN METHOD" [2 ‘The target date for completion ofthe Commitce's work is 2000, 2 e-Design method ‘The objective of the c-esroup was f0 propose a design method [2] which fulfills the following requirements ~~ itshould be simple enough so that it canbe used by a structural engines for practical applications = it should be compatible withthe present design regulations so that itis possible to combine it with the available cleulation methods for reinforcd and prestressed concrete ~itshould make optimum use of the postracking behavior of SERC. ‘The Buropeanprestandard ENV 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2 : Design of Concrete Structures - Part |: General rates and rues for buildings) [3] hasbeen used a a gevetl framework or this design method proposed, The calculation guidelines are vald for SERC with compressive strengths of up to CS0/6O. Ste! fibers an also be used in hgh stenath ‘sonerts, i, concrete wih fg 2 50 Nim’ However, cae should be taken thatthe ste ‘vers do nor break in a rite way before beng pulled out Since Eurocode takes ony pre-peak behavior of concrete in tenson ito account ad de tothe ft that primary the post peak behavior is affected by the presnce of sel ides, ‘1 o-ereation which deseribes the postracking behavior of SERC ha oe lid down In order to determine the parameters, which are usod to characterize the postracking behavior of SFRC, experimentally, displacement controlled thteepoin bending ests [1] se conducted on notched pss, 2.1 Bending test Concrete prisms of 150 x 150 mn eross section witha minimum length of $50 mm axe sodas stander test specimens. These speeimens are intended fr concrete with see ‘bers longer than 60 mm and agaregat larger then 32m, ‘The beams are notched sing a saw. Fach beam is turned 90° from the casting surface and 52 oP SURFACE OUR CASTING noren ‘ckoss = SECTION sercmeN FFigate 1: Postion of notch sawn into he test beam. ‘hen sawn through the wisth ofthe beam at midspan (se Figure 1). |A schemati picture ofthe test setup is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: Test set-up of three-point bending test ‘The apparatus measuring defetion should be capable of recoding accurately the nete deflection at midspan, i. excluding extraneous deformations de to deformations ofthe ‘machine andor ofthe specimen supports, The deletion has obo measured a both ses ‘ofthe prism (=> 8,54). The recording ofthe displacement de othe ening ofthe mouth ‘ofthe notch (CMOD) by means ofa linear displacement transduce is optional. The tstingmachin sould bs operates te mesredne-efetan othe speinen 2 mipn nests with cans rae of 0.2 min il ese et pa Sefton is eaced. Dri eing he veo end (Fmd eae a tmiipan(3 =, *§,)2) ae rede comin. From the measured F-Siagram (see Figure 3) the following mattis! parameters are caleulated ~ limit of proportionality fag = equivalent flexural tensile trength sand fa, 2.2 faa qs a fs “The load a the imi of proportionality (Fin Ns determined according to an appropriate diagram in Figure 3. Assuming a tress disibuton, a8 shove in Figure at midspan ofthe test beem,the limit of proportionality canbe calviated using the following expression o Where B= width ofthe specimen (mm) hhy= distance between tp ofthe notch and top of eros section an) 1 span ofthe specimen (rn), , (Fis equal to the mean fore recorded inthe shaded area Diy; (fa,) and can be ‘aelated follows Pinas, Panae 6s “050 i o toad F (4) y= highest value in the interval ora NN deflection & [mm] Figure 3: Diagrams. where Df Df (fay » Daan) = contribution of steel fibers to the energy sorption capacity (Nm) (se Fue 3) Assuming at midspan of the rim liner stress dstrbation see Figure 4), the equivalent flexural tensile stongth {and fy can be determined by means of the following equations (eq2) (e03) Figure 4: Stress distribution assumed, 3 Shas ol 065 o (vim?) © 23e-e-dlagram “The proposed stres-strain diagram both in compression and tension ishown in Figure 5. ‘The G-oreation for compressed SFRC is identical to that of plain cenerete In tension 'SFRC is considered clastic til the peak load, The pesteracking behaviors charetried by to “stresswvalues, fe O45 fs and 0.37 fa ‘i. Which follows from the energy absorption eapacly provided by the steel fibers il deflection ofthe standard specimen of about 0.7 mim, i aleulated considering a Tear laste stress distribution in the section (see Figure 4). However, in reality, the stress 1 ‘design value ofthe increase in shear strength due fo sts fibers He O12 fags (Nm) “More than 100 test results of SFRC beams have been used to esis the predictive relation For Vo 60 ‘Checking against crushing atthe compression struts oceurs similarly a for plain concrete, ie. by means of Va (3) ‘The minimum shear reinforcement (stirrups + sel fibers) must be such that their shear ‘sistance isa fest exalt the sear resistance of plain concrete Full details coneering the calculation procedure ofthis ninimum shear reinforcement are available i (2). Serviceability limit state When an unericked setion is wed, both SFRC and ste! bars are assumed to behave lasticlly i tension as well a8 in compression. tna cracked section, however, SFRC is supposed 1 be elastic in compesion and capable of sustaining a tensile stress equal to 045 fas Intheabsence of specific requirement (.e. watertightess,.), the criteria forthe maximum design erack width (3) under the quasi-permancat combination of loads [3], which are ‘mentioned in Tuble 1 for different exposure clases, may be assumed, ‘Table Criteria fr erack wid Exposure | soe ser | sto! ibers+ Hee bers + lass cxinary reinforcement | posttensioning | pre-tensioning i oo © 02mm 02mm 03mm | 03mm 2mm —_[ decompression” special erck limitations dependent upon the nature ofthe aggressive ‘cavionmen involved have to Beakea (©) + the dscompression limi requires that, under the frequent combination of loads [BJ all prt of the tendons or ducts lie a least 25 mm within eonerete in ‘compression (05) + far exposure clas 1, crack width has no influence on durability and the fmt ‘oul be relaxed or deleted unless there are eter reasons forts inclusion, “The calculation ofthe design cick wih in SFRC is similar to that in normal reinforced coneret (3), M7 San Fan 00) 6 were w= design crack width (mm) Sn = the average final erack spacing (um) jo" mean see strain allowed under the relevant combination of action forthe effets of tension stifeing, shrinkage, =a coefficient eating the average crack width to the design value However, when calelating git has to be taken into account that the tensile stress in 'SFRC after cracking is not equal to zero but equal to 0.45 fa (= 0) ¢3 shown in Figure 8 ‘No modification in the formula to determine mean fin! crack spacing sq has been proposed The value ofthe crack spacing i assumedto be independentof the fier content. However, in reality, the crack spacing in SERC will be smaller due ta the following vo phenomena = improvement of bond between rebar and concrete due tothe adtion of see fibers = postrackng tensile strength of SFRC. So the supposed calculation method forthe crack width canbe considered as conservative, Details regarding calculation of minimum reinforcement A, in order o obtain controled ‘rac formation in SFRC can be found in 2], e& oe (0 (0) (o) Figure 8 ; Suess distribution in cracked section, 3. e-w-design method ‘As mentioned inthe introduction, ony some general description ofthe «-w-design method [A canbe given inthis paper since the proposed o-w-modeling sil ha to be discussed Within Rilem TC 162-TDF. ‘The ability ofthe fibers to provide erck bridging forces, ithe postrcking behavior of ‘SFRC, i deseribed through the so-called stress-rack opening or e-w-rlationsip. This is e well known approsch in the description of crack formation in plain concrete, originally fuggested by llrborg (}.Latethis approach has also been suggested by Hillerbog (61 for use in the description of formation of cracks infer reinforced eonrete where the ‘model now primarily describes the stresses carried by fibers acros a tensile eack in the ‘Compose material is funeton of the exack opening, Depending on whether the material under uniaxial tension is experiencing multiple cracking or formation of single rack the overall constitutive behavior for sein structural ‘ileulaions shouldbe chosen according. Inthe proposed o-w-design method only the case wherea single crack is formed under unt ‘ial tension is considered Inthe case of single cracking the o-w-elationship ite is part ofthe constitutive relationship. Structural calculations can be formulated either as non Tinea finite element calculations describing the cracks through the smeared or discrete ‘rack approach or through som> kindof analytical or semi-analytical approach which ‘icc takes the dseret racking inlo account using the stress-erack opening relationship, Examples ofthe application of the proposed a-w-design method ean be found in (8,9) Iti assumed that the SFRC considered here showsa linear response in unas tension up to peak load Afler peak load one dizerote crack Is frmod. It is Furhermore assumed tht the discrete erack formation is described by the stes-crack opening (0-w) relationship. Thus the following material parsmeters are fundamental in the constitutive relations of SSFRC in tension: the Young's modulus E, the tensile suongth f and the stess-rack ‘opening relationship denoted a,(v), In compression iis simply assumed that he behavior islinear elastic and thatthe Young's modus isthe same asin tension, In onde to determine the stresecrack opening telatonship experimentally, deformation controlled tensile test are conde on notched cylinders. ull details ofthe estsc-up ean be found in [7] and wil probably be published a8 "Recommendations of FC162-TDF* at the end of 2000 in "Materials and Structures” 4. Conclusions ‘Actually, only avery few design tools are avilable which can predict the mechanical {ehavior of srusturey conned of SFRC, This i de tthe fact tht primarily the post peak behavior iaffected by the presence of steel ibers while most design toolsused bythe ‘Srucural engineer akes only pr-peak behavior int account Basically there are two diferent ways to describe the behavior of SFRC under tension, especially the non-linear posercking behave: the stress-strain relation (ore) and the stresecrack opening relation (65¥). These two models have been restraint by Rilem ‘TC 162-TDF to setup design methods for SFRC. The o-edesign method is based on Eurocode 2 while the o-w-design method is drived from the fictitious crack model according to Hilerborg. 5. Acknowledgements heauthor gratefully acknowledges Prof H,Stang forthe critical review ofthis contribution References 1 L.Wandewalle et a, "Recommendations of RILEM TC 162-TDF: Test and design methods forsee fibre enforced conerete Bending et", Materials andSiructues, Vol33,N°225 (2000), 3-5 2 LiVandewale etal, "Recommendations of RILEM TC 162-TDF : Test and design ‘methods for ste fibre reinforced concrete: -e-design method’, Materials and Soructares, ol 33, N° 226 (2000), 75-81, 3. Fropean pre-standard; ENV 1992-1-1: Burocode 2: Design ofeoncrtestuctues Part I: General rules and rales fr buildings (1991) 4, HiStng and P-Ross, "Design of ite reinforced concrete, ntmal report RILEM TC 162

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