Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Economy Shipping Case Answers PDF
Economy Shipping Case Answers PDF
Page 1
DataGiven
Depreciation:
Assumption:
Though the case pertains to time period of 50's we are using a 20 year depreciation schedule
Year %age
1 3.75
2 7.22
3 6.68
4 6.18
5 5.71
6 5.28
7 4.89
8 4.52
9 4.46
10 4.46
11 4.46
12 4.46
13 4.46
14 4.46
15 4.46
16 4.46
17 4.46
18 4.46
19 4.46
20 4.46
21 2.25
100
OTHER ASSUMPTIONS
Page 2
DataGiven
Page 3
DataGiven
tion schedule
on other boats/ships
Page 4
REHABILITATING BUYING DIESEL BUYING DIESEL CONTRACTING CONVERTING CONVERTING REHABILITATING
CYNTHIA WITHOUT BOAT FOR 20 BOAT FOR 25 DIESEL BOAT FOR CYNTHIA CYNTHIA 1 YR CYNTHIA WITH
SPARE PARTS YEARS YEARS 25 YEARS IMMEDIATELY FROM NOW SPARE PARTS
Income
Income by selling
Cynthia 25,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00
Income by selling spare
parts 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00
PV Scrap value of diesel
boat 4,830.92
PV Scrap value of
inventory parts 5,574.14
Total Income 30,000.00 65,405.05 55,000.00 55,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 0.00
Expenses
Opportunity cost of not
selling Cynthia -25,000.00 -25,000.00 -25,000.00 -25,000.00
Purchase of diesel boat -325,000.00 -325,000.00
Opportunity cost of not
selling spare parts -30,000.00
Cost of converting
Cynthia -115,000.00 -155,000.00 -178,636.36 -71,500.00
PV of operating cost -1,729,363.68 -1,333,632.96 -1,421,821.28 -1,421,821.28 -1,630,005.30 -1,659,010.23 -1,729,363.68
PV of overhauling -23,132.60 -32,051.22 -32,051.22
Inventory -75,000.00 -75,000.00 -75,000.00
PV of annual payment -212,596.93
PV of tax to be paid on
undervalued boat -2,318.84
PV of tax to be paid on
undervalued inventory -2,675.59
Tax on income -14,400.00 -31,394.43 -26,400.00 -26,400.00 -14,400.00 -14,400.00 0.00
Total expenses -1,883,763.68 -1,793,154.41 -1,880,272.50 -1,767,869.43 -1,824,405.30 -1,877,046.59 -1,855,863.68
Tax shields
PV of tax shield due to
operating expenses 830,094.57 640,143.82 682,474.21 682,474.21 782,402.54 796,324.91 830,094.57
Depreciation of Cynthia's
book value 8,387.99 8,387.99 8,387.99
Depreciation of Cynthia
after rehabilitation 24,420.73 32,914.89 46,322.16 15,183.32
PV of tax shield from
annual payments 102,046.53
PV of tax shield from
overhaul expenses 11,103.65 15,384.58
REHABILITATING BUYING DIESEL BUYING DIESEL CONTRACTING CONVERTING CONVERTING REHABILITATING
CYNTHIA WITHOUT BOAT FOR 20 BOAT FOR 25 DIESEL BOAT FOR CYNTHIA CYNTHIA 1 YR CYNTHIA WITH
SPARE PARTS YEARS YEARS 25 YEARS IMMEDIATELY FROM NOW SPARE PARTS
Loss from selling Cynthia
due to difference in MV
and BV 6,960.00 6,960.00 6,960.00
PV of tax shield by
depreciating inventory 15,926.56 15,926.56 15,926.56 8,525.59
PV of tax shield from
spare parts 6,480.00 6,480.00 6,480.00 6,480.00 6,480.00 6,480.00
PV of tax shield by
depreciating diesel boat 69,015.10 69,015.10
Total Tax Shield 869,383.28 749,629.12 796,240.45 813,887.30 830,185.42 849,127.07 862,191.46
Equivalent annual cost -115,619.03 -114,883.75 -113,366.98 -99,039.56 -113,251.10 -117,209.25 -116,710.38
Opportunit
y cost of
capital 0.1
DEPRECIATION OF CYNTHIA
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
YEAR
Page 9
Scenario 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
PV TAX SHIELD
Page 10
Scenario 1
Page 11
Scenario 1
ATION OF CYNTHIA
$39,500.00
Page 12
Scenario 1
###
Page 13
Scenario 1
Page 14
Scenario 1
AX SHIELD
AX SHIELD
Page 15
Scenario 1
Page 16
Scenario 1
Page 17
Scenario 2
PRICE $325,000.00
INVENTORY $75,000.00
Page 18
Scenario 2
Page 19
Scenario 2
PV OF OVERHAULING 23132.6
TAX SHIELD FROM OVERHAULING 11103.65
PV OF TAX TO BE PAID ON UNDERVALUED BOAT AT T=20 $2,318.84
PV OF TAX TO BE PAID ON UNDERVALUED INVENTORY PARTS $2,675.59
TAX SHIELD FROM LOSS INCURRED ON SELLING SPARE PARTS
DUE TO DIFFERENCE IN BV AND MV 6,480.00
TOTAL INCOME $65,405.05
TAX FROM INCOME (SELLING CYNTHIA, SPARE PARTS AND THE
SCRAP VALUE ON DIESEL BOAT AND INVENTORIES) $31,394.43
TOTAL TAX SHIELDS $749,629.12
TOTAL EXPENSES ###
NET COST $978,120.23
Page 20
Scenario 2
N 20 YRS
Page 21
Scenario 2
Page 22
Scenario 2
Page 23
Scenario 2
AX SHIELD
Page 24
Scenario 2
AX SHIELD
Page 25
Scenario 2
Page 26
Scenario 3
PRICE $325,000
INVENTORY $75,000
Page 1
Scenario 3
Page 2
Scenario 3
Page 3
Scenario 3
25 YRS
Page 4
Scenario 3
Page 5
Scenario 3
Page 6
Scenario 4
Page 7
Scenario 4
Page 8
Scenario 4
$75,000.00 $15,926.56
Page 9
Scenario 4
Page 10
Scenario 4
Page 11
Scenario 4
Page 12
Scenario 5
YEAR DEPRECIATION %
1 3.75
2 7.22
3 6.68
4 6.18
5 5.71
6 5.28
7 4.89
8 4.52
9 4.46
10 4.46
11 4.46
12 4.46
13 4.46
14 4.46
15 4.46
16 4.46
17 4.46
18 4.46
19 4.46
20 4.46
21 2.25
PV TAX SHIELD
Page 13
Scenario 5
DEPRECIATION OF CYNTHIA
YEAR DEPRECIATION %
1 3.75
2 7.22
3 6.68
4 6.18
5 5.71
6 5.28
7 4.89
8 4.52
9 4.46
10 4.46
11 4.46
12 4.46
13 4.46
14 4.46
15 4.46
16 4.46
17 4.46
18 4.46
19 4.46
20 4.46
21 2.25
Page 14
Scenario 5
TOTAL COSTS $1,794,405.30
TOTAL TAX SHIELDS $830,185.42
Page 15
Scenario 5
PITAL EXPENSE
WRITE OFFTAX
AMNT
SHIELD
PRESENT VALUE OF TAX SHIELD
###
###
Page 16
Scenario 5
WRITE OFFTAX
AMNT
SHIELD
PRESENT VALUE OF TAX SHIELD
###
Page 17
Scenario 5
TAX SHIELDS
Page 18
Scenario 6
SINCE 70,000 IS SPEND IN T=1, IT CANT BE WRITTEN OFF AT T=0, SO SEPERATE SCHEDU
DEPRECIATION OF CYNTHIA
YEAR DEPRECIATION %
1 3.75
2 7.22
3 6.68
4 6.18
5 5.71
6 5.28
7 4.89
8 4.52
9 4.46
10 4.46
11 4.46
12 4.46
13 4.46
14 4.46
15 4.46
16 4.46
17 4.46
18 4.46
19 4.46
20 4.46
21 2.25
Page 19
Scenario 6
YEAR DEPRECIATION %
1 3.75
2 7.22
3 6.68
4 6.18
5 5.71
6 5.28
7 4.89
8 4.52
9 4.46
10 4.46
11 4.46
12 4.46
13 4.46
14 4.46
15 4.46
16 4.46
17 4.46
18 4.46
19 4.46
20 4.46
21 2.25
Page 20
Scenario 6
TOTAL COSTS $1,877,046.59
TOTAL TAX SHIELDS $849,127.07
TOTAL INCOME 30000
Page 21
Scenario 6
AR HENCE
WHAT IS MENTIONED IN SCENARIO 1
SO SEPERATE SCHEDULES
OF CYNTHIA
Page 22
Scenario 6
$154,500.00
OF 70,000 IN T=1
$70,000.00
###
###
Page 23
Scenario 6
Page 24
COST COMPUTATION OF REHABILITATING CYNTHIA
Case: With spare parts
DEPRECIATION OF CYNTHIA
YEAR DEPRECIATION %
1 3.75
2 7.22
3 6.68
4 6.18
5 5.71
6 5.28
7 4.89
8 4.52
9 4.46
10 4.46
11 4.46
12 4.46
13 4.46
14 4.46
15 4.46
16 4.46
17 4.46
18 4.46
19 4.46
20 4.46
21 2.25
YEAR DEPRECIATION %
1 3.75
2 7.22
3 6.68
4 6.18
5 5.71
6 5.28
7 4.89
8 4.52
9 4.46
10 4.46
11 4.46
12 4.46
13 4.46
14 4.46
15 4.46
16 4.46
17 4.46
18 4.46
19 4.46
20 4.46
21 2.25
PV TAX SHIELD
YEAR DEPRECIATION %
1 3.75
2 7.22
3 6.68
4 6.18
5 5.71
6 5.28
7 4.89
8 4.52
9 4.46
10 4.46
11 4.46
12 4.46
13 4.46
14 4.46
15 4.46
16 4.46
17 4.46
18 4.46
19 4.46
20 4.46
21 2.25
PV TAX SHIELD
$39,500.00
$71,500.00
###
$43,500.00
###
SUMMARY
Page 1
Economy Shipping Company
It is recommended that Economy Shipping Company (ESC) replace the steamboat, Cynthia, with a new diesel
powered boat.
The analysis assumed no operating cost in 1950. Although ESC was presumably still in service during this
analysis, the costs associated with the project evaluation were not accounted for until 1951. It was also implicit
implicit in the NPV calculations that any upgrade required subsequent to 1950 could be performed without any
interruption to the daily operations and were performed at the beginning of the year. Therefore, the stoker
upgrade and the engine replacements were considered on Jan 1st of the intended year and did not require
any downtime for the installation.
Since ESC was considering other projects with a rate of return of 10%, each of the above options were
considered using the same rate of return. The company’s balance sheet suggests that management was
very conservative. The debt-to-equity ratio in 1950 was 0.075, indicating that the company could easily borrow
at the going rate of 3% without fear of bankruptcy. Moreover, the company had sufficient funds to purchase four
new diesel-powered boats. Overall, ECS was in a very strong position to quickly upgrade their fleet and gain
any advantage that may come with the new diesel-powered boats.
The influence of the union to change the working hours for the crew members is noteworthy in this analysis. If
the union succeeded, the steamboats would not be capable of accommodating the 3-shift requirement and
therefore be noncompliant with the new regulation. If the new regulation had fines associated for any vessel not
in compliance with the new guidelines, the results for the steamboat scenarios would only get worse. In this
case, the diesel-powered boats could accommodate the anticipated ruling and therefore continue to operate
without fear of being unlawful.
Another disadvantage against rehabilitating Cynthia was its age. At the time of the decision the steamboat had
already been in operation for 23 years. Although, the realizable cost to renovate the steamboat was already
known, the intangible aspect of this alternative was the status of the boat once refurbished. It should be noted
that with any overhaul, there are still aspects to the boat that will remain old and will eventually fail. The
maintenance and repairs listed in the case appear to indicate general maintenance and not a catastrophic
event as is suggested. The cost of another large repair that is associated with age has not been calculated
for but must be understood as a variable to the rehabilitation options.
The tax savings associated with purchasing the new diesel-powered boat is yet another advantage over the
steamboat. With a lower operating cost and higher depreciation (see appendix) the purchasing option saves
approximately $11,500 less in taxes (option 4 vs. option 1).
During the 25-year useful life of the boat, Economy will save $287,500.
The equivalent annual cost (EAC) analysis was used to evaluate each option. The rehabilitation options had a
useful life of 20 years, whereas the purchasing options had a useful life of 25 years. The replacement technique
would have required a 100-year analysis. Instead, the EAC procedure returns an annualized cost for each
project and allows both the rehabilitation options and the purchasing options to be compared without much
hassle.
Between the two rehabilitation options, the option of immediately converting to stoker firing resulted in the
lowest NPV (-$970, 889 vs. -$988,249). The additional $30K associated with waiting the two years before
performing the stoker conversion explains the discrepancy between these two options. The immediate
stoker conversion resulted in an equivalent annual cost of $114,040. Compared to the two purchasing options
($110,833, $111,402) the cost of the rehabilitation option was slightly higher.
Although both of the purchasing options were optimal compared to the alternative of rehabilitating Cynthia, the
the effect that the union’s proposition would have on the shipping industry would obviously increase the cost
of doing business. If the controller’s instincts are correct, the NPV calculation for the purchasing option would
increase by $4,850 and the EAC would increase by $570. Although these dollars would eat into the profit, the
alternative may be far more costly if fines are administered for those vessels not in compliance. While the
analysis may suggest that the two main options (overhaul vs. purchase) are close in cost, it is obvious that
all the intangibles associated with this case that the purchase of the new diesel powered boats guarantees a
successful future, whereas the steamboat option is dependent on unlikely events.
http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=97850
Economy Shipping
Economy Shipping Company (Abridged)
Question 1. What are the relevant cash flows under each of the two alternatives? And in what years do they occur?
We decided to divide this alternative in two parts. Part A is Rehabilitation without parts and Part B is Rehabilitation with parts.
Facts/Assumptions
• Market value of Conway: $25,000. This is the Opportunity Cost of not selling the Conway at year 0.
• Rehabilitation costs: $115,000. If spare parts are used, rehabilitation costs would be $71,500.
• Market value of spare parts: $30,000. This is the Opportunity Cost of not selling the spare parts at year 0.
• No dismantling and scrapping costs at the end of useful life (This will be covered by the value of the scrap and used parts).
• Book cost of Conway, including rehabilitation costs, would be depreciated over a 20-year period.
• Depreciation according to the straight line method = (Cost - Residual value) / Useful life. For the rehabilitation alternative, resi
• ATCF(After-tax cash flow) will be calculated using the formula = Operating Costs after taxes plus Tax shields from depreciatio
Here are the depreciation cash flows, the tax shields from depreciation and their present value:
|| | | | |
| | | | |SHIELD |
| | | | | |
|YEAR |DEPRECIATION % |WRITE OFF AMNT |TAX SHIELD |PV OF TAX SHIELD|
| | | | | |
The relevant cash flows for Rehabilitation of Conway without parts are:
| |0 |1 |2 |3 |
|YEAR |DEPRECIATION % |WRITE OFF AMNT |TAX SHIELD |PV OF TAX SHIELD|
| | | | | |
| | | | |SHIELD |
| | | | | |
The relevant cash flows for Rehabilitation of Conway with parts are:
| |0 |1 |
| |parts | |
| |parts | |
We recommend the purchase of 1 diesel-boat since this option offers the lowest cost for the company. All NPVs are negative b
do they occur?
Present
Depreciation Write Off
Year Tax Shield Value to Tax
% Amnt
Shield
Present
Depreciation Write Off
Year Tax Shield Value to Tax
% Amnt
Shield
Present
Depreciation Write Off
Year Tax Shield Value to Tax
% Amnt
Shield
Present
Depreciation Write Off
Year Tax Shield Value to Tax
% Amnt
Shield