c) Creep of Concrete:

Creep is the time dependent deformation due to permanent force. In

prestressed concrete, prestress is the permanent force in the member,
causing compressive stress at the level of steel. Hence there is creep strain
in the member.

Creep strain = x Elastic strain

Elastic strain =

is the stress in concrete at the level of steel.

Loss in prestress = creep strain x

TOTAL LOSS OF PRESTRESS:

If prestress is measured at the time of pulling the wire, the stress is termed
as the jacking stress. Deducting the loss due to anchorage take-up and
friction, initial prestress is obtained. Effective stress is usually the initial
stress minus other four losses namely:

Loss due to

1. elastic shortening

2. shrinkage of concrete

3. creep of concrete

4. relaxation of steel