116 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE INELASTIC INTERIOR BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS by T. Ichinose* ABSTRACT “Equilibrium of forces” is the principle used in the current Now 2ealand code requirenents for shear reinforcement of ban colunn joint. This principle, hovever, yields irrational or empirical aspects of the currant code requirenents. The latter principle as well as a sinplification of stress distribution along the periphery of the joint can yield a design equation to calculate the necessary amounts of shear reinforcerent in inelastic interior joint. Normally, this design equation requires smaller amounts Of shear veinforcénent than the current New Zealand code, especially for the following case: a} the Joint shear stress is small, bj the axial force is small, ¢) the amount of top beam reinforcement is larger than at the bottom, and a) the amounts of vertical shear reinforcement is large. IRBAPIONAL ASPECTS OP CURRENT NZ CODE ‘The current New Zealand code for concrete structures, ZS 3101:1982(1), requires that the horizontal shear rein— Sorcenent within a beam colunn joint must carry the total Joint shear force unless the axial force of the colum is large enough or the plastic hinge regions of the beans are relocated away from the colunn faces. This requirement is based on the theory of truss ané strut actions proposed by Paulay et 21 (2). ‘his requirement has raised inter- national arguments. Park et al (3) con ducted a test on a specimen which satistied the requirement, and concluded thet the requirement was not overly conservative. On'the other hand, Kitayana et al (4,5) also conducted an’ experiment on a specimen which satisfied the Yeguirenent, and con eluded that one half of the shear rein= forcement requires by the New Zealand code as enough to keep the shear reinforcement In the Joint elastic aster reversed cyclic lowding to a large deflection angle. The specimens of both experiments had many sinilarities: small axiel load, large ratio of column depth to bean bar diimeter, etc. The largest difference between the specimens was, in the author's view, that the ratio of the anount of the top bean reinforcenent fo that of the bottom (Agy/Agp) was 2 in Kitayana's specimen, whefGas; in Park's Research Associate, Department of Architecture, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466, Japan. specimen, the ratio wae 1. the author believes that Paulay's theory (2) includes limitations which yield inrational or empirical aspects of NZS 3101 as follows: (2) Current design equation for inelastic Joint to evaiuate the contribution of conerate to the horizontal joint shear’ Strength is act based on tha theory of truss and strut action. Tt utilizes an empirical equation for shear design of beam and colann. (2) current eguation for inelastic joint ignores the effects of the difference between the atount of top and bottom bean Reinforcenent, then the anounts of top beam reinforcenent are larger than at the bottom, the flexural concrete compressive stresses In the beans will not completely diminish after inelastic load veversals- this will have favourable effects compared vith the fase of equal top and bottom bean reintorce- went. (3) Current design eguation gives the femount of horizontal sheer reinforce~ nent regerdlese of the anoant of vertical shear reinforcenent present. However, they must be related to each ocher. The amount Of the intermediate longitudinal reinforce- ment in a column will often be larger chan the raguired amount of vertical joint shear reinforcement. The excess of the vertical Shear reinforcenent can decrease the necessary amount of horizontal shear reinforcenent ‘SULLETIN OF THE NEW ZEALAND NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR EARTHOUAKE ENGINEERING, Val. 20, No, 2, Jone 1987ALL these irrational aspects indicate the linitation of the basis of current equations, "ehe principle of equilibrium of Gnner forces". A force polygon of inner forces may cozrectly represent an equilib~ zium of stresses for a few special cases, but not necessarily for all the cases. ‘the objective of this paper is to develop a design equation for joint shear Eelnforcenent based on the principle of equilibrium of stresses. This design equation will overcone these irrational Sapects. 2. SCOPE AND ASSUMPTIONS ‘This paper deals with a one vay interior joint as shown in Fig. 1. Area of loft and Hight colunn bare ig assumed to be the samo. Area of top bean bars is assuned to be equal to oF larger. than bottom bean bars Uige, aay) Preatressing steel is not : EB) Ast SAsb bot Ko het rae X~ omrtomastos oe game: cowsimnD Stress distributions along the periphery of the joint are modelled as shown In Fig. 2: in other words, the following ascunptions are made. Statonents shown in ['} indicate the effects or the results of the assumptions. (a) anchorage of bean bars, is good enough TIERIE Me otnes "(inie afeenpeion requires. that the best bars garry es mich Stites co posoibic op to tneir creratrength, TeyUita "Sebel strength enhaneanene Eactor ane Syltaatetrangeh) both in tension tnd in’conbression.} "the' forces in the £9p and bottom beam bars, Ty, Tz, Cy] and Cyay are given by the foliowlng équations. TAAL, @ Ty = Cy * Spa - Aap ity @ 17 Cg l=T) => \] he ' 1 <— =AspMy PIG, 2 - ASSUMED STRESSES ALONG THE PERIPHERY OF A JOINT ‘his assunption implies that the concrete hear the upper face of the bean does not Garry any compressive force (2). The Compressive force of beam concrete at the bottom, Co1 , 18 given by the following equation: Cath % . a The horizontal joint shear force, Vjh. is (b) Compressive stresses of the beam concrete near the botton face are unigormly distributed. ‘The centroid of the compressive stresses is assuned to coincide laith the location of the bottom beam bar. (c) shear forces, tron the, teft end right mms are the same. Shear forces introduced by the top and bottom colunns fare also the sane. (2) Forces in the tensile and compressive column bars, T, and Cgc, are calculated by Assuming that fhe colin section renains plane after deformation and by assuming an hppropriate stress-strain model for conerete. Contributions of the inter mediate column bars to flexural strength fre ignored in this analysis. The inter~ mediaee colunn bars are assumed to serve be the vertical shear reinforcement only.118 (therefore, forces of intermediate colunn bars do not appear in Fig. 2-] (e) Compressive stresses of column concrete are assuned to consist of the following eo components 1. Concentric uniform compressive stress ‘over the distance of jo. The resultant of those stresses is° By in Fig.2, 2. Eccentric uniform compressive stress, the centroid of which almost coincides with the location of the compressive column bars. ‘The resultant of the stresses is C. [The aistribution of concrete compress~ ive stresses resulting from this sesumpeion Right be conciderably different fron that obtained by the pane section analysis which was utilized to calculate the forces in the column bars. However, the values Of Poy and Ce can be estinated by the equations if’the Slowing paragraph to represent correctly the concentric component and the eccentric component of the stress distribution of the plane section analysis. Thug, this essuap- fion is justified. ] ‘The assumptions (b), (a) and (e) lead to the following equation for the wenkicaly ‘The eccentric component of compressive concrete force, Ce, can be calculated by the following equation, which is derived from assumptions (c) and (e) and it includes the verticsl shear fores. €e = Yyy 7 Te + Yb ~ See 6 ‘The concentric component of compressive concrete force, Pay, can be calculated by the following equation, which is derived fron assumptions (c), (a) and (e) and include the axial force. Poy Pet Te he PtP wy om (a) to ‘amp In addition to the assumptions fe) shown in Fig. 2, the following ai tions are nade: (£) Bond forces of beam bars are unifornly Gistributed over the length of 5, shown in Fig. 3+ Bond forces along the colunn bars are also uniformly distribsted over the length of 3, (g) concrete carries no tensile stress, but it may carry infinite compressive stresses. [The objective of this paper is Limited to develop an equation to calculate the necessary amount of josnt shear rein= forcenent. 30 a compressive failure of joint concrete se not considered. | SHEAR RESISTING ACTIONS ‘The following three actions are considered. in Fig. 2. FIG. a 3 ~ ASSUMED DISTRIBUTION oF BoND FORCE ‘ALONG BEAM BARS WITHIN A JOINT Truss action defined in Fig. 4, where Vgy 48 the hoop action induced by the ®Y vertical joint shear reinforce: ment, Vey 48 8 part of the hoop action induced by the horizontal shear reinforcement, Pg, ig the concentric component of the conproseive concrete stress from the soluane: Ope in the horizontal direction is a part of (1) + - Veo}) and (28 * veo}), the bond force trafsfertsd from the top and bottom beam bars less the shear force transferred from the column, (Sp/ig) Oey inthe vertical direction Sye8l (ra's Gye vps the bond force, tralatert6a trbn’ the ere Sno rsgne column pars Less the shear force transferred fron the Beans. this definition leeds to Oe = Ge/Ig) Te + Sye YB) Ss — a i FIG. 4 - TRUSS ACTION‘The value of Vep is given by the following equation because the principle tensile Stress of concrete must be zero as chown by Nohe's etrese of Fic. 5- dg Sex Men 5p ey Vagr @ atk Mend (Bcie) IG. 5 ~ SOHR'S STRESS CIRCLE FOR TRUSS RETZON (2) Quasi strut action A defined by Fig. 6, | PIG. 6 ~ QUAST STRUT ACTION A where is part of the hoop action induced by the horizontal shear reinforcenent, ‘qa Coa 48 part of (T+ 12), the bona ‘a4 fore transzerred from the top bean bar, where we assune that one half of Ogq flows above the top beam bar daa the other half of Qga flows below the top bean ber, Cga if PAEE Of Coy the eccentric J conponant ofthe concrete compressive force transferred fron the column, and equals Coy, the concrete conpress- ‘aa ye force transferred from the beam. 119 The eguilibrian of forces requires that a (ao) Vong =Saa! <6, ‘ga qa" Sqa’ “Set {his action can be decomposed into tKo actions: the strut action (diagonal Compression) shown in Fig. 7(a) and the bond action (horizontal compression) shown in Fig. 7(b), Tt appears unrealistic to Besune that hoop action Vga, works directly fon the bean face as shown'in Fag. 7(a) ae Yong ae the horizontal joint shear rein- Eoreenent consists of Kops enclosing coluna bars.” This assumption will be Sustitied 3h Appendix 1. Bcc [gz ie L fy (b) Bond Action FIG. 7 DECOMPOSITION OF QUAST STRUT REPION A (3) Quasi strut action B defined by Fig.8, ee JS 7a veoES vel Ee x ve Oe Coo! FIG. 8 = QUASI STRUT ACTION B120 where is the remaining part of the hoop action induced by the horizontal Shear reinfoxcenent, ‘ab Qyp i the renaining part of the bond ‘ab force transferred from the top and bottom bear bare less the Shear force transferred from the colunns (= Py +9 ~ Veo, = Ore Va where ve assine that’Sne alls of Qgp flows above che top and below we botton been bar end the other half of Qgp flows below the top. and above%the botton beam bar, and Cgp 28 the remaining part of the ‘GP concrete compressive force trans ferrea from the column. ‘he eguilibriun of forces requires thet Nab = Sp" 71 82 = 29,-y, Yoot “Sex “Yaa ‘col Sex Voor ~ Ge/tp) Pg *Sge- Mp? B20 Vy, an This action can be decomposed into two actions: the strut action (diagonal com- pression) shown in Pig. 9(a) and the bond Action (horizontal compression) shown in Fig. 3(b). The right sige of the equation (ij can be negative when the forces in the bottom bean bars are considerably smaller than those in the colunn bars. In such & case, ve should consider another shear Eesisting action. However, such a case would be almost impossible under the Gurrent requirement that Ages 2A. VoEy Ls = = (b) Bond Action FIG. 9 ~ DECOMPOSITION OF QUAS STRUT ACTION ACTION B It should be noted that the sum of equations (3), (10) and (11) gives the total, horizontal joint shear force, Vyp. 9, a2 ex * a * Oy = jy 4. DusTGW_BQUATTON If ve sinply aéd all the horizontal hoop actions required in the three shear resisting mechanisms Listed above, we obtain the necessary anount of horizontal joint shear reingorcenent. aa Yon * Vga * 2% pt Yen Ne define the horizontal joint shear reinforcanent as the hoops placed between ‘the top and bottom bean bars. This defin- ition leads to equation (14) ‘whien gives, ‘the necessary amount of horizontal joint shear reinforcement. The remaining hoop factions, (Vag +Vg) /2 above the top beam bar and Van befde the bottom bean bar, are segunda to be carrioa by the hoops in ‘the columns above and bolow the joint, Fospectively. This assmption will be Aiseussea in Appendix 2 +y, aay Yan * Yqa/? * Vgy * Yen ‘sh Substituting Vey in the equation (8) into eguation (14) lelds Settee: ip Mee Yan 7 Maal? * Yo te ETD as) Substituting Vga, Yop and Qer from the equations (10)7°(11f-and (8) into Bq. (15) Gives the following design equation to Galculate the necessary anount cf horizontal Joint shear reinforcenant In order to compare the above equation with the current NZ code reguirenents, let us consider the case when: det dy + T= (+ 0y)/2, and Cyer Mp and Vag, are much smaller than Vine then, equation (16) reduces to y, v ‘sh » Tn” Reet hap TFT an ‘his relationship is presented in rig. 10 by the’ bold continuous or broken ine. for the cose of A./A., = 1 or 2, respectively. values given BY AB curzent code (1) are presented by the Fine lines for the case of~se, NELASTIC JOINT = Bere 2Ase | Proposed — NZS 3101 Peres ° 1 i 3 i PIG. 10 - RATIO OF REQUIRED HORIZONTAL JOINT SHEAR REINFORCEMEN? TO TOTAL JOINT SHEAR FORCE FOR THE CASE WHEN Jon igt Ty (Ey + 1/2, GS Vine Yeon << ¥yq and << U5, £4 = 40 Mpa. This figure implies that in not situations the proposed equation Fequires less shear reinforcenent than the current coae, ~. os} INELASTIC JOINT Hea Bas Pow Proposed Nzs 3101) ———— e, a 0 7 2 Yn 11 = RRTIO OF REQUIRED WORIZONZAL JOINT SHEAR REINFORCEMENT TO TOTAL JOINT SHEAR FORCE FOR THE CASE WHEN Va, = Jot Te = (By F7Q)/2. jet Veet’! Yj M2 VS Vy, Yayt Je one yan According to the proposed design equation, if ic possible to make the anoint of the horizontal shoar reinforce- tent the same as that of the vartical Substituting Vyy = Vey ineo the equation (27) and separiting the variables yielas J This relationship is shown in Fig. 11. ‘This figure implies thay the anount of horizoneal joint shear reinforcenant need not be equal to the total joint shear force even when the axial force is zoro. 5. VERIFICATION OF SHE PROPOSED EQUATION Because the proposed design equation is based on the assumetion that the anchor~ age of the bean bars within the joint is, satisfactory, we should choose tests with good anchorage. Unfortunately, most of fhe existing tests of boan-column sub arsenblagas available to the author had poor anchorage of beam bars excepe the Following four specimens: (a) unit 2 by Park and Milburn (1), Specimen C2 by Kitayama et al (4), specimen C3 by Kitayama et al (5), aha (2) sposimen sw10 by Tehinose ane Aoyama (6) - Details of these mecinens cre Listed in Table 1, where specimens €2 and C3 are Tsted in'the sane column because they are simost identical except that. the ratio of horizontal joint shear reinforcenent, PAjh/ Wbe3pl, of specimen C3 is about Bice 22 thSe¥oe specimen C2. characeer~ istic daca are underlined. in this table, fy indicates the measured yield strength The horizontal josnt shear force, Vin Was celculeted with Bg. (4), assuming that the steel strength enhancencnt factor, }, was 1] and escinating the colunn shear wien Ipfhe Moor T= Tay Mt) 8) ‘The tensile and compressive forces of the column bars, Tg and Cgc, of this table were calculated by the plane section Gnalysie assuming that both the column Steal and concrate were linearly elastic and the modulus of elasticity of concrete was 1/15 of that of steol and ignoring the tensile strength of concrete. This assumption is identical with thee of the Gurrent Japanese code (7) £0 calculate Allowable bending moment at a column Section. This assumption would be justi- fied because the compressive atrain of the column concrete obtained by this analysis was omall enough. in the actual122 ABLE 1 - TES? SPECIMENS FOR VERIFICATION [REFERENCE PARK KUTAYANA ICHINOSE Specinen unit 2 cz 1031 swL0 Concrete + £2 (mPa) a3 25.6 27.3 span (nm) 5740 Section (am) 229 (nm) 457 25, em 245, Top bars 9-p16 Pe tah 1 . yp PaD Bottom bars’ rp t 2 fy (uray column span: Ly (nm) 3380 Section : b, (nn) sos | bh (mn) 406 Pc) 322 Ten. 6 Comp. bars 2-924 2, (ipa) 473, 2 ecky 0.80 Col Becky 0.53 axial Load: PAE! | 0 ogee 00 goint shear: Vy,/Agi o.392 Vertical bars 2-p2e 18, (oa) a7 1 Veg/Bgt et : av Raf! 0.084 Horizontal bare 16-RI6 tp, 3.06 2 &. (NPa) 320 Voy/Vgy given 10s Yyn/Tjy Beast o.7a-r.og | (aactility facto)} (4-6) Vay!¥jp Proposed 0.98 Vann 82S 00 design, however, the desioner ney choose Sry nethose in Calcatating fe and Secs "Ven/Vjh given" in this table indicates Jf nore the denominator Vyp, 12. the cdlctiaedd horizontal shear force.’"ns the Fatios Po/Agic' ere Lose shan dei in al the specfheds’ the corrent Now fealane code (Min = 1.00 a8 indicated in whe Q) requires Vg able. the last line In the test of Unit 1 by Park et al (3), the tensile force in the horizontal joint shear reinforcement, Vgy, was measured by the strain gauges. The average of the neasured ratio of Van/Vjn (whece the. denominator Vjn wes°éisd'the measured value) tao. 0.78 c6 the second cycle of ductility factor 4." the ratio intreased up to 1.06 when the ductility factor was 6. These data ave indicated in the tine "Y—,/Vjp mese'a" an Table 1. The ratios of” >" Vgn/Vjn Calculated by the proposed equation ahd the current Nz code ("Vah/V jn ProD'e™ and "Vg,/Vyy NZS" in Table Iwate about 1.0 which read with che measured ratios.the ration Yen/Vjy vas algo nenpured in ene eb of ehdMpDUsnane C8 ond C2 oy HeSthas at SE Wank se tne natlo ua SEEGGNG Sled ee the apacintns C2 and C3 tc tne dines cycle be abet lity factor about St "Utne daseility feceer was aleigted ccotding to Park’ and Peuday (ela) he BEETS Nee gy eolcalsved by" che propeved Sauetiok 026y aszead vita the nenored SEeio‘Geteer than thee by the cussene 8 Eedes Yiode) the’ main redeons vy the Sropsand equatin give a satio’ leh smaller Baretta, Beer (2) the amoane of the top bean bars was twice that of the botton, and (2) the anount of the intermediate colum bars was sbout three tines of that required by the current W2 code. tn Specimen S110 tested by Zohinose et al (6) the teneiia force in the horiaontsl Joine duces relntorcencnt, Ugpr wos not Rasureds sudging tran the Sick asatri- Bution witnin the goint, however, the Rorisoatal joint. shear ceintcreenent. aia for yield even ster, tne apeciaen was Subjected tothe eyclic Lending of Suctitity Feclor spout 5. So, we cam astune that the Proportion of ihe joint sheat’fores carried Ey"Ehe nowssontal Joint shear seinforcenent, gps wae dese than 0.76, Nay/gn given UsPtadle T° dhe racio Vou/Vyp Ealcdreted by the proposed equation’. 2, agrees with this'tobe Pesci acter than chat’by che Sberent iz codes ‘the main seasons: shy the proposed equation gives the satio consider Biysmalse then oniey ares (2) the ratio (7, + Vey) /Vgye the horizontal axie of Fig. 10, Yarge”s astfargdMas 1.3, and (2) the distance between the extrene column bars is larger than that between the top and bottom bars (o/Jy ¢ 3-4) Tt would be valuable to examine the test results of Specimen Cl of Ritayana et al (4). The dinensions and reinforcing Getails of specimen Cl are alnost identical With those of specimens C2 and C3 except that the ratio of horizontal joint shear reinforcenent, Cy, of specinen Cl is 0.276. This ratio py ss“aboat one third of that required by the proposed equation (16). Strain of the sheer reingorcenent of this Specimen Cl reached the yielding level when the flexural yielding of the bean bars was observed, he strain increased beyond the yielding level after the inelastic cyclic Yosdings. The shear deformation of the Joint, hovever, was alficst the same as those Bf specimens C2 and C3. Shear failure of the joint was not obsevved in specimen Cl. the load deflection relationship of this Specinen was spinie-shapea even at the Loading excursion of ductitity factor about 5. Tn short, the Joint shear failure was prevented with shear reinforcenent less chan Bhat required by the proposed equation (16). A generalization of conclusions from the above observations is, hovaver, not justified because of the following’ reasons: Assune again that the bond forces of the bean bars within j, aze uniformly dis- 123 tributed as shown in Fig. 3. Then, the bond Stresses of the top beam baz, tee, of speci mon Cl (ae well as C2 and c3) ist nen, Lsafa, ghee 5.5 cua tat * Bee S. Te oe where Pat is the sun of the perineter of the top beat ‘bars and dp is the ioneter of one beam bar. The bond stress of the botton ‘beam bar is: 20, 2£ 6, ae eas zi (wear sh Pap de noth of those values are aualier than that De GaEe Pee ebeket al" GN ahere tor ses Sete ate) “Purehers the ratio ne) of specimen Ch ie"30y vadeh te"darger Chin tne HEglestene, SF the Sovsene ne ekde for" grade BP eiaeht porate See hence, ies prebapie thatthe Bond! ebrteces toy = 5.8 MPa ond ree es aba In apecinek'Cl were" consider SEiy"sualibr chin’ the Sond’ sevensene TE so, the distribution of bond stress needs not be uniform as shown in Fig. 3. One possibility se shat the bond stress is Ieree where the beam bars are in compression and is’snail where the bean bars are in tension. This deviation of bond stress in the compression sone could be carried by & strut mechanism shown in Fig. 12, which does ot need hoop action. Such a redistribution Of bona stress requires horizonta: strain along the bean bar, which might induce yield~ Ing of the horizontal joint shear reinforce— CoafTT] ; a FT TCse it oo FIG, 12 ~ ALTERNATIVE STRUT ACTION DUE 70 HON-ONIPORM BOND FORCE, 0... Te should be noted that the strut mechanisn of Fig. 12 can be realized hen the average bond stresees of the beam bars are smaller than the bond strength. There fore, reduction of horizontal joint shear reinforcenent based on the strut mechanisn Of Fig. 12 requires the ratio of he/Gg £0 be larger than the minimum specs eis,124 2 ao concrusrons ‘the principle of the equilibrium of steess 25 woll as simplification of stress distribution along she periphery of tha jeint can yield a design oguation (26) for inelastic intersor joint. @ Normally, this design equation requires smaller anount of shear reinforcement than the current Nz code, especially for the Following cases: 3 a) the joint shear stress ie enall, b) the axial force is small, ©) the anount of top beam reinforce- ment is larger thanvat the bottom, ane ) the amount of vertical joint shear reinforcenent is large. ‘The proposed design equation agrees with results from the following es tests which seemed to contradict each other a) Park and milburn (3) concludea that the current nz code requirement was not overly conservative, end b) Kitayama etal (5) concluded that one half of the shear reinforcement required by the current NZ code wae enough to keep the joint clastic. ACKNONLEDGENENTS A major part of this study was done when the author was a visitor at the University of Canterbury fron July 1985 to January 1986. Grateful thanks are due to valuable support, discussions and encouragement by Professors: R, Park and T. Pauley, Professor S. Otani of the University of Tokyo for several suggestions REFERENCES a. N28 32011982, "Code of Practice for the Design of Concrete Structures", Standards Assceiation of New Zealand, Wellington, Part 1, 127 pp. Pare 2, Lllpp. Paulay, T., Park, Rey and Priestley, M.J.N., "Reinforced Concrete Bean~ Célama’goint Under Seismic Actions", Journal of the Anerican Concrete Institute, Proceedings, Yol.75, No.1, Nov. 1978, pp. 585-593. Park, Rs and Milburn, J.R-, *Comparigon of Recent Wev Zealand and United states Seismic Design Provisions for Reinforced Concrete Bean Colunn Joints end Test Results from Four Units Designed Accord~ ing to the New Zealand Code", Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Yol.18, No. 1, March 1983, pp-3-24. Kitayana, K Royana, i. Kurusu, K., Otani, S. and ‘improved Bond of Beam Bars The suthor also thanks APPENDIX 1 action A that the hoop action, V, and aysteretic Behaviour for R/C Interior Bean-Colunn Subassenblages", Proceedings of Annual Neeting oF Architectural Institute of Japan, Oct. 1985, pp.293-294, (in Japandse) « Kitayama, K., Kurwsa, Ko, Otani, 8. and Aoyana, d,, "Behaviour of Bean Coluna Connections with improved Bean Reinforcenent Sond", Transaction of the Japanese Concrete Institute, Vol.7, 1585, pp-551-555) Ichinose, T., Aoyama, #. and Kai, ¥., "Experingntal Study on Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Subassenblages with siittea Spandrel Walls", Proceed~ ings of Eth World Conference’on Barth- quake Engineering, Vol-6, July 1984, bp. 469-016. Architectural Institute of Japan, "Building Code Requirenonts ané Commentary for Reinforced Concrete Structures, 1382", Architectural Institute of Japan, Tokyo, SE5PP. Japanese) « (an park, Re, and Paulay, P., "Reinforced Canetese structures", John Wiley ana Sons, New York, 1975, 769pp. HOOP _ACTIONS OUTSIDE THE EXTREME COLUMN BARS ‘The assumption in the quasi strut 1 works Sitactap on'the lett bean face s8chben Sn Figs 710) ean he Sustifiea a5" follows: ‘The upper left corner of Fig. 71a) is enlarged end shown in Pig. 13fa). jy eke er (c) Plausible state FIG, 13 - TENSILE STRESSES DUE TO QUASI STRUT ACTION‘The broken lines indicate the location of the column and beam bars. The actual hoop action mst be as shown in #ig. 13(c)~ Because of its anchorege, forces from the horizontal joint shear réingorcenent mst be opplied where hoops enclose colums bars. Re a sunnation of Figs. 13(s) ana (13) equals Fig. 13(6), the tensile ceress in Fig. 13(b) ie required to sustain the quasi Seeut action of Pig. 13(a). This tensile Strous 1 incompatible with the assumption that the conerete does not carry any tensile stress. We should note, however, that the bean bars in this region carry a farge amount of conpressive force, which vould Cancel the tensile stress shown in Pig. 1305). ‘Therefore, the quasi strut acticn of Fig. 13(a) or Fig. 7(b) will be sustained. We can alse jastity the assumption with regards to the pond action in Fig. 71D) that the hoop action Vga is applied directly on the right bean face!” The assuned hoop action Vgg of Fig. 7(b) equilibrates with the bond‘atresses of the bean bars distrib- uted between the eternal colurn bars, as Shown in Fig. 3. 50, hoop action botween che external colunn sare can consticute the bond action of Fig. 7(b) APPENDIX 2 HOOP ACTIONS IN ADJACENT ‘COLUMNS We can justify the assumption in eguation (14) that hoop actions above the Sop and below the botecr bean bers exist. As long as the columns are elastic, so that the flexural cracks between the columns and the joint are narrow enough, the bond stresses of the bean bars can Flow into the neighbouring colums as shown in Fig. 14, “the stress flow in Fig. 14 does noe impede the shear strece flow within. the Columns, shown in Fig. 15. The stress flow in Fig. 14 does not impede the flexaral Gonfinenent of concrete by the hoop rein- Forcenent around the compressive regions of the columns, either. Therefore, the stress flow of Pig: 14 should be acceptable. FIG. 14 - FLOW OP BoD STRESSES TNTO ADJACENT COLUMNS Fie. 125 NN [ 1s - Phow OF SHEAR stREssEs WITHIN ‘COLUMNS APPENDIX 3. NoTAPTON + Gross concrete area of column section (= Beli) Ayy + Total area of horizonte? and 3v * Vertical joint shear reinforce ment, reepectively Ap ¢ Area of top and bottom heam ‘sb * Yeinforcement 2 Width of column 2 Eccentric conponent of column concrete compressive stresses Compressive force in bean concrete around top bean bars Part of C constituting the quasi erat aceon R Part of Cp constituting the quasi, seeut action # Compressive force in bottom bean bars : Compressive force in top beam bars + Conponent of column concrate conpress— {ve stresses constituting an alter- native strut action + Compressive force in column hars conpressive strength of concrete : Yield strength of steel hy + Depth of beam and column respect- ively + Distance between top and bottom bear bare Distance between extreme colunn bars L, ¢ Distance between inflection ‘© * points of beans and columns, Fespectively + Column applied axial load + Concentric component of column concrete compressive stresses Ratio of beam tention reinforcementRatio of horizontel joint shear | Ugg, * Beem and column shear forces Feinforeenent © Ryp Gy Be) Fespectively Qq ¢ Part Of bond force trom Cop bean Vyy + Vy Horizontal and vertical joint 92" bars carried by the quasi strat ge" U3v * Shear force Action B Yaa ' Vgp * Pext of hoop action in quasi Qy, | Part of bond force from top and ad - strut actions A and B bottom beam hars carried by the Vey | Voy + Tensile force carried by 4 horizontal and vertical’ joint 3 Yon-uniforn conponent of bean bond shear reinforcement 7 forces constituting alternative Peer ® 1 Tnelination of concrete compressive seas stress in truss action Og, ¢ Part of bond force trom top and igs ocdduett eenancasest rea tet bottom beam bars less the column Be ft see ae See shear fore carried by the truss @ : Concrete compressive stress in truss section setion 1 Ty + Tensile foree in top and +: Concrete shear stress in truss action bottom beam bare ‘Tensile force in colunn bars + Bond stresses around top and hte i 8 * poetom beam bars226 This paper istheresult of deliberat ns of the Society's discussion group on. EISMIC DESIGN OF DUCTILE MOMENT RESISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES SECTION 5 DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS R. W. G. Blakeley” NOmAnION Ay = gross area of section, an? Ayn = effective total area of horizontal ‘gh Joint shear rainforcenent, mné Ayy © effective total area of vertical joint shear reinforcement, A, ~ area of bottom bean flexural,rein- forcenent at column face, mn Ab = area of top beam flexural reinforcenent at column face, mn? A, = lesser area of colum flexural rein~ Forcenent in tensile or compressive face at joint, mm: J = greater area of column flexural rein- "ic" Porcenent in censsle or compressive joe at joint, mm be = overall width of column, an by = effective joint width, nm b,, = overall wideh of beam, mm Sn ge? Vie specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa fy = specified yield strength of non- Prestressed flexural reinforcement, MPa. + specified yield strength of horizontal yh" Joint shear reingorcement, MPa fyy 7 specified yield strength of vertical vv” {Sint shear reinforcement, Da hy = overatl depth of beam, mm hg © overall depth of colum in the direction of horizontal shear to be considered, nm + design axial compression column load, including vertical prestressing force there applicable, occurring simult= aneousiy with Voy Ny Pgg * foxes after all losses in prestressing steel passing through a joint within the central ehird of the beam depth, ¥ horizontal joint shear force resisted by concrete shear resisting mechanism ony, ® Voy * Yertical joint shear force resistea by concrete shear resisting nechanion ony, © = totai horizontal shear force across a joint, Nt Vy oF V2) Vyy * total vertical thear force across a WV joint, N = total horizontal joint shear force ine dizection, © ge * design Engineer, Ministry of Works and Development, Wellington. = total horizontal joint shear Force in 2 direction, Vay * horizontal design joint shear force to be resisted by horizontal joint shear reinforcement, 0 Vy " vertical design joint shear force to be resisted by vertical joint Shear reinforceneat, M vyy ® Nominal horizontal shear stress in effective joint area, mPa 4 = capacity redvetion factor = 0.85 score oho Provisions are made for the design of bean-column joints subjected to the forces imposed hen a frane sustains inelastic lateral displacements under earthguake leading. Both one-way and two- way Zranes are considered. Design for horizontal and vertical shear forces 1s required for both possible cases of plastic hinges forming in the beam or the column. Special concessions are made for significant colunn axial loads, for inclusion of prestressing steel, and for vere members are designed 40 that plastic hinges will not form next to the joint. The objective of the design requirements is to make the Joint stronger than the coincident hinging inenbers, and therefore to avoid significant Gnelastie behaviour within the joint core. 92.0 DESIGN FoRcEs 2.1. ‘The design shear forces acting on a bean-colunn joint should be evaluated from the waxinum forces in all menbers coincident ae the joint at flexural over-strength of the Ringing member or members. he columns Of two-way frames, where beans frane into the Joint from to directions, these forces need’ only be considered in each direction independently. 52.2, The magnitudes of the design horizontal Shear force, Vy, and the design vertical shear force, Vy, in the joins should be evaluated fron’ rational analysis taking into account the affects of all forces acting on the Joint. 93.0 GENERAL, REQUIREMENTS 33.1 For shear desion of the joint the capacity reduction factor, $, should be ones. 93.2. The nominal horizontal shear stress inthe joint in either principal direction, ignr should not exceed 1.5VE4 v, were vy * pe 5 Be wy 33.3 The effective joint width, bj, showla ‘BULLETIN OF THE NEW ZEALAND NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, VOL. 10, NO. 4, DECEMBER 1977be taken as (@) whore by 2 », either by = by or by =, +05 hy whichever is the 3 smaller. (b) whore BL < by, either », = 5, Seay, orb, = BL + OSh, whichever is the 3 ‘snaller- 94.0 REINPORCENENE 4.1 General 4.1.1. A rational system should be provided ko resist the horizontal and vertical shear forces induced in the joint. J4.1.2 ‘the provisions of 74.2 and 74.2 apply to joints in which the shear reinforce- ment comprises horizontal and vertical stirrups Or bars. The yeguired horizontal and vertical Joine shear reinforcement should be placed Githin. the effective joint width, defined in J3.3, Felovant £0 @ach direction of loading J4.1.3. Special Joint reinforcement details, auch as diagonal bars bent across the joint in one of both Girections, or other special devices, may be used if i¢ is shown by analysis and/or tests that the shear forces that may be induced during large inelastic Sefornations of the coincident beans are adequately transferred by an acceptable Mechanien and that anchorage of the flexural Feingorcenent across the joint is assured. 54.2 Horizontal Joint shear 54.2.1 ‘the horizontal desisn shear force to'be resisted by the horizontel joint shear Heinforcenent should be mn Yen = Yoh (a) where Vqq is the allowable horizontal shear carriedby the concrete shear resisting nechanien 4.2.2 The value of Voh should be assuned tobe zero excest in the following cases: (e)_ hen the minimum average compressive stress on the grose area of the column above the joint, including prestress vhere applicable, exceeds 0.1 £4/C5 Von = 9.25 (4 £4) JGRS EE en 2) [Re Fe 05 be) Bf, e (3-3) (b) hen beans are prestressed through the Joint Von © 9:7 Peg (ay where Pos ie the force after all losses in the pretressing stesl that is located within the central third of the beam depth ‘the values of Vch obtained from #4. (J~3) and 8g. (J-4) may beaded hen applicable. 227 (c)_When frame design preciudes the formation of any beam plastic hinges at the Joint, or when all beans at the joint are detailed so that the critical section of the plastic hinge is Located at a Sistance of not Lese than the depth of the henber or 500mm, whichever is greater, Bway from the column face, oF for external Joints where flevural steal is anchored dctside the column coxe in a stub in Secordance with £4.44 v5 Bas # : (3-5) except that, where the axial column load results in tensile stresses over the gross Conerete area, the value of Voy should be ISnearly interpolated between'the value given by Bq. (-5) with Ny taken as zero, and zero at an axial tensile stress of O02 #2. Thereafter the entire horizontal Soint’shear should be resisted by reinforce- 54.2.3 the horizontal shear reinforcement should be cepable of carrying che design shear force 20 be carried by the reinforce mont, Ven; aeross a corner-to-corner Siagonal tension crack plane. The effective total arex of horizontal reinforcement that grosses the critical failure plane, Geternined according to the orientation Of the individual tie legs with respect to this failure plane, ond that is within the effective joint width, bj, shold not Be less. cha (3-6) Any tie Leg between bends around colunn bare that does not cross the potential failure plane, or is shorter than one~ third of the dimension of the column in the appropriate plane of bending, should be neglected. The required number of horizontal sets of stirrup ties or bare should be placed between the outermost layers of Ehe top and bottom bean reinforcement, and should be distributed as uniformly as\is practicable. 44,3 Vertical Joint shear 94.2.1. The vertical design shear force to be resisted by the vertical joint shear reinforcement should be gy = AE so Vow (wy where Voy #6 the allowable vertical shear tarried by the concrete shear resisting nechanien- 34.3.2 The value of Vey should be determined from Ago V. vay 2 Ps Ne @ ov Re TRE except (a) Wnere the axial column load results in tensile stresses over the gross concrete area, the valoe of Vey should be linearly228 interpolated between the value given by Bg. (9-8) with fy taken as zero, and zero at an axial tensile strass of 0.2 £2+ Thereafter che entire vertical joint shear should be resisted by reinforcenent. and (b)_ Where plastic hinges are expected to form in the column above or below the joint, ae part of the primary seismic enerey dissipating mechanism, Vj, should be assumed to be zero for any axial Yoad. 4.3.3, the vertical joint shear reinforcement should consist of intermediate column bare, placed inthe plane of bending betueen corner bars, or vertical stirrup ties, or special vertical bars placed in the colunn and adequately anchored to transmit the required tensile forees within the joint, J4.3.4 The area of vertical joint shear reingorcenent within the effective Joint, width, by, should not be lecs than i ev y The spacing of column bars in each of any beans framing into a joint Should not exceed 200 mm, and in no cas should there be less than one intermedia bar in each side of the column in that plane. (9) J4.4 Confinement The horizontal transverse confinenent reinforcenent in beam-colum joints should not be less than that required by N6.1, except for joints connecting beams at ail’ four column faces that are not expected to form plastic hinges or are designed according to J4.2.2(b) or (c), in which case the transverse joint Feinforcenent may be reduced to one half of that required in 6.1, but in no case shoul the stirrup tie spacing in the joint core exceed ten times the diameter of the column bar or 150mm, whichever is loss. 95.0 ECCENTRIC BEAN-COLUMN JOINTS 95.1. The eccentricity of any bean relative to the column into vhich it franes should not exceed that permitted in E4.1, except as allowed in g5.2(b). 8.2, ALL joint design provisions of this section apply except that (a) In addition to the effective joint width limits of 93.3, the following should apply: bys Put %e 40.25 e 4 z z (b)_ Where the eccentricity exceeds that permitted in £4.1, all of the required Flexural steel in’the colum should be placed yithln’ the effective joint aren, byhes Additional longitudinal colurn reiffsrconent should be placed outside of the effective joint area in accordance with HS.2. COMMENTARY 30.0 HoRATION Ay = area of leg af tie sot CL = compression force in the concrete ‘ in the flexural compression zone of a bear Ch = compression force in the compression 3” Seihtorcenent of a bean ff = averstrencgeh of longitudinal rein~ ¥ forcement, generally 1.25 fy for Grade 278 steel 1/2) = span of beam between centre-to-centre 1°2 ~ oe guppores: Lin,ton = length of clear span of beam, Ins"2n Reasured face-to-face Of supports Agel} = height of column, centre-to-centre ee” of Floors or root Mf .my = flexural over-capacity of bean YM * SeGcion et faces of = column 2 = tension force in tension reinforcement restressing force at faces of & p’> ~ Ebfann at Flemral capacity of section horizontal shear force across a column, cul.o score Severe conditions of shear and of anch- oxage of flexaral reinforcement can arise in Soints:. Inelastic behaviour in the form of jiela of shear reinforcement or loss of bond to flemurel reinforcenent can lead to rapid {oes of strength under seismic conditions and is, therefore, to be avoided. 52.0 DEsteN Porcss 002.1 in order to provide adequate reserve strength within a joint, the forees in the coincident beans and colunns must be evaluated at flexural overstrengeh of the Ringing members. Generally the hinging members will be the beans, except in one or two-storey franes or at the top of columns in multi-storey frames vhere column may be designed to hinge. Where beam flexural reinforcenent is detailed to force the plastic hinge to form away from the column face, the forces in the bean at the column face shoula be determined for flexural overstrength at the critical section of the plastic hinge. Allovance for overstrength of flexural reinforcenent snould be as recommended in 34.4.8. Provisions for the contribution Of the slab reinforcenent, where applicable, should be not less than those recommended in F4.4,2. “Because that clause represents a lower bound of effective slab steel for flexural design purposes, a greater contribution from the slab should be assumed appropriate to the apper bound required for joint shear design. the basis for design of bean-colunn joints in two-way frames, by consideration 0f forces acting in each principal direction independently, is recent (1977) testing at University of Canterbury. A Joint Gesigned on this basis end extensively tested, including several major cycles of concurrent. Ringing of beans in both principal directions, performed satisfactorily. While it may be Undesirable to base design provisions on only one test, the conplexity of such tests means that there is unlikely £0 be further test inforration available in theWhen stife seructural systems, such as shear walls, prevent yielding in beans or columns in one or both principal directions Of the building, a rational analysis should be used to determine the forces in the frene embers at the maxinar anticipated seismic leading. cu2.2 ‘The internal forces imposed on the Seine by flewire of members in one vertical plane only at the connection are shown in Fig. CJL, for both internal and external bean-column Joints. The concentrated tention and conpression forces in both beam and colomn, minus the much snaller values of colunn and beam shears, induce Yesultant shear stresses in the panel zone. The horizontal shear force Vj, across general internal joint is (ea-1) Yast tent oe 3m TY 3 * Tp For conventionally reinforced concrete nenbers without prestressing, this simplifies to internal joints Vyy = ALES + ALES = Vogy (cs-2a) external joints Vy, © LEY ~ Yogy (co-2b) the value of the coluan shear, Veol, will @epend on the column moment gradients. above and below the joint. However, from Fig. CJ2 its value may be estimated using a mean nonent gradient, thus 2 + Papa, ip 1) (eo=3) an Alternatively, the maximum horizontal joint shear May be derived fron the gracient of the column monent diagram through the Joint. When necessary the velue of the vertical Joint shear force, Vjy, may be derived from Bintlar considerations co the above for horizontal joint shear force. Alternatively, the vertical joint shear force may be approximated as follows: cs 'e Ye * Mp Be cera) 03.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 093.2 an upper Limit for Joint shear stress is specified to safeguard the core concreti against excessive diagonal compressive stresses. The horizontal nominal stress corresponding to the critical horizontal shear force, Vjn, iB based on the nominal gross horizontal area of the joint by Ro as defined in 33.3. 23.3 A imitation 1s placed on the area of a joint core hich may be considered to be effective in resisting joint shear when the bean or beans franing into a connection are considerably narrower than the column, he effective joint wideh, by, where by 45 less than by ie illustrated in Fig. cod, here the beam ie wider than the colum, tho effective joint width is sssuned to sproad Beyond the bounds of the columa ina similar manner. co4.0 REINFORCEMENT cu4.1.1 ‘the observed failure plane due to 229 shear in joints of one-way frames bisects the joint along a dlagona) from one bean~ column edge to ancther(1/2/3,4). Under Gyclic loading, the diagonal tension cracks ‘open and close in each direction as the Geection of load alternates. Tf the Joint reinforeenent yields so that the Gracke becone vide, relative shear displace- ments along the crack can lead to uneven Bearing followed by grinding of the concrete and general deterioration of the Joint. Generally this willnot occur if any yielding is limited to isolated tie legs. Shear transfer across the panel zone nay be idealised as due, in varying propor tions, to four mechanisms: diagonal strut action, truss action, aggregate interlock and dovel action. Concrete compression forces tend to be transferred airectly by diagonal strut action. Although, theoretically, @iagonal strut action requires no shear reinforcement, the diagonal compression forse creates a splitting force perpendicular fo it and veinforeing steel is vequired £0 control the width of the cracks. Those forces induced in the panel zone through bond to the reinforoing bars tend to be etansferred by a truss mechanism comprising a number of diagonal compression struts in’ the concrete, parallel to the potential failure plane, and tension ties in the horizontal and vertical steel, as shown in Fig. Cdl, Usually horizontal stirrep thes ate provided to resist the horizontal Forces but the vertical strut componente must be reeisted by intermediate column Bars, vertical etizrop ties of special vertical bars. Aggregate interlock may only be relied on where the cracks are harrow and the bearing surfaces not worn. Bowel action of the ties across the @fagonal tension cracks will only be Significant where the cracks are wide and the joint is likely to have already deteriorated. 094,2.3 Innovative details which encourage a nore direct transfer of forces across the panel sone, such as main beam or column steel bent diagonally across the Jeane or encouragenent of arch action by use of mechanical anchors on Flexura? steel at the extremities of the joint(®), appear attractive. Any arrangement which represents a major departure from previously Used details should be tested bafore adoption. 034.2 Horizontal Joint shear 694,2.1 The horizontal joint shear force is assumed to be transferred between the levels of the top an botton beam flexural, reinforcenent by strut action in the concrete core, Von, and by 2 truss mechanism, Ven. the dependable shear capacity, uStag $= 0-85, 8 then equated to the overstrength shear demand, Vh- 054.2.2. When plastic hinges form under feverted lead in reinforced concrete beams inmedistely adjacent to the joint core, wide cracks develop 2t the column face Gna monent tends to be transferred by 2 Steel couple. The major part or all of the internal compression force in the beams is then transferred to the joint by the Flexural reinforcement. Consequently Hpast be aceunea for this condition, and230 when colum axial loads ere low, that atl the beam forces are transnitted by a truss phantom and Yon = 0. Recent. recomendations ‘Allowing the conezete to carry some shear are not considered justified in that case. Yoh is assumed to be effective in the following circumstances: fa) With increasing axial ioads on colunns the internal column concrete compressive forces tend to increase, with consequent increase in the width of the @iagonal. compression strut. When axial compression excoads 0.1 fd, sugticient bond eranster fron the Flexiiral reinforcement is assumed to occur within the strut region, even consider Sng yield panetration inte the joint, to allow sone of the bean bar forces to’ be transferred by this strut. Bg. (J-3) is similar to Eg. (P.1) for members subject to flexure and axial load. On the basi of analyses and limited test data'7), this equation is considered to underestimate the advantages of colum axial Toad on Joint shear strength and will be reviewed when further evidence is available. The factor Cj is introduced to allocate the effect of axial compression to the two principal airections x and 2 of the earth- Quake loading when joint shears Vjy and Vjz are concurrently developed. the @ffect 0} this provision is to prevent the advantages ef full axial load boing utilised in each Principal direction for the independent Shear design provisions of J2.1. For a symmetrical two-way frame Cj > 0.5; for 2 one-way frane Cy = 1.0 (b)__Prestressing within the central area Of the bean has the effect of encouraging joint concrete strut action’ qnd of restraining Aiagonal tension cracking(#.3). “However, prestressing etecl near the exirene fibres SE the section sustains permanent sete and loss of prestress after inelastic beam hinge rotations. Thus, only the prestressing Steel at the central third of the beam depth nay be considered for shear resistance in the joint. [t should be recognised that where prestressed concrete beams Support cast insitu floor slebs, the effective prestress is likely to be distributed into the slab. The full provisions should not be epplied unless the prestress can be relied on, for example where the floor system is'not restrained to the bean. where the floor slab je monolithic with the bean and the preserese is indeterninate, bonded Sables will still serve a function of restraining Aiagonal tension joint eracks and half the allowance of Bq. (J=4) may bo assumed. Because the contributions to shear strength of the joint from column axial load and fron beam prestress involve different echanisns, the contributions toward Von may be added. (c)_The advantages for shear design where beane are detailed so that plastic hinges are forced to form away from the coluna face include the prevention of beam bar yield. penetration with consequent loss of Bond in the joint region, the increased contribution of the concrete strue co shear transfer, and the confinement effects of the beams where wide cracking at the column face is avoided, Case studies of the contribution of the concrete strut to shear transfer have been made based on a model shown in Fig. C74. The shear forces from the beans and coluns nay be assumed as being transferres in the corresponding compression zones only. Veh and Vey are. the horizontal and vertical ‘componints of the diagonal thrust D that will pass through the centre of the joint core. the case studies have shown that approximately one half of the horizontal joint shear, Vjne ean be transferred by the diagonal concrete strut when there Se sero axial compression fon the column and whore there is equal cop and bottom beam steel. The proportion of joint shear resisted by the diagonal strut increases with increasing axial toad and dacreases as the ratio of areas of top and bottom beam steel increases. These trends are represented in 2g. (J~) and illustrated in Fig. CaS. The intention of Bq. (J-5) is that Ag is equal co or greater than Ag, which normally will mean that AZ is the aece of top beam seecl ond Ay the area of bottom bean steel. When coléme are Subjected to axial teneion it ie assumed that the shear resistance from diagonal strot action diminishes. When the axial teneile Stress on the gross colunn section exceeds 0.284 full joint shear reinforcenent is required. In external bean-colunn Joints favourable diagonal strut action is developed provided anchorage of flexural bare is assured, particularly with use of external stubs,” Testing of such joints’) indicates that’ Be. (3-5) represents catic~ Eactorily the contribution of the concrete strut. 04.2.3 Research on planar bean-colunn assenblies nes shown that the corner=to~ Sorner crack across the joint represents the critical failure plane.” streig gauge Feadings on ties in joint cores iis 4/24) have shown considerable scatter of strains within any tie set and noderate variation of effectiveness of different tie sets. in particular, tie sots in the central ragion of the core tend to be nore effective than those near the cop aad bottom of the core. Te has been shounts) that yield of {Solated tie legs need not lead to joint aisineesration, and it 1s felt that the nornai capacity reduction factor of 0.85 allows sufficient account to be taken of the variation of effectiveness of different tie sets. In the case of stirrup ties of diagonal shape in plan, the appropriate component Of each tie leg crossing. the failure plane in the direction of the joint shear force shoul be considered, Stirrup tes should be placed adjacent to the top and bottom beam flexural rein~ forcenent as in this position they are effective in bond transfer from the Flexural bars. Uniform spacing of tie sets is consistent with the desired uniform diagonal crack spacing. 34.3 Vertical Joint shear 94.3.1, Vertical joint shear reinforcement is requires to complete a truss mechanism capable of resisting diagonal compressive forces. The design of such reinforcementmay be nade using the cane approach ae thae for the horizontal joint shear reinforeenent. The vertical joint Shear force may be approximated as suggested in Eq. (CJ~4) 54.3.2 Generally colums will not yiela when the flexural overstrength of the beans, adjacent to the joint, is developed. There fore, the concentrated compression forces in the colunne may be expected to be trans feixed by direct concrete strut action. ‘These forces also provide partial vertical restraint to the joint truss pechaniom, thereby reducing the vertical joins steel, Hequirenonts. Case studies indicate that Yey increases sharply with increasing aia load. Where Von may be determined according to Ee. (JS) and Voy nay be determined according to Bg. (5-8), then in computing vertical steel Yee * Yen BE (ex-8) where frame design is on the basis of column plaetic hinging, for exanple in the columns Of one of two-storey frames or in the top Storey of a multi-storey builcing, these provisions require that the vertical Joint, Shear veinforcenent be designed on the Sane basis ae the horizontal Joint shear Felnforcenent for hinging beams. £94.3.3 The simplest solution to provision Of vertical shear reinforcenent is to use the existing colum bars within the joint core. The intermediate bars are not expected to be fully stresses by column flewure alone. 12 extra bar are placed ‘they need not extend over the full beight of the column, but they need to be adequately anchored in the colum above and below the joint. 34.3.4 When only four corner bars ar: requized for the column fleworal reinforce ment, at least one intermediate vertical bar must be placed in each face in each plane of bending. Por larger columns two Sr move intermediate vertical colunn bars, Sicuated between corner bars, should pass through the joint with spacing not exceeding 200 mm. hig requirement is to allow action consistent with uniformly spaced lagonal tension cracks. 54.4 Confinenant The diagonal conpression strescos induced within the joint core way be very Ldrge and hence effective canfinewent 4s necessary. When plastic hinges could form ‘Inthe beans adjacent to the colum faces, the minimum trensverse reinforcement required in the joint is the sane as the Confinenent reinZorcenent recommended for the column ends immediately above or below the Joint. “However, in two-wey #eames. when the bean plastic hinges are forced to form avay fron the column faces, or where the Solum will hinge rather than the beans at 2 joint, the bese region adjacent to the Golan is assumed to provide adequate Eransverse confinement. Consequently the eonfining steel my be reduced to one halt of that othexwise required. To safeguard Solum bare against Buckling, particularly those at the corners of rectangular colunn Sections which may be outside the joint core, the tie spacing is Limited. 231 605.0 ECCENTRIC BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS then the exes of beans and colunns axe eccentric at a connection, secondary aotions such as torsion will be generated, ‘The behaviour of joints under the combined shear and torsion is nore complex than those under shear alone and is as yet Unresearched. Byidence fron earthquakes Shows chat cuch joints are to be avoided. Torsion introduced through such details caused heavy darago in buildings during the Zekachions earenguake. 95.2 (a) the effect of this extra Limit on effective joint width, b3, 1s to follow the sane essunption made’ for eccentric Joints as shown in Fig. CJ3, but to cover the case of an eccentric joint where the face of the column is closer than 0.25h. to the side of che bean for both possibilitics of the bour being narrower or wider than the column. {b) In elrcunstances where eccentricities exceeding the limit of B4.1 cannot be avoided, all of che required column flexural Steel as well as all of the vequized Joint Shear steel is to be included within the effective joint area, byhc. Outside of this azea additional colunn lengi tudinal feinforcenant and traneverse reinforcenent for confinenent will be required. REPERENCS lL. Park, R. and Paulay, T., "Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete External Beam-Column Sointe under Cyclic Leading", Vol. 1, Paper @8, Proceedings sth World Confarence cn Earthquake Engineering, Rome, 1973, pp 772-781. 2. Park, R. and Thompson, K. J., "Progress Report on Cyclic Load Tests on Prestressed, Partially Prastressss and Reinforced Concrete Interior Bean-Colunn Assemblies", Balietin of the N.2. National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. & No. Ly March, 2975, pp 12-37. 3. Blakeley, R.Wt,G,, Bamends, P. D., Megget, Le He, end Priestiey, m. g. No, SPerforn= shee Of Large Reinforced Concrete Bean Column Joine Unite Under Cyolic Loading”, Proceedings 6th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Delhi, Sanwary 1977, 6 BB. 4. Blakeley, R,W. Ge, Megget, L. M. and Priestley, i, J. No, "Seismic Performance cf Dwo Full Size Rodnforced Concrete Bean-Colunn Joint Units", Bulletin of the .Z, National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. &, No. 1, March, 1975, pp 38-69. 5. Fenwick, R. C. and Izvine, He M., Reinforced Concrete Bean-Colimn Joints for Seismic Loading", Bulletin of the Biz, National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, Decenber 3917. 6, ACI-ASCE Comittee 352, "Recommendations for Design of Bean-Colann Joints. in Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Structures", ner Journsl, Proceedings V 69, No. 7, Duly 1976, pp 375-393. 7. Ranton, M, kr, "Soisnic Resistance of Concrete Praiee with Grade 60 Reinforce nent, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, ST 6, June 2971, pp ie851700: Paper received 25 Novenber, 1977.232 rt Ge cg / OR Ps aaap Gt ee << ye f 7 on few ce Gre Cs cy wh wh FORCES ON INTERNAL JOINT FORCES ON EXTERNAL JOINT HU oe Transfer of concrete Transfer of steel compression forces bond forces STRUT ACTION TRUSS ACTION FIGURE CJ1: BEAM-COLUMN JOINT FORCES AND IDEALIZED MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE.: deere eveeeeee eee a {Pebtaseatin (| encassia?e tr he | 1 DA ry / Q r t i aeeeeeeeeeed FIGURE €J2: FRAME DIMENSIONS AT INTERNAL 8E4M-COLUMN Som ricune Se inet Se et Xe can Wisse ‘oud: MECHANISM OF SHEAR TRANSEER BY A DIAGOWAL STRUT IN MECAeMe! Bam cOLUMN Jon. caine —¢ woe bee ' Yj 4 - WY Lp 4g epprox 26-5" = ‘wncnever ie emai 3: EFFECTIVE JOINT AREA FIGURE Eeucsh NM RSE. MYA SVN” aes RY \ SSE conprnsson Be FIGURE CUS: NOMINATED CONTRIBUTION OF DIAGONAL STRUT ACTION. TOMENVIERL AWS HonlZOnTAL JOINT SHEAR RESISTANCE eee234 ADDENDUN:ORKED EXAMPLES ‘The following worked examples illustrate application of the provisons of this section €6 design of bean-column joints. The exenples chosen are a conventional beam Solum joint, designed to form plastic Binges in the beans adjacent to the joint, with and without columd axial load, and ai “elastic” joint with beam plastic hinges designed to form tha required distance away fromthe column face. Details of all concentrated forces in the members nave been shown for illustration. Only the concentrated beam forces ané column shear need be calculated during routine design. In derivation Gf the diagonal strut force, D, the assunption has been made in Examples iand 2 that there is a linear rate of change of etrass in the flexural reinforcement between the mazinun tension and compression values at opposite column faces. Fxperinental avidencel#] supports this assumption at the Stage of cyclic loading illustrated in the example, before wide full-depth cracks have formed in the beans and there has been yield penetration along the flexural reinforcenent into the joint. ‘The bond forces trom the Flexural reinforcement within the assumed bounds of the principal diagonal compression Strut have been taken as contributing to the Principal diagonal strut force, D. In Esanple 3 the simplifying assumpeion has been made that the flexural steel conprossive force only is anchored within the bounds of the diagonal strut and contributes to that force, Ia all cages it has been assumed that beam and column shear forces are transferred in the respective menber comprassicn zones only. ‘The procedure illustrated in Examples Land 2\fer the calculation of the neon affective area of the tie sets vas ae follows. Lines corresponding to the intersoction of the plane of the corner-to-corner diagonal crack and the planes of each tie set vere Projected on to the plan view of the column. The sun of the components of area of the tie legs, Ay, crossing the crack in the Aizection of’ the joint shear force has been shown for each tie set. A meen effective fares of all tie sets hes then been calculated. A sinpler but wore conservative procedure would have been to neglect the legs of the Fectengular tie not extending full depth in each set, and directly derive the nean eftective atea ae (4+ V2) Ap > 5.4 Ri. This Procedure was followed in Example 3.235 ‘ CjN = 4926 wnt M=995 KN \Vcoi =825KN 0.013 1 215, 1 = 310 We 145) |ce=1716 ae (is rn AGKN 30, fits as Wee eo T2837 SReai Ta486 |— reagy O48 1256 == 167% M*=898kNn = a | Mf =1232kNm E C+ B | +) : Vps3atkty /Wv2331%N 31256, lise =400 6~D28 | 450mm —e1 ai gy : < oh 2 2 z ale gee SS She 16~HO32 Go SS € alg \ / ) VA Id} T ~d R20} | | A = 12868 en See ee 700mm ————»| -. = 580 Ha > sosre [COLUMN THROU BEAM {2) Horizonte? Joint Shear Wop 21286 + 1674 ~ 625 = 2105 Wh Bj tb 4 O.the * 450 + 350 = 8004 700 mn jn * 2105/00.85 x 700 x 700% = 5.05 HPs 1.5450 = 8.2 Fo = 2105/0.85 ~ Yen = 2475 Mt (¥eH=0? Yen Tey Fhe sets, Agneta = BBN 9008 pa? igs OOS = 2 on "5x68 14 a?) Use 5 sere R20 (ky (0) ertteat Jofne Shar Fer ie lee eyo esl Vey = Ase Vv a1 + Siu RE ata eeornreee vg 1 TOGO 55S ioe canine eenyinne Operas ella EXAMPLE 1: COLUMN WITHOUT AXIAL LOAD.236 M=995kNm a NuF4S10KN(0-3f¢ Ag) “Veol#825kN eer fy = 775, f= 30 HP fhe wo els = as eee T 37 g~028 ie7 Mi=1232KNm, é p 8 8 yi=331kN & T1286 400 6~028 + 27H Ee ma ee Ag 2 95 ee : Somat |_—— 6 = o.m6 a g BEAM eha z = als (a) Forszontat Jofnt Shear Be SG BIE yet vy cam come n a foi 2 2 is ¥ vere - 625 = 2105 1 eR Tse 4 lf (1 SBA Sa TP vow l = 660 wi a) ir] Ygn = 210570.85 — 6¢0 = 1816 sal b> [trv tie cere, Aye Yeh = 1816 bh» 6606 me Tn, 5 TPs 7 266 tne E eon) | | = 2028 1 hg > 17886 ret 7 Ygy © 2706/0,85 = 2029 = 1155 1 Brn OR fa OOM Mh gay Vayltyy # 1188/380 = 3039 oi? fy + 380.0 [GOLUWNT THROUGH JOINT] paaseaeieevasait ra #1 = 30 0a EXAMPLE 2: COLUMN WITH'AXIAL LOADf52275MPo 237 500m wen ot tons hinge Feuscanre + t (a) Horizontal Joint Shear ; jh = 416 4 216 4 650 = 176 = 1202 Wi raed eho jp # 1202/10, 05x400x600) = 5.9 388 ¥, 1O (yy ee g chor? toea +4 ma a g vx 2Z G4 0) # 500 ek Vey = 1202/0:89 =601 = 813 1 en 3 fe SL) sey tte sors, nines = SBM, = 2956 ont SS re : Ay = 500k at 2398 7 yg = BOSE = 105 oo 600mm —— - ba bg = 0.208 Use 4 sors RIG (hy = 201 aa?) SOL THROUGH JOT (b) Vorsicat Joint shear ‘= 50 Wa : Vr 3061108500~90 = 911 ev CV ,abe1002) fh = soe iv oy ee Voyt Met 4 tao we 2 ore May sx 4 oy © 459s Vg, © 91100,85 = 455 = 617 WN 7 697/300 + 1625 ont Youll Bay Nev! fy Use 6 ~ HO 20 «1884 mr?) EXAMPLE 3: “ELASTIC” BEAM-COLUMN JOINTA COMPARISON OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS DESIGNED FOR DUCTILITY AND LIMITED DUCTILITY by R. Park? and Dai Ruitong? ABSTRACT Unite were designed, constructed and simulated earthquake and gravity loading. raquirenants of the Hew Zealand concreea Gesiga code NZS 3101:1982 tor structures designed for ductility ‘The other three Units only partly followed the requirements of NZS 3101, in order to obtain information on the behaviour of beam-column joints of linited ductility. Plastic hinging was designed to occur in the "beans. The major test variables vere fhe quantity of horizontal and vertical shear reinforcesent in the Dean interior colunn joint cores and the diameter of the bean longitudinal reinforcing bars passing through the joint cores: The test results indicted that the current NZS sib1 detailing requirenents for shear and bond in the bean-interior column joint Four bean-interier eclunn tested subjected to One Unit folloved the 285 Gore regions of ductile reinforced concrete franes could be Felaxed- NoTAnroN column depth paralie? to the Songitudinal bear bara” being Ag area of gross section of column dontigerea A, area of tension reinforcement of bean x a constant. A area of compression reinforcement of 1, sength of bean of test Unit : Nyy positive ponent flexaral strength of Ag, total area of reinforcenent in column “au oss*ive ponent, ,flewavel strength of approach b, beam width P Ma, negative ponent flexural strength of @, reinforcing bar dieneter 70 Dean celcslated sing the cose Epproach E, nodulus of elasticity of steel PP P, + axial compression load on column Ej, stainchardening modulus of steel 7 ® gravicy load on bean £3 compressive cylinéer strength of Sonerete bond stress between longitudinal bars ane concrete fgg Ultinate tensile strength of eect Vey ideal horizontal Joint shear strength fy yield gtrengtn of longitudinal “ER Syoviaed by concrete shear resisting 'Y Felnforeing steet hechanien only fy Yield cteength of eransverse Voy -—‘ideal vertical joint shear strangth fy gla. strength peoviacd by “congrats shear ‘resisting Rechanism only H overall height of colum of unit Storey nelgee’ of erase vg ideal shear force resisted by concrete shear resisting mechanions bh, Beam depth 7 Vjy total horizontal shear force across a Joins 1 proressor and Head of Civil Engineering, v,, total vertical shear force across a University of Canterbury, Hew Zealand. sy Seine Lecturer,’ Branch College” of Tongji University, Shanghai, china Vane Aximun exparimentel horizontal load BULLETIN OF THE NEW ZEALAND NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, Yo, 2, No, 6, Cecanber 1886Vgy ideal horizontal joint shear strength Provided by. horizontal joint shear relnforcenent. ideal vertical provided by Yeinforcenent joint shear strength vertical joint shear horizontal load at coluan top of test. Unit vaen first plastic hinge forms horizontal load at coluan top of test Unit when both plastic hinges (first plastic hinge ‘and second plastic hinge) form in bean’ yL distance from gravity lead point to face of column @ ‘beam longitudinal steel overstrength factor PAYS 4 horizontal displacement of column top 4, first, yield displacement. in experiment horizontal displacenent at colunn top 4a Mong “pushing direction at~ three= guarters of theoretical horizontal Gitinste load ‘2 horizontal displacement at colunn top along pulling direction at three Gusrters of theoretical horizontal ultimate lead ‘stool ctxain at fracture steel strain at tha conmencenent of Strain hardening steel strain at first yield strength reduction factor # — displacenent ductility factor ratio of tension reinforcement in a bean = A,B, a #1 ratio of compression reinforcenent in a beam = i728 ratio of total reinforcenent ina column = Age/Ay 1. qwTRoDUCTION According to the current Now Zealand design codes (1,2), reinforced concrete Strugtures can be’ dasigned to resist najor earthquakes either ss ‘ductile structures” or as "structures of limited ductility". Ductile structures are designed in New Zealand using the capacity “design procedure (3,2). This design procedure can be relatively ' complex and results in Significant ‘quantities of transverse Feinforcenent “in monbers and baam-coluan Joints in order to confine the conpressed concrete, €0 prevent pronature buckling of fhe longitudinal reinforcement, and to provide shear resistance. Ag an alternative, sone structures, particularly “frames or walls of enali Buildings, ‘may be designed to withstand higher selemic design toads and hence would Reed only limited ductility. That is, the Tevet ef seienic design load used could be part vay between the level for a ductile Etructure and that for” an elastically responding structure. The advantage of the design procedure for linited ductility is that @ ‘capacity design procedure is then unnecessary, a considerable relaxation in the detailing requironents for ductility ie permitted, and the design is less complex. The New Zealand cose for general structural dasign and design loadings for Buildings, "NZS 4203:2984. (1) currently permite a Limitea ductility design approach for moment resisting frames up. to 4 or 5 Storeys maximum height. The design seienic loading “epecified for franes of limited Guctility is 2-5 tines that used for @uctile franes. "The New Zealand code for the design. of concrete structures, NzS 92011982 (2) has a chapter 14 which Gives seismic design provisions for Structures of Limited auctility designed for that code seismic loading. It is of note that the design provisions for linited ductility. of Chapter 14 of 'Ngs 3101 are. in neod of expaneion and that they are based on sparse teat evidence of the benaviour of Feinforced concrate nonent resisting franes of Iinttea guceiiity. The need for expansion of Chapter 14 hes recently becone hore pressing. A proposed draft replacenent for N2é 420) (3), cireulated for comment in 1906, has mavéa stage further in permitting the designer to select a Structure ductility factor anywhere in the wide range of between 1.25 for an elasticatly responding frame and 6 for a Guctile frame, and to design the structure for the seismic design load and section ductility corresponding to chat chosen Structure ductility factor... Hence more detailed rules for the design of reinforced concrete structures for. Linited ductility are needed. A Fecent. report of a study Group of the New gealand Hationa) Society for Rerthquake Engineering for structures of Limited ductility (4) gives an outline ef current New Zealand code provisions for Structures of Limited ductility. Experience has shown that bean-column joints can be the critical regions in Zeinforced concrete francs subjected to Severe earthguake loading. The Department of Civil Enginaering of the University of Canterbury has conducted research into the behaviour of reinforced concrete. bean~ column joints “under sinulated seisnic Yeading since the early 1970's. ‘That work, Sansarised in Refs. 5, 6 and 7, has led to fhe requirenente, | for transverse Feinforcanent in the joints of ductile frames specifiad “by “the New Zealand concrete design code HZS 3101:1982 (2).Less research has been conducted into the detailing requirements for franes vere the seismic design loadings are such that Limited ductility would be adequate in order to survive a “major earthquake. The Gesign rales for” besn-colunn Joints of franes of linited ductiiity in N2S'5102:1982 are not so specific. The sin of this investigate the bond resisting | nechanisns Solum joint. cores with “che aim of foptaining additional information on” the Behaviour of reinforced concrete joints of ductile frames and of frenes of linited Guctility, Me results of the study may be Been reported in moze detail elsewhere (8) DESIGN OF THE BEAMAINTERTOR COLUMN mr; study was to further ‘strength and shear in bean-intertor 2. ‘JOINT UNITS 2:1 Dimensions and Losing The deflected shape of a moment resisting “plane frame resulting” from Isteral earthquake — loading. and gravity loading is shown in Fig a subagsomblage of the Be used in. enis study behaviour of interior regions. The ends of subassenblage coincide and nig-height points Lateral loads are applica to 1. Figure 2 shows frame with loading to investigate the beanccolunn joint the menbers of the with" the mid-span of. the frame, "When ‘the ends of 257 Fig. 2 The Isolated Subassenblage Prane with Loading of the units 1, 2, 3 and ‘hese bean-coluan to. be nodels. 4, are shon in Fig. 3. units may be considered ‘approxinately three-quarters scale 2.2 Properties of Materials 2.2.1 Concrete ‘The ready mix concrete had a graded aguregate with a maximum size of 13 mn. Six 20 mm high by 100 ma diameter test cylinders, which had been” cured” in a £03 room, were tested at the beginning of the coluan the suosssenblage ie Gisplaced testing each Unit. he alunp and average forigontally, ‘but’ the ends, of the'beans compressive strengths are shown in aeble f- are prevented fron ‘diapiacing vertically Nertica! loads ‘are “also applica to the Beams; te applied colin exial losd vas Zero in “the “teste, ig order" to give. the Cota, Worse loading case for the bean-colum 5 —J Seine core. om) ar The overall dimensions of the four g| bean-colunn Units ‘tested in “this stays 3 ee Test Hae 1916 unit. Earthquake 219 15 ravity Dimensions ood inn wont 2b SECTION AA SecTION 8.8 Fig. 2 peflection Response of a tonent Fig. 9 Dimensions of | Bean-column Test Resisting Frame to Lateral and Units 1, 2, 9 and 4 Gravity Zoading Table 1 Heacured Concrete Properties oni rfadale Store (=) 3 | no | 0 | age ac test of une (éayey | iz | ‘96 | 213 | 7 EP ieee nit ames | ad.9 | acd | ate | aoa258 2.2.2 Reinforeing steel stress-strain curves reinforcing, steel are are an 6, and the Rossured proportion are shown in Taple 2- The defofses bars used “fer longitudinal, Feinforcenent had a well. defined yield Point, but the "plain ound bars used for Efansverse reinforcement aid not and the yield strength in that case vas taken as The _ average measured for. the Plotted in’ Figs. the “stress at a strain of 0.005 (see Fig. 4): 2.3. Design of Reinforcenent the setalls of the four Units are and 10. the reinforcenent for shown in Pigs. 7, 8, 9 ‘he longitudine) reinforcerent in the beans was of Grade 275 deformed steel bar. ne Longitudinal top steel ratio. » was Troos for Unite 1 and’? and 1.318 for Units 2'and 4, The Jongitudinal botton steel Fatio p' vas 0.443 for Units 1 and 3 and 0.66% for Unite 2 and 4. “The longitudinal Sollimne was of Grade 380 land the. longitudinal column steel ratio p, vas 1-305 for Units 2 gna 2 and 1.16t fort units 3 and 4. The Gelunns were designed to have. an idea) flexural strength of at least 1,81 tines the ideal flexaral ‘strength of the beans, Be vould be required by N29 3201 (2) for Quctile franes where columns are’ to be protected from plastic hinging. steel in the deformed steet bar ‘The transverse reinforcement required for shear, fer confinenant of the concrete, and “for | the prevention of premature Buckling of the longitudinal reinforcenent in the beans and” colunns, vas designed according to the requirenents for ductile detailing of zs 3101. The transverse reinforcenent in” the’ potential plastic hinge regions of the beans was governed by Shear and vas designed to resist the design Shear forces ascuning that ne shoar vas carried by " the concrete’ nechaniens (W, = 0). In the columns it was governed bySconfinenent. ‘The bond and shear requirements of the bean-colunn joint’ cores did not always saticry the requirements of Nao 3101 for Guctile detailing, as discussed below. 2.4 Design Variables Investigated in the Tests the main design _variables investigated were the development of the bean’ bars. through ‘the columns. and the quantity of joint core shear reinforcenent. Nzs 3201 gives spocitic design rules for the restriction of the dianetar of the longitudinal bars in’ beans passing through the interior colunns of ductile frames, but no rules are specified for the’ bar Glancters in’ frames of linited ductility. one objective of this” study was co investigate the current restriction on beam bar dianeter for ductile frames and whether ‘Table 2 Measured Reinforeing Steel Properties sue |S * ‘ Pr [fo | i) _ (Pa) | oneay {cura | *F (a) Used for Traneverse Steel, Grade 275 Plain Round Bar Roca | 282 10.003 | 203,800 “03 | 9.263 Res) | 66 0.003 | 203400 466 | 0.258 rece) | 360 10.003 | 2021400 aus | 0.262 ca 364 0,005 | 201; 100, sa | 0.236 28 30 0005 | 189,300 492 | 0.214 R10 320 0,005 | 192,600 as7 | 0.17 RI? 283 0.005 | 202,700 420 | 0.227 (b) Used for Bean Longitudinal Steel, Grade 275 Deformed Sar bie a9 | o.oo | 210,400 | 0.0255 ] 3,580 | a4 | 0.208 20 300 | oroanas | 210,300 | o-0238 | 3,522 | 447 | 0.352 bee 316 | ocoaise | 200,700 | o.0193 | 4260 | 482 | 0.203, (e) Used for Column Longitudinal Steel, Grade 380 Deformed Bar 012 530 | 0.00263 | 202,300 | 698 | 0.202 Hos aga | 0.00253 | 336,600, 60 | 0.158 020 476 | esoc2a2_| 1975100 | cua} 01190 Woter Key RS = Plain round Grade 275 stea} bar of 6 na dianeter peforned Grade 275 reael bar of 16 em dianeter Deferred Grade 380 steel bar of 12 am dianecer Dis, aDI2