Froding.,.am STEEL PILING a 8 t é THE BRITISH STEEL PILING COMPANY LIMITED 10 HAYMARKET, LONDON, S.W.1 Telephone: TRAfalgar 1024/8 Telex: 262204 Telegrams: PILINGDOM, LONDON, TELEX Works: CLAYDON, IPSWICH, SUFFOLK Telex: 18115 NOVEMBER 1966Contents Foreword WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF FRODINGHAM STEEL SHEET PILE SECTIONS General Information Qualities of Steel Special Sections. Rolling Margins Protective Coatings Interlocking in Pairs Fabricated Piles. ree Slinging Holes and Marking Fishplating and Welding Cutting Under Water Maximum Lengths Quick-Release Shackles Circles of Piling Sluice Gates re FRODINGHAM STRAIGHT WEB PILING sec eee FRODINGHAM OCTAGONAL BOX PILES o Double and Plated Box Piles FRODINGHAM H-SECTION BEARING PILES Cappings, Walings and Fenders for Retaining Walls and Quays Standard Bent Corner Piles Standard 90° Riveted Corner Piles . Standard 90° Junction Piles Driving Frodingham Sheet Piling Driving Heads and Caps Driving with MeKiernan-Terry Double-Acting Hammers Driving with McKiernan-Terry Diesel Pile Hammers Extracting Frodingham Piling Effective Life of Frodingham Piling Weights and Distances when Interlocked Information for Design of Cofferdams and Retaining Walls,Foreword FRODINGHAM steel sheet piling is designed for the construction of permanent retaining walls in docks and harbours, river bank protection and sea defence works, bridges, buildings and other structures. It is equally suitable for cofferdams and for sheet piling round excavations. There is no branch of civil engineering to which it cannot be successfully applied, and the wide range of sections and several qualities of steel permit the most economical type to be selected for any class of work. Frodingham stee! sheet piling sections are designed on the same principle as rolled steel joists by concentrating material in the most efficient place, as far away as possible from the neutral axis. ‘The only exceptions are the straight-web sections, which are designed solely for the purpose of developing maximum interlock strength. All the other sections are Z-shaped, having their interlocks in the flanges and there can, therefore, never be any doubt about the ability of Frodingham sections to develop their full theoretical section modulus. Some sections, intended for use in cut-off walls and shallow retaining walls and, therefore, not subjected to any high stresses, are provided with a uniform thickness throughout. ‘There is no reduction in the thickness of the flange at the interlocks of Frodingham Steel Sheet Piling, which are designed to ensure that they are substantially watertight and strong enough to maintain continuity even when the piles are driven into the most difficult soils, High strength and durability are combined with low weight, and the shape and thicknesses of the sections are proportioned to ensure that they can be driven and extracted without difficulty.Weights & Properties of FRODINGHAM Sections sq.ft 18.25 20st 27-00 2417 2301 31-50 28.08 4098 3499 13in, 4851 ein isin Figures in italics are weights per unit length of single piles and not of double piles as illustrated. Details of Frodingham Straight Web Steel Sheet Piling Sections SW-1 and SW-1A are given on page 8. wa cke.i9.m)| (89:1) (105:3) (131-8) (118-0) (23) (1538) (137-1) (200-1) (1708) (2369) 1GHT Blin. ft. 23.95 28:31 219 3172 36-43 434 445 5379 55-40 orn jl. m) (3564) (42:13) (6279) (4721) (5421) (61°52) (66-15) (80-05) (8245) (100-76) Section Moputus inti. 105 10s 129 185 and 286 314 438 589 (omsim) (563) (562) (2) (996) (1150) (1538) (1688) (2352) (2414) 168)* Long tons of 2,240 pounds (1,016 kilograms) General Information Uta Strength Minimum Yield Strength — Percentage QUALITIES OF STEEL —————— Tap toa te eas Te wom asin. gg hE, 0M tg in, hl, “Goseom) Mild Stee! to British Standard No. 24: \ | Part 6:1957 Grade 621 (equivalent to | | ' | ' | | B.s.15:1936) - 28/33 62700/73900 4452 — Mild Steel to British Standard No. 15: | 1 1 | | | | 1961 : - 28/33 6270073900 44/5216 | «3580025! 20t Mild Steel approximating to ASTM- | ‘A328 or Canadian G40.7 31/35 69440/78400 49/55 172 38500 -27:'| ant Medium Tensile Steel (high manganese) 33/38 73900/85100 52/60 20 44800 3/20 SHYPLUS' High Yield Stress (Weld- ing Quality) Structural Steel to British | | | | \ Standard No. 968 : 1962 32/39" 71700/87300 50/61 ' 23° 5150036 | 18h tt Figures stated are jor thicknesses of ¥ in. (9°5 mm.) and over Frodingham piling is rolled in England by the Appleby- Frodingham Steel Company of Scunthorpe, Lincoln- shire, from steel manufactured by the Siemens Open- Hearth process. SPECIAL SECTIONS Sections may be ‘rolled up’ (thickened) or ‘rolled down’ (thinned) by special arrangement to increase or decrease the thickness of both webs and flanges by a maximum of 003 in, (08 mm.) Similarly, and for sufficient quantities, sections may be rolled’ with the flange thickness increased by a maximum of 0-06 in. (15 mm.) the web thickness remaining unaltered. ROLLING MARGINS The dimensions of the sections are subject to rolling tolerances. Weights and lengths are subject to mar- gins as follows: 4 per cent. over and 2} per cent under theoretical weight, 3 in. (76 mm.) over and 2 in, (51 mm.) under nominal length, PROTECTIVE COATINGS Steel piling used for permanent work may be pro- vided with a protective coating before driving. The coating should be renewed on the exposed parts of the Itis obtainable in the grades tabulated above, All these qualities can be supplied in stel contain- ing 0.25% to 0.35% of copper. piling when the piling has been driven and after that periodically as required. An effective and economical coating is provided by Lowca Black Varnish, which is a blended compound of coal tar pitch and specially selected creosote oil together with bitumen and coal tar thinning oils. It is applied cold with a brush. Other coatings may be provided as required. INTERLOCKING IN PAIRS Frodingham piles are supplied interlocked in pairs without extra charge except when single piles are pre- ferred or the transport of double piles is impracticable. Double piles save time and labour in handling, pitch- ing and driving. Even if the piles are pitched singly it is desirable that they should be driven in pairs so as to ensure that the blow of the hammer is distributed over a well-balanced cross section. FABRICATED PILES Cruciform piles, taper piles and other types of non- standard fabricated piles to suit special conditions and dimensions can be provided as required.General Information \ N Stinging / / Shinging Holes Mark DL SLINGING HOLES & MARKING Piles are provided with 13 in, (31-8 mm,) diameter slinging holes located 3 in. (76 mm.) from the end of the pile in the positions shown above, unless other instructions are given. ‘When the piles have slinging holes there are two types of single and double piles, as illustrated. The piles are marked accordingly for ease of identification at the site. Double piles Mark DL are supplied if there is no particular preference for one type or the other. WELDING AND FISHPLATING Frodingham piles can be rolled in lengths up to about 85 ft. (26 m.), but when handling or transport facilities do not permit the use of long lengths, they can be supplied in two pieces for connection by means of welding, or alternatively by fishplates. Iti often more convenient and cheaper to join piles together by means of welding. The piles can be supplied suitably chamfered to enable a full strength butt weld to be carried out. Fishplates consist of three pairs of plates, one pair fon the web and one pair on each flange. To ensure that the joints fit properly when assembled at the site the piles are match-marked whenever possible before despatch from the Works. Fishplates and bolts are generally sent loose but may be bolted to the piles if required. Circular holes in piles and fishplates are drilled. Square holesto receive square-necked bolts may be specified in the outer plates if required, so as to Stinging Hotes ‘ensure that the bolts do not turn when unscrewed from inside a cofferdam. CUTTING UNDER WATER Steel piling can be cut under water with an oxy- acetylene or oxy-hydrogen flame by a special burner operated by a diver. This process is frequently preferable to fishplating and can be employed at any deptir for which steel piling is normally used. MAXIMUM LENGTHS ‘The maximum length of piling for which any particular section is suitable depends to a great extent upon the type of construction for which the piling is intended, the depth of penetration and the nature of the soil through which the piling is driven. As a rough guide, and apart from any consideration of strength the following lengths are seldom exceeded: Section 1A About 20 ft. (6 m.) Section 1B About 35 ft. (LL m.) Section IBXN About 45 ft. (4 m,) Section 2, 2N ‘About 45 ft. (14 m.) Section 3, 3N About 55 ft. (17 m.) ‘These maximum lengths may have to be reduced considerably in extremely hard driving conditions such as when driving into rack or to deep penetration in very stiff or hard clay, dense sand or dense gravel. In such cases, it will often be necessary to use piles rolled in medium tensile steel or better still in “Hyplus? high yield stress steel (B.S.968:1962)—see page 5.SHACKLE ASSEMBLY L, General Information Shéekle Bolt 1B, Lecking Pin Sct QUICK-RELEASE SHACKLES Each case must, however, be considered on its own merits and should preferably be referred to the B.S.P. Technical Organization, QUICK-RELEASE SHACKLES Lifting piles off the stack and pitching them is fa tated by the use of BSP. Quick-Release Shackles which are designed to lift piles in pairs as illustrated above. Once in position a pull on the rope ‘A’ with- draws the spring-loaded shackle bolt ‘B" so that the shackles ean be lifted off the piles. At the same time the shackles are automatically “primed” ready for use with the next pair of piles, the locking pins °C” holding the bolts in the open position. ‘The shackles are then secured to the next pair of piles by pulling out the locking pins °C’ thus releasing the bolts to the closed position. CIRCLES OF PILING The clearance in the interlocks of Frodingham piles permits them, within certain limits, to be driven“in the form of a cirele without prior bending of the pile. The permissible deviation between one pile and the next, and the corresponding diameter of the circle, depend also upon the type of ground into which the piles are driven and the depth of penetration. In normal ground and for short piles, the cir- ‘cumference should consist of not less than about 80 piles, corresponding to a diameter of about 33 fl. (10 m,) for all sections except the new Frodingham N sections—for these the corresponding diameter is about 40 ft. (12 m.)._ It is recommended, however, that each case be referred to the BS.P. Technical Organization, giving details ofthe pile length, section, penetration, diameter or radius and soil information. Longer piles, particulary if driven to full penetration will require special consideration, Reference should always be made to BSP. where rolled-up_or_rolled-down sections are used (see “SPECIAL SECTIONS"—page 5) as the devia- tion obtainable in the interlocks of these sections may vary from the standard. SLUICE GATES Water cofferdams should be provided with sluice gates to assist both in the construction and dewatering of the dam, and also to enable it to be flooded quickly in the event of an emergency. In tidal cofferdams, sluice gates enable the water levels inside and outside the cofferdam to be equalized until the cofferdam is closed. Sluice gates may be of two types: (a) Gates with an opening about 8 in. (203 mm.) wide by 1 ft. 44 in. (419 mm.) deep across the inter- lock of a pair of piles, with screw operating gear worked from the top of the cofferdam. (b) Gates formed by cutting a pair of piles and fitting them with screw gear, so that the upper part of the pair can be raised to form an opening equal in width to a pair of piles and of any desired depth.FRODINGHAM Straight Web Steel Sheet Piling Frodingham Straight Web Piling is a special type of steel sheet piling intended for use in the construction of cellular cofferdams, as shown in the diagrams below. It is interlocked and driven to form cells Which are filled with cohesionless soil such as sand, aravel or broken rock. Celiular cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude the water from construction areas in rivers or harbours, so that dams, locks, docks and other large maritime structures may be built in the dry This type of cellular structure may, however, also be used to retain soil as well as water, and may then be used to form permanent quays or wharves. The outward pressure of the filling within the calls develops high circumferential tensile forees in the piling. Frodingham Straight Web Piling is specially esigned to resist these forces by virtue of the shape of the interlock (similar to that of a crane hook) Which gives a high tensile strength in the plane of the piling, while the flat web is of adequate strength and will not deform. The shape of the interlock also permits a sufficient angular deviation to be obtained i Lp ra 8 4 between one pile and the next, so that the piling can be driven to form cells at the desired radius. Ordinary trough-shaped sections of steel sheet piling are not suitable for cellular cofferdams because the interlocks are not designed for tensile strength, and the section as a whole will deform and open out when subjected to tensile forces. The high bending strength of these sections is intended for normal coffer- dams and retaining walls, where the piling spans vertically between supports. Similarly, the low bending strength of straight web piling makes it un- suitable for substitution for trough-shaped sections. Cellular cofferdams are normally more econ- omical than other self-supporting gravity types and enable greater heights of water and soil to be retained than would otherwise be possible. They are simple to build and the only materials required are the piling and the filling. No walings or tic rods are required. ‘The stability of the cofferdam depends simply on the tensile strength of the piling, the size and shape of the cells and the properties of the filling. Consequently, ‘even construction on rock is possible because it is Cross Section A-Aor 8-8 Diagrams ofthe two most common methods of forming cellular cofferdams sing straighteb pling.FRODINGHAM Straight Web Steel Sheet Piling not essential for the piling to penetrate the rock ‘The properties of Frodingham Straight Web Piling. Sections SW-I and SW-1A are stated in the table below. The minimum ultimate tensile strength of the sections when interlocked is 16,000 Ib./in. (285 tonnes/m.), but higher interlock strengths canbe provided for use in special circumstances by employing higher quality stecl as indicated below. The section ‘modulus, as in all straight web piling sections, is small, but this is of no importance in cellular cofferdams. Section SW-1 having a } in, (95 mm.) web is normally employed for cellular cofferdam construction, while Section SW-IA with a } in. (127 mm.) web may be used when a thicker web is required either for harder driving conditions or if increased life is re- quired when straight web piling is used for a per- ‘manent structure, Further information, advice and designs concern- ing the use of Frodingham Straight Web Piling for cellular cofferdams and other structures may be obtained from the B.S.P. Technical Organization, ‘A separate publication containing further details of Frodingham Straight Web Piling is also available on request. | weicnts aNp pimensions | Weight of singe pile Weight pee unit arca Distance between centres of interlocks | 164 in. Thickness of web fin, ‘Minimum ultimate strength of interlock) *16000 Ib,fin. | Minimum Section Modulus of Single Pile 17 ind SECTION SW-l | SECTION SW-IA | 3717 it. | $532 Keim, | «2851. | 6977 kgm 2745 Ib,fsq. f. 134-0 keg. m. 31-64 1b,/sq 11545 keg. m. 413. mm. 16hin. | 413 mm. 95 mm. Jin, 127 mm. *285 onmesim. *16000 Ibn. | #285 onnesim. 91sem> | 915 cm? iin | * Greater ultimate interlock strengths can be obtained for use in special circumstances by using higher quality steels, thus:— 19,500 Ib,/in. (348 connes| ) for medium tensile steel 21,500 Ib jin. (384 tonnes|m.) for *Hyplus’ High Yield Structural Steel, B.S.968:1962. STANDARD TYPES OF T AND Y JUNCTIONS 7 T- JUNCTIONS | T2 | we 13 1] #: | 4 Y3 Y4 ween I TTT Tere swe aq Standard T junction — 5615 Ib, ‘64-67 Ib. ft 96-24 ke. andard ¥ junction i im 75 16) im |_ Standard Y junction sezzinin. | 8367 ke STS ra 9FRODINGHAM Octagonal Box Piles Frodingham Octagonal Box Piles (Section 4) are bricated from two identical rolled steel sections ed together as illustrated by continuous butt welding along the scams. Advantages over other existing types are derived from their regular eight- sided cross-section, the efficient structural shape and the constant radius of gyration. ‘The absence of pro- jections at the weld results in symmetrical piles which are ically shaped for the easy attachment of bracing across the face of the octagon. Octagonal box piles are generally driven open- ended, but can be provided with cither a flat steel plate or a conical cast-iron or cast-steel shoe at the ower end if required. The flat plate and cast-stee! shoe are welded to the pile, while the cast-iron shoe is loosely connected to it by means of a bolt Steel box piles are particularly suitable for us the construction of maritime structures such as piers, jetties, quays and dolphins, as well as fenders. The high column strength of Frodingham octagonal box piles also makes them very suitable for use as struts in the temporary bracing of large cofferdams. ‘The BSP. Technical Organization will supply further information, advice and designs, relating to Frodingham octagonal box piles, including selection Octagonal Box Pile (section 4) of suitable driving equipment. SPECIFICATION ADVANTAGES Stee! box piles have a large carrying capacity and Wagga | ie | uae ] gpk ee ney nme ed ok 7 Toads of the order of 100 10 200 tons ean be carried —essusng wets | pe | i Toads fhe omer of 20 fons cane cari Crosssectional area of stel im | es for more lengths as, for example, when the final pile in | BB length required is preater than the headroom provided em: by the pile frame or crane jib. In such eases, the fist Overall crossectional aren of | in, | 226 Tength of pile is driven almost to ull penetration and Pile en. the second length connected to it by site welding Outside perimeter in 57 Box piles require no special care in handling mm. | 1390 even whet teed tt very lone lengths They can be Moment of era —any axis | int | 1056, Stpicd uti up 901 Gm) or een ener i ens if required. They are also extremely suitable for Radius of Gyration —any axis | in. | 5:75 resisting. the bending stresses caused. by horizontal mm. | 16 forces, for instance in fenders, dolphins, jetties and Section Modulus other maritime structures. They can be supplied in i i in? higher quality steels Teading to further economy, maximum (xis UY) | ind, | 1332 capecially when energy absorption is important, asin on. 2183 dolphins and similar structures which are subject to — minimum (xis Vv) | ind, | 123-6 impact loads. Another advantage is thei high column em? | 2028 strength when used in a structure having. acon: siderable length of pile exposed above soil level. 10Double & Plated Box Piles DOUBLE BOX PILE PLATED BOX PILE Double box piles are formed by joining two pair of piles. The thickness of the plate may pairs of piles by riveting them together. Plated be varied as required. ox piles are fabricated by welding a plate to a pair of piles. The pair of piles or the plate Box piles of either type may sometimes be use- Which forms one side of these box piles need not fully incorporated in a continuous wall of sheet piling hecessarily be of the full length ‘of the main if itis necessary to provide for vertical loading T pounte sox pues —— Cross Section | We P wight | some | Secon | Radius Sanches” | atoms | oferta | Meal | of Sorarion we, merle. | hou about) abo At hole | ‘in nn cn 195 me) a8 a 18 1s} |e 12 38 ae tars | a9 101 x3 us is | 8 Hier ot w layse | sas ero ea 5b Tovos eco tea See 5 secs | 23 as in 0 gives | oes ae 636 a8 ist | das 3843 $2 % His, | S008 ioe 73 LS 4 PLATED 80x PILES r | gop | Cross Section | Mt Dimensions Cross Seton foment Minimum Radius Siz of reign, finer "Secon of Goro Seton in inches 4 Signdard | MOMS petinh “ato | Mal ‘ion ° in| Steet Whote Pout | MEMES! itn Neutral [ aloo jie ony Pe ae Us a iH) 8 39) ee, HOS Os Tao oj at y Sey da) BBS RE) BS) BE) RT | ae IB | Ht | é ah | dee | BS Taree | ats | So | 229 2 ah | SR aM 1 BE dear Be | ‘sto | des |e | BD x wo, oH | a) det [BS pe | ine | de © mb | de Sf SPL S| EPR | Ise | Bs ae | aN seh PF deck | Soak a | TN | eS es 2 ay | es ki | B32) Hebe | Sry tase SA i welt | Sey deed | os 2S teat | uN | tease a2 RP R Be LER eh [es Bee a ek * Weights quoted are for ples with full length plareFRODINGHAM H-Section Steel Bearing Piles Frodingham H.-section Stee! Bearing Piles are suitable for the foundations of all types of structures such as buildings and bridges, as well as maritime structures. They have particular economic and technical advan- tages over other types when driven to rock or when an upper hard stratum of soil must be penetrated, Because driving involves only a minimum of soil displacement, installation costs are relatively low and H-section steel piles can be driven closer to existing structures than any other type of pile. If necessary, they can be designed to carry very high working loads when driven to rock. The piles do not require special care in handling and can be subjected to extremely hard driving without damage. H-section steel piles may be lengthened without difficulty by means of a welded splice and can be very simply shortened by flame cutting. They can be supplied in long lengths and, where necessary, sti longer piles may be installed in two or more lengths. The small amount of soil displacement which occurs during driving means that H-section steel piles may be driven at close centres without causing a large amount of ground heave. Also, because they ‘may be driven to greater penetration than other types, they lend themselves particularly to use as tension piles where these are re- Guired to resist lateral =| ——* 7 Toads occurring on a structure, Hesection steel piles may be driven with “ single acting or drop hammers and, in some cases, with diesel oF . ddoubie acting hammers The table below gives details of various sizes of Frodingham H-sections available and suitable for use as bearing piles. Those sizes printed in bold type have been specially designed for use as piles and have equal flange and web thicknesses, but the choice of a par- ticular size will depend on the individval circumstances. Prospective users of Hesection stel bearing piles are therefore advised to avail themselves ofthe services of the BS.P. Technical Organization in the selection of the correct sizeof H-pile and in the choice of the most suitable type and size of hammer for driving. The information required to enable us to make recommen dations should include the working load to be applied to each pile, data concerning the soil into which the piles will be driven and other relevant details. , Thicke seat | wee | pgm | wan | ger | Size D Webt | Flange T | Area in Ton. elm. | in.” om | in iam | i wen. en] 18 yamine Heo 124 3 | a6) wa tae | sl a01 ana | tog | 15551133 358 132 Seo | So | 157 y'S) | a7 | ed Gore | 92 | 1359 126 |320 | 122 13r0 | 55 | 140 | 6 | 2r8 1748 3 | ui76 | 24 SPs | 121 307 | 47 | arg | 4 | Ise 149-7 ta [ior lit 302 ae sro | St iss | cat | ass | dee tao 65 | 96-7 121 \ 30-7 | 120 '305 | 39 | 99 | et | iss 123-2 Sf 749 tts aro 130 os | 4 | ar3 | 4 | 112 | 186 tos ' : x10 | nz | 1667! 114 |200 | 104 ag | wa ‘19s | rz! a9 lope 8/1534) 183 227 | 103 @ | 17 100 | 34 dea Too % [oat L103 [367 | Io SE |UD "St | 408 213 ee @ | S03" 103 fied | 10d lo |e | eS) a ries S| Ses tho [384 Lina 39 | Se a2 | Ss | aa tee tate 8 foo 1354 too dee | Se 1785 | SS | 123 | 1a Sa BY as, 39 (368 | ton 357 | aoe | Se | tos | tea | ano eas fae | zee es fare | gt lane | an fang | as | ara | aes | ove 40 | 5951 83 12rd 81 206 | -37 94 | 56 | 14-2 | 1b8 | 767 3] Se! $0 303 | $2 dee | as are | Os | 14 | toe | ae SP SE) tae | Shah |S AE |S | 18 | 108 | cos Bf ter] £0 [5 | 80 303 | 3s | 74 | 8 | mos | | ose ‘Note. Sections in Bolder type are U Rolling margin 24% on theoretical weight. 2 sal Rearing Pile sections having equal web and Mange thicknesses. ‘Dimensional tolerances in agcordance with British Standard No. 4B:1959.Cappings, Walings & Fenders for Retaining Walls and Quays BSG nc carina rien carPins Tie Rod + ect + SECTION AA SECTION 68 a th rT Ih a com pct Ch eg Se tt Dawe Lea Lee ‘CHANNEL WALINGS, TIE RODS AND BACK BOLTS ALTERNATIVE CONNECTIONS FOR LARGE TIE RODS SECTION cc LADDERS FENDERSStandard Bent Corner Piles DIMENSIONS Single Bent Comers x = 48" Types SI, SIX, S2 and S2X tence Soa Dosh etm me 2 [s] > ps foe [Pen Sicine icine Ben fois fis tne Sete Sen fins fin ‘5 oe % ut soi! mm! 101 i 1 uo let os ee Double Bent Corners d= 90° Types BCI and BCIX Type 5.2 Type S.2.X ry T 7. aloe 2 = Te|s lei? SINGLE BENT CORNERS a Zi ib i iff A 1 BE1 822 OF1 982 AL IOE2 31? a2 1b ' jB Mt 104.2 261 ne 2 42.2 O82 $92 12 62 3b C11 2 aba abd SEA ORAL T SR? LAE ror rot | i ‘Double Bent Corer 1 i The Bc | fhm fi hin in Ftd lh lie fit fie fi At3a01@1M1S1nIat oH ie f roa Bol skt ser 9fr 4er A set ORL aE SEIS 90° Types BC4 and BCA Dotcom 497 arent Tempo as wy a ‘ fc) wom poms af s aot tin Dimensions marked * are outside the flanges and not inside them as illustrated. + Bent corners for Frod. 1BXN only supplied by special arrangement Single bent corner piles are fabricated by bending plain piles along the centre of the web. ‘The maximum deviation x that can be obtained is 45°. For larger deviations a pair of bent corner piles must be used, the smallest included angle d being 90°. 4Standard 90° Riveted Corner Piles TYPE cr TYPE obi 1 Typ 3: WEIGHTS & DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD 90° CORNER Dimensions in inches rm | “al “yi | wee ce hy free {PS ‘ ia qT wwe co | PS TYPE 8. LES Weight in pounds per lineal foot Sica, sein vs —_ Mt pt 1 el . | he et ee lowe SEY va SH pap ep) aig ase nae 8 hy) do 2) & | GSE | BY) BERS Be | # | Ho) § | & | BEE | ge | ame : ale) @ | ¢ ee | bf aR BB is g$ og | @ | § | Rep | ge | ge ge i ee re a ee x. 8) #) @ ) R | dha | Be | Be) Be : @| 8) @ 8 | aS | ae 1 ee | Be | | 3 1 BB | athe | Be | ge | ge ; Ee ee Riveted comer piles are fabricated from tongue and groove portions cut from plain piles and riveted to rolled steel angles or plates. Steel angles are used for 90° corners a illustrated, whilst for obtuse or acute corners, angles or plates are used as required. ‘The dimensions of standard corners correspond to the maximum lengths of tongue and groove portions that can be obtained and are given, together with the the table above. ‘The dimensions may, in most cases, be reduced by using shorter tongue and groove pieces, or increased by using angles with longer projecting legs.Standard 90° Junction Piles wis JIL sme slat ae ae ae c 1 t ba | awy le + ~ i = . Junction piles identical to those illustrated but of opposite hand are designated by the letter R in place of L. 16DIMENSIONS OF 90° JUNCTION PILES sam lao fale Lo No. in, in, | in, in.) JI, 32, 34, JS, L 1 38, 310, Ti) 1A) S| 4B Thy 3 i lal ay al a 3 wxn | si | at] 7! oF mY 2 if 6 | st 8 3 ow | st! se] sh) 7 3 3 6 St] Sh} 8 3 any st | St] 8h] 3 4 6 | se] st! 7 3 an | se] Sh] sb! 7b 3 5 glo is ma 3 Standard 90° Junction Piles Dimension T in inches B16 | a “aOR a a bon 4 > | a My | 2 nr ' a | 2 1 2 ib iu 2 noo} ow {2 ' a | 1 | 2 ib IE | 2b ' Dimension T can be varied within certain limits. WEIGHTS OF 90° JUNCTION PILES | | sn Size of Standard Angle, inches 1A 3x3xE 1B 3x3xe IBXN 3x3xd 2 3x3xd 2N 3x3x 8 3 33x 3N Bx3xd 4 j BEX3hxE 4N 3x3) 5 BEX SEX Junetion piles are fabricated by connecting a tongue or ‘groove portion to a plain pile by means of a riveted steel angle. The combinations that can be obtained are illustrated on the opposite page. Identical junc tions, but of opposite hand to those illustrated, are also obtainable, the only difference being that the slinging hole is then at the opposite end of the pile. ‘They are then designated by the letter R instead of the letter L, for instance as J3R in place of J3L. ‘The dimensions A, a, Band b of the standard junctions which are tabulated above correspond to the ‘maximum lengths of the tongue or groove pieces that ‘can be cut from plain piles. These dimensions usually ‘can be reduced slightly by using shorter tongue of _Broove pieces or increased by using angles with longer projecting legs. ‘The dimension T from the interlock to the face of the cross wall can also be varied within 7 Weight in pounds per lineal foot WH 1056, NS &IN6 40-84 46:35 66-42 5195 56-70 6681 7018 87.22 84:34 107.29 37 10 512, HT & JB certain limits, depending on the type of junction and the section of piling. Further variation in dimension T can be obtained by reversing the position of the steel angle, It is recommended that the services pro- vvided by the B.S.P. Technical Organization should be used when working out the details of special piles. Junetions ean also be supplied with the leg portion of a section of piling other than that of the whole pile. Bent plates may be used in place of rolled steel angles to obtain deviations greater or smaller than 90° with- in certain limits depending on the section of piling and the type of junction, The tables above give the weights of standard 90° jjunetion piles as illustrated on the opposite page and ‘with dimensions as tabulated, using standard sizes of rolled steel angles.Driving FRODINGHAM Sheet Piling Piles for temporary work which are later to be with- drawn should have their interlocks greased before they are pitched, so as to minimise lock friction. Experience has shown that in most soils there is. no significant effect on the driving of the piles whether the tongue or the groove of the section is leading in the direction of progress. Only in very compact sands and gravels i it likely that driving with the tongue of the section leading may be preferable. Diagram A. correspond with the theoretical width, adjustments should be made to compensate by suitably positioning the piles of the next panel during pitching, as shown in diagram ‘A’, Guide walings should normally be spaced a distance apart equal to the overall depth of the piling, but for cases (b) and (c) an appropriate alteration ‘should be made to this spacing. In addi tion, timber blocks should preferably be used between the walings, as indicated in diagram ‘B’ JT (6) Nowmat Wath DRIVING METHODS ‘Workmanship is as important in pile driving as in any other craft. Moreover, the work can be carried out more successfully and economically if a few well- established fundamental principles are observed. The important part played by Frodingham piling in engin cering construction and the conspicuous place that it frequently occupies in the finished work make it necessary for both engineers and contractors (0 see that proper methods are adopted and that the most suitable type of pile-driving plant is used. ‘There is a tendency with any type of sheet piling, whether timber, concrete or steel, to lean forward in the direction of driving. This tendeney can be com- pletely eliminated by the use of proper methods of driving and by the provision of temporary guide ‘walings, which should consist of substantial timbers spaced apart a distance equal to the overall depth of the piling. The piles should be pitched between the walings before driving to form panels of about a dozen pairs. The end pairs in each panel are driven first, partly or to full penetration, making sure these fare quite vertical, and are then followed by the remaining piles which are thus constrained by the end piles to remain vertical. The effective overall width of a pair of piles can be altered during pitching. When driving a line of piling, measurement of the total width of the line should be made at intervals and if this total does not (0) Increse Wed 18 (6 Decrees Wien Further information on the most efficient and economical methods of driving Frodingham piling and about pile driving equipment of all types is con- tained in the B.S.P. Pocket Book. SELECTION OF HAMMER SIZE ‘The size of hammer for driving Frodingham piling must be selected in accordance with the section, the length of piles, the steel quality, the penetration’ and the type of soil. It is recommended that driving be cartied out with a McKiernan-Terry double-acting or McKiernan-Terry diesel hammer suspended from ‘a crane and the piles driven in panels as described above. If for special reasons a drop hammer or single- acting hammer is used, its weight should preferably be spucer Block _Sulde Waling Diagram BDriving FRODINGHAM Sheet Piling not less than the weight of the pair of piles it is driving. Frodingham piles should always be driven in pairs except for isolated single piles or piles in very short lengths. The driving head or cap should cover as much as possible of the whole pair. Wide fat anvil blocks (page 20) are now strongly recommended for use with MeKiernan-Terry double acting hammers as they can be employed for several Sections of piling and ‘will fit-over corner. piles MeKiernan-Terry- double-acting hammers will 'gen- erally be supplied with these wide flat anvil blocks, although the driving heads listed in the Table * below Will be available fora limited further period * DRIVING HEADS AND CAPS If the Frodingham piles are driven with a. Me- Kicrnan-Terry double-acting hammer fitted with a standard anvil block and not a wide fat anvil block, a solid east stel driving head as illustrated must be used ‘because the standard anvil is not wide enough effect- ively to cover a pair of piles. When necessary, driving heads can also be used for driving single piles. With drop hammers or single-acting hammers the pile heads must be protected by a cap which is similar to the driving head for McKiernan-Terry hammers except that itis recessed at the top to receive a hard- wood or plastic dolley. The caps are designed for Akivng the pls in pairs but can also be used for single piles. Sg Fn ant Cos r= Sac taper tanmer — Toran, | ‘hike! Tipe No. ie Double SAS MeKinvancTeny No. AIS 215) wily GIA-S McKiernan-Terry No. 6 625 283 [DIN Dioporsimfe seine. 400. 78) ip Dose 61DS —MeKiemanTery No.6 60 295 oe IBS Nekemantery No? | 718. 382 JBXN 4, | D-ABR ‘Drop or Single~Acting 400181, Doohle 625 MeKiranTery No.6 618306 me S28 MekirnmnTery Now] BS 32) 2) 2 1928 McKiernan-Terry No. 9B3_ | 725 329 [__»_, D2R_DroperSinge-Asting | 500227 | “Double TINS MeKieman-Tery No.7 1S 578 jan |u| S2N/IN-S MeKiemancTerry No.9B3. | 1770 303 | i NS Drporsinge nctag | a 7 Driving Head for MeKienan-Trry Double 7-3-5 ‘McKiernan-Terry No.7 | 1100 499; Double-Acting Hammer 3 33S Mekirmnctery No.9B3 | 18 S10 BR Droporsiaeeaetng | ns 3 Double 82NSNS MeKieran-Terry No, 983 1770 807, Powe SSNENS MeKicmncTery No-9B3. 1730 304 aN ” 10-3N/4N-S McKiernan-Terry No. 1083 1980885 | | % DANANR DroporSingle-Acting 1085 474, Dosbe 948 MeKieman-TeryNo.983 1175 519 oe OES Mekiemtent Ne. 1083900 408 1 DIR Diepersingeaeing ES Doable” 93NINS MeKieman-Tery No. 983.180 704 | ee ON/IN'S MeKirmanTery No. 10B3 1950 853 mye IL4N-S ‘McKiernan-Terry No. 11B3 S900 tos 4 2. [DAN/ON-R Drop or Single-Acting Double 9-5 MeKiernan-Terry No.9B3_ 1350 612) s wn OSS MeKierman-Tenry No. 1083 | 1680 748 | Hammer SIESS ——-MeKiernan-Terry No. 11B3 1650748 oF Single-Acting Hammer . R Drop or Single-Acting 850 386 bo -— rtDriving with McKiernan-Terry Double-Acting Hammers adn McKiernan-Terry Double-A ‘ieced with leg-grips SIZE OF McKIERNAN-TERRY DOUBLE-ACTING HAMMER FOR FRODINGHAM PI It is recommended that MeKiernan-Terry double-acting ham- ‘mers be fitted with wide flat anvil blocks in place of the standard anvils. A special set of hammer tie rods must then be pro- vided in place of the standard tie rods, but driving heads are then not necessary. ‘Wide flat anvils have no projecting lugs on the underside and can be used for driving any section of piling that can be accommodated in the space between the ends of the special tie rods. They are available for the following hammers Largest Section of Frodingham |__Manmer sie ing rien in Pais No. 6 2 | No.7 2N,3 No. 983 3Nl4 i No. 10B3 aN, 5 Wide flat anvils are not made for 11B3 McKieman-Terry hammers because the standard anvils are wide enough to cover 4 pair of piles up to and including No. 5, although special consideration may have to be given for Section No. 4N. ‘When ples are driven by a hammer suspended from a crane the hammer must be fitted with long leg-guides or leg-erips which position the hammer on the piles and ensure that it remains vertical. Steel piles are soon damaged if the hammer is allowed to lean over. Leg-grips incorporate rubber-mounted insert plates which grip the pile but are sufficiently resilient to allow the pile to enter the grips easily and to permit the hammer to be removed when driving is completed “The frame of the leg-grips is bolted to the body of the hammer and is common to all sections of piling that can be ‘accommodated within the hammer legs. If it is desired to ‘change the section of piling it is only necessary to change the insert plates which are dimensioned to suit each section of piling “The following recommendations are for guidance and relate the size of hammer to the section of pling only. For each application Consideration must be even t0 the lengths ofthe ple, depth of penetration, ground conditions and to the quality of the see! from Svhich the piling i rolled. SINGLE Piles—Section No. [ tammer No. | PAIRS of Piles—Section No. 1 5 IAt in short lengths 1A and 1B, also in moderate lengths 6 |A and IB, also IBXN and 2 in short lengths 1A, 1B and 2, also IBXN in short lengths 7 IB, IBXN, 2 and 2N, also 3 in moderate lengths | IBXN, 2, 2N'and 3 9B3 2},2N;,3 and 3N,alsosand 4N inmoderatelengths | 3, 3N and 4 ons 3N, 4 and 4N, also 5 in moderate lengths | Nand aN 13 44N and 5 in longest lengths aN + Driving head must be used. {A 983 hammer should preferably only be used on Frodingham 2 or 2N when the piling is rolled from a higher quality steel. 20Driving with McKiernan-Terry Diesel Pile Hammers McKiernan-Terry hammers are fitted with leg-grips when operated suspended from a crane. This method is almost invariably employed for driving steel sheet piling and is re- commended. Because of the effectiveness of the leg-grips, ‘comparatively light sections of steel sheet piling can be driven without damage in hard ground. Leg-grips comprise the main side members which are com- ‘mon to all sections of steel sheet piling and inserts shaped to suit the pile section, Inclined rubber shear blocks incor- porated in the insert mountings apply an inward gripping face to the inserts so that the hammer is firmly held in line with the axis of the pile. The inserts are adjustable and one set will accommodate Frodingham sections 2, 3, 4 and without any alteration other than adjustment of the insert mounting screws and rearrangement of packers in the case of section No. 5, By inverting these inserts, sections 2N, 3N and 4N can be driven and a further minor modification will accommodate section 1B. Wide flat driving caps are now generally recommended for driving sheet piling, as these are suitable for several sections of piling and will fit over comer piles. The use of lugged driving caps will be superseded in due course, although some Of this type may be available for a limited further period. For driving Frodingham octagonal box piles, *H’ Section steel piles and other bearing piles with the hammer suspended from a crane, a fixed guide or box insert replaces the resiliently mounted inserts used for steel sheet piling. A small clearance is allowed between the pile and box insert which extends several feet below the top of the pile. The hammer guide assembly is designed to ensure a symmetrical distribution of the \weight ensuring that the hammer remains vertical on the pile. For driving raking piles, an unequal sling is used to support the hammer at the required rake. SIZE OF McKIERNAN-TERRY DIESEL HAMMER FOR DRIVING FR ‘The folowing recommendations are for guidance and relate the size of hammer to the section of pil by | | | + mu wet | — MeKiernan-Terry Diesel Hammer fitted with leg-grips INGHAM STEEL SHEET PILING 1g only. For each application Sastre a Be gc ot lags of te pes dep of poncraon, ground condos sh he Guay ofthe el om ‘which the piling i rolled. “ pues depth of et mo cay rar Waghr Wein eres. Para of Pies | Hanmer | — san Sroke of hem ora pitt Con ‘i nopnal in em {owe ke fom | ee max lengths 700, 317) 2anda | pew a a | peso 96 | 2 | amo | sam | mae] 330 | | ioe) 9p | TaXNG IH AN 3,3N,44N5 Deo ge | 244 | sooo | sere | same | ooo | iste! 5 | TARNIa.aN a anvana's | J | CaN, \ + Flat bottomed cap. + A DE-30 hammer should preferably only be used on Frodingham 2 or 2N when the piling is rolled from a higher quality steel. Diese! hammers are more often employed for driving the medium-weight and heavier sections of stel sheet piling, but may be used to advantage for driving ight sections in hard ground the DE-20 hammer ts idea for this purpose. aExtracting FRODINGHAM Piling BS.P. HD-15 Extractor EXTRACTING GRIPS Extracting grips are available for Zenith Extractors or McKier- nan-Terry hammers fitted with extracting attachments. They are designed to grip the pile webs and are of two types, namely for single piles and for pairs of piles. ‘The following types are available for pairs of piles:— Size of Hammer ——\ Section of | pe (or Extractor Piling | No. 1A No. | 5A No. 6 MeKiernan-Terry 234 No. 80 Zenith | | 6a No. | 234 7 No. If the pile heads are distorted or not driven accurately to, level it may be dificult to fit the double grips simultaneously to a pair of piles, and it may then be preferable to extract the piles singly. ZENITH EXTRAGTORS ‘The operation of a Zenith extractor is similar to that of an inverted MeKiernan-Terry hammer, except that the Zenith is designed only for withdrawing piles. Being specially built for this class of work, it is more convenient in operation, particularly on contracts where a large quantity of piling has to be withdrawn. B.S.P. HEAVY DUTY EXTRACTORS BS.P. Heavy Duty extractors are designed for withdrawing single piles in difficult conditions when other types of extractor may be ineffective. ‘There are three sizes, HD-7, HD-10 and HD-15, for use with cranes able to lift not less than 7, 10 and 15 tons respectively. ‘The succession of blows is less rapid than those of any. inverted McKiernan-Terry hammer or Zenith extractor, but the blows are much more powerful and efficient. Features of the HD extractor are its economy of steam or air consumption ‘and the ease with which the pile may be gripped and the grip subsequently released. 2Effective Life of FRODINGHAM Piling ‘Any exposed steel structure may deteriorate due to the formation of rust. In the case of retaining walls built Of steel sheet piling, corrosion is of particular impor- tance because some parts of the wall are embedded in the ground or below low-water level and therefore inaccessible for painting and maintenance. During recent years laboratory tests and practical investiga- tions extending over periods of many years have been carried out all over the world. The most elaborate and reliable of these is the series of 15-year tests carried out by the Sea Action Committee of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The estimates of the effective life of steel piling that are tabulated below are based partly on these researches and partly on the examination of various structures that have been in existence for periods of up to fifty years or more. ‘These investigations lead to the conclusion that the useful life of a steel pile retaining wall can be based ‘on an average reduction in thickness of about 0-003 in. (008mm.) per year in seawater and 0-002 in. (005 mm.) per year in fresh water for the permanently immersed face of the piling. If the back of the piling is in con- tact with the ground or filling of suitable quality, corrosion on that side can generally be neglected. The provision of a protective coating of tar or bitu- mastic paint will retard the commencement of corro- sion. Some benefit may be obtained by the use of ‘copper-bearing steel which is more resistant to atmos- pheric corrosion than ordinary mild steel. The standard proportion of copper is 025% to 035%, Larger percentages do not lead to an improved re- sistance to corrosion. Atmospheric corrosion or the corrosion between and low water is frequently greater than in the permanently submerged part of a marine structure, but as this is accessible for maintenance by periodically renewing the protective coating, it should not be re- garded as a criterion of the effective life of the piling, The corrosion of submerged steel does not vary ‘much with the temperature of the water and the clim- ‘ate, whether temperate or tropical. However, it is known that in certain localities severe corrosion may beexpected. Corrosive effluents in the water or other local conditions can have the same effect. Cathodic protection may then be used to arrest the corrosion below low water and to reduce it in the tidal region of the structure, but atmospheric corrosion is not prevent ‘ed because cathodic protection operates on the prin- ciple of a galvanic cell and is, therefore, dependent on salt or brackish water for the electrolytic medium. Lowea Black Varnish provides an effective and economical protective coating which can be applied after the removal of loose mill scale and does not re- ‘quire the complete removal of scale by sand blasting or similar means. The complete removal of scale is not recommended because it is expensive and the cost is rarely justified, the effect being limited merely to re- tarding the commencement of corrosion by a few years. It would be preferable to apply the expenditure to the use of a thicker section of piling. Tt may be assumed that the useful life of the re- taining wall is ended when the stress in the piling is twice as great as when it was new, that is when the flanges have been reduced to approximately half their original thickness. ‘The figures in the table below are determined on this basis. (Original Thickness Final Thickness ifecive Life n years Sin — 2 remisise | cr | fio Flange Web Loss Flange ie Fresh ater Water Com x enna |i. omy | in ems ie ) oa | 027, @3) | 027 6 | O13 GH | o Go o | 1B O35 G3) | Os 63 on GO | OB GS o 03 6d | 8B Ga oI 1BXN 030.27 | 030 427) 6) 0 Go mI 2 ox ow co @ 0 | os oS es a @ | 3 oa 40 02) 6 m | Gn O46 835 “wo) 6a » # 3s Sas dts) aD 30 N 033 oa oa) oy 50 10 15 069 oa a1) 65, 110 hn Sections 1B and IBXN are designed for circum- stances in which the loads on the piling are small and, maximum durability is desired. They are, therefore, provided with a uniform thickness throughout, so ‘that when not subjected to high stresses the effective life may be increased to the figures shown in italics.Weights & Distances when Interlocked DISTANCE IN FEET COVERED WHEN INTERLOCKED No. of " Rect SECTIONS 1A, 1 Pies oo | 01 | 2 | og | a4 tl Us | OG o) = rr] 263 | 304 | sas | 656 | 788 so} 4343 | 44s | 1575 | 1706 | 1838 | 19.69 | 2100 20 | 2625 | 2756} zs | 3019 | aeso | aze1 | 3413 30; 3938 | a | oo | asa | 403 | asog | 4725 wo! seso! sss! S813 | seas | 5775 | 59.06 | 6038 so | 6563 | soos] 82s] ose | roas | m9 | 7350 oo | 7875 | so06 | sas | szoo | sroo | asst | s663 70 | g188 | 9349) 9450 | 9581 | 9743 | 984s | 99-75 go | 108-00 | 10631 | 10763 | xog94 | 11025 | suns | 11288 go | asas | i944 12075 | i206 | 12338 | 12469 | 126-00 woo | ssr2s | as2s6 | 13398 | w3sa9 | 6so | sare [13943 200 | 26250 | 6381 265413 | 265-44 | 26775 | 269-06 | 27038 300 | 393-75 | 395-00 | 396-38 | 397-69 | 399.00 | 400s | sore goo | 52500 | S2¢31 | 52763 | 52894 | 53025 | sarse | 532-88 33550 500 | 65625 | 65756 65888 | 66019 | GoIS0 | GOES | 66412 666-75 ooo! rs7s0 | 7ues1 | 70042 | tora | 79295 | 0g06 | 70538 | 706-60 | 7on-00 | 70931 roo o1s7s | 920-00 | oar37 | $2269 | 92400 | oasa1 | o26-62 | 92798 | 92925 | 93056 1052-43 | 105394 | 108525 | 105656 | 105787 | 105919 | 100050 | 1061-81 tases 11519 | 11860 | tusrat | 118942 | i904 | T9175 | 1193-06 tomo f8i280 | AL | HEH | tows | 7s | Ha | tor | Ha | mo | ot Lo Ne. of 1 ingle —__— — ies 737 7 > 1 3 ' 9 J ° 27 | a1 | sss | 698 | ga | 977 | air | 250 10 1675 | 14s | 1954 | 2094 | 2233 | 2373 | 2saz | 2682 2 307 | 3210 | 3350 | 3490 | 3629 | 3769 | ao0R | aos 30 Hor | doo | s74¢ | aes | So2s | sios | Saou | Seas wo S82 | Goon Orde | G28 | GH | 6560 | 6700 | O40 50 19 | 7258 | 7398 | 7537 | 1677 | 7817 | 7956 | go96 | 235 @ as| sess | 794 | 9933 | 9073 | o212 | onsz | os0z | 96:31 0 10 | 10050 | 10190 | 10329 | rose | 1608 | 07-48 | so8-87 | 110.27 80, 06 | 11e4o | uses | 172s | uses | 00s | ais | iaess | 12423 90 | 2) 42 | 981 | BET | 13260 | 40 13540367931 100) 13958 ) 14098 | 14237 ) 1497 ) 4547 ) 14656 | s4796 | s49as | 15075 | is245 200 | 27917 | 2806 | 28196 | 28335 | 28175 | 2n615 | 2¥754 | 288-94 | 29033 | 291-73 300 | 41875 | sao | azisi | aoz94 | 4ne33 | 42573 | ga7az | goesz | g2902 | ast3t Goo | s5u33 | 89-73 | Sotiz | S022 | 50392 | Sosa1 | S671 | sos10 | So9s0 | 57090 500 | 69792 | 69931 | 700-7 | 70210 | 703-50 | 70490 | 70629 | 70769 | 70908 | 71048 600 | $3750 | $3890 | 840.29 | BAT | 84308 | B4E48 | 4597 | 84727 | BAHT | 850-06 500 ' 97708 | o7m-48 | 97997 | oet27 | 98267 | 98406 | 985-46 | 986-85 | 985-25 | sH9-05 S00 111667 | 1148-06 | 1119-46 1120-85 | 1122-25 | sa36s | ri2s04 | 112644 | 12783 | 112923 500 1286.25 | 1287-65 | 1259-04 1260-44 | 126183 | 126323 | 126-63 | 1266-02 | I267-2 | 1268-81 |} 1408-60 | 1409-00 | 1408-40, 1000 | 19883 | 139725 | H39e6s | 140002 | MOLD | Maozet | 140821 Dimensions are subjeet to rolling tolerances and to variation during driving WEIGHTS IN TONS PER 1000 SQUARE FEET WHEN INTERLOGKED Section No. Tas Tom Taw 7 2 Tan bs baw Ta Ta Ts | ‘Long tons (2240 Ib.) 8146 | 9629 [12053 ,10789 10272 14062 | 12536 [18296 [15621 21.656 Metric tonnes (1000 ke.) gue [em [aus seme yore json | ese [arase Taser nese ‘Short tons (2000 Ib) S124 [iors | 1349 12084 1150515749 | 14040 |20492 17496 24255 orWeights & Distances when Interlocked DISTANCE IN FEET COVERED WHEN INTERLOGKED No.of seo! SECTION No. 1BKW Pies mm; oe 4 ty 2 8 yj # pS yp ty 8 o 156 ca) 2) 2a) toes) na) 406 1 | ise | 1115 21g | 234s | 2500 BB | 299 | sas | at uo | doe | ba | & | Be | BH 3o | S658 | eas Sas | S09 | seas | Sram | seas | soos a | @50 | shoe es | ost | ates | tas | 300 | tes6 0) 7) Be S43) 8598) 8750 ) 59.06 ) 963 ) 9219 | o | 9375 | 9831 10000 | sorss | 10313 | 10469 | 10625 | 10781 50 | sos | s1098 sas | tira | ites | inost | tare | 1234s | isc | tose Bias | iar | ies | tasoa | 780 | 13806 3° teas | taeas | 13000 | ists | iss13 | 15069 too) 15625) 15781 1250 ) 16406 ) 16563 | 16719 | 16875 ) 17091 200 | 3250 | Si406 gigas | ost | gorse | Szs4e | 32500 | Saese 300 | ess | arost as00 | diese | amis | save | auras | azar ao | eso | stose Gras | saat | tasae | casos | carso | aapos soo | Sera | Taran jar50 | T3906 | 06 | 219 | Ta75 | Tssr 600 | 93750 | 939-06 94375 | 94531 | 94688 | 94844 | 980-00 | 951-56 00 | ro939s | sopst niwodo | sorss | s10333 | asotes | stoe2s | torat tm | 128000 | 12516 15623 | tasran | 125938 | tase | 125250 tose Soo | igos2s | ta0r st tas) | taigds | taises | tarrao | iaie7s lazost oo | 186250 | 136408 ise673 | isvost | isrras | isr4s | 157800 Istes0 ‘No. of | Ne SECTIONS 2N, 3N and 4N _ a Piso 11? 13 14s pero oy; 18) 317 ) 478 ) 633 ) 792) 950 ) Moe ) i267 ) 1425 | ise | are | 0 | 2058 | 217 | 2475 | 2833 | deme | 2850 | 3008 20 | rer | 3325 | Sas | 3ea2 | 3600 | dose | atir | d27s | Stas | aso 30 | a780 | doas | soor | S225 | sas | ssa2 | S700 | Seas | coir | ots ao | eas | sie | oso | obo | coer | rias | mas | tea | To00 | M78 50 BS | Ba) se | wae | me | sa | orm | se o 3617 woi3s | 10292 | 10880 | 0508 | sore? | s0928 % xisoo | nies | ita | tiers | toss | itor | asso | isos » teas | ie | iso | ise | ier | iazas | oss | tose ° user | taras | tases | isow | aston | issan | issiy | isers 100 yerso | 16308 | 16467 | 16625 | 6783 | 169-42 | 17100 | 17258 200 sivas | jaz | 33300 | douse | dzea | Sar7s | aos | Mose 300 wan | 28 | ie | eis | i | lie | ie | Sze 0 8630 eee | ozs | som | cise | sow | sarse 500 Bae sowoo | foes | sori | Sa7s | sous | sasoz 0 9517 | 95675 » 95633) 98792 | 95050 | 96108 96267 96428 ‘no | niirs0 | rusos | auiser | 11623 | auras | unigge ato | nizzse a0 taepas | tania | i270 | arse | trey | iaas | iss | Laan92 900 | r4a975 | r4an33 | 143292 | 1434s | 143608 143767 143925 1000 iseeos | iseser | tsor2s | isszas | isos issooo | is97se Dinenslons are subject to rolling tolerances and to varation during driving 25Information for Design of Cofferdams & Retaining Walls Information in reply to the following questions, or as many of them as are applicable, should be provided whenever possible to enable the B.S.P. Technical Staff to make a thorough study of the design of a projected steel pile structure. Drawings illustrating the require- ‘ments and information should also be forwarded. AL Details and properties of soil strata which will be penetrated by the piling and also in the vicinity of the anchorages. (@) Actual borehole logs and soil mechanics report, ifone is available, together with details of tests carried out on soil samples, (b) If there are sand or gravel strata, are these loose or dense? (©)If there are clay or silt strata and there has been no soil investigation, what is the consis- tency of each stratum, i, is it very soft, soft, firm, stiff or hard? (@) If rock is encountered, a detailed description is required. The submission of a small sam- pie will assist in determining how much, if any, penetration of the piling into the rock probable. A2 Details of water levels where relevant. (a) Standing water level in the soil (b) High and low tide water levels, stating whether variations are tidal or seasonal. A3__ Details of surcharge loading near the sheet piling at ground level due to roads, rail tracks, cranes, buildings, or the stacking of materials. The following additional questions arise in con- nection with the design of cofferdams and retaining walls respectively COFFERDAMS BI Size of cofferdam and depth of excavation. In the case of a water cofferdam, bed or ground levels are also required. B2 _Floodwater level if the design isto cater for lood conditions. B3__Isany initial general excavation to be carried out before the sheet piling will be driven? BA Is the piling temporary or permanent? Is any working space required between the piling and the proposed structure, or will the laier be con- structed close up against the piling? Can any tolerance be permitted on the internal dimensions of the cofferdam? This may enable use to be made of less expensive standard corner piles BS Be BI BS In any case itis difficult to drive the piling to the exact theoretical dimensions, as some deviation and creep will occur during driving. Details of the permanent structure are required so that suitable levels can be chosen for the placing of the cofferdam bracing frames. If the structure to be built the cofferdam will be supported on bearing piles, details are required, Will these bearing piles be installed before or after the cofferdam has been con- structed? Ifthe cofferdam is of the nature of a long narrow trench for the installation of pipes, what is the maximum length of the pipes? This information will enable the strutting to be arranged so that the pipes can be lowered to the bottom of the excavation without fouling any struts. In the case of a water cofferdam, details of wave height and other relevant information are required. RETAINING WALLS cL a 3 Q Maximum height of wall, including allowance for future dredging and erosion, if applicable. Details and levels ofthe existing ground line in front of and behind the proposed wall. Does the existing bed slopeaway fromthe front of the wall and, i's, what isthe extent of the slope? the water level can be controlled, as in a dock, canal, etc, what is the minimum level to which the water may possibly be lowered? How much soft mud or silts there on the bed in front of the proposed sheet piling? Will the wall be formed by dredging material from the front of the piling or by placing filling behind? If the latte, what is the type of filling ‘material which will be available? (Clay orsiltis not suitable for use as filling behind the piling). Is there adequate space behind the piling for anchorages? If space is restricted a drawing is required giving details of buildings, etc. which must be avoided in the placing of tie rods and anchorages. Is there any preference for anchorages formed of conerete blocks or for stel sheet pile anchors? Are any return ends required for the wall of piling? Is some form of fendering required for the protection of vessels? Are there any significant loads due to mooring bollards?