Aire An Urey baud siPreface SEs This book is one of two pre-pre-algebra books in the Saxon mathematics series. Saxon’s Algebra 1/2 is the pre-algebra book in this series. Algebra 1/2 prepares the students totally for the Algebra 1 book. Success in the Algebra 1/2 book guarantees success in the Algebra 1 book and the Algebra 1/2 book should not be skipped. Algebra 1/2 presents upper-level topics in an upper-level manner. Math 76 was written to assist students in the transition from Math 65 to Algebra 1/2. Math 76 presents lower-level concepts in a lower-level manner. We have found that quite a few middle- and lower-ability students have difficulty when they move from Math 76 to Algebra 1/2, Math 87 was designed to fit between Math 76 and Algebra 1/2 to smooth the transition for these students. Math 67 presents upper-level concepts but does so in a lower level manner. For example, ratio problems in Math 87 begin with the sentence “Use a ratio box to work this problem.” This tells the student how to work the problem and makes the problem easy. The student draws the ratio box and rereads the problem to find the correct numbers to put in the box. Then the desired proportion can be visualized in the ratio box. Math 87 uses arrows to show how to translate a sentence into an algebraic equation. To remind studehts of this process, fractional-part-of-a-number problems begin with the wording “Write an equation to solve this problem.” Thus, Math 873s avery gentle book that provides students work in ratio problems and fractional-part-of-a-number problems and provides guidance to help students select thought Patterns that are productive. After a year in this book, students will be well prepared for the same types of problems, which will appear in the Algebra 1/2 book, where less guidance is provided.But what should be done with more able students who want to take Algebra 1 in the eighth grade? They will have to skip either Math 76 or Math 87. Experience with these books will provide insight as to which students will skip which book and which students should use all three books. We are not in favor of acceleration in mathematics because acceleration often results in students being left behind. We have all heard some adults say: “I was an A student so they put me in the advanced class. I couldn’t keep up. I got behind and dropped out of math as soon as I could.” But we are not in favor of holding students back. We believe in a single track in which all students study the same topics and progress according to their mathematical ability and not according to their chronological age. This book will provide another year of practice for students who need it and should keep many students from being “left behind,” and for gifted students it may be preferred over the Math 76 book. How to Use This Book ‘This book presents a series of daily lessons, each followed by a set of problems. Rather than providing practice in only the new topic, the problem sets review everything that has been taught previously. The sequence of the lessons and the content of the problem sets have been carefully planned. Do not skip lessons or sets. The teacher should briefly present the lesson, using the examples to lead the students through guided practice. The students should do the “Practice” at the end of each lesson as guided or independent practice before going on to the problem set. Teachers should strive for succinct presentations, This will permit most of the class time to be spent completely on the problem set in a situation where help from teachers and other students is available. It is essential for students to work every problem in the lessons and in the problem sets. All work should be shown. Consistent, honest effort will produce genuine learning with a high level of retention. ‘An available test booklet contains two forms of tests for every five lessons. Students will make excellent progress if |Preface ili they are able to score 80 percent or better on the tests. Students who fall below the 60 percent level should be given remedial attention immediately. For remediation, the appen- dix contains supplemental practice problems for selected lessons. These practice sets may be used as a supplement to, not as a replacement of, the regular problem sets. Acknowledgments We thank Shitley McQuade Davis for her ideas on teaching word problem thinking patterns. Stephen Hake John Saxon ‘Temple City, California Norman, OklahomaLESSON A LESSON LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5 LESSON 6 LESSON 7 LESSON 8 LESSON 9 LESSON 10 LESSON 11 17 Contents Preface Operations of Arithmetic * Parentheses * Arithmetic ‘with Whole Numbers . Operations of Arithmetic with Money Missing Numbers in Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication Number Line ¢ Positive and Negative Numbers * Ordering and Comparing Numbers Adding and Subtracting on the Number Line Place Value through Hundred Trillions * Reading and Writing Whole Numbers Factors * Divisibility Lines, Rays, and Segments Fractions and Mixed Numbers Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Fractions “Some and Some More” Word Problems “Some Went Away” Word Problems “Larger-Smaller-Difference” Word Problems ¢ Time Problems Equal Groups Word Problems Part-Part-Whole Word Problems Fractions Equal to1 * Improper Fractions Equivalent Fractions Reducing Fractions, Part 1 Linear Measure Pairs of Lines + Angles Polygons 15 20 23 27 32 36 41 49 54 59 63 69 73 77 82 87 92vi Contents LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON, LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSON LESSO! LESSON LESSON 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Perimeter, Part 1 Solving Equations Prime and Composite Numbers * Prime Factorization ‘Simplifying Fractions and Mixed Numbers Writing Mixed Numbers and Whole Numbers as Fractions Fraction-of-a-Group Problems ‘Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers Reciprocals Reducing Fractions, Part 2 Dividing Fractions Multiplying and Dividing Mixed Numbers Multiples * Least Common Multiple ‘Two-Step Word Problems Average, Part 1 Rounding Whole Numbers * Bstimating Answers Common Denominators * Adding and Subtracting Fractions with Different Denominators Decimal Fractions * Decimal Place Value Reading and Writing Decimal Numbers * Comparing Decimal Numbers Rounding Decimal Numbers Decimal Numbers on the Number Line ‘Adding and Subtracting Decimal Numbers Ratio Perimeter, Part 2 Graphs Proportions Multiplying Decimal Numbers Dividing a Decimal Number by a Whole Number Repeating Digits Decimals to Fractions and Fractions to Decimals Division Answers 96 100 104 110 14 117 qa 127 131 135 140 143 147 151 155 160 166 471 176 180 184 188 193 197 203 207 2a1 215 220 225Contents Vii ‘ LESSON 50 Dividing by a Decimal Number 228 ’ LESSON 51 Unit Price 233 t LESSON 52 Exponents 236 LESSON 53 Powers of 10 240 ' LESSON 54 Rectangular Area, Part 1 244 y LESSON 55 Square Root 249 , LESSON 56 Rates 253 LESSON 57 Percent 256 ; LESSON 58 Mixed Measures * Adding Mixed Measures 262 i LESSON 59 Multiplying Rates 266 . LESSON 60 Rectangular Area, Part 2 271 > LESSON 61 Scientific Notation for Large Numbers 275 ; LESSON 62 Order of Operations 279 ; LESSON 63 UnitMultipliers * Unit Conversion 283 i LESSON 64 Ratio Word Problems 288 : LESSON 65 Average, Part 2 292 > LESSON 66 Subtracting Mixed Measures 296 , LESSON 67 Liquid Measure 299 LESSON 68 Scientific Notation for Small Numbers 304 LESSON 69 Classifying Quadrilaterals 307 LESSON 70 Area ofa Parallelogram 312 6 LESSON 71 Fraction-Decimal-Percent Equivalents 316 0 LESSON 72 Sequences * Functions, Part 1 : 320 4 LESSON 73 Adding Integers on the Number Line 324 8 LESSON 74 Fractional Part of a Number and Decimal Part of 330 3 a Number, Part 1 7 LESSON. 75 Variables and Evaluation 334 e LESSON 76 Classifying Triangles 338 a LESSON 77 Symbols of Inclusion 343 if LESSON 78 Adding Signed Numbers 347 5 & LESSON 79 Area ofa Triangle 352 0 LESSON 80 Percent of aNumber 357 5 LESSON 81 Ratio Problems Involving Totals 361viii Contents LESSON 82 Geometric Solids LESSON 83 Weight LESSON 84 Circles * Investigating’ ‘Circumference IBSSON 85 Circumference and Pi LESSON The Opposite of the Opposite * Algebraic Addition LESSON 87 Operations with Fractions and Decimals LESSON 88 * The Addition Rule for Equations LESSON More on Scientific Notation LESSON 90 Multiplication Rule for Equations LESSON 91 Volume LESSON 92 Finding the Whole Group ‘When a Fraction Is Known LESSON 93 Implied Ratios LESSON 94 Fractional Part of a Number and Decimal Part of a Number, Part 2 LmssON 95 Multiplying and Dividing Signed Numbers LESSON 96 Area ofa Complex Figure ° ‘Area of a Trapezoid. LESSON 97 Inverting the Divisor LESSON 98 More on Percent LESSON 99 Graphing Inequalities sega _ LESSON 100 Insufficient Information * Quantitative Comparisons LESSON 101 Measuring Angles with a Protractor LESSON 102 Using Proportions to Solve Percent Problems LESSON 103 Area of a Circle LESSON 104 Multiplying Powers of 10 * Multiplying Numbers in Scientific Notation. LESSON 105 Mean, Median, Mode, and Range LESSON 106 Order of Operations with Signed Numbers * Functions, Part 2 LESSON 107 Number Families LESSON 108 Memorizing Common Fraction-Percent Equivalents LESSON 109 Multiple Unit Multipliers * Conversion of Units of Area LESSON 110 Sum of the Angle Measures ofa Triangle * Straight Angles 366 370 | : 375 379 384 388 393 399 403 409 414 417 422 4 ] 427 432 437 447 | 451 7 456 | 461 467 472 477 482 488 494 498 504LESSON 111 LESSON 112 i LESSON 113 i LESSON 114 : LESSON 115 i LESSON 116 : LESSON 117 LESSON 118 LESSON 120 SON 121 Contents, Equations with Mixed Numbers Evaluations with Signed Numbers * Signed Numbers without Parentheses Sales Tax Percents Greater than 100, Part 1 Percents Greater than 100, Part 2 Solving ‘Two-Step Equations Simple Probability Volume of a Right Solid Rectangular Coordinates Estimating Angle Measures Similar Triangles Scale and Scale Factor Pythagorean Theorem Estimating Square Roots * Special Angles Multiplying Three or More Signed Numbers * Powers of Negative Numbers Semicircles Surface Area Solving Literal Equations * Transforming Formulas Graphing Functions Formulas and Substitution Simple Interest Compound Probability Volume of a Pyramid and a Cone Probability, Chance, and Odds ume, Capacity, and Weight in the Metric System actice Problems for ix 510 514 519 523 528 533 538 544 548 554 561 567 572 578 584. 588 592 596 600 605 609 613 618 622 627 633