Electrical Services and

Illumination

Lecture - 2
LIGHT
Light is a form of energy which is
radiated by bodies at an
increased temperature. It is that
radiant energy which produces a
sensation of vision upon the
human eye.

The visible portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum (Light)
extends from about 380 to about
780 nano-meters (nm) of wave-
length
INTRODUCTION
“Burning the Mid-Night Oil”

1. Till mid 1800 there was no-way of working after dark.

2. From mid 19th century, people had started burning Oil or Gas as source of
Thomas A. Edison
light after dark.
3. With Edison’s invention of long lasting and commercially viable
incandescent lamp (bulb) and his power generation and distribution
system installed, from the year 1900 Electric Bulbs started giving tough
competition to the Gas utility lighting system and were being preferred for
• Cleanliness convenience,
• Steady light output and
• Reliability
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS
Reflection
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS
Refraction
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS
Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

Fibre Optics
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS
Dispersion
The index of refraction depends on the
wavelength of the incident light. Materials
typically have a higher index of refraction for
shorter wavelengths, so blue light bends
more than red light. This phenomenon is
called Dispersion
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS
Transmission
Absorption, reflection, refraction, and
diffusion all affect light transmission
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS
Absorption

Lambert’s law of absorption

BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS
Diffusion
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICS
Filtering
A transmissive filter is a material that absorbs some
wavelengths and transmits others, while a reflective filter
absorbs some wavelengths and reflects others.

Optical Filters
Red Filter Absorbs all except red wavelength (longest).
COLOUR OF INCEDENT LIGHT

Wavelength in Å Colour

4000 Violet

4750 Blue

5500 Green

6000 Yellow

7000 Red
RELATIVE SENSITIVITY
Even within the narrow spectrum of
visible light, the human eye is more
sensitive to some wavelengths than to
others. This sensitivity depends on
whether the eye is adapted for bright
light or darkness because the human eye
contains two types of photoreceptors —
cones and rods.

It is found that a human eye is most

sensitive for a wavelength 5500 Å, thus
the relative sensitivity for this wavelength
is considered as unity. The ratio of visual
sensitivity at any wavelength to the
sensation at 5500 Å is called relative
sensitivity for that wavelength
LIGHTING DESIGN

1. QUANTITY OF LIGHT

2. QUALITY OF LIGHT
QUANTITY OF LIGHT

1. Light output or Luminous Flux

2. Light Level or Luminous Intensity

or Illuminance or Illumination or
Lux Level

3. Brightness or Luminance
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
Light output or Luminous Flux

It is defined as the light energy radiated per

second from a luminous body.

The most common measure of light output (or

luminous flux) is the lumen. Light sources are
labelled with an output rating in lumens.

Lumen is defined as the luminous flux per unit

solid angle from a source of 1 candle power
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
Light Level or Luminous Intensity or Illuminance or
Illumination or Lux Level

Light intensity measured on a plane at a specific

location is called illuminance.

Luminous flux per unit area is called

illumination.

The units used to describe Illuminance are –

• Lumens per square foot
• Foot – candle
• Lumens per square meter or LUX
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
Brightness or Luminance

It is defined as the flux emitted per unit area of

the source in a direction perpendicular to the
surface.

This measures light "leaving" a surface in a

particular direction, and considers the
illuminance on the surface and the reflectance
of the surface.

Units used are –

• Candles per sq. meter
• Candle/sq. ft
• Foot lambert (ft-L)
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
PROCEDURE OF LIGHTING SCHEME DESIGN -
QUANTITATIVE
The average lighting levels for a particular space is computed based on the following factors –
• the task(s) being performed (contrast, size, etc.)
• the ages of the occupants
• the importance of speed and accuracy

Then, the appropriate type and quantity of lamps and light fixtures may be selected based on
the following –

• fixture efficiency – Luminous Efficacy

• lamp lumen output
• the reflectance of surrounding surfaces
• the effects of light losses from lamp lumen depreciation and dirt accumulation
• room size and shape
• availability of natural light (daylight)
LIGHTING SCHEME DESIGN - QUANTITATIVE

1. Space – Height Ratio - The Horizontal Distance between lamps / Mounting Height of Lamps

2. Utilization Factor – Total lumens utilized on the work plane / Total Lumens radiated by lamp

3. Depreciation Factor – Illumination under normal conditions / Illumination when everything

is clean
LIGHTING SCHEME DESIGN - QUANTITATIVE

Thus the total number of lumens required from the source =

(Area of the space X Illumination desired) / (Coeff. Of utilization X Coeff. Of Depreciation)

Efficacy of lamp = No. of Lumens radiated per Watt of power consumed

Thus Wattage of lamps = Lumen Output/ Efficacy of lamps = φ/η

ACTIVITY

LIGHTING DESIGN FOR SPACES USING QUANTITATIVE FACTORS…..

QUALITY OF LIGHT
Glare

Glare is a sensation caused by luminance in

the visual field that are too bright.
Discomfort, annoyance, or reduced
productivity can result due to glare.

Visual comfort probability (VCP) – it

indicates the percent of people who are
comfortable with the light/glare from a
fixture.
QUALITY OF LIGHT
Uniformity of Illuminance on Tasks

The uniformity of illuminance is a quality

issue that addresses how evenly light spreads
over a task area. Although a room's average
illuminance may be appropriate, two factors
may compromise uniformity –
• Improper fixture placement
• Fixtures that are retrofit with reflectors
that narrow the light distribution

Spacing criteria (SC) – it refers to the

maximum recommended distance between
fixtures to ensure uniformity.
QUALITY OF LIGHT
Colour Rendering or Colour Rendition

The ability to see colours properly is another aspect of lighting quality. Light sources vary in their
ability to accurately reflect the true colours of people and objects.

Colour Temperature –

This system assigns a numerical value to the colour emitted by a light source, measured in degrees of
Kelvin. The Kelvin Colour Temperature scale imagines a black body object--- (such as a lamp filament)
being heated. At some point the object will get hot enough to begin to glow. As it gets hotter its
glowing colour will shift, moving from deep reds, such as a low burning fire would give, to oranges &
yellows, all the way up to white hot. Light sources that glow this way are called "incandescent
radiators", and the advantage to them is that they have a continuous spectrum.
QUALITY OF LIGHT
Colour Rendering or Colour Rendition

Light sources that are not incandescent radiators have

what is referred to as a "Correlated Colour Temperature"
(CCT).
The colour rendering index (CRI) scale is used to compare
the effect of a light source on the colour appearance of its
surroundings.

A scale of 0 to 100 defines the CRI. 100 being the best

colour rendering ability, noon sunlight is considered to
have the best CRI.

Colour rendering index (CRI) – it indicates the colour

appearance of an object under a source as compared to a
reference source.
BOOKS and CODES TO REFER

• L. Uppal, ‘Electrical Wiring, Estimating & Costing’, Khanna Publishers, New

Delhi
• National Building Code, India, 2005
• Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), India, 2007
• Indian Electricity Rules – 1972
• Time Savers Standards– Electrical Design Data
• Alma E. F. Taylor, Lighting Research Centre, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Illumination Fundamentals
• Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) - Guidelines
• Other Relevant Codes