Chest

Lateral
Patient Position
• Position patient standing or seated erect with side against IR.
Part Position
• Place midsagittal plane parallel with IR.
• Have patient rest adjacent shoulder against IR holder with arms
raised and crossed over head.
• Place top of IR 11⁄2 to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm) above shoulder.
• Center thorax to IR.
Respiration:
Suspended full inspiration (after second inspiration)
Central Ray
• Direct perpendicular to IR entering patient at level of T7. Use SID
of 72 inches (183 cm).
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:508.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
2
Thorax
 Chest
PA oblique (LAO and RAO)
Patient Position
• Position patient standing or seated erect. Side farther from IR is usu-
ally the side of primary interest.
Part Position
• Adjust coronal plane 45 degrees from plane of IR.
• Place top of IR 11⁄2 to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm) above shoulders.
• Have patient roll shoulder nearest IR posteriorly and place hand on
hip.
• Have patient place arm farther from IR on top of IR holder.
• Center thorax to IR. Both 45-degree obliques may be taken.
Respiration:
Suspended full inspiration (after second inspiration)
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR at level of T7. Use SID of 72 inches (183 cm).
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:512.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
4
Thorax
 Chest
AP oblique (RPO and LPO)
Patient Position
• Position patient erect or supine. Side closer to IR is usually side of
primary interest.
Part Position
• Adjust coronal plane 45 degrees from plane of IR.
• Place top of IR 11⁄2 to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm) above shoulders.
• Have patient roll shoulder nearest IR anteriorly and place hand on
head.
• Have patient place arm farther from IR on hip.
• Center thorax to IR. Both 45-degree obliques may be taken.
Respiration:
Suspended full inspiration (after second inspiration)
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR at a level 3 inches (8 cm) below jugu-
lar notch (level of T7). Use SID of 72 inches (183 cm), which is rec-
ommended measure.
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).
kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:516.
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
517
Thorax
 Chest
AP
Patient Position
• Position patient supine or erect, arms at sides.
Part Position
• Center IR to midsagittal plane, and adjust upper border to be 11⁄2 to
2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm) above shoulders.
• If possible, have patient flex elbows, pronate hands, and place hands
on hips. Horizontal R
clavicle
Respiration:
Suspended full inspiration (after second inspiration)
Scapular
Central Ray image
• Perpendicular to center of IR at level 3 inches (8 cm) below jugular
notch (level of T7). Use SID of 72 inches (183 cm).

kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:518.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
519
Thorax
 Pulmonary Apices
AP axial (lordotic) LINDBLOM METHOD
Patient Position
• Position patient standing approximately 1 ft (30 cm) in front of IR.
When patient is properly positioned, top of IR should be approxi-
mately 3 inches (8 cm) above shoulders.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane with no rotation.
• Have patient flex elbows, hands with palms out on hips.
• Have patient lean backward in extreme lordotic position.
Respiration:
Suspended full inspiration (after second inspiration)
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR. Use SID of 72 inches (183 cm).
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
• Ensure collimation is extremely close to prevent unnecessary radia-
tion from reaching IR phosphor.
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).
kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:520.
kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:520.
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
197
Thorax
 Lungs and Pleurae
AP or PA (lateral decubitus)
Patient Position
• Position patient lateral recumbent.
Part Position
• Position patient on affected or unaffected side depending on condition.
• Elevate the chest on firm pad (generally “fluid down” or “free-air up”).
• Have patient extend arms above head; adjust thorax in true lateral
position.
• Place top of IR approximately 11⁄2 to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm) above
shoulders.
Respiration:
Suspended full inspiration (after second inspiration)
Central Ray
• Horizontal and perpendicular to center of IR at level 3 inches (8 cm)
below jugular notch (at T7 for PA)
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:524.

kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:198.
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
199
Thorax
 Lungs and Pleurae
Lateral (dorsal or ventral decubitus)
Patient Position
• Position patient prone or supine.
Part Position
• Elevate thorax 2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm) on firm pad, and center with
affected side closer to IR.
• Have patient extend arms above head.
• Place top of IR 11⁄2 to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm) above top of shoulders.
• Center midcoronal plane to center of grid.
Respiration:
Suspended full inspiration (after second inspiration)
Central Ray
• Horizontal and centered to IR at level of midcoronal plane and
3 inches (8 cm) below jugular notch (T7 for ventral decubitus)
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm)

kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:526.

kVp: 125 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:200.
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø
 Ribs
PA
Patient Position
• Position patient erect or prone.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid with chin extended and eyes straight
ahead.
• Place top of IR approximately 11⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) above shoulders.
• Have patient roll shoulders forward and rest back of hands on hips.
Respiration:
Suspended full inspiration to depress diaphragm
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR. This places the central ray at level of
T7.
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
kVp: 70 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:474. Instructor:
201
Thorax
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
203
Thorax
 Ribs
AP
Patient Position
• Position patient erect or supine.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to midline of grid.
• Above diaphragm: Place top of IR 11⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) above relaxed
shoulders.
• Below diaphragm: Center thorax with bottom of IR at level of iliac
crests.
• Rotate shoulders anteriorly.
Respiration:
Above diaphragm: Suspended full inspiration
Below diaphragm: Suspended full expiration
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

kVp: 70 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:204.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
205
Thorax
 Ribs
AP oblique (RPO or LPO)
Patient Position
• Position patient erect or supine.
Part Position
• Rotate patient’s body 45 degrees with affected side toward IR.
• Center a plane midway between midsagittal plane and lateral surface
of body.
• Abduct arm nearer IR, and place hand on head.
• Abduct opposite limb, and place hand on hip.
• Center top of IR 11⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) above relaxed shoulder (for
above diaphragm) and with lower edge of IR at level of iliac crest
(for below diaphragm).
Respiration:
Above diaphragm: Suspended full inspiration
Below diaphragm: Suspended full expiration
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).
kVp: 70 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:206.
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
207
Thorax
 Ribs
PA oblique (RAO or LAO)
Patient Position
• Position patient erect or prone.
Part Position
• Rotate patient’s body 45 degrees with affected side away from IR.
• Center a plane midway between midsagittal plane and lateral body
surface.
• Abduct and extend arm nearer IR and rest on hip.
• Abduct opposite arm and rest on film holder or head.
• Center top of IR 11⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) above relaxed shoulder (for
above diaphragm) and with lower edge of IR at level of iliac crest
(for below diaphragm).
Respiration:
Above diaphragm: Suspended full inspiration
Below diaphragm: Suspended full expiration
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR
Collimation:
Notes: Competency: / /
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).
Instructor:
208
Thorax
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 70 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:480.

 Sternum
PA oblique (RAO)
Patient Position
• Position patient prone for RAO (right PA oblique).
Part Position
• Center sternum to grid.
• Rotate patient’s body 15 to 20 degrees to prevent superimposition of
vertebral and sternal images.
• Center IR midway between jugular notch and xiphoid process at
level of T7.
Respiration:
Shallow breathing or suspended expiration
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to T7. Central ray enters elevated side of posterior
thorax approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) lateral to midsagittal plane.
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
210
Thorax
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 65 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:458.

 Sternum
Lateral
Patient Position
• Position patient seated, standing lateral, or recumbent.
Part Position
• Place top of IR 11⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) above jugular notch.
• Have patient rotate shoulders and arms posteriorly for erect position-
ing; place arms above head for recumbent positioning.
• Center sternum to grid. Adjust to true lateral position.
Respiration:
Suspended deep inspiration
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR entering lateral border of midsternum.
Use SID of 72 inches (183 cm).
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
• Ensure that collimation is extremely close to prevent unnecessary ra-
diation from reaching IR phosphor.
Collimation:
Notes:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm). Competency: / /
kVp: 70 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:462. Instructor:
212
Thorax
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
213
Thorax
 Sternoclavicular Articulations
PA
Patient Position
• Position patient prone.
Part Position
• Center IR to spinous process of T3.
• Adjust midsagittal plane to midline of grid.
• Have patient place arms along sides of body with palms facing up-
ward
• For bilateral examination, have patient rest chin on table.
• For unilateral examination, have patient turn head toward affected
side and rest cheek on table.
Respiration:
Suspended expiration
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR entering T3.
Collimation:
Adjust to 6 3 8 inches (15 3 20 cm).

kVp: 65 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:466.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
215
Thorax
 Sternoclavicular Articulations
PA oblique (RAO or LAO) BODY ROTATION METHOD
Patient Position
• Position patient prone or seated erect.
Part Position
• Keeping affected side adjacent to IR, rotate patient’s body enough to
project the vertebrae posterior to sternoclavicular joint closer to IR.
• Center joint to grid.
Respiration:
Full expiration to obtain a more uniform density
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to sternoclavicular joint closer to IR. Central ray en-
ters T2 to T3 and 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) laterally toward joint.
Collimation:
Adjust to 6 3 8 inches (15 3 20 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
216
Thorax
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 65 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 1:467.

 This page intentionally left blank

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
218
Thorax
Abdomen: Small Intestine: Urinary System:
AP (supine), 220 AP or PA, 246 AP oblique (RPO and LPO), 266
AP (upright), 222 Large Intestine: Bladder:
AP (lateral decubitus position), 224 PA, 248 AP or PA axial, 268
Lateral, 226 PA axial, 250 AP oblique (RPO or LPO), 270
Lateral (dorsal decubitus position), PA oblique (LAO and RAO), 252 Lateral, 272
228 Lateral, 254
Esophagus: AP, 256
AP or PA, 230 AP axial, 258
PA oblique (RAO), 232 AP oblique (LPO and RPO), 260
Lateral, 234 AP or PA (lateral decubitus
Stomach and Duodenum: position), 262
PA, 236 Lateral, AP or PA, oblique
PA oblique (RAO), 238 (upright), 264
AP oblique (LPO), 240
Lateral, 242
AP, 244

Abdomen
 Abdomen
AP (supine)
Patient Position
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid.
• Maintain shoulders in same transverse plane.
• Support under knees.
• Center IR at level of iliac crests, and ensure that pubic symphysis is
included.
• Apply gonad shielding as appropriate.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR midline at level of iliac crests
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

kVp: 75 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:91.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
221
Abdomen
 Abdomen
AP (upright)
Patient Position
• Position patient erect.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid device.
• Maintain shoulders in same transverse plane.
• Center IR 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crests to include diaphragm.
• Apply gonad shielding as appropriate.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Horizontal and 2 inches (5 cm) superior to iliac crests to center of
IR
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

kVp: 75 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:93.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
223
Abdomen
 Abdomen
AP (lateral decubitus position)
Patient Position
• Position patient lateral recumbent (usually left side down) on pad.
• Place patient’s arms above level of diaphragm with knees slightly
flexed.
Part Position
• Adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to and centered to grid de-
vice.
• Center IR at level of iliac crests.
• Center 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crests if diaphragm is to be in-
cluded.
• Apply gonad shielding as appropriate.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Horizontal and perpendicular to midpoint of IR
NOTE: Show side up for air and side down for fluid.
Collimation:
Notes: Competency: / /
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).
Instructor:
224
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 80 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:93.

 Abdomen
Lateral
Patient Position
• Position patient lateral recumbent or upright.
Part Position
• Center midcoronal plane to grid.
• Have patient flex elbows and place hands under head.
• Center IR at level of iliac crests or approximately 2 inches (5 cm)
superior to crests if diaphragm is to be included.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to midpoint of IR
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
226
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 90 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:95.

 Abdomen
Lateral (dorsal decubitus position)
Patient Position
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Have patient place arms across upper chest or under head. Patient
may slightly flex knees.
• Center vertical grid device to midcoronal plane at level 2 inches
(5 cm) superior to iliac crests.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Horizontal and perpendicular to center of IR, entering midcoronal
plane 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crests
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
• Because of the higher kVp used for this projection, ensure collima-
tion is extremely close.
Collimation:
Notes:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm). Competency: / /
Instructor:
228
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 95 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:96.

 Esophagus
AP or PA
Patient Position
• Position patient supine or prone.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid.
• Have patient place arms above the head in a comfortable position.
• Adjust shoulders and hips equidistant from table.
• Place top of IR at level of mouth.
• Turn head slightly to facilitate drinking barium mixture, and give
barium to patient.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to midpoint of IR at level of T5-T6
Collimation:
Adjust to 12 3 17 inches (30 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
kVp: 110 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:120. Instructor:
230
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
231
Abdomen
 Esophagus
PA oblique (RAO)
Patient Position
• Position patient recumbent with the side-down arm at the side and
the side-up arm on the pillow.
Part Position
• Elevate left side to obliquity of 35 to 40 degrees.
• Support patient on flexed knee and elbow.
• Place top of IR at level of mouth.
• Align esophagus and center elevated side through plane 2 inches
(5 cm) lateral to midsagittal plane and give barium to patient.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to midpoint of IR at level of T5 or T6
NOTE: If patient cannot assume prone position, a similar image can
be obtained by using LPO position, modified as described previously.
Collimation:
Adjust to 12 3 17 inches (30 3 43 cm).
kVp: 110 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:120.
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
233
Abdomen
 Esophagus
Lateral
Patient Position
• Place patient’s arms forward, with forearm on the pillow near the
head.
Part Position
• Center midcoronal plane to grid.
• Have patient bring arms forward and slightly flex hips and knees.
• Place top of film at level of mouth.
• Give barium mixture to patient.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to midpoint of IR at level of T5-T6
Collimation:
Adjust to 12 3 17 inches (30 3 43 cm).

kVp: 110 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:120.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
235
Abdomen
 Stomach and Duodenum
PA
Patient Position
• Position patient prone.
Part Position
• Center IR at estimated level of L1-L2.
• Center (1) halfway between midline and left lateral border of ab-
dominal cavity for 10- 3 12-inch (24- 3 30-cm) IR or (2) in mid-
sagittal plane for 14- 3 17-inch (35- 3 43-cm) IR.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR at level of L1-L2 T12

Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm) or 11 3 14 inches (28 3
36 cm) if a 14- 3 17-inch (35- 3 43-cm) IR is used.

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
236
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:126.

 Stomach and Duodenum
PA oblique (RAO)
Patient Position
• Position patient recumbent with the right arm at the side and left
arm by head.
Part Position
• Elevate left side, and support patient to obliquity of 40 to 70 de-
grees. (Hypersthenic patients require the greatest rotation.)
• Center IR at level of L1-L2.
• Position patient so that a sagittal plane passing midway between ver-
tebrae and lateral border of elevated side is centered to grid.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR midway between vertebral column and
lateral border of abdomen at level of L1-L2
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm) or 11 3 14 inches (28 3
36 cm) if a 14- 3 17-inch (35- 3 43-cm) IR is used.
Notes: Competency: / /
kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:130. Instructor:
238
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
239
Abdomen
 Stomach and Duodenum
AP oblique (LPO)
Patient Position
• Position patient recumbent with left arm by head and right arm be-
hind body.
Part Position
• Elevate right side, and support patient to obliquity of 30 to 60 de-
grees. (Hypersthenic patients require the greatest rotation; 45 de-
grees is sufficient for asthenic patients.)
• Position patient so that sagittal plane passing midway between verte-
brae and left margin of abdomen is centered to IR.
• Center IR at level of L1-L2.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR midway between vertebral column and
left lateral border of abdomen at level of L1-L2
Collimation:
Notes: to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).
Adjust Competency: / /
kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:132. Instructor:
240
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
241
Abdomen
 Stomach and Duodenum
Lateral
Patient Position
• Position patient recumbent (right lateral) or erect (left lateral).
Part Position
• Adjust body so that plane passing between midcoronal plane and an-
terior abdominal surface is centered to grid.
• Center IR at level of L1-L2.
• Adjust to true lateral.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to center of IR midway between midcoronal plane and
anterior surface of abdomen at level of L1-L2 for recumbent or L3
for upright position
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
kVp: 110 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:134. Instructor:
242
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
243
Abdomen
 Stomach and Duodenum
AP
Patient Position
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Adjust patient so that midline of grid coincides (1) halfway between
midline and lateral border of abdomen for 10- 3 12-inch (24- 3 30-
cm) IR or (2) at midsagittal plane for 14- 3 17-inch (35- 3 43-cm)
IR.
• Center IR at level of L1-L2.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR at level of pylorus (L1-L2)
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm) or 14 3 17 inches
(35 3 43 cm).

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:136.

Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
245
Abdomen
 Small Intestine
AP or PA
Patient Position
• Position patient supine or prone.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid.
• Center IR at level of iliac crests (may be slightly higher for early
time exposures).
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR entering level of iliac crests (or slightly above)
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
246
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:141.

 Large Intestine
PA
Patient Position
• Position patient prone.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid.
• Center IR at level of iliac crests.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR entering level of iliac crests
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
248
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:156.

 Large Intestine
PA axial 30 -40
Patient Position
• Position patient prone.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid with center of IR at level of iliac
crests.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Angle 30 to 40 degrees caudad. To show retrosigmoid area using
smaller IR, direct central ray so that it enters midline at level of
ASIS.
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
250
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:158.

 Large Intestine
PA oblique (LAO and RAO)
Patient Position
• Position patient PA oblique.
Part Position
• Rotate patient 35 to 45 degrees either right or left side up.
• Flex knee for stability.
• Center body to midline of grid.
• Adjust center of IR at level of iliac crests.
Respiration:
Suspended expiration
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR entering elevated side 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to
5 cm) lateral to midline of body on elevated side and at level of iliac
crests
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
252
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:160.

 Large Intestine
Lateral
Patient Position
• Position patient lateral recumbent.
Part Position
• Adjust body to true lateral position (right or left side down).
• Center midcoronal plane of abdomen to center of grid.
• Center IR to ASIS.
• Have patient flex knees and hips slightly and bring arms forward.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR entering midcoronal plane at level of ASIS
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
254
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 120 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:161.

 Large Intestine
AP
Patient Position
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid.
• Center IR at level of iliac crests.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR, entering midsagittal plane at level of iliac crests
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
256
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:162.

 Large Intestine
AP axial
Patient Position
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid.
• Center IR at level of 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crests.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Angle 30 to 40 degrees cephalad, entering approximately 2 inches (5
cm) below level of ASIS. (When retrosigmoid is of interest, central
ray enters inferior margin of pubic symphysis.)
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
258
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:163.

 Large Intestine
AP oblique (LPO and RPO)
Patient Position
• Position patient AP oblique.
Part Position
• Rotate patient 35 to 45 degrees from AP position either right or left
side up.
• Center abdomen to grid.
• Adjust center of IR to level of iliac crests.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular entering elevated side 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) lat-
eral to midline of body at level of iliac crests
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
260
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:164.

 Large Intestine
AP or PA (lateral decubitus position)
Patient Position
• Position patient recumbent on either right or left side.
• Elevate dependent side on firm pad.
Part Position
• Place arms above head with knees slightly flexed.
• Center midsagittal plane to grid.
• Center IR to midsagittal plane at level of iliac crests.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Horizontal and perpendicular to IR at level of iliac crests
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
262
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 110 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS pp. 2:167-168.

 Large Intestine
Lateral, AP or PA oblique (upright)
Patient Position
• Position patient erect frontal, lateral, or oblique.
Part Position
• Adjust arms to remove from area of interest, and distribute weight
equally on feet.
• Center IR at level of iliac crests and (1) midsagittal plane for AP or
PA projection, (2) midway between midsagittal plane and lateral as-
pect of side of interest for oblique positions, or (3) midcoronal plane
for lateral position.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR at level of iliac crests
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
kVp: 100 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:170. Instructor:
264
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
265
Abdomen
 Urinary System
AP oblique (RPO and LPO)
Patient Position
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Rotate patient 30 degrees from IR plane.
• Place support under elevated side as needed.
• Adjust hips and shoulders to be in same planes.
• Center spine to grid.
• Center IR at level of iliac crests.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to level of iliac crests entering elevated side approxi-
mately 2 inches (5 cm) lateral to midline
NOTE: For AP, PA, lateral, and decubitus positioning for the urinary
system, see similar abdomen positions in this section.
Collimation:
Adjust to 14 3 17 inches (35 3 43 cm).
kVp: 75 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:208.
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
267
Abdomen
 Bladder
AP or PA axial
Patient Position 10 -15
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to grid (1) 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 cm) above
pubic symphysis to show the bladder or (2) at pubic symphysis for
voiding studies.
• Adjust shoulders and hips to be equidistant from IR.
• Have patient place arms across upper chest or at sides.
• Have patient extend legs.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Adjust 10 to 15 degrees caudad (1) at level 2 to 3 inches (5 to
7.5 cm) above pubic symphysis to show bladder or (2) at pubic
symphysis for voiding studies.
Collimation:
Notes: to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).
Adjust Competency: / /
Instructor:
268
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 75 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:218.

 Bladder
AP oblique (RPO or LPO)
Patient Position
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Rotate patient 40 to 60 degrees from supine.
• Center IR 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 cm) above upper border of pubic
symphysis and 2 inches (5 cm) medial to ASIS.
• Have patient abduct uppermost thigh to prevent its superimposition
on bladder area.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular entering elevated side 2 inches (5 cm) medial to mid-
sagittal plane (1) at level 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 cm) superior to pu-
bic symphysis or (2) at pubic symphysis for voiding studies
NOTE: RPO position is also used for male cystourethrography.
Collimation:
Notes: to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).
Adjust Competency: / /
Instructor:
270
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 75 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:220.

 Bladder
Lateral
Patient Position
• Position patient lateral recumbent (either left or right).
Part Position
• Center midcoronal plane to grid.
• Have patient flex hips and knees.
• Adjust patient’s arms forward with hands under head.
• Center IR 2 inches (5 cm) above pubic symphysis.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular to IR, entering 2 inches (5 cm) above pubic
symphysis
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
272
Abdomen
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 95 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:222.

 This page intentionally left blank

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
274
Abdomen
Cranial Lines, Planes, and
Abbreviation, 276
Cranium:
PA and PA axial; CALDWELL
METHOD, 278
AP and AP axial, 280
Lateral, 282
AP axial; TOWNE METHOD, 284
PA axial; HAAS METHOD, 286
Submentovertical; SCHÜLLER
METHOD, 288
Optic Canal and Foramen:
Parietoorbital oblique; RHESE
METHOD, 290
Facial Bones:
Lateral, 292
Parietoacanthial; WATERS
METHOD, 294
Acanthoparietal; REVERSE WATERS
METHOD, 296
Nasal Bones: Paranasal Sinuses:
Lateral, 298 Lateral, 316
Zygomatic Arches: Frontal and Anterior Ethmoidal
Submentovertical, 300 Sinuses:
Zygomatic Arch: PA axial; CALDWELL METHOD, 318
Tangential, 302 Maxillary and Sphenoid Sinuses:
Zygomatic Arches: Parietoacanthial; WATERS
AP axial; MODIFIED TOWNE METHOD, 320
METHOD, 304 Ethmoidal and Sphenoidal
Mandibular Rami: Sinuses:
PA, 306 Submentovertical, 322
PA axial, 308 Petromastoid Portion:
Mandible: Axiolateral oblique; MODIFIED LAW
Axiolateral oblique, 310 METHOD, 324
Temporomandibular Axiolateral oblique (posterior
Articulations: profile); STENVERS METHOD, 326
AP axial, 312 Axiolateral oblique (anterior
Temporomandibular profile); ARCELIN METHOD, 328
Articulation:
Axiolateral oblique, 314
Cranium
 Cranial Lines, Planes, and Abbreviations Midsagittal plane

Abbreviations Used in This Section

AML: acanthomeatal line Glabella
EAM: external acoustic meatus
IOML: infraorbitomeatal line
OML: Orbitomeatal line

Outer canthus Interpupillary line

Inner canthus
Infraorbital margin

Nasion
Acanthion
Angle of mandible
(gonion)
Mental point

276
Cranium
 Glabelloalveolar line
Top of ear
attachment
Glabella

Nasion

External acoustic Acanthion

meatus

Mental point
Angle of mandible
(gonion)

Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:286.

 Cranium
PA and PA axial CALDWELL METHOD
15
Patient Position
• Position patient seated erect or prone.
Part Position
• Have patient rest head on forehead and nose.
• Position midsagittal plane perpendicular to midline of grid device.
• OML is perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• PA: Perpendicular to IR exiting nasion
• Caldwell method: Angle 15 degrees caudad exiting nasion.
• Center IR to central ray.
NOTE: If patient is obese or hypersthenic, a small radiolucent sponge
may be needed under the forehead.
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).

kVp: 80 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:296.

278
Cranium
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
279
Cranium
 Cranium
AP and AP axial
Patient Position
• Position patient supine.
Part Position
• Position midsagittal plane and OML perpendicular to IR.
• Place arms at sides or across chest.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• AP: Perpendicular to nasion
• AP axial: Angle 15 degrees cephalad.
• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).

kVp: 80 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:300.

280
Cranium
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
281
Cranium
 Cranium
Lateral
Patient Position
• Position patient seated erect or semiprone.
Part Position
• Position midsagittal plane parallel to IR.
• IOML is perpendicular to front edge of IR.
• Interpupillary line is perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Perpendicular entering 2 inches (5 cm) superior to EAM
• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).

kVp: 80 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:292.

282
Cranium
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
283
Cranium
 Cranium
AP axial TOWNE METHOD
30
Patient Position
• Position patient seated erect or supine.
Part Position
• Center midsagittal plane to midline of grid device, and adjust to
make perpendicular.
• Have patient flex neck, and adjust OML perpendicular to IR.
• When patient cannot flex neck, place IOML perpendicular.
• Place top of IR at level of cranial vertex.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Direct through foramen magnum with caudal angle of 30 degrees
to OML or 37 degrees to IOML. Central ray enters approximately
21⁄2 inches (6.4 cm) superior to glabella and passes through level
of EAM.
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).
kVp: 80 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:302.
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
285
Cranium
 Cranium
PA axial HAAS METHOD
25
Patient Position
• Position patient seated erect or prone.
Part Position
• Have patient rest head on forehead and nose.
• Place arms in comfortable position.
• Adjust shoulders to lie in same transverse plane.
• Adjust head so that midsagittal plane and OML are perpendicular
to IR.
Respiration:
Suspend.
Central Ray
• Direct 25 degrees cephalad entering 11⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) inferior
to external occipital protuberance (inion) and exiting 11⁄2 inches
(3.8 cm) superior to nasion
Collimation:
Adjust to 10 3 12 inches (24 3 30 cm).
Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
286
Cranium
Manual Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

AEC Factors
Part Image CR, DR
Thickness AEC Density Receptor Exposure HF, 1Ø
(cm) mA kVp Detector mAs Comp. Size Indicator Grid or 3Ø

kVp: 80 Reference: 12th edition ATLAS p. 2:308.

Notes: Competency: / /
Instructor:
288
Cranium