Carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​from​ ​baking​ ​soda

Nitit​ ​kaveevorasart​ ​(5861080)

Salisa​ ​Simaroj​ ​(5861136)
Supichaya​ ​Nobnom​ ​(5861155)
Vitavas​ ​Kitiyanasap​ ​(5861175)
Yanisa​ ​Lekprasert​ ​(5861305)

Advanced​ ​Chemistry​ ​1101

Ms.​ ​Sorasaree​ ​Tonsiengsom
Mahidol​ ​University​ ​International​ ​Demonstration​ ​School
Semester​ ​1​ ​Academic​ ​year​ ​2017-2018
Abstract
The​ ​purpose​ ​of​ ​this​ ​lab​ ​is​ ​to​ ​collect​ ​Carbon​ ​Dioxide​ ​from​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​and​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​in
order​ ​to​ ​study​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​different​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​and​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of
gas​ ​produced.​ ​The​ ​experiment​ ​was​ ​done​ ​by​ ​creating​ ​the​ ​product,​ ​in​ ​this​ ​case,​ ​Carbon​ ​Dioxide,​ ​by
mixing​ ​the​ ​reactants,​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​and​ ​baking​ ​soda,​ ​then​ ​have​ ​it​ ​replaced​ ​the​ ​water​ ​in​ ​the
graduated​ ​cylinder​ ​to​ ​measure​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​the​ ​gas​ ​taken.​ ​The​ ​results​ ​quite​ ​met​ ​the​ ​expectation.
Overall,​ ​the​ ​trend​ ​of​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​between​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​Carbon​ ​Dioxide​ ​and​ ​the
concentration​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​from​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​of​ ​the​ ​two​ ​substances​ ​is​ ​that​ ​the​ ​gas​ ​produced
increases​ ​when​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​increases.​ ​This​ ​shows​ ​that​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​of
them​ ​is​ ​proportional​ ​to​ ​each​ ​other​ ​which​ ​is​ ​also​ ​supported​ ​by​ ​Avogadro’s​ ​law.

Objective
To​ ​collect​ ​Carbon​ ​Dioxide​ ​from​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​and​ ​discuss​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​between
concentrate​ ​and​ ​volume.

Introduction
Baking​ ​Soda,​ ​also​ ​known​ ​as​ ​Sodium​ ​Bicarbonate​ ​(NaHCO​3​),​ ​is​ ​a​ ​compound​ ​with​ ​a​ ​high
pH​ ​at​ ​8.2,​ ​making​ ​it​ ​a​ ​base​ ​or​ ​an​ ​alkaline​ ​(Lilly,​ ​2017).​ ​Because​ ​of​ ​its​ ​basic​ ​property,​ ​once​ ​it​ ​is
exposed​ ​to​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​or​ ​vinegar,​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​occurs​ ​with​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​gas​ ​as​ ​products​ ​and
some​ ​other​ ​substances,​ ​according​ ​to​ ​ ​CH3COOH​ ​+​ ​NaHCO3​ ​--->​ ​C2H3NaO2​ ​+​ ​CO2​ ​+​ ​H2O
(​Helmenstine,​​ ​2017).
A​ ​dilute​ ​aqueous​ ​solution​ ​of​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​(CH​3​COOH)​ ​with​ ​a​ ​low​ ​in​ ​pH​ ​at​ ​2.4​ ​or​ ​vinegar
is​ ​another​ ​reactant​ ​in​ ​the​ ​chemical​ ​equation​ ​shown​ ​above​ ​(Enzyme-Facts​ ​2014).​ ​The​ ​reason​ ​for
the​ ​chemical​ ​reaction​ ​to​ ​occur​ ​is​ ​that​ ​the​ ​two​ ​reactants​ ​has​ ​a​ ​different​ ​in​ ​pH​ ​making​ ​one​ ​an​ ​acid,
while​ ​the​ ​other​ ​is​ ​a​ ​base.
The​ ​main​ ​purpose​ ​of​ ​the​ ​experiment​ ​was​ ​to​ ​identify​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​water​ ​being​ ​replaced
by​ ​gas​ ​produced​ ​from​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​with​ ​a​ ​different​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​used​ ​in​ ​each
trial.​ ​The​ ​three​ ​different​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​were​ ​0.5​ ​M,​ ​0.75​ ​M,​ ​1.0​ ​M.​ ​The​ ​process​ ​of
conducting​ ​the​ ​experiment​ ​can​ ​be​ ​divided​ ​into​ ​2​ ​parts​ ​:​ ​creating​ ​the​ ​solution​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​and
acetic​ ​acid​ ​and​ ​collecting​ ​the​ ​gas​ ​created​ ​in​ ​an​ ​upside​ ​down​ ​cylinder.​ ​The​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​used​ ​was
20​ ​ml​ ​per​ ​trial​ ​mixing​ ​with​ ​the​ ​three​ ​different​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda.​ ​With​ ​the
concentration​ ​difference,​ ​the​ ​change​ ​in​ ​volume​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​the​ ​gas​ ​produced​ ​can​ ​be​ ​described​ ​in​ ​a
trend​ ​that​ ​the​ ​higher​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​it​ ​is,​ ​the​ ​more​ ​gas​ ​is​ ​produced.​ ​Unfortunately,
some​ ​errors​ ​were​ ​encountered​ ​during​ ​the​ ​trial​ ​number​ ​2​ ​with​ ​0.75​ ​M​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda.​ ​It​ ​resulted
in​ ​a​ ​less​ ​accurate​ ​result​ ​as​ ​what​ ​is​ ​shown​ ​in​ ​the​ ​table.​ ​However,​ ​the​ ​overall​ ​trend​ ​still​ ​follows​ ​the
trend​ ​with​ ​the​ ​highest​ ​gas​ ​produced​ ​when​ ​there​ ​was​ ​1.0​ ​M​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​and​ ​less​ ​in​ ​products
when​ ​0.5​ ​M​ ​and​ ​0.75​ ​M​ ​of​ ​the​ ​compound​ ​was​ ​used.​ ​The​ ​collecting​ ​gas​ ​part​ ​was​ ​done​ ​with​ ​three
main​ ​apparatuses,​ ​which​ ​are​ ​a​ ​suction​ ​flask,​ ​a​ ​rubber​ ​tubing,​ ​and​ ​a​ ​cylinder.​ ​The​ ​solution​ ​was

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poured​ ​into​ ​the​ ​suction​ ​flask​ ​getting​ ​swirled​ ​as​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​occurred,​ ​creating​ ​the​ ​Carbon
dioxide​ ​gas​ ​replacing​ ​the​ ​water​ ​volume​ ​in​ ​the​ ​upside​ ​down​ ​cylinder.​ ​The​ ​gas​ ​travelled​ ​through
the​ ​tubing​ ​inserted​ ​on​ ​the​ ​flask​ ​on​ ​one​ ​end​ ​and​ ​underneath​ ​the​ ​cylinder​ ​on​ ​the​ ​other.​ ​The​ ​volume
of​ ​the​ ​water​ ​filled​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cylinder​ ​was​ ​first​ ​measured​ ​before​ ​the​ ​solution​ ​was​ ​put​ ​in​ ​the​ ​suction
flask.​ ​Once​ ​the​ ​gas​ ​had​ ​entered​ ​the​ ​cylinder,​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​the​ ​leftover​ ​water​ ​was​ ​measured
again.​ ​With​ ​the​ ​two​ ​volume​ ​measured​ ​at​ ​the​ ​different​ ​time,​ ​the​ ​change​ ​in​ ​volume​ ​can​ ​be
identified,​ ​giving​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​that​ ​had​ ​replaced​ ​the​ ​water​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cylinder.

Materials
1.baking​ ​soda​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2.acetic​ ​acid

3.volumetric​ ​flask​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​4.​ ​A​ ​rubber​ ​tubing

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5.suction​ ​flask 6.clay

7.Water 8.cylinder

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Procedure
1. Calculate​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda,​ ​creating​ ​three​ ​different​ ​concentration​ ​for
the​ ​solution​ ​used​ ​within​ ​the​ ​experiment.
2. Prepare​ ​the​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​mole​ ​calculated​ ​previously.​ ​Weigh​ ​them
on​ ​the​ ​scale​ ​and​ ​slowly​ ​pour​ ​them​ ​into​ ​a​ ​volumetric​ ​flask.
3. Add​ ​100​ ​mL​ ​of​ ​water​ ​into​ ​the​ ​volumetric​ ​flask​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to​ ​dissolve​ ​the​ ​baking​ ​soda.
4. Pour​ ​20​ ​mL​ ​of​ ​the​ ​dissolved​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​into​ ​another​ ​beaker.
5. Measure​ ​20​ ​mL​ ​of​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​and​ ​pour​ ​it​ ​into​ ​a​ ​beaker.
6. Set​ ​up​ ​the​ ​lab​ ​equipments
a. Place​ ​a​ ​sink​ ​stopper​ ​over​ ​the​ ​water​ ​drain.
b. Allow​ ​the​ ​water​ ​to​ ​flow​ ​into​ ​the​ ​tub​ ​at​ ​an​ ​optimal​ ​level.
c. Separate​ ​the​ ​clay​ ​into​ ​two​ ​chunks.
d. Use​ ​one​ ​chunk​ ​to​ ​create​ ​a​ ​shape​ ​that​ ​fits​ ​into​ ​the​ ​suction​ ​flask.
e. Use​ ​another​ ​chunk​ ​to​ ​connect​ ​the​ ​rubber​ ​tubing​ ​with​ ​a​ ​small​ ​hole​ ​at​ ​the​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the
suction​ ​flask.
7. Place​ ​the​ ​suction​ ​flask​ ​at​ ​the​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the​ ​sink.
8. Fill​ ​up​ ​the​ ​graduated​ ​cylinder​ ​with​ ​water.
9. Quickly,​ ​turn​ ​it​ ​upside​ ​down​ ​into​ ​the​ ​sink​ ​to​ ​minimize​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​water​ ​leaking​ ​out​ ​of
the​ ​cylinder.
10. Insert​ ​the​ ​rubber​ ​tubing​ ​that​ ​is​ ​connected​ ​to​ ​the​ ​suction​ ​flask​ ​into​ ​the​ ​graduated​ ​cylinder.
11. Measure​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​water​ ​inside​ ​the​ ​graduated​ ​cylinder​ ​and​ ​record​ ​it.
12. Add​ ​20​ ​mL​ ​of​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​and​ ​20​ ​mL​ ​of​ ​prepared​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​into​ ​the​ ​volumetric​ ​flask.
13. Close​ ​the​ ​suction​ ​flask​ ​with​ ​the​ ​clay.
14. Shake​ ​the​ ​suction​ ​flask​ ​gently,​ ​allowing​ ​gas​ ​to​ ​produce.
15. After​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​done,​ ​measure​ ​the​ ​new​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​water​ ​and​ ​record​ ​it​ ​again.
16. Repeat​ ​step​ ​2-15​ ​for​ ​the​ ​other​ ​two​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​baking​ ​soda.

Results
Data​ ​Table:

Concentration​ ​(M) Volume​ ​(ml)

Initial​ ​Volume Final​ ​Volume Change​ ​in​ ​Volume

0.5 50 280 230

0.75 90 310 220

1.0 10 275 265

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Analyze​ ​and​ ​Calculation:
● Graph:

● Equation:​ ​CH​3​COOH​ ​+​ ​NaHCO​3​​ ​--->​ ​C​2​H​3​NaO​2​​ ​+​ ​CO​2​​ ​+​ ​H​2​O

From​ ​the​ ​equation,​ ​The​ ​ratio​ ​between​ ​NaHCO​3​ and​

​ ​CO​2​​ ​is​ ​1:1.​ ​Therefore,​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​moles
of​ ​NaHCO​3​ and​
​ ​CO​2​ are​
​ ​the​ ​same.

(1) From​ ​the​ ​formula:​ ​ ​Molarity​ ​=​ ​mol/​ ​L​ ​;​ ​molarity​ ​of​ ​NaHCO​3​​ ​is​ ​0.5,​ ​and​ ​used​ ​for​ ​20​ ​mL
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​0.5​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​mol/​ ​0.02​ ​L
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Mol​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​0.01
Therefore,​ ​in​ ​20​ ​mL​ ​of​ ​NaHCO​3​​ ​would​ ​produce​ ​0.01​ ​mol​ ​of​ ​CO​2

From​ ​Formula​ ​;​ ​mol​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​/​ ​molar​ ​mass

Mass​ ​=​ ​mol​ ​x​ ​molar​ ​mass
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​0.01​ ​x​ ​(12.01​ ​+​ ​2(16))
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​0.44​ ​g
Therefore,​ ​we​ ​got​ ​0.44​ ​g​ ​of​ ​CO​2​ from​ ​ ​the​ ​experiment.

​ ​From​ ​the​ ​Formula;​ ​PV​ ​=​ ​nRT

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​P =nRT​ ​/​ ​V
=​ ​0.01(0.0821)(273+25)​ ​/​ ​0.23
=​ ​1.06​ ​atm

5
 Therefore,​ ​the​ ​total​ ​pressure​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cylinder​ ​is​ ​1.06​ ​+​ ​23.76​ ​(pressure​ ​of​ ​water​ ​at​ ​room
temperature)​ ​=​ ​24.82​ ​atm

(2) From​ ​the​ ​formula:​ ​ ​Molarity​ ​=​ ​mol/​ ​L​ ​;​ ​molarity​ ​of​ ​NaHCO​3​​ ​is​ ​0.75,​ ​and​ ​used​ ​for​ ​20​ ​mL
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​0.75​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​mol/​ ​0.02​ ​L
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Mol​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​0.015
Therefore,​ ​in​ ​20​ ​mL​ ​of​ ​NaHCO​3​​ ​would​ ​produce​ ​0.015​ ​mol​ ​of​ ​CO​2

From​ ​Formula​ ​;​ ​mol​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​/​ ​molar​ ​mass

Mass​ ​=​ ​mol​ ​x​ ​molar​ ​mass
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​0.015​ ​x​ ​(12.01​ ​+​ ​2(16))
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​0.66​ ​g
Therefore,​ ​we​ ​got​ ​0.66​ ​g​ ​of​ ​CO​2​ from​ ​ ​the​ ​experiment.

​ ​From​ ​the​ ​Formula;​ ​PV​ ​=​ ​nRT

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​P =nRT​ ​/​ ​V
=​ ​0.015(0.0821)(273+25)​ ​/​ ​0.22
=​ ​1.66​ ​atm
Therefore,​ ​the​ ​total​ ​pressure​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cylinder​ ​is​ ​1.66​ ​+​ ​23.76​ ​(pressure​ ​of​ ​water​ ​at​ ​room
temperature)​ ​=​ ​25.42​ ​atm

(3) From​ ​the​ ​formula:​ ​ ​Molarity​ ​=​ ​mol/​ ​L​ ​;​ ​molarity​ ​of​ ​NaHCO​3​​ ​is​ ​1.0,​ ​and​ ​used​ ​for​ ​20​ ​mL
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​1.0​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​mol/​ ​0.02​ ​L
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Mol​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​ ​0.02
Therefore,​ ​in​ ​20​ ​mL​ ​of​ ​NaHCO​3​​ ​would​ ​produce​ ​0.02​ ​mol​ ​of​ ​CO​2

From​ ​Formula​ ​;​ ​mol​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​/​ ​molar​ ​mass

Mass​ ​=​ ​mol​ ​x​ ​molar​ ​mass
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​0.02​ ​x​ ​(12.01​ ​+​ ​2(16))
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​=​ ​0.88​ ​g
Therefore,​ ​we​ ​got​ ​0.88​ ​g​ ​of​ ​CO​2​ from​ ​ ​the​ ​experiment.

​ ​From​ ​the​ ​Formula;​ ​PV​ ​=​ ​nRT

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​P =nRT​ ​/​ ​V
=​ ​0.02(0.0821)(273+25)​ ​/​ ​0.265
=​ ​1.84​ ​atm
Therefore,​ ​the​ ​total​ ​pressure​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cylinder​ ​is​ ​1.84​ ​+​ ​23.76​ ​(pressure​ ​of​ ​water​ ​at​ ​room
temperature)​ ​=​ ​25.6​ ​atm

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From​ ​the​ ​Gas​ ​Law​ ​(PV​ ​=​ ​nRT),​ ​pressure​ ​change​ ​proportionally​ ​to​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​gas.
Therefore,​ ​when​ ​the​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​Carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​increases,​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​will​ ​also​ ​increase.
However,​ ​there​ ​is​ ​an​ ​error​ ​(shown​ ​on​ ​the​ ​graph)​ ​at​ ​the​ ​0.015​ ​mol​ ​of​ ​Carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​which​ ​may
occur​ ​by​ ​humans’​ ​error.

Discussion
The​ ​chemical​ ​reaction​ ​tested​ ​in​ ​the​ ​experiment​ ​is​ ​CH3COOH​ ​+​ ​NaHCO3​ ​--->​ ​C2H3NaO2​ ​+
CO2​ ​+​ ​H2O​ ​or​ ​NaHCO3(s)​ ​+​ ​CH3COOH(l)​ ​→​ ​CO2(g)​ ​+​ ​H2O(l)​ ​+​ ​Na+(aq)​ ​+​ ​CH3COO-(aq)
With​ ​the​ ​different​ ​chemical​ ​property​ ​the​ ​two​ ​substances​ ​have​ ​in​ ​terms​ ​of​ ​the​ ​different​ ​in​ ​pH,​ ​a
chemical​ ​reaction​ ​occurs​ ​when​ ​they​ ​are​ ​mixed​ ​together,​ ​producing​ ​Carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​gas​ ​as​ ​the
main​ ​products,​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​other​ ​substances​ ​as​ ​shown​ ​in​ ​the​ ​chemical​ ​equation.​ ​Baking​ ​soda
(NaHCO3)​ ​having​ ​a​ ​higher​ ​pH​ ​than​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​(CH3COOH)​ ​at​ ​8.2,​ ​which​ ​the​ ​acid​ ​only​ ​has​ ​2.4,
making​ ​it​ ​act​ ​as​ ​a​ ​base​ ​in​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​since​ ​its​ ​pH​ ​is​ ​higher​ ​than​ ​7.​ ​The​ ​same​ ​concept​ ​applies​ ​to
the​ ​acetic​ ​acid​ ​with​ ​a​ ​pH​ ​lower​ ​than​ ​a​ ​7,​ ​resulting​ ​in​ ​an​ ​acidic​ ​property.​ ​The​ ​reason​ ​that​ ​the​ ​air
overflows​ ​around​ ​in​ ​the​ ​highest​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​cylinder​ ​once​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​occurs​ ​is​ ​that​ ​the​ ​bubbles
created​ ​during​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​are​ ​heavier​ ​than​ ​air.​ ​The​ ​air​ ​that​ ​has​ ​a​ ​lighter​ ​weight​ ​than​ ​the​ ​bubbles
contains​ ​Carbon​ ​Dioxide,​ ​making​ ​it​ ​possible​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​the​ ​gas​ ​product​ ​from​ ​the
surface​ ​of​ ​the​ ​cylinder.​ ​The​ ​pressure​ ​of​ ​dry​ ​gas​ ​produced​ ​at​ ​25​ ​C​ ​at​ ​atmospheric​ ​pressure​ ​is​ ​1.06
atm​ ​for​ ​0.5​ ​molarity​ ​of​ ​NaHCO​3​,​ ​1.66​ ​atm​ ​for​ ​0.75​ ​molarity,​ ​and​ ​1.84​ ​atm​ ​for​ ​1.0​ ​molarity.​ ​Not
only​ ​could​ ​the​ ​pressure​ ​be​ ​calculated,​ ​but​ ​also​ ​moles​ ​and​ ​weight​ ​of​ ​the​ ​gas​ ​produced.​ ​The
number​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​produced​ ​at​ ​0.5​ ​molarity​ ​of​ ​NaHCO​3​ is​ ​ ​0.01​ ​mol,​ ​ ​0.015​ ​mol​ ​at​ ​0.75​ ​molarity,​ ​and
0.02​ ​mol​ ​at​ ​1.0​ ​molarity.​ ​For​ ​the​ ​weight​ ​of​ ​the​ ​gas,​ ​it​ ​was​ ​produced​ ​0.44​ ​g​ ​at​ ​0.5​ ​molarity​ ​of
NaHCO​3​,​ ​0.66​ ​g​ ​at​ ​ ​0.75​ ​molarity,​ ​and​ ​0.88​ ​g​ ​at​ ​1.0​ ​molarity.​ ​Though,​ ​the​ ​experiment​ ​was
conducted​ ​successfully​ ​through​ ​the​ ​processes,​ ​there​ ​were​ ​some​ ​struggles​ ​encountered,​ ​which
caused​ ​the​ ​result​ ​to​ ​be​ ​not​ ​as​ ​precise.​ ​The​ ​first​ ​error​ ​found​ ​was​ ​mixing​ ​the​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​with
water​ ​in​ ​the​ ​beaker​ ​instead​ ​of​ ​pouring​ ​them​ ​into​ ​volumetric​ ​flask.​ ​This​ ​was​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​fact​ ​that
our​ ​group​ ​did​ ​not​ ​follow​ ​the​ ​procedure.​ ​As​ ​a​ ​consequence,​ ​we​ ​were​ ​all​ ​running​ ​out​ ​of​ ​time.
Secondly,​ ​our​ ​group​ ​made​ ​a​ ​mistake​ ​while​ ​we​ ​were​ ​measuring​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​the​ ​solution
because​ ​we​ ​did​ ​not​ ​measure​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​meniscus.​ ​To​ ​improve​ ​the​ ​experiment,
every​ ​group​ ​member​ ​should​ ​listen​ ​carefully​ ​to​ ​the​ ​instruction​ ​and​ ​follow​ ​the​ ​procedure​ ​according
to​ ​the​ ​teacher.​ ​Also,​ ​we​ ​should​ ​be​ ​very​ ​accurate​ ​with​ ​the​ ​method​ ​of​ ​measuring​ ​solution
especially​ ​when​ ​using​ ​the​ ​graduated​ ​cylinder.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​important​ ​that​ ​we​ ​look​ ​at​ ​the​ ​meniscus​ ​and
not​ ​the​ ​line​ ​on​ ​the​ ​top​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to​ ​avoid​ ​any​ ​errors​ ​within​ ​the​ ​experiment.

7
Conclusion

In​ ​conclusion,​ ​from​ ​the​ ​experiment​ ​,​ ​we​ ​could​ ​collect​ ​Carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​gas​ ​from​ ​the​ ​reaction
between​ ​ ​baking​ ​soda​ ​and​ ​acetic​ ​acid.​ ​Moreover,​ ​from​ ​the​ ​results,​ ​if​ ​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​substances​ ​increase,
the​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​will​ ​increase.​ ​Therefore,​ ​The​ ​mole​ ​and​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​is​ ​directly​ ​proportional​ ​to​ ​each
other.

References
Physical​ ​&​ ​Chemical​ ​Properties​ ​of​ ​Sodium​ ​Bicarbonate.​ ​(n.d.).​ ​Retrieved​ ​November​ ​13,​ ​2017,
from​ ​https://sciencing.com/physical-chemical-properties-sodium-bicarbonate-6571412.html

Helmenstine,​ ​P.​ ​A.​ ​(n.d.).​ ​Know​ ​the​ ​Equation​ ​for​ ​the​ ​Baking​ ​Soda​ ​and​ ​Vinegar​ ​Reaction.
Retrieved​ ​November​ ​13,​ ​2017,​ ​from
https://www.thoughtco.com/equation-for-the-reaction-of-baking-soda-and-vinegar-604043

Properties​ ​of​ ​Vinegarcolor​ ​=​ ​"#6B8E23">.​ ​(n.d.).​ ​Retrieved​ ​November​ ​13,​ ​2017,​ ​from
http://www.enzyme-facts.com/properties-of-vinegar.html