548 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

2. f x  lnx  3 y
4. lnx2  1x  1  lnx2  1  lnx  1
3
Horizontal shift 3 units to x=3
2
the right
1
Vertical asymptote: x  3
x
1 2 4 5 6
−1

−2

−3

 x 25x
 1 
3
6. 3ln x  2 lnx2  1  2 ln 5  3 ln x  6 lnx2  1  ln 52  ln x3  lnx2  16  ln 25  ln 2 6

xx  1
8. ln x  lnx  3  0 10. hx  ln  ln x  lnx  1  lnx  2
x2
ln xx  3  0
1 1 1 x2  4x  2
hx    
xx  3  e0 x x  1 x  2 x3  3x2  2x
x2  3x  1  0
3 ± 13
x
2
3  13 3  13
x only since < 0.
2 2

2 1
12. f x  lnxx2  223  ln x  lnx2  2 14. y a  bx  a lna  bx
3 b2
7x2  6
fx 
1 2 2x
x

3 x2  2
 3

3x  6x
dy

dx b2
1
b
ab
a  bx

x
a  bx

1 b a  bx
16. y  ln 18. u  x2  1, du  2x dx
ax a2 x


1 b
 lna  bx  ln x
ax a2
 x
x2  1
dx 
1 2x
2 x2  1 1
dx  ln x2  1  C
2
dy
dx
1 1 b
  2  2
a x

b
a a  bx

1
x  
a

1

b

ax2 a2 xa  bx
1
 2
ax b
axa  bx
a  bx  bx 1
  2
ax2a  bx x a  bx

20. u  ln x, du 
1
x
dx 22. 1
e
ln x
x
dx  
e

1
ln x1

1
x 
1
dx  ln x2
2 
e

1

1
2

 lnx
x
dx 
1
2 
ln x
1
x
1
dx  ln x  C
4
2


4 4
24.
0
tan 4  x
dx  ln cos 4  x
 0

12
 2 ln 2
1
 0  ln
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 549

26. (a) f x  5x  7 (b) 6

−1
y  5x  7 f
−10 6

y7 f
x
5
−10
x7
y 5x  7  7
5 (c) f 1 f x  f 15x  7  x
x7 5
f 1x 
5
f  f 1x  f x 5 7
 5 x 5 7
 7  x
28. (a) f x  x3  2 (b) 3

f −1
y  x3  2 f

−4 5

3
y2x

3
x2y −3

f 1x  
3 x  2
(c) f 1 f x  f 1x3  2  
3 x3  2  2  x

f  f 1x  f   3 x  2  2  x
3 x  2   3

30. (a) f x  x2  5, x ≥ 0 (b) 4

f −1
y  x2  5
−6 6

y  5  x f

x  5  y
−6

f 1 x  x  5
(c) f 1 f x  f 1x2  5  x2  5  5  x for x ≥ 0.
f  f 1x  f  x  5    x  5   5  x
2

32. f x  xx  3 34. f x  ln x

f 4  4 f 1x  ex
1  f 1x  ex
fx  x  3  xx  312
2
 f 10  e0  1
f4  1  2  3
1 1
 f 14  
f4 3

36. (a) f x  e1x (b) 4

y  e1x
f
ln y  1  x −4 5
−1
f
x  1  ln y −2

y  1  ln x
(c) f 1 f x  f 1 e1x   1  lne1x 
f 1x  1  ln x
 1  1  x  x

f  f 1x  f 1  ln x  e1 1ln x  eln x  x

550 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

1 e e

x
38. y  4ex 40. gx  ln
2

x
y

5
 ln ex  ln1  ex  x  ln1  ex
4
ex 1
gx  1  
1 1  ex 1  ex
x
−5 − 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
−3
−4
−5

1
42. hz  ez 2
2
44. y  3e3t 46. f   esin 2
2
hz  zez 2 9e3t
2

y  3e3t3t2  f  cos 2 esin 2

t2

1 1
48. cos x2  xey 50. Let u  , du  2 dx.
x x

 
dy
2x sin x2  xey  ey
dx e1x
x2
1

dx   e1x  2 dx  e1x  C
x
dy 2x sin x2  ey

dx xey

52. Let u  e2x  e2x, du  2e2x  e2x dx. 54. Let u  x3  1, du  3x2 dx.

 e2x  e2x
e e
2x 2x
dx 
1 2e2x  2e2x
2 e2x  e2x
dx   x2ex
3 1
dx 
3
e 
1 x3 1 2 1 3
3x  dx  ex 1  C
3
1
 lne2x  e2x  C
2

56.  e2x
e2x  1
dx 
1 1
2 e2x  1
2e2x dx  58. (a), (c) 10,000

1
 lne2x  1  C
2
0 5
0

(b) V  8000e0.6t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
Vt  4800e0.6t
V1  2634.3 dollarsyear
V4  435.4 dollarsyear

60. Area   0
2
2ex dx  2ex  
2

0
 2e2  2  2 
2
e2
 1.729

62. gx  62x  64. y  log4 x2

2

y y

5
8 4
3
6 2
1
x
−5 − 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
2
−3
−4
x −5
−4 −2 2 4
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 551

66. f x  4xex 68. y  x4x

fx  4xex  ln 44xex  4xex1  ln 4 y  4x  x  4x ln 4

70. hx  log5

x
x1
 log5 x  log5x  1 72.  21t
t2
dt 
1 1t
ln 2
2 C

1
hx 
1 1
ln 5 x
 1
x1

1

ln 5 x x  1  

74. t  50 log10 18,000  h

18,000
(c) t  50 log10 18,000  h

18,000

(a) Domain: 0 ≤ h < 18,000 18,000

10t50 
(b) t 18,000  h
100 18,000  h  18,00010t50
80 h  18,0001  10t50
60
As h → 18,000, t → .
40
(d) t  50 log10 18,000  50 log1018,000  h
20
dt 50

dh ln 1018,000  h
h
4000 12,000

d 2t 50
Vertical asymptote: h  18,000 
dh2 ln 1018,000  h2
No critical numbers
As t increases, the rate of change of the
altitude is increasing.

12

t1620
76. 2P  Pe10r 78. y5
2  e10r
12

6001620
ln 2  10r y600  5  3.868 grams
ln 2
r  6.93%
10

dy
80. (a)  0.012y, s > 50 (b)
ds
1
0.012  
dy
y
 ds
Speed(s)
Miles per Gallon (y)
50
28
55
26.4
60
24.8
65
23.4
70
22.0
1
ln y  s  C1
0.012
y  Ce0.012s
When s  50, y  28  Ce0.01250 ⇒ C  28e0.6
y  28e0.60.012s, s > 50

dy e2x
82. 
dx 1  e2x

 
dy 
e2x
1e 2x
dx  
1 2e2x
2 1  e2x
dx 
1
y   ln1  e2x  C
2
552 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

84. y  ey sin x  0
dy
 ey sin x
dx

ey dy   sin x dx

ey  cos x  C1
1
ey  C  C1
cos x  C

y  ln
1
cos x  C
 ln cos x  C

dy 3x  y
86.  (homogeneous differential equation)
dx x
3x  y dx  x dy  0
Let y  vx, dy  x dv  v dx.
3x  vx dx  xx dv  v dx  0
3x  2vx dx  x2 dv  0
3  2v dx  x dv

 1
x
dx   1
3  2v
dv

1

ln x 
2
ln 3  2v  C1  ln3  2v12  ln C2

x  C23  2v12

x2  C3  2v  C 3  2 yx

x3  C3x  2y  3Cx  2Cy

x3  3Cx
y
2C

dv
88.  kv  9.8
dt

 
9.8
dv (b) lim vt 
(a)  dt t→ k
kv  9.8
1
k
ln kv  9.8  t  C1
(c) st   1
k
9.8  kv0  9.8ekt dt

ln kv  9.8  kt  C2 
1
k 1
9.8t  kv0  9.8ekt  C
k 
kv  9.8  ektC2  C3 ekt
9.8t 1
  2kv0  9.8ekt  C
 
1 k k
v  9.8  C3ekt
k
1 1
s0  kv  9.8  C ⇒ C  s0  2kv0  9.8
1 k2 0 k
At t  0, v0  9.8  C3 ⇒ C3  kv0  9.8
k
9.8t 1 1
st   2kv0  9.8ekt  s0  2kv0  9.8
1 k k k
v  9.8  kv0  9.8ekt
k
9.8t 1
  2kv0  9.8ekt  1  s0
Note that k < 0 since the object is moving downward. k k
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 553

90. hx  3 arcsin2x 92. (a) Let   arccot 2 5

cot   2
y 1

4
θ
1
tanarccot 2  tan   . 2
2
x
−π −π π π (b) Let   arcsec 5
2 4 4 2
−2
sec   5 5
2
−4
1
cosarcsec 5   cos   .
5
θ

94. y  arctanx2  1 96. y 

1
arctan e2x
2
2x 2x
y  
1  x2  12 x4  2x2  2 y 
1
1
2 1e4x 2e2x 
e2x
1  e4x

x
98. y  x2  4  2 arcsec , 2 < x < 4
2
x 1 x 4 x2  4 x2  4
y      
x  4
2

x 2x2  1 x  4
2 2
x x  4
2
x x  4
2
x
100. Let u  5x, du  5 dx.

 1
3  25x2
dx 
1
5  3 
2
1
 5x2
5 dx 
1
53
arctan
5x
3
C

102.  1
16  x2
1 x
dx  arctan  C
4 4

104.  4x
4  x2
dx  4
1
4  x2
dx 1
2  x
4  x2122x dx  4 arcsin  4  x2  C
2

1
106. Let u  arcsin x, du  dx. 108. y

1  x2


π
2
arcsin x 1
dx  arcsin x2  C y = arcsin x
1  x2 2
π
4

x
0.25 0.5 0.75 1


2
Since the area of region A is 1
0
sin y dy ,

the shaded area is 

1

0
arcsin x dx 

2
 1  0.571.

110. y  x tanh1 2x 112. Let u  x3, du  3x2 dx.

y  x 1 2 4x
 tanh
2
1 2x 
2x
1  4x2
 tanh1 2x  x2sech x32 dx 
1
3 1
sech x323x2 dx  tanh x3  C
3
554 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Problem Solving for Chapter 5

y
2. (a) y
(b)
2 4

1 3

x 2
π π 3π 2π
2 2
−1 1

−2 x
π π 3π 2π
2 2

0

sin x dx   
2
sin x dx ⇒ 2

0
sin x dx  0  0
2
sin x  2 dx  22  4

y
(c) (d) y

π 1

π 1
2
2

x x
−1 1 π π
4 2

1
1
arccos x dx  2 2    y
1
1  tan x2
is symmetric with respect to the

point 4 , 12. 

0
2
1
1  tan x2
dx 
 1

2 2


4

4. y  0.5x and y  1.2x intersect y  x. y = 0.5 x y = 2x y = x

6
y 2x does not intersect y  x.
y = 1.2 x

−6 6
Suppose y  x is tangent to y  ax at x, y.
−2
ax  x ⇒ a  x1x.
y  ax ln a  1 ⇒ x ln x1x  1 ⇒ ln x  1 ⇒ x  e, a  e1e
For 0 < a ≤ e1e 1.445, the curve y  ax intersects y  x.

6. (a) y  f x  arcsin x

sin y  x

Area A   4

6
sin y  dy  cos y

4

6

2
2

3
2

3  2
2
0.1589

Area B  126   12 0.2618

 4  22   A  B
22

(b) arcsin x dx  AreaC 
12

2 3  2 
  
8 2 12

  82  121  
 2  3
2
0.1346

—CONTINUED—
 Problem Solving for Chapter 5 555

6. —CONTINUED—

 ln 3 y

(c) Area A  ey dy y = ln x
0
ln 3

ln 3
 ey 312 A
ey = x
0


B
3
Area B  ln x dx  3ln 3  A  3 ln 3  2  ln 27  2 1.2958 1 2 3
x

(d) tan y  x

Area A   4
3
tan y dy

3
 ln cos y  
4 y
y = arctan x

1 2 1 π
 ln  ln  ln2  ln 2 3
π A
2 2 2 4


3

3 3  21 ln 2  4 1

C
B
Area C  arctan x dx 
x
1 1 3


12
43  3  21 ln 2 0.6818

8. y  ex 10. Let u  tan x, du  sec2 x dx

yb
y  ex
ea x  a
Area   4

0
1
sin x  4 cos2 x
2 dx   0
4
sec2 x
tan2 x  4
dx


y  eax  aea  b Tangent line 1
du
If y  0, 
0 u2  4
eax  aea  b

 12 arctanu2

1
bx  ab  b b  ea 
0
xa1
ca1
Thus, a  c  a  a  1  1.

1
2
arctan
1
2 

dy 1 (b) y
12. (a)  y1  y, y0 
dt 4

 
1
1
y

1
1y
dy   dt

 
ln y  ln 1  y  t  C 
 
x
y −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
ln tC
1y
y dy
 etC  C1et  y1  y  y  y2
1y dt
y  C1et  yC1et d2y 1
 y  y  2yy ⇒ y  0 for y 
dt 2 2
C1et 1
y 
1  C1et 1  C2et d2y 1 d2y 1
2
> 0 if 0 < y < and 2 < 0 if < y < 1.
dt 2 dt 2
1 1
y0   ⇒ C2  3 1
4 1  C2 Thus, the rate of growth is maximum at y  , the
2
1 point of inflection.
Hence, y  .
1  3et

—CONTINUED—
556 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

12. —CONTINUED—

(c) y  y1  y, y0  2

1
As before, y 
1  C2et
1 1
y0  2  ⇒ C2  
1  C2 2
1 2
Thus, y   .
1 t 2  et
1 e
2
The graph is different:
y

x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6

120,0000.095
  
12t
0.095
14. (a) u  985.93  985.93  1 1000
12 12 u
v
120,0000.095
  
0.095 12t
v  985.93  1
12 12

(b) The larger part goes for interest. The curves intersect when t 27.7 years.
0 35
0

(c) The slopes are negatives of each other. Analytically,

du dv
u  985.93  v ⇒ dt   dt

u15  v15  14.06.

(d) t  12.7 years

Again, the larger part goes for interest.