1.22 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Dee foundations extend dow through unsuitable or nse
to trarserbulding loads toa mae appropriate bean stratum of
rock or dere sands and gravel abel the superstactre. The
main ype of deep furans ae pe uations wick can be even
(dplcemart) or bred. Aple foundations system of nd Yearng
tion les pl caps andra beans fr trating bling ads
down toa sitable bearing satan
D) > Reinforced concrete grade or ring beam with integral ple caps
Pes are usually driven in clusters of woo more, spaced ab
750-1000 mmcertes
-Areinforced concrete ple cap ins the heads ofa cluster ofples
Inorder to distibute the load from a column or rade beam equaly
strong the ples arto provide lateral stability to te ple
Ethel cape aces thls sal conto. te
tetom oh pleco both se, apes xed
100~150 mnie plcapatd ae arin 150 0
cmc co aro
> Plesmay bea timber pole athough this isnow unsualia mot of
Ahak Europe twas popular during Roman tines: reatmentof theless
recommended if sed recast, stor prestressed coneree ples
sreroreconmoninlargebuidings
+ Exanples of plecap
layouts
hs, ™~ End bearing piles deped principally onthe bearing resistance of
sll orrack beneath et et for support, Te surounding sll
ass provides a degree of lateral stability forthe ong compression
nets
Friction is depen principal onthe Fictional resistance of
surrounding earth mass or support. The sn Fiction developed
between he sides oa ple andthe soln hic he pleisdrven
is limited by te adhesion el tothe ple sides andthe shear
strergth of he surrouncing sol ass
+ Driven gies reinserted int he ground witha mechanical drop
amorer uth ‘et isreached These isrelaed tothe desired
bearing capacity of he ple clelatedby knowing te force appleby
‘healing hammer and the distance the ples diver nt the ground
Bearing stratum of sol orrack
+ Theallowable pile oad is the maximum axial ana latrallaads
permittedona ple, as determin bya dynamic pile ormula,asttic
load test ora geotechnical imestigation of te foundation sol
EN Fuoco 7: Geotechnical Design, Par 1, Seton 7 File FoundationsPILE FOUNDATIONS ~ DRIVEN
+ Tinker ples ae lags drier usualy asa ction ple, Tey are
often ited witha stel sho anda deveband ta preset —
‘thir staf rom splitting or shatterng
H O° °
+ Gonpsteplesareconscet we ates suchas
timber ple having concrete upper section to prevent the
porto ple aloe he water tate fo erating oO
+ HeplesarestelH-sectins, sometimes encased in
concrete toa point below the water abet present
corrosion. sections cn be weld gether inthe civng
processto form any lngthaf ge
Ripples arkeay sel pipes ven nth the loner end _
ther oper ceed abet ater onli.
vith concrete. Anoper-etded pp ple eqs ispcton —|
and exotica boeing fled ith concrete -
+ Precast enforced conte plleshae od square
or lygonal cos sections Precast ls are often —
prestressed ~
+ Gastinsita concrete ples reconstructed ry pacing
concent a shaft the round The concrete ples ay
becasedoruncased
+ Cased ples reconstructed by dng steep orcas
into the ground uit meets the requredresistance
and her filing tit concrete. Te casing usualy
condi see section, somerimes corugated or tapered
‘ovinceasdstitness, A mandrel consisting of aheary
sted tubeor core maybe inserted inca thin-walled casing
toprevetit fom clapsrg inthe dng process, ard then—__
thaws before concrete is placed in he casing
* Unease ies are constructed yang a concrete plug
intothe ground alongwith see casing ut itmests the
requedresitane, and then ramming corre ia place 7/7
asthecaing is ithdrann j
‘A erred foot a concrete pile formed using aconree.
plug forced out the ro th plo lng tal can
increas the bearing capacity othe ple
rr Ll
+ Mico pies ar tigh copay, smal diameter (125-305 mn)
riled a grote lace ples tat ae ypcaly
reorced. They ar often ued for foundations in urbanised _
areas orinlocations with rested access ~ EN Eurocade 7: Geotechnical Desig, Port I, Section 7 Pe Foundations,5.24 PILE FOUNDATIONS - BORED
Bored ples can wari on a dleplcement or non displacement method,
Tredisplacomet methad doesnot ring any earth vo ae surface but
Instead forms aid by moving the esting sll ase placement
piles wl compress the suroundng sla thes Increase fiction.
7 het age (4 aon en age ta
continuous thread that cutsinta the ground As the age cls
down te sii brought the surface
Tre auger dis down to the desired depth. Wal driling the earth
being baught the surface offers an opporturity tainspect the
around conditions locally
ofthe auger to form te pl Reinforcements placed whe he
auger hasbeen ily ered
_7 Methane cee angel dot sten
-
77 Suitable bearing stratum oslo rock
Coniuous Fight Auger
__-* Rotary bucket del driven int te ground and cotated, collecting
ard filing the bucket wih sol. The buckets bought to he surface
ard cleared before dling reconmences
—+ Thedrilieg oo can be opered out when the required depths
reached a elp form an erlang toe increasing the earrg
‘capacity ofthe ple Once the widhas bee orned reinforcement is
paced and concrete is cast nto thevold
Bored in Sit Pla
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EN Euracode 7: Geotechicl Design Par 1, Secon 7 Pile FoundatansFOUNDATION CHOICE
Foundation Type Load Type Notes
Sap Union General used in domestic or other ightweight construction projec whee the bung loads are
Trechfil ourdina uifor and ever mamer
Rat Uniform Font Raft oudations ae used wh ofthe bearing capacity of
lose othe surface. Thera aad oer a ide aca reducing sk of ieential
setlemert, Where cur ose ta cach othe making up high proportion of he overall
loading. rat mayb nay ver pad foundations
rad Point Use for framed lingo wherloadsfrom the superstructre are raster
seriesof columns
Driven Pie fot ition or end bearing ples are used here the required clearing capaci sot avaltie close to
the srface and deeper oudation are required to fia sitabe bearing lsare fen used on raed
aeavyeigh bugs ra ass with undepiing of falig srctres
Pie Paint Bored pes ane often usedin preference to diven les on congested urban sites where ols and bration
ray
anissue
+ Asinle bulingcanutlsea range of
‘oundationypes
ramad factory structure with
alums delivering pit lads to pad
found
Masonry bul administration section
with unfornleads on stip trech fill
foundations