2012 Bored of Studies Trial Examinations

Mathematics Extension 1
SOLUTIONS

Disclaimer: These solutions may contain small errors. If any are found, please feel free to
contact either Carrotsticks or Trebla on www.boredofstudies.org, regarding them.

Thanks: To Trebla, for his many hours spent verifying solutions and suggesting alternate
methods.
Multiple Choice
1. D
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. B
10. D

Brief Explanations

Question 1 Re-arrange into standard form v 2  n2  A2  x 2  .

Question 2 Let the exponent of x in the general term be zero to acquire 2n  3k , k  .

Question 3 Split numerator into two terms and draw a diagram.

Question 4 Observe limit as x   , and that x cannot lie in 1  x  1 .

Question 5 Angle between two lines formula, and let the expression be  1 .

Question 6 Standard permutations problem. Note that they are in a circle, so it’s  n  1! .

Question 7 Standard Newton’s method of approximation question.

Question 8 Find the coordinates of C, then substitute into the line.

Question 9 Negative quartic, with a triple root at the origin and a single root at x  4 .

Question 10 Binomial probability question. Use guess/check to acquire closest solution.

–1–
Written Response
Question 11 (a)

We will use the t formula substitutions.

 
Let t  tan  
2

So our expression is:

2t 1 t2
 t
1 t2 1 t2

Re-arrange:

2t  1  t 2  t 1  t 2 
 t3  t

Form a cubic polynomial in t , then solve:

t3  t2  t 1  0
t  t 2  1   t 2  1  0

 t  1  t 2  1  0
 t  1  t  1  0
2

t  1, 1
 
tan    1, 1
2


Solve for 0   :
2

  3
 ,
2 4 4

 3
So therefore we have   , .
2 2

–2–
Question 11 (b) (i)

There are a total of 11 letters, and we have 2 H’s and 3 O’s.

11!
So the number of permutations is .
2!3!

Question 11 (b) (ii)

There are 4 vowels and 7 consonants, and the vowels are to be grouped together.

Example: HCL(OIOO)PMHR

8!
Arrange all the consonants and the group (OIOO) to get . Note we have 2! in the
2!
denominator because we have 2 H’s.

4!
Arrange the vowels in the group, noting that we have three O’, to get .
3!

8! 4!
So therefore the answer is  .
2! 3!

Question 11 (b) (iii)

We will count the number of gaps between consonants, and then insert the vowels into these
gaps.

We have 7 consonants, so therefore 8 gaps. We insert 4 vowels into these 8 gaps, and thus we
8
have   .
 4

4!
We must now permute the vowels to acquire .
3!

7!
Permute the consonants to acquire .
2!

 8  4! 7!
So therefore the answer is     .
 4  3! 2!

–3–
Question 11 (c)

dx
Let u  tan 1 x such that du  .
1  x2


u 1 x 
4

u 0 x 0

 cos  tan x 

1 2 1
4
 dx  2
 cos u du
0 1  x 2
0

14
   cos 2u  1 du
2 0

1 1 4
  sin 2u  u 
2 2 0
11  
   
22 4 
1
 2   
8

Question 11 (d)

We know that P  p   p and P  q   q .

P  x    x  p  x  p  Q  x   Ax  B

Using the above conditions:

P  p   Ap  B  p 1
P  q   Aq  B  q  2

1   2 :
A p  q  p  q  A  1

Substitute into 1 :

pB  p B 0

Hence the remainder is exactly x.

–4–
Question 11 (e)

h h
From AOC , OA  and similarly in BOC , we have OB  .
tan  tan 

Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, OA2  OB2  d 2 .

2
 h   h 
2

   d
2

 tan    tan  
h2 h2
  d2
tan  tan 
2 2

 1 1 
h2   d
2

 tan  tan 
2 2

 tan 2   tan 2  
h2  d
2

 tan  tan 
2 2


And therefore:

d 2 tan 2  tan 2 
h2 
tan 2   tan 2 

Since   90 ,   90 , we have tan   0, tan   0 . Also, we must have h  0 and hence:

d tan  tan 
h
tan 2   tan 2 

–5–
Question 12 (a)

k
When x  0, x  3 , so we have 3  and thus 3b  k .
b

k
When x  10, x  2 , so we have 2  and thus 20  2b  k .
10  b

Solving simultaneously yields b  20 and thus k  60 .

60 d 1 2 60
So therefore x  and thus  V  . Integrating both sides with respect to x
x  20 dx  2  x  20
yields:

1 2
V  60ln  x  20   C
2

We are given that when x  10, v  10 , so:

50  60 ln  30   C
C  50  60 ln  30 

So our expression is now:

1 2
V  60 ln  x  20   50  60 ln  30 
2
V 2  120 ln  x  20   120 ln  30   100
 x  20 
 120 ln    100
 30 

Let V  17 :

 x  20 
  100  17
2
120 ln 
 30 
 x  20 
120 ln    189
 30 
 x  20 
ln    1.575
 30 
x  20
 4.83
30
x  124.92m

So Jin JUST makes it out.

–6–
Alternatively

From

V 2  120 ln  x  20   120 ln  30   100

 x  20 
 120 ln    100
 30 

Substitute x  125 :

V 2  289.064
V  17.001

And hence, Jin JUST makes it out.

–7–
Question 12 (b) (i)

Base Case: n  2 .
2
1 1 1 62 8 1
LHS    2  RHS   
p 2 p 1 2 1 3
2
8  3 24 3

Therefore true for n  2 .

Inductive Hypothesis: n  k .
k
1  k  1 3k  2 
p
p 2
2
1

4k  k  1

Inductive Step: k  k  1 .

Required to prove:
k 1
1 k  3k  5
p
p 2
2

 1 4  k  1 k  2 

k 1
1
LHS  
p 2 p 1
2

k
1 1
 
p 2 p  1  k  12  1
2


 k  1 3k  2   1
4k  k  1  k  1  1
2


 k  1 3k  2   1
4k  k  1 k  k  2


 k  1 3k  2  k  2   4  k  1
4k  k  1 k  2 
3k 3  5k 2  4k  4  4k  4

4k  k  1 k  2 
3k 3  5k 2

4k  k  1 k  2 
k  3k  5 

4  k  1 k  2 
 RHS

Hence true by induction for all n  2 .

–8–
Question 12 (b) (ii)
n
1
lim S  n   lim 
n  n 
p2 p 1
2

 lim
 n  1 3n  2 
n  4n  n  1
 1  2
1   3  
 lim 
n  n
n   1
4 1  
 n
3

4

Question 12 (c) (i)

There are a couple of ways to do this question.

Method #1:

The equation of the normal is given to be x  py  ap  p 2  2  . But we know that the point T

lies on it, so we will substitute in the point T  2at , at 2  .

2at  apt 2  ap  p 2  2 
2at  apt 2  ap3  2ap

Re-arrange:

ap 3  apt 2  2ap  2at  0

ap  p 2  t 2   2a  p  t   0
ap  p  t  p  t   2a  p  t   0 ...  Noting that p  t 
ap  p  t   2a  0
p p t 2  0
p 2  pt  2  0

–9–
Method #2:

The equation of the normal intersects the parabola twice, but we know one of the roots is
x  2ap . We could easily do it the other way around, by substituting x into x 2  4ay , but that
would be quite tedious.

Substitute the equation of the normal into the parabola:

x  py  ap  p 2  2 

y  a  p2  2 
x
p

Hence we have:

 x
x 2  4a  a  p 2  2   
 p

 4a 2  p 2  2  
4a
x
p

Re-arranging:

x  4a 2  p 2  2   0
4a
x2 
p

4a
Sum of roots is x1  x2   . But we already know that one of the roots is x  2ap and the
p
other is x  2at , so therefore we have:

4a
2ap  2at  
p
2
pt  
p

And hence the result p 2  pt  2  0 .

– 10 –
Method #3:

The chord PT must be perpendicular to the tangent at P.

ap 2  at 2
PT 
2ap  2at
a  p  t  p  t 

2a  p  t 
pt

2

The gradient of the tangent at P is

dy dy dp

dx dx dp
2ap

2a
p

Hence

pt
p  1
2
p 2  pt  2
p 2  pt  2  0

Question 12 (c) (ii)

Similarly to (i), we can deduce the same expression, except with q.

So we have:

p 2  pt  2  0

q 2  qt  2  0

Subtract the two equations:

p2  q2  t  p  q   0
 p  q  p  q   t  p  q   0 ...  note that p  q 
pqt  0

– 11 –
Question 12 (c) (iii)

So we now have p  q  t  0 and p 2  pt  2  0 .

Make t the subject to acquire t    p  q  , then substitute into p 2  pt  2  0 :

p2  p  p  q   2  0
p 2  p 2  pq  2  0
pq  2

Question 12 (d) (i)

First, we construct PT and TQ.

P B

A T
O

Let PBT  

APT  90 (Angle subtended from diameter)

Therefore a circle can be constructed through points B, P and T such that BT is a diameter
(converse of Thale’s Theorem). This implies that AT is tangential to the circle (also since
ATB  90 ).

Hence, PBT    PTA (Alternate Segment Theorem)

But PTA  PQA (Angle subtended by common chord)

– 12 –
Therefore PBT    PQA .

Hence PBCQ is a cyclic quadrilateral (converse of exterior angle from cyclic quadrilateral
theorem).

Alternatively

Let PTA  

PQA   (Angle subtended by a common chord)

APT  90 (Angle subtended from diameter)

PAT  90   (Angle sum of PAT )

But BTA is also right-angled, so

PBT  90   90    (Angle sum of BTA)



Hence, by the converse of Exterior Angle = Opposite Interior Angle Theorem:

PBCQ is a cyclic quadrilateral

Question 12 (d) (ii)

A basic angle chase yields the result immediately.

BCQ  APQ (Exterior angle opposite interior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)

APQ  ATQ (Angle subtended by common chord)

Hence by the converse of the Alternate Segment Theorem, we have the result.

Alternatively

We can simply observe that AQT  90 , since it is an angle subtended from a diameter. It
follows, by supplementary angles, that TQC  90 and hence the result by the converse of
Thale’s Theorem (Angle subtended from diameter is 90 ).

– 13 –
Question 13 (a)

dT
We begin with the differential equation  k E T  .
dt

Separating the terms and grouping them appropriately, we have:

dT
  k dt
T E

Note that we make the arrangement from E  T to T  E since E  T .

Integrate both sides with respect to the appropriate variable:

Tn
 dT 
tn

   k dt
T0 T  E t0

Tn tn

 ln T  E   kt
T0 t0

Substituting and re-arranging, we have:

 ln Tn  E   ln T0  E   k  tn  t0 
T E 
ln  0   k  t n  t0 
 Tn  E 

And hence:

T E 
ln  0 
 Tn  E 
k
 t n  t0 
But recall that t0  0 , hence:

1  T0  E 
k ln  
tn  Tn  E 

– 14 –
Question 13 (b) (i)

We are given the domain 0  x  1 , from which we observe that x 2  1 .

Multiply both sides by a 2  b2 :

a 2
 b2  x 2  a 2  b2

This is allowed since a  b  0 .

Expand and re-arrange:

a 2 x 2  b2 x 2  a 2  b2
b2  a 2 x 2  a 2  b2 x 2

We carefully square root both sides, knowing that the inequality is still preserved.

b2  a 2 x 2  a 2  b2 x 2

Flip both sides, and thus the inequality:

1 1

a b x 2 2 2
b  a2 x2
2

Hence f  x   g  x  .

And so the other inequality follows.

Alternatively

Let f  x   g  x  :

1 1

a b x 2 2 2
b  a2 x2
2

a 2  b2 x2  b2  a 2 x2

Square both sides carefully, noting that the inequality is preserved.

a 2  b2 x 2  b2  a 2 x 2
x 2  a 2  b2   a 2  b2

Hence x 2  1 and thus 0  x  1 , since x  0 . The other direction of the inequality follows.

– 15 –
Question 13 (b) (ii)

This is a normal volumes problem now.

Since for 0  x  1 , we have f  x   g  x  , we can compute V.

1
  1 1 
V   2  2 2 2 
dx
0  b  a x a  b x 
2 2

1
   ax   bx  
  tan    tan 1   
1

ab   b   a 0
  a  b 
  tan 1    tan 1   
ab  b  a 
 a b 
  

 tan 1  b a 
ab a b
 1  
 b a
  a 2  b2 
 tan 1  
ab  2 ab 

Question 13 (b) (iii)

This is essentially the same thing, with different limits and f  x   g  x  .

k
Vk   
1 1
 2 2 2 2 dx
1 a  b x b  a 2 x 2
k
   bx   ax  
  tan 1    tan 1   
ab   a   b  1
   bk   ak  b  a 
  tan 1    tan 1    tan 1    tan 1   
ab   a   b  a  b 

 bk    ak  
Note that as k   , tan 1    and tan 1    .
 a  2  b  2

Hence:

  b  a 
Vk    tan 1    tan 1   
ab  a  b 
  1  a   b 
  tan    tan 1   
ab  b  a 

And this is the same expression as (i).

– 16 –
Question 13 (c) (i)

We will use the identity sin 2   cos2   1 .

Since A  B , we have:

  nt   nt    nt 
x  A cos 2    sin 2      B  A  sin 2  
 2  2  2
 nt 
 A   B  A  sin 2  
2
B A
 A 1  cos nt 
2
A B  B  A
   cos nt
2  2 

Differentiate once with respect to t :

 B A
x  n  sin nt
 2 

Differentate again with respect to t :

 B A
x  n2   cos nt
 2 
 A B
 n 2  x 
 2 

Hence, the particle moves in Simple Harmonic Motion, with centre of motion being
A B
x .
2

– 17 –
Alternatively

1  cos 2 1  cos 2
Using the results cos 2   and sin 2   , we have:
2 2

 nt   nt 
x  A cos 2    B sin 2  
2 2
A B
 1  cos nt   1  cos nt 
2 2
1 1
  A  B    A  B  cos nt
2 2

Differentiate once with respect to t :

n
x  A  B  sin nt
2

Differentiate again with respect to t :

n2
x    A  B  cos nt
2
 A B
 n 2  x 
 2 

– 18 –
Question 13 (c) (ii)

A B  B A
Observe that the centre of motion is x  and amplitude is  .
2  2 

A B B  A
One endpoint is x1    B.
2 2

A B B  A
The other endpoint is x2    A.
2 2

Hence A  x  B .

Question 13 (d) (i)

Using the Sine Rule in AOP , we have:

l 1

sin  sin APO

But we also have:

APO  180    AOP

 180     90   
 180    90  
 90     

So:

l 1

sin  sin  90      


1

cos    
si n 
l
cos    

– 19 –
Question 13 (d) (ii) (1)

d d dl d
Using the Chain Rule, we have    S .
dt dl dt dl

dl cos  cos      sin     sin 


d cos 2    
cos 

cos 2    
d cos    
2


dl cos 

d

dt
d dl
 
dl dt
cos 2    
 S
cos 

Let   2 :

cos 2  2   
 S
cos 
cos 2 
 S
cos 
 S cos 

– 20 –
Question 13 (d) (ii) (2)

d
We will use the formula     .
d

dv
It may seem unrecognisable now, but it is actually more commonly known as a  v  ,
dx
which is much more well-known (as it is taught that way).

d
  
d
d  cos     
2

   S
d  cos  
2 cos     sin    
  S
cos 
2 cos     sin    
   S 
cos 

Let   2 :

2 cos     sin    
    S 
cos 
2 cos  sin 
   S 
cos 
   S  2sin 

sin 
But l  and when   2 ,
cos    

sin 2
l
cos 
2sin  cos 

cos 
 2sin 

Hence:

2 cos     sin    
    S 
cos 
2 cos  sin 
   S 
cos 
   S  l

– 21 –
Alternatively

d

dt
d d
 
d dt
d
  S cos 
d

cos 2    
But recall that   S
cos 

d 2 cos     sin    
 S 
d cos 
S
 sin  2  2 
cos 

Hence :

  S 2  sin  2  2 

Substitute   2 :

   S 2  sin 2
 2S 2 sin  cos 

But recall that   S cos . Also, similarly to the alternative solution above, l  2sin  .

Hence     S  l

– 22 –
Question 14 (a) (i)

Consider the expansion 1  x  1  x   1  x  .

m n m n

n
Coefficient of x k from RHS:  
k 

Coefficient of x k from LHS:

 m  n  m 
x 0  x k    
 0  k 
 m  n  m 
x1  x k 1    
 1  k  1 
 m  n  m 
x 2  x k  2    
 2  k  2 
...
 m  n  m 
x k  x 0    
 k  0 

Hence coefficient of x k from LHS is:

 n  m  n   n  m  n   n  m  n   n  m  n 
          ...    
 0  k   1  k  1  2  k  2   k  0 

And hence the result.

– 23 –
Question 14 (a) (ii)

We make the following substitutions, n  2n , m  n , k  n .

Then the identity from (i) now becomes:

 2n  n  n   2n  n  n   2n  n  n   2n  n  n   2n 
          ...       
 0  n   1  n  1  2  n  2   n  0   n 

Simplifying this:

 n  n   n  n   n  n   n  n   2n 
            ...       
 0  n   1  n  1  2  n  2   n  0   n 

n  n 
But recall the identity     :
k  nk 

n n n  n  n n

Hence      ,     , … ,   .
 0   n   1   n  1 n 0

Therefore:
2 2 2 2
n n n  n   2n 
         ...      
 0  1  2  n  n 

– 24 –
Question 14 (a) (iii)

We now make the substitution r  n  r in the summation on the right.

This will mean that in a similar fashion to Integration by Substitution, r  0  n  r and

r  n  n  0 . But also note that if we sum from 0 to n, or from n to 0, it makes no difference
so we can just write the bottom limit as 0 and the top limit as n, to follow general convention.

Hence, our new expression is:

2 2
n
n n
 n 
 r   
r 0  r 

r 1
 n  r   
nr

Expanding the RHS, we get:

2 2 2
n
n n
 n  n
 n 
 r    
r 0  r 
 n  r 
r 1  n  r 
 
r 1  n  r 

n  n 
But recall that      . Applying it, we have:
k  nk 
2 2
   
2
n
n n n n n
 r    n  n  r  rn  n  r 
r 0  r 
 n
r 1  

  r 1   
2 2
n
n n
n
 n   r  
r 1  r  r 1  r 

Re-arranging the terms, we have:

2 2
n
n n
n
2 r    n   
r 0  r  r 1  r 

2 2
nn n
n
And this is possible, since  r     r   .
r 1  r  r 0  r 

Substitute the result in (ii):

2 2
n
n n
n
2 r    n   
r 0  r  r 1  r 

 2n 
 n 
n

Dividing both sides by 2 yields the required result.

– 25 –
Alternatively
2 2 2 2 2 2
n n n  n   n   n 
   2    ...  n       2   ...  n  
1  2  n   n  1  n  2  n  n
2 2 2 2
n  n  n  n 
 n     n  1     n  2     ...   
0 1  2  n  1
 n   n  n    n  n 
2 2 2 2 2 2
 n 
 n     n         n    2     ...   
 0    1   1     2   2    n  1
 n  2  n  2  n    n 
2 2
 n
2
 n  
2

 n       ...         2    ...   n  1   
 0   1   n  1   1   2  n  1 

Or in a more compact form

n
n
2
 n  n 2   n  n 2 
 k    n        k   
k 1  k   k 0  k    k 1  k  
n
n
2
 n  n 2 
2   k    n     
k 1  k   k 0  k  
2
n
n
n  2n 
 k    
k 1  k  2 n 

– 26 –
Question 14 (b) (i)

By symmetry of the parabola, we have   1 . Similarly for other trajectories, 1   2 ,

 2  3 , …. and inductively, we have   1   2  3  ... Hence    n , for all n  .

Question 14 (b) (ii)

We will first find the time for the first trajectory.

Let y  0 :

1
 gt 2  Vn t sin   0
2
1
 gt  Vn sin   0 ...  since t  0 is when it is at the origin 
2
2V sin 
t n
g

2V0 sin 
So therefore, we have t0  .
g

Similarly:

2V1 sin  2kV0 sin 

t1   , using the recurrence Vn  kVn1 .
g g

2V2 sin  2kV1 sin  2k 2V0 sin 

t2    …
g g g

2k nV0 sin 
tn 
g

So summing up an infinite number of these, we have:

– 27 –
 n
2k r V0 sin 
TV0  lim 
n  g
r 0

2V0 sin  n
  lim  k r
g n 
r 0

2V sin 
...  since k  1
1
 0 
g 1 k
2V sin 
 0
g 1  k 

Question 14 (b) (iii)

We will first find the distance of the first trajectory.

x0  V0 t0 cos 
2V0 sin 
 V0   cos 
g
2V0 2 sin  cos 

g
V0 2 sin 2

g

Similarly,

V12 sin 2 k 2V0 2 sin 2

x1  
g g

V2 2 sin 2 k 2V12 sin 2 k 4V0 2 sin 2

x2   
g g g

k 2 n V0 2 sin 2
xn 
g

Hence, the total distance is:

– 28 –
 n
k 2 r V0 2 sin 2
R  lim 
n  g
r 0

V0 2 sin 2 n
 lim  k 2 r
g n 
r 0

V0 2 sin 2
...  since k  1
1
 
g 1 k 2
V0 2 sin 2

g 1  k 2 

Question 14 (b) (iv)

2VR sin 
We know that TR  .
g

So placing it as a ratio:

2VR sin 
TR g

TV0 2V0 sin 
g 1  k 
2VR sin  g 1  k 
 
g 2V0 sin 
VR
  1  k 
V0

VR
So we must now find .
V0

Equate R with the range of any normal trajectory:

– 29 –
VR 2 sin 2 V0 2 sin 2

g g 1  k 2 
V0 2
VR 2

1 k 2
VR 2 1

V0 2 1 k 2
VR 1

V0 1  k 1  k 
Hence, substituting it in:

TR VR
  1  k 
TV0 V0
1 k

1  k 1  k 
1 k

1 k
1 k

1 k

Question 14 (b) (v)

We know that 0  k  1.

1 k
Hence 1  k  1, and 1  k  1 and therefore 0  1.
1 k

1 k
Square rooting both sides yields the same bounds, so 0  1.
1 k

TR 1 k T
But recall that  , so therefore 0  R  1 , and hence 0  TR  TV0 .
TV0 1 k TV0

Physically, this means that it will always take less time to get the ball to a location via
landing it there in a single larger trajectory, as opposed to bouncing it there with a smaller
one.

– 30 –
– 31 –