IEEE - 31661

Detection of Brain Tumor using Neural Network

V. Amsaveni, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering,
Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil, TN, amsa.kumar@ymail.com
N. Albert Singh, Sub Enginner, BSNL, Nagercoil, TN, albertsingh@rediffmail.com

Abstract the CAD system these markings can be

A computer based method for
defining tumor region in the MRI brain
images is presented in this paper. The
algorithm incorporates steps for
preprocessing, feature extraction and
classification using neural network
techniques. The extraction of texture
features in the detected tumor has been
achieved by using Gabor filter. These
features are used to train and classify the
brain tumor employing Artificial Neural
Network classifier. The system significantly
improves the classification accuracy of brain
tumor detection.
KEY WORDS: MRI, Feature Extraction,
Segmentation, Gabor, BPN.
1. INTRODUCTION
Computer-aided detection or diagnosis
(CAD) system effectively detects and
diagnoses the cancer in their early stages.
CAD systems can play a key role in the early
detection of cancers and helps to reduce the
death rate with cancers [1]. Hence CAD
systems and related techniques have attracted
the attention of both research scientists and
radiologists.
CAD is nothing but the procedures in
medical science that assists the doctor in the
interpretation of medical images. Imaging
techniques in X-ray, CT, MRI, and Ultrasound
diagnostics yield a great deal of information,
which the radiologist has to analyze and
evaluate comprehensively in a short time.
Normally a few thousand images are required
to optimize the algorithm [2]. Digital image
data are copied to a CAD server in a Digital
Imaging and Communications in Medicine
(DICOM) format and analyzed. Depending on
permanently or temporarily saved. The
performance of a CAD system depends on
imaging systems, segmentation, feature
extraction, classification systems and human
computer interaction systems.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
has become a widely used method of high
quality medical imaging [3]. MRI provides an
unparalleled view inside the human body.
Reliable and fast detection, classification of
brain cancer is of major technical and
economical importance for the doctors.
Detection and segmentation of
suspected region of interest from medical
images plays a vital role in the accuracy of the
CAD system. Hence this works mainly focuses
on detecting the brain tumors from MRI
images which acts as the primary step in CAD
of brain tumors.
The paper is structured as follows:
Section 2 describes in detail the proposed
system. The section 3 describes the
implementation of the system. The results are
presented in Section 4 and conclusion in
Section 5.
2. PROPOSED SYSTEM FOR TUMOR
DETECTION
The proposed system for tumor
detection from MRI brain images is shown in
figure 1. It involves input image acquisition,
reprocessing, feature extraction and neural
network training.
2.1 PREPROCESSING
The input MRI images acquired for
brain tumor detection are preprocessed to
improve the accuracy of tumor detection. The
histogram of the input image is equalized to

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enhance the images. The image is de-noised
using a median filter.
2.2 FEATURE EXTRACTION
After the preprocessing stage features
such as intensity and shape are extracted from
the images. Gabor filer is used for feature
extraction.
2.2.1 .GABOR FILTER
The Gabor representation has been
shown to be optimal in the sense of minimizing
the two dimensional uncertainty in space and
frequency. Gabor filters have been used in
several image applications like texture
classification and segmentation [4,5]. A two
dimensional Gabor function g(x, y) and its
Fourier transform G (u, v) can be written in eq
(1) and (2) respectively.
self similar filter dictionary can be obtained by
appreciate iterations of g(x, y) through the
generating function as
g mn ( x, y )  a  m G ( x ' , y ' ), a  1, m, n  Integer (3)
x '  a  m ( x cos  y sin  ) and
y '  a  m (  x sin   y cos  ) (4)
where  = nπ/k and k is the total
number of iterations. The scale factor is a  m .
The non orthogonality of the Gabor wavelets
implies that there is redundant information in
the filtered images [6]. Let K be the number of
iterations and S be the number of images in the
multi resolution decomposition. Given an
image I(x, y), its Gabor wavelets transform is
defined as

 1   1  x2 y2  
 exp      2jWx (1) Wmn ( x, y)   I ( x1 , y1 ) g mn  ( x  x1 , y  y1 )dx1dy1 (5)
g ( x, y)  
 2    2   2  2  
 x y    x y 

 1  (u  W ) 2 v 2  Where  indicates the complex

G (u , v)  exp   2  (2)
 2   u  v 
2
conjugate. It is assumed that the local texture
regions are spatially homogenous. The mean
where  u  1 2 x and  v  1 2 y . and the standard deviation are calculated. A
Expanding the above equations and a set of feature vector is now constructed using the
similar functions called as Gabor wavelets. Let mean and standard deviation as feature
g(x, y) be the mother Gabor wavelet then this components.

Figure 1. Block diagram of the proposed system

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Mean,  mn   W mn ( x, y ) dxdy and
Standard deviation,
 W ( x, y )   mn  dxdy
2
 mn  mn
2.3 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Artificial neural networks have
proven themselves as proficient classifiers
and are particularly well suited for tumor
classification [7]. The back propagation
algorithm is the centre tool of this research
work. Giving the image as input to the network
is not feasible due to fact that the weight matrix
is huge size [8]. Only the key features extracted
from the image are used for training the
network.
The back propagation algorithm [9]
is a product learning rule for a feed forward,
multi layer neural network that uses tan
sigmoid with fixed step size to achieve training
or learning by error correction is used in this
work.
The neural network is trained for either
continuous or discrete valued features to
analyze the efficiency of the network for
varying inputs to identify the tumor detection.
The algorithm involves initialization of
weights, back propagation of errors and
updation of the weights and biases. There is
sequential or pre-pattern learning and batch or
pre-epoch learning. In sequential learning a
given input pattern is propagated forward, the
error is determined and back propagated and
weights are updated. In batch learning the
weights are updated only after the entire set of
training network has been presented to the
network. Thus the weights update is only
performed after every epoch.
This algorithm first initializes all
neuron weights in the network [10]. Inputs
are applied to the network and the input
vector is propagated or feed forwarded to
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determine neuron outputs. The neuron
responses are compared in the output layer
with the desired or target response [11]. An
error can be computed, propagated through
the network, and this measure is used as the
(6)
weight correction. The overall error is
minimized at each stage through neuron
weight adjustments [12].
Usually the learning rate determines
what amount of the calculated error
gradients will be used for the weight
correction [13]. The best value of learning
rate depends on the error values. Some
indication may be given by error calculation
and observed the previous weight
corrections [14]. To increase the accuracy in
the above approach, speed up the training of
the network.
Neural network training algorithm is
judged by a set of conflicting requirements
such as simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency
[15]. Simplicity is a measure of the effort
required to apply the algorithm including
computational complexity. The structure of
Back Propagation Network (BPN) is shown
in figure 2. Flexibility relates the
extendibility of the algorithm to train
different architectures and efficiency which
relates the computational requirements for
training and the success of the training phase
[16]. Since the matrix problem solution is
considered as a byproduct of the training
process it is performed successfully.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
In this work, all the MRI images
used in the experiment are in DICOM
format and were acquired from the real
images. The size of the images used is
512 X 512 and were collected from different
patients. From these patients 40 brain
images are considered for this work. The 24
data set is trained and tested.
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Figure 2. Back Propagation Network
A pattern recognition network,
which is a feed-backward network with tan-
sigmoid transfer functions in both the hidden
layer and the output layer, is used. The
network has only one output neuron, as there
are 24 input vectors. The hidden layer
neurons are 100 and the learning rate is 0.1.
The momentum factor is 0.9 and total
numbers of epochs are 500. The error is
minimized by 0.001 and the performance of
the classifier is evaluated by calculating
accuracy.
Figure 3. Detected results
The intensity and shape features of
40 brain images with tumors are computed.
The images are first divided into sub images
and the corresponding features are obtained
using Gabor method. The simulation results
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are shown in figure 3. The normalized
features of the tumor regions for each MRI
slice are determined and are fed to BPN.
Using the trained features, tumor
segmentation results for the same selected
combinations of the features in single
modality of MRI slice is finally obtained.
As a result the tumor is detected within a
pixel and accuracy is improved using trained
Neural Network.
4. CONCULSION
In this paper, a brain tumor detection
method using preprocessing, Gabor feature
extraction and BPN classification was
proposed. The experiment result shows the
classification accuracy of 89.9%. The
system can be tested with different images.
It is essential to use large number of
patient's data which will further improve the
accuracy of the system.
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